Railway Engineering and Operations: Case Study Portfolio 铁路工程与运营：案例研究组合
1) Overview 1) 概述
The coursework is made up of 10 mini-assignments. A summary of these mini-assignments is provided in section 3 of this document, with more detailed guidance on undertaking each of the mini-assignments in Appendix 1. All the mini-assignments should be submitted together as a single integrated report. 课程作业由 10 个小作业组成。本文件第 3 节提供了这些小作业的摘要，附录 1 提供了关于完成每项小作业的更详细指导。所有小作业应作为一份综合报告一并提交。
You must base the coursework on your personal case study route, as described on your individual data sheet. If you have not yet received a data sheet then please contact Simon Blainey as soon as possible (S.P.Blainey@soton.ac.uk). You MUST use your own personal data sheet, as each of you has been assigned a different route. If you use someone else's data sheet you will risk failing this module. 您必须根据个人数据表中描述的个人案例研究路线完成课程作业。如果您尚未收到数据表，请尽快联系 Simon Blainey ( S.P.Blainey@soton.ac.uk)。您必须使用自己的个人数据表，因为每个人都被分配了不同的路径。如果使用他人的数据表，将有可能导致本单元不及格。
2) Submission procedure, requirements and mark scheme 2) 提交程序、要求和评分标准
You should submit your report electronically via EAssignments (www.assignments.soton.ac.uk) by 23:00 on Friday May 2024. Your report will be automatically checked for plagiarism using the TurnItIn system, so it is very important that you correctly cite all material you have taken from other sources. 您应在 2024 年 5 月星期五 23:00 之前通过 EAssignments ( www.assignments.soton.ac.uk) 以电子方式提交报告。2024 年 5 月。您的报告将通过 TurnItIn 系统自动检查是否存在抄袭行为，因此，正确引用您从其他来源获取的所有材料非常重要。
Your report should be fully referenced according to the Harvard system. See http://ibrary.soton.ac.uk/citingand-referencing/harvard for more information. Maximum word counts for each section of the assignment are given in the following table, along with the proportion of the total module mark associated with each miniassignment. A full mark scheme is provided in Appendix 2. 您的报告应按照哈佛体系提供完整的参考文献。更多信息请参见 http://ibrary.soton.ac.uk/citingand-referencing/harvard。下表给出了作业各部分的最长字数，以及每个小作业在单元总分中所占的比例。附录 2 提供了完整的评分标准。
SECTION 节
WORD LIMIT 字数限制
MARK (%)
1: Route Planning 1: 路线规划
600
9
2: Track 2: 轨道
750
9
3: Earthworks/structures 3: 土方工程/结构
500
9
4: Signalling systems 4: 信号系统
500
9
5: Noise 5: 噪音
750
9
6: Capacity and timetabling 6: 容量和时间安排
500
9
7: Human factors/safety 7: 人为因素/安全
800
9
8: Rolling stock 8: 机车车辆
500
9
9: Organisation, regulation and 9: 组织、监管和
governance 治理
500
9
10: Stations and interchanges 10: 车站和换乘站
600
9
Overall: presentation, standard of 总体：介绍、标准
English, and referencing. 英语和参考文献。
n/a 不适用
10
TOTAL 总计
6000
100
3) Mini-Assignments 3) 小型作业
Mini-Assignment 1 - Route Planning: 小作业 1 - 路线规划：
a) Use Digimap Roam to produce one or more maps of a proposed route alignment for your new railway line. Briefly discuss the issues you considered when choosing this alignment, the reasons for your final choice of alignment, and any significant constraints on the proposed alignment. a) 使用 Digimap Roam 绘制一幅或多幅新铁路线拟议路线的地图。简要讨论您在选择该线路时考虑的问题、最终选择该线路的原因，以及对拟议线路的任何重大限制。
b) Produce a sketch of the longitudinal gradient profile for your proposed alignment, based on the contour and height information in Digimap Roam. b) 根据 Digimap Roam 中的等高线和高度信息，绘制拟议路线的纵向坡度轮廓草图。
c) Use the Station Demand Forecasting Tool to predict the number of passengers using your new railway station in its year of opening. In your report provide i) the predicted number of passengers, ii) a summary of the input values you used in a table and iii) a screenshot from the tool showing the station location and road access point. c) 使用 "车站需求预测工具 "预测新火车站开通当年的乘客人数。在报告中提供 i) 预测的乘客人数；ii) 使用表格汇总输入值；iii) 显示车站位置和道路出入口的工具截图。
d) There are expected to be changes in service interval and average fares on the route over the period to 2035. Use the values on your data sheet together with appropriate generalised journey time and fare elasticities to produce an estimate of the number of passengers using your new railway station in 2035. You should assume that all passengers are travelling from the origin of the train service to the destination. You should show your calculations in full. d) 到 2035 年，该线路的服务间隔和平均票价预计会发生变化。利用数据表中的数值以及适当的一般化旅行时间和票价弹性，估算出 2035 年使用新火车站的乘客人数。您应假设所有乘客都是从火车始发站前往目的地。请完整展示您的计算结果。
a) Use the information given in the datasheet to estimate the annual number of vehicle passes for your chosen route. Assume that services operate from 0500 to 2300, and that each train is made up of three vehicles. Describe this information in a suitable table and comment on the values (e.g. is this a busy route compared to say the Southampton to London commuter mainline?). Hint: an indicative estimate of the number of vehicle passes on the Southampton to London commuter route may be determined by consulting the timetable - number of trains per day multiplied by an estimate of the number of vehicles in each train - perhaps 8. a) 利用数据表中提供的信息，估算所选线路的年车辆通行次数 。假设运营时间为 5 时至 23 时，每列火车由三辆车组成。用合适的表格描述这些信息，并对数值进行评论（例如，与南安普顿至伦敦的通勤干线相比，这条线路是否繁忙？）提示：南安普顿至伦敦通勤线路车辆通行次数的指示性估计值可通过查阅时刻表来确定--每天的列车数乘以每列列车的估计车辆数--也许是 8 辆。
b) Read the paper by Li and Selig "Method for railroad track foundation design I Development" which will have been presented / discussed during lectures. This is part one of two papers describing a two part design method. Note that this assignment only implements part 1 of the design method (to prevent subgrade progressive shear failure). When you have read the article turn to the appendix for the detailed guidance on implementing the method. b) 阅读 Li 和 Selig 的论文 "Method for railroad track foundation design I Development"（铁路轨道地基设计方法 I 开发），该论文已在讲座中介绍/讨论过。这是两篇论文的第一部分，描述了一种两部分设计方法。请注意，本作业仅实施设计方法的第一部分（防止路基渐进剪切破坏）。阅读完文章后，请翻阅附录，了解实施该方法的详细指导。
c) Using Geoindex (http://mapapps2.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/home.html) explore the soil types present on your chosen route. The most appropriate data to show will be the top 10 to 15 metres of material present along your route. This should be visible using the data filters "Artificial Ground", "Superficial deposits", "Bedrock Geology". For more local data click on some of the Borehole data and view this - note that individual borehole data will be of variable quality. c) 使用 Geoindex ( http://mapapps2.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/home.html) 探索所选路线上的土壤类型。最适合显示的数据是沿线 10 米至 15 米的表层物质。使用数据过滤器 "人工地面"、"表层沉积物 "和 "基岩地质 "可以看到这些数据。如需更多本地数据，请点击部分钻孔数据并查看--请注意，单个钻孔数据的质量参差不齐。
Summarise in a short paragraph the general characteristics of the predominant soils present on your route, e.g. is the route largely on clay, silt, sand or something else. Each route will be different and it is possible for some routes to pass over a large range of soils. If this is the case for your route please select a short section where the underlying geology is similar and only characterise this section. Discuss whether the soil characterisation on your route could map to any of the four soil types described within the Li and Selig method. 用一小段文字概括路线上主要土壤的一般特征，例如路线主要是在粘土、淤泥、沙土还是其他土质上。每条路线都不尽相同，有些路线可能会经过多种土壤。如果您的路线属于这种情况，请选择一小段底层地质类似的路段，并只描述该路段的特征。讨论您路线上的土壤特性是否可以映射到 Li 和 Selig 方法中描述的四种土壤类型中的任何一种。
d) Comment on why the method by Li and Selig does not cover granular subgrades (e.g. sands/gravels) or underlying rock. Describe how you might approach designing the trackbed on granular types of subgrade or for underlying rock? (hint - consider maintenance issues). d) 说明为什么 Li 和 Selig 的方法不包括粒状路基（如砂/砾石）或底层岩石。请说明如何在粒状路基或底层岩石上设计轨道路基（提示--考虑维护问题）。
Note that for this assignment the majority of the submitted work will be in the form of calculations, tables and figures. For each of parts and the text submission (omitting the calculations, tables and figures) should 请注意，本次作业提交的大部分作业将以计算、表格和数字的形式出现。对于 和 部分中的每一部分，提交的文本（省略计算、表格和数字）应
not be more than half a page (i.e. two sides of text in total as a maximum). The page requirement for calculations, tables and figures will be in addition to this and the space/pages needed for this will depend on your presentation format. 不超过半页（即最多两面文字）。计算、表格和数字的页数要求不在此范围内，所需的空间/页数将取决于您的演示文稿格式。
Mini-Assignment 3 - Earthworks and Structures: 小作业 3 - 土方工程和结构：
a) Select a loading gauge for your route. Suggest the implications that this may have for new or existing overhead structures such as overbridges and tunnels on your selected route. (250 words). a) 为您的线路选择一个装载轨距。说明这对所选线路上新建或现有高架结构（如天桥和隧道）的影响。(250 字）。
b) Choose an earthwork (embankment or cutting) slope from your route. Using the approach/charts described in the appendix and lecture slides, check the stability of an existing earthwork, or determine the stable slope angle for a new earthwork. Discuss briefly potential concerns that you may have with earthworks on your route, whether newly constructed, or of old construction. (250 words) b) 从路线中选择一个土方工程（堤坝或切削）斜坡。使用附录和幻灯片中描述的方法/图表，检查现有土方工程的稳定性，或确定新土方工程的稳定坡角。简要讨论路线上的土方工程可能存在的潜在问题，无论是新建的还是旧的。(250 字）
a) Design a track layout for your new route (e.g. single track, single track with passing loop(s) or double track) sufficient to provide the specified level of service without providing excessive capacity (i.e. an inefficient use of resources - it would be helpful to at least consider the timetabling requirements for the route, as required for Mini-Assignment 6, before finalising your layout). This track layout should include the whole of the new section of route, including the junction with the existing network. a) 为您的新线路设计轨道布局（如单轨、带通过环路的单轨或双轨），足以提供指定的服务水平，同时又不会提供过多的容量（即资源利用效率低下--在最终确定布局之前，至少应考虑迷你任务 6 所要求的线路时刻表要求）。轨道布局应包括整个新路段，包括与现有网络的交界处。
b) Mark on this track layout the position and type of the signals required for safe and efficient operation of the line. Annotate the diagram to explain why you have placed these signals in these locations. b) 在轨道布局图上标出线路安全有效运行所需的信号位置和类型。在图中加注释，解释为什么将这些信号灯放在这些位置。
c) Discuss the need for interlocking on your route with reference to specific signals, points and other features shown in your signalling diagram c) 参考信号图中显示的具体信号、点和其他特征，讨论在您的线路上设置联锁的必要性
Mini-Assignment 5 - Noise: 小作业 5 - 噪音：
a) Calculate the speed profile of the trains on your proposed route departing from your terminus station. You should calculate the speed profile over at least a length of , starting at your terminus station and allowing for gradients. a) 计算从总站出发的拟议线路上列车的速度曲线。您应计算至少 长度上的速度曲线。长度的速度曲线，以总站为起点，并考虑坡度。
b) Calculate the noise effects of your proposed route by determining the width of various (free field) noise contours b) 通过确定各种（自由场）噪声等值线的宽度，计算建议路线的噪声影响
i. within the town where your terminus station is located (using the speed profile from (a) - assume that the trains travelling in both directions at a certain location would pass with the same speed); i. 总站所在城市范围内（使用 (a) 中的速度曲线 - 假设在某一地点双向行驶的列车以相同速度通过）；
ii. at sensitive receptors elsewhere along the route (making suitable assumptions about train speed). In addition to the proposed passenger service, assume that one freight train per day runs in each direction, consisting of a diesel locomotive and 20 wagons and running at a constant speed of . Identify the most critical buildings along the route (from both i. and ii. above) and, according to the distance from the alignment, calculate noise levels for these buildings. Discuss the limitations of your calculations. ii. 沿线其他敏感受体（对列车速度做出适当假设）。除拟议的客运服务外，假设每天双向各运行一列货运列车，由一台柴油机车和 20 节车厢组成， 匀速运行。.确定沿线最重要的建筑物（根据上述 i.和 ii.），并根据与线路的距离计算这些建筑物的噪声级。讨论计算的局限性。
c) Compare the calculated noise levels at these buildings with the requirements specified in the UK Noise Insulation Regulations (NIRR). Identify any buildings requiring noise insulation and recommend suitable noise mitigation as necessary. Justify your choices. c) 将计算得出的这些建筑物的噪音水平与英国《隔音条例》（NIRR）规定的要求进行比较。确定任何需要隔音的建筑物，并根据需要建议适当的噪音缓解措施。说明选择的理由。
Mini-Assignment 6 - Capacity and timetabling 小作业 6 - 容量和时间安排
Based upon the service interval, route length and maximum line speed for the route, and the track layout developed as part of mini-assignment 6 (Signalling Systems): 根据线路的服务间隔、线路长度和最高线路速度，以及作为小任务 6（信号系统）一部分而制定的轨道布局：
a) Develop an outline timetable for the new route (i.e. between the new station and the location at which the new route is linked to the existing network) for the proposed base year service, consistent with the following timetable planning values: minimum headways, junction margins and platform reoccupation a) 为新线路（即新车站和新线路与现有网络连接的地点之间）制定拟议基准年服务的大纲时刻表，并与以下时刻表规划值保持一致：最短班次、路口余量和月台重占率
times of five minutes, and minimum turnaround times of 10 minutes. (Note: for a train entering a passing loop, the standard junction margin should be maintained between it and a subsequent train passing in the opposite direction. However, the margin between the other train passing and the first train then leaving the loop can be reduced to a minimum value of one minute. This will be further illustrated and explained in the lectures). The timetable should show two services in each direction, and so the length of time included will depend upon the specified base year service interval. For the calculation of the journey times, ignore the effects of acceleration and deceleration, i.e. assume a constant average speed throughout a train's journey between start and stop. The journey time on the new route should in general reflect the new route's length as a proportion of the total route length covered by the service pattern, i.e. (注：对于进入通过环路的列车，其与随后朝相反方向驶过的列车之间应保持标准的交叉路口间隙。不过，另一列火车通过后与第一列火车离开环路之间的余量可减少到最小值一分钟。这一点将在讲座中进一步说明和解释）。时刻表应显示每个方向的两个班次，因此包含的时间长度将取决于指定的基准年班次间隔。在计算行程时间时，请忽略加速和减速的影响，即假设列车在起点和终点之间的整个行程中的平均速度保持不变。新线路的行车时间一般应反映新线路长度占服务模式覆盖的线路总长度的比例，即
new route journey time (base year total journey time) (new route length) / (total route length) 新路线行车时间 {{0}(基准年总行程时间） (新路线长度）/（路线总长度）
However, the average speed used for the new route should not exceed of its maximum line speed, to provide an allowance for recovery from delays and variations in train performance during day-to-day operations. You MUST use the base year total journey time from your data sheet. Do not attempt to calculate this based on the maximum line speed. The length of the existing route can be determined in Digimap Roam or by reference to the appropriate Sectional Appendix (see the detailed guidance for MiniAssignment 6, below) or a railway atlas (note, however, that the distances and route lengths in these sources are likely to be expressed in terms of miles and chains: 1 mile chains, 1 chain yards). 但是，新线路使用的平均速度不应超过其最高线路速度的 ，以便为日常运营中列车延误和性能变化的恢复留出余量。您必须使用数据表中的基准年总行程时间。不要试图根据最高线路速度来计算。现有线路的长度可以在 Digimap Roam 中确定，也可以参考相应的分段附录（请参阅下文 "小任务 6 "的详细指导）或铁路地图册（但请注意，这些资料中的距离和线路长度可能以英里和链为单位：1 英里 {{1} 链，1 链 码）。
Present the timetable in the form of a timetable graph (the use of Excel's line drawing facilities is suggested for this purpose, as shown in Appendix A, and an Excel-based template will be made available on Blackboard, but other means of presentation can be used if preferred). 以时间表图表的形式展示时间表（如附录 A 所示，建议使用 Excel 的线条绘制功能，黑板上将提供基于 Excel 的模板，但如果愿意，也可使用其他展示方式）。
b) Based upon the developed timetable and the timetable planning values specified above in a), calculate the capacity utilisation index (CUI) value for the line for the time period including the two services in each direction (and taking account of the additional headway/margin/turnaround time following the last train included in the calculations), rounded up to the nearest whole hour, using the methods described in the lectures. If the line is single track throughout, a single CUI value should be calculated; if it is double track, the CUI value for one track should be calculated; if the line is single track with one or more passing loops, the line should be split at each loop, and a single CUI value calculated for the line section between the new station and the loop closest to it. Your calculations should be shown in full, and the compressed timetable should be presented in a second timetable graph. b) 根据制定的时刻表和上述 a) 中规定的时刻表规划值，采用讲座中介绍的方法，计算该线路在该时间段内的能力利用指数（CUI）值，包括每个方向的两个班次（并考虑到计算中包括的最后一班列车后的额外班次/间隔/周转时间），四舍五入到最接近的整小时。如果线路全程为单轨，则应计算单个 CUI 值；如果线路为双轨，则应计算单轨的 CUI 值；如果线路为单轨，且有一个或多个通过环路，则应在每个环路处分割线路，并计算新车站与最靠近该车站的环路之间线路段的单个 CUI 值。计算结果应完整显示，压缩后的时刻表应在第二张时刻表图表中展示。
c) Briefly describe the reasons for your choice of timetable and track layout, and comment upon the performance implications of your calculated CUI value. c) 简要说明选择时间表和轨道布局的原因，并就计算出的 CUI 值对性能的影响发表意见。
Mini-Assignment 7 - Human Factors/Safety 小作业 7 - 人为因素/安全
a) Provide a synopsis for ONE accident case study of your choice. This should include an account of what happened, the key causes and contributory factors and any recommendations made as a result of the accident. You should ensure you distinguish between individual and systemic factors. You can choose from one of the case studies discussed in the lecture, or you can select your own from one of the RAIB's published reports (see www.gov.uk/raib). [400 words] a) 自选一个事故案例研究的概要。其中应包括事故发生的经过、主要原因和促成因素，以及事故发生后提出的任何建议。您应确保区分个人因素和系统因素。您可以从讲座中讨论的案例研究中选择一个，也可以从 RAIB 公布的报告中选择您自己的案例研究（请参阅 www.gov.uk/raib）。[400字］
b) Use your lecture notes, recommended readings (of all accidents), and what you have learnt from part a), to produce a list of potential or hypothetical Human Factors and Safety-related issues associated with your case study route and suggest mitigation strategies / recommendations to address these (e.g. from the perspective of design, training, equipment, procedures, organisational culture etc.). You may wish to present this section in a table. [400 words] b) 利用您的讲义、推荐读物（所有事故）和您在 a) 部分中学到的知识，列出与您的案例研究路线相关的潜在或假设的人为因素和安全相关问题，并提出解决这些问题的缓解策略/建议（例如，从设计、培训、设备、程序、组织文化等角度）。您可能希望以表格形式呈现本部分内容。[400 字］
Mini-Assignment 8 - Rolling Stock: 小作业 8 - 机车车辆：
a) Design a train for your route and provide an illustration of your design, using the carriage design template given in Appendix 1. You should choose an appropriate number of carriages to cater for the expected passenger flows on your route, although it is not necessary for each carriage to be different (you may, for example, have two carriage designs and specify a three-carriage train comprising two of one design and a) 使用附录 1 中的车厢设计模板，为您的线路设计一列火车，并提供设计说明。您应选择适当数量的车厢，以满足您线路上的预期客流量，但不一定每节车厢都要不同（例如，您可以有两种车厢设计，并指定三节车厢列车，其中两节车厢为一种设计，另两节车厢为另一种设计）。
one of the other). You should specify whether the train is a multiple-unit (with a driving cab at each end) or relies entirely on an additional locomotive for propulsion. You should also specify an appropriate propulsion type (diesel, overhead electric, third-rail electric, battery electric, hybrid or alternative fuel source). If your train relies on a separate locomotive, you are allowed to swap the locomotive from one type to another en-route if the station facilities and timetable for the route permit. Similarly, you are allowed to specify a multiple-unit which can be propelled by an additional locomotive for all or part of the route. 其中之一）。您应说明列车是多节车厢（两端各有一个驾驶室），还是完全依靠额外的机车推进。您还应说明适当的推进类型（柴油、架空电力、第三轨电力、电池电力、混合动力或替代燃料）。如果列车依靠单独的机车，在车站设施和线路时刻表允许的情况下，您可以在途中将机车从一种类型换成另一种类型。同样，您也可以在全部或部分线路上指定一个可由额外机车推动的复式单位。
Provide a written explanation of and justification for your design, explaining why you have made the choices you have for your given route. It is not necessary for your train to include all possible features, but you should be mindful of the needs of the passengers on your route, paying particular attention to accessibility. 以书面形式对您的设计进行解释和说明，解释您为何在特定路线上做出这样的选择。您的列车不一定要包含所有可能的功能，但您应该考虑到路线上乘客的需求，尤其要注意无障碍问题。
How will your new case study route be designed, built, financed and operated? Discuss with respect to ownership (public, private or hybrid), organisation (including the extent of horizontal and vertical integration), the degree of on-track and/or off-track competition and the extent of regulation (including fares, service quality, service quantity and safety). Relate your answer to recent new services in the UK (actual and proposed) and the Williams-Shapps Plan for Rail. 您的新案例研究线路将如何设计、建设、融资和运营？讨论所有权（公共、私营或混合）、组织（包括横向和纵向整合的程度）、轨道内和/或轨道外竞争的程度以及监管的程度（包括票价、服务质量、服务数量和安全）。将您的答案与英国最近的新服务（实际的和建议的）以及威廉姆斯-沙普斯铁路计划联系起来。
Mini-Assignment 10 - Stations and Interchanges 小作业 10 - 车站和换乘站
a) Based on the site chosen in Mini-Assignment 1 for the new station which forms the terminus of your line, discuss whether or not it would be suitable as the basis for a transit-oriented development. This should include identification of potential opportunities for and constraints on such development. [ 250 words] a) 根据小任务 1 中为新车站（贵线终点站）所选的地点，讨论该地点是否适合作为公交导向型开发的基础。这应包括确定这种开发的潜在机会和限制因素。[ 250 字］
b) Use Digimap Roam to produce a detailed map of the area around your new station site, and mark on it any opportunities for interchange with other transport modes (e.g. bus, car, bicycle). If no such opportunities currently exist, briefly suggest (with reference to the map) what local transport investments might usefully be made to complement the new railway route. Discuss what facilities should be installed at the station to make the transfer between modes as seamless as possible, with reference to any specific constraints which exist at the site. [ 350 words] b) 使用 Digimap Roam 绘制新站址周围地区的详细地图，并在地图上标出与其他交通方式（如公共汽车、汽车、自行车）换乘的任何机会。如果目前没有这样的机会，请简要建议（参考地图）当地可以进行哪些交通投资，以配合新的铁路线路。讨论应在车站安装哪些设施，以尽可能实现各种交通方式之间的无缝换乘，同时参考该地点存在的任何具体限制。[ 350 字］
APPENDIX 1: DETAILED GUIDANCE 附录 1：详细指南
Mini-Assignment 1: Route Planning 小作业 1：路线规划
How to use Digimap Roam to produce a map of your proposed route alignment: 如何使用 Digimap Roam 绘制拟议路线走向图：
Log in using your University of Southampton credentials. 使用您的南安普顿大学证书登录。
Click on 'Search', enter the name of one of the towns on your case study route, and press the 'Enter' key. 点击 "搜索"，输入案例研究路线上某个城镇的名称，然后按 "回车 "键。
Select the appropriate urban area from the list which then appears, and click ' ' to close the search list. 从出现的列表中选择合适的城区，然后点击" "。关闭搜索列表。
Use the 'zoom' and 'pan' controls (on the right hand edge of the map window) to adjust the map view so that you can see the full extent of the area covered by your proposed route 使用 "缩放 "和 "平移 "控制（位于地图窗口的右侧边缘）调整地图视图，以便查看建议路线所覆盖区域的全部范围
Choose a basemap from the range which are available. One of the vector basemaps (such as Vector Map Local or Vector Map District) is recommended, as these allow you to select which features are included in your map. 从可用的基图中选择一个。建议使用矢量基础地图（如本地矢量地图或地区矢量地图），因为这些地图允许您选择地图中包含的地物。
Use the 'map content' pane (on the left of the map window) to add or remove features from the map using the check boxes. 使用 "地图内容 "窗格（在地图窗口的左侧），使用复选框添加或删除地图上的特征。
Click on the drawing tools pane (on the left of the map window) to display the range of drawing tools which are available. 点击绘图工具窗格（在地图窗口左侧），显示可用的绘图工具。
Use the 'Line' tool to add your proposed route alignment to the map. You can choose from 'line' or 'freehand' options, and can vary the colour, width and style of the line using the 'line settings' options, and you can alter your line once you have drawn it using the 'modify' tool. 使用 "线条 "工具在地图上添加建议的路线走向。您可以选择 "线条 "或 "自由手绘 "选项，还可以使用 "线条设置 "选项来改变线条的颜色、宽度和样式。
Use the 'marker' and 'text' tools to annotate key features of your proposed route. 使用 "标记 "和 "文本 "工具标注拟议路线的主要特征。
Click on the 'MyMaps' pane (on the left of the map window) to save your map so you can return and edit it at a later date. Once your map is finished, use the 'print' button to export and download it. 点击 "我的地图 "窗格（在地图窗口左侧）保存地图，以便日后返回编辑。地图绘制完成后，使用 "打印 "按钮将其导出并下载。
Within the print window, give your map a title, and select a print format (PNG or JPG will be easier to add to your report than PDF). Check in the layout preview whether your map covers all of your case study route. If it doesn't, you will need to change the print scale (in the list of options). Once you are happy, click on 'generate print file'. 在打印窗口中，给地图起一个标题，并选择打印格式（PNG 或 JPG 格式比 PDF 格式更容易添加到报告中）。在布局预览中检查您的地图是否覆盖了所有案例研究路线。如果没有，则需要更改打印比例（在选项列表中）。满意后，点击 "生成打印文件"。
Save the file that is produced by the website in a safe place for you to use in your report. 将网站生成的文件保存在安全的地方，以便在报告中使用。
Depending on the extent and characteristics of your case study route, you may wish to use more than one map to show all relevant features of the route. 根据案例研究路线的范围和特点，您可能希望使用不止一张地图来显示路线的所有相关特征。
How to find height information in Digimap Roam to construct a gradient profile for your route. 如何在 Digimap Roam 中查找高度信息，为路线绘制坡度曲线。
By selecting the 'map content' pane on the left of the map window you can hide all map layers other than the height information, to make it easier to see the contours. You will need to choose a vector basemap option in order to be able to do this. 通过选择地图窗口左侧的 "地图内容 "窗格，您可以隐藏除高度信息以外的所有地图图层，以便于查看等高线。要做到这一点，您需要选择矢量基础地图选项。
How to use the Station Demand Forecasting Tool to calculate the number of passengers using your proposed station: 如何使用 "车站需求预测工具 "计算拟建车站的乘客人数：
Go to trg-apps.soton.ac.uk/sdftgui/ and sign in using your individual user name and password. 访问 trg-apps.soton.ac.uk/sdftgui/，使用个人用户名和密码登录。
This should take you to the main tool interface (see screenshot below). 这将带您进入工具主界面（见下面的截图）。
In the map interface drag the map markers to specify the location of the station (red marker) and the nearest access point to the new station from the existing road network (blue marker), 在地图界面拖动地图标记，指定车站的位置（红色标记）和从现有道路网到新车站的最近接入点（蓝色标记）、
Use the information on your personal data sheet to complete the fields in the tool interface. For fields where no information is provided on the datasheet use the following values: 使用个人数据表中的信息填写工具界面中的字段。对于数据表中未提供信息的字段，请使用以下值：
Station ID: Any four letter abbreviation of the station name can be used here. 台站 ID：此处可使用任何四个字母的台站名称缩写。
Frequency: This should be the total number of trains serving the new station in one day (in both directions). Calculate this based on the 'base year service interval', assuming that trains operate between 0600 and 0000 (i.e. an 18 hour period). 班次：这应该是一天内为新车站服务的列车总数（双向）。根据 "基准年服务间隔 "计算，假设列车运行时间为 6:00 至 0:00（即 18 小时）。
Station category: E (this indicates a small staffed station) 站点类别：E（表示人员配备较少的站点）
CCTV: Yes 闭路电视：有
Ticket machine: Yes 售票机：有
Bus interchange: Yes 巴士中转站：有
Terminal station: Yes 终点站：有
Electric services: You will need to decide whether or not your new line will be served by electric trains (you will need to justify this decision as part of mini-assignment 4). 电力服务：您需要决定您的新线路是否将使用电力列车（您需要在小型作业 4 中证明这一决定的合理性）。
Travelcard boundary: No 旅行卡边界：否
Once you have filled in all the fields, click the 'Submit Job' button. 填写完所有字段后，单击 "提交工作 "按钮。
Click the 'tick' button when asked to confirm whether you want to submit this job to the SDFT. 当被要求确认是否要将此任务提交给 SDFT 时，请单击"√"按钮。
Click on the 'Submitted Jobs' tab. This will show you the status of your request in the queue. Once the model run has completed you will receive an email containing a log file and model outputs. The predicted number of trips is the 'forecast uplift' figure in the 'station forecast' spreadsheet. 单击 "已提交任务 "选项卡。这将显示您的请求在队列中的状态。模型运行完成后，您将收到一封电子邮件，其中包含日志文件和模型输出结果。预测的班次数是 "车站预测 "电子表格中的 "预测提升 "数字。
How to estimate demand impacts of changes in service interval and average fares: 如何估算服务间隔和平均票价变化对需求的影响：
Data on base year service interval and mean fare, and on expected service interval and mean fare in 2035 are provided on your data sheet. The base year demand forecast should be obtained from the New Station Demand Forecasting tool. 数据表中提供了基准年服务间隔和平均票价数据，以及 2035 年预期服务间隔和平均票价数据。基准年需求预测应从新车站需求预测工具中获取。
Use these figures along with the formulae included in the lecture material and the demand elasticities given below to estimate the number of passengers using the route in 2035. You should assume that in the base year of passengers are commuters, of passengers are business travellers, and of passengers are leisure travellers. 利用这些数字、教材中的公式和下面给出的需求弹性，估算出 2035 年使用该路线的乘客人数。您应假设在基准年， 的乘客是通勤者， 的乘客是商务旅客， 的乘客是休闲旅客。
Elasticity of rail demand with respect to generalised journey time 铁路需求与广义旅行时间的弹性
Elasticities of rail demand with respect to fare: 铁路需求对票价的弹性：
Commuters 通勤者 {{0}
Business 业务
Leisure 休闲
When calculating the impact of a change in service interval you should assume that end-to-end journey time remains constant, and that no interchange is required. You should use the service interval penalties given in the following table: 在计算服务间隔变化的影响时，应假设端到端行程时间保持不变，且无需换乘。您应使用下表中给出的服务间隔罚款：
Service interval (minutes) 服务间隔（分钟）
Time penalty (minutes) 罚时（分钟）
15
14
20
18
30
23
40
27
60
31
90
42
120
47
Mini-Assignment 2: Trackbed Design 小作业 2：履带设计
Follow these guidelines with the paper Li and Selig "Method for railroad track foundation design. I: 请根据 Li 和 Selig 的论文 "铁路轨道地基设计方法 "遵循这些指南。I:
Development". 发展"。
Describe with diagrams the two types of soil failure the methodology is designed to prevent. 用图表说明该方法旨在防止的两种土壤塌陷类型。
The method may be applied to four categories of cohesive type subgrades. For the purpose of this calculation we will implement the method for one of the soil types and assume that at least some length of your route has a fat clay subgrade present. For this soil type apply the method to obtain minimum trackbed (ballast) thicknesses required to prevent progressive shear failure. For the purpose of these calculations: 该方法可应用于四类粘性基层。在本计算中，我们将对其中一种土质采用该方法，并假设您的线路至少有部分长度的路基为肥厚粘土 。对于这种土质，采用该方法可获得防止渐进剪切破坏所需的最小轨枕（道碴）厚度。为便于计算
To simplify the calculation we will assume only one vehicle type. Use the AREMA calculation for the dynamic design wheel load based on an axle load of 20 tonnes (wheel load of . 为简化计算，我们假设只有一种车辆类型。使用 AREMA 以 20 吨轴荷载为基础计算的动态设计车轮荷载（车轮荷载为 .
Where DAF = Dynamic Amplification Factor, train speed (use your data sheet for this) Wheel diameter (assume this to be 1.0m) (Hint: multiply 100 by the to obtain the Design wheel load required in Equation 6 used later in the method). 其中 DAF = 动态放大系数， 列车速度 (使用数据表） {{2}车轮直径（假设为 1.0 米）（提示：用 100 乘以 即可得出本方法后面公式 6 所需的设计车轮荷载 ）。
Use the cohesive strength of the soil given on your data sheet. 使用数据表中给出的土壤内聚强度 。
Carry out the calculation for four values of cumulative load cycles (vehicle passes): (i) 200,000, (ii) (iii) 5,000,000 (iv) . 对四个累积载荷循环值（车辆通过次数）进行计算：(i) 200,000 次， (ii) (iii) 5,000,000 (iv) .
The cumulative surface strain must be limited to . 累积表面应变必须限制在 内。.
Take the Young's modulus of ballast to be (corresponding to Figure 8b). 取压舱物的杨氏模量为 （对应图 8b）。(对应于图 8b）。
Assume that the line marked in Figure 8b applies for the soil type present. 假设图 8b 中标有 的线适用于当前的土壤类型。
Hints: apply equation 2 using the parameters in Table 1 and construct a version of Figure 7 for a range of stress ratios, read off the stress ratio for surface strain for each number of load cycles (vehicle passes). Use this to infer the allowable deviator stress ( ) using the undrained shear strength ( ) of the soil type. Calculate the dimensionless strain influence factor of equation 6 and scale off the normalised granular layer thicknesses ) from Figure 8b (a larger version of this figure is reproduced below). Multiply by the arbitrary length of (6 inches) to infer the trackbed thickness . 提示：使用表 1 中的参数应用等式 2，并构建一系列应力比的图 7 版本，读出每个荷载循环次数（车辆通过次数）的 表面应变的应力比。利用土壤类型的排水抗剪强度（ ）推断出允许偏差应力（ ）。计算等式 6 中的无量纲应变影响因子 并缩减图 8b 中的归一化粒料层厚度 。图 8b 中的）（下图为该图的放大版）。乘以 的任意长度 （6 英寸(6 英寸），推算出轨床厚度 。.
The trackbed will require a full trackbed renewal when the subgrade surface strain reaches . For each of the four trackbed thicknesses use your estimate of annual vehicle passes from (a) to predict when the trackbed would need to be renewed and the subgrade re-profiled. Based on this say which of the design thicknesses you would recommend and why (hint: consider when the ballast would be replaced anyway). 当路基表面应变达到 时，将需要对轨道路基进行全面更新。.对于四种路基厚度中的每一种，请使用 (a) 中的年车辆通过量估算值来预测何时需要更新路基并重新铺设路基。在此基础上，请说明您建议采用哪种设计厚度以及原因（提示：请考虑何时更换道砟）。
Report any equations used, present any graphs and show your input variables. Tabulate your results. Hint: these calculations are best implemented in a spreadsheet. 报告所使用的任何方程，展示任何图表，并显示输入变量。将结果列表。提示：这些计算最好在电子表格中进行。
Larger version of Figure 8b after and Selig, 1998 图 8b 的放大版， 和 Selig，1998 年
For part (b), use the method given below, and taken from Whitlow (2001) [Figure MA3-1]. Also see the examples in the lecture slides. You are looking to obtain a factor of safety, F, of at least 1.25. You will need 对于 (b) 部分，请使用下面给出的方法，该方法摘自 Whitlow (2001)[图 MA3-1]。另请参阅幻灯片中的示例。您希望获得至少 1.25 的安全系数 F。您需要
to consider soil strength parameters ' and c' (units degrees, and ), unit weight of the soil , and groundwater pressures (where is the water pressure in the soil at depth below the ground surface [in ], is the unit weight of soil [as above], and is the depth below ground level [in ]). The final inputs to the Whitlow method relate to the slope geometry (slope angle [degrees], height ] and depth factor [defined on diagram below]). 考虑土壤强度参数 和 c'（单位度，和 ）、土壤单位重量 以及地下水压力 (其中 为地表以下深度 处土壤中的水压力[单位为 ]， 为土壤单位重量[同上]， 为地表以下深度[单位为 ]）。惠特洛方法的最后输入与斜坡几何形状有关（斜坡角 [度]、高度 [度]、高度 和深度系数[定义见下图]）。
For part (c) of Mini-Assignment 2 (MA2) you will have already been to look at the Geoindex to work out the predominant soil type on your route (or if this is rather variable, at a particular location). You will need to work out whether this is a clay, sand, gravel or chalk soil, or something other. The strength is not being assigned here in the same way as for the Li and Selig method in MA2, as we are now using effective stress soil parameters. Some suggested values of soil strength and unit weight for common soils are given in Table MA31 below. You do not have to stick rigorously to these. Cuttings will be in situ geology; embankments are likely to be of local geological materials, whether old or new. 在完成小作业 2 (MA2) (c) 部分时，您需要查看 Geoindex，以确定路线上的主要土壤类型（如果土壤类型变化较大，则确定特定地点的土壤类型）。您需要确定土壤类型是粘土、沙土、砾石土、白垩土还是其他。这里的强度分配方式与 MA2 中的 Li 和 Selig 方法不同，因为我们现在使用的是有效应力土壤参数。下表 MA31 给出了一些常见土壤强度和单位重量的建议值。您不必严格遵守这些值。掘进将采用原位地质；路堤可能采用当地地质材料，无论是新的还是旧的。
In practice, water pressures in the ground may vary temporally, e.g. with rainfall. You need to use the worst case for your calculation, representing the highest water pressures. Suggested values of for a cut slope, and embankment are given below in Table MA3-2. 实际上，地下水压可能随时间而变化，例如随降雨而变化。您需要使用代表最高水压的最坏情况进行计算。表 MA3-2 给出了切坡和路堤的 建议值。
Whether you are designing a new slope, or investigating an existing, you will need to estimate its height . For an existing slope, there will be some height information available to on Digimap, either as contours, or spot heights, but these will be to the nearest metre at best, so you will likely only have an estimate. For a new slope, you may need to define the height: e.g.: if the railway needs to go over a road, there needs to be sufficient clearance for road traffic to pass underneath, requiring earthworks adjacent to the bridge similar to the height of the bridge itself. 无论是设计新斜坡，还是对现有斜坡进行勘测，都需要估算其高度 。.对于现有斜坡，Digimap 上会有一些高度信息，可以是等高线，也可以是点状高度，但最多只能精确到米，因此您可能只能得到一个估计值。对于新的斜坡，您可能需要定义高度：例如：如果铁路需要跨越公路，则需要为公路交通提供足够的通行间隙，这就需要在桥梁附近进行与桥梁本身高度类似的土方工程。
Table MA3-1: approximate strength and unit weight properties for common soils 表 MA3-1：常见土壤的近似强度和单位重量特性
A method involving the use of stability coefficients similar to that devised by Taylor, but in terms of effective stress, was suggested by Bishop and Morgenstern (1960). The factor of safety is dependent on five problem variables:
(a) slope angle
(b) depth factor (as in Taylor's method -.. Fig. 9.18)
(c) angle of shearing resistance
(d) a non-dimensional parameter
(e) pore pressure coefficient
The factor of safety varies linearly with and is given by
where and are coefficients related to the variables listed above. In the original work sets of charts were provided for ranges of values: to to to 1.5 and to 0.05 , and were thus suitable for relatively weak soils. O'Connor and Mitchell (1977) extended the range of charts to include and 0.100 , but some stiff soils and soft rocks have higher
Slope cot :
2:1
3:1
D
n
ALL
20
0.
0.90
0.36
0.73
0.90
1.08
1.21
1.45
1.54
1.84
1.88
25
0.23
1.16
0.47
0.92
0.92
7.16
1.40
1.55
1.86
1.97
2.32
2.41
30
0.29
1.4
0.58
1.15
1.15
1.43
1.72
1.91
2.30
2.44
2.88
2.98
35
0.3
1.7
0.70
1.3
1.3
1.74
2.10
2.32
2.79
2.97
3.48
3.62
40
0.42
2.09
0.83
1.67
1.67
2.09
2.51
2.79
3.34
3.55
4. 18
4.34
Slope :
3:1
2:7
3:1
0
n
n
1.00
20
0.52
0.72
0.70
0,76
1.11
1
33
4
35
39
37
2.04
25
91
2.59
30
0.
0.88
0
1.
1.60
6
3
36
.41
3.17
3
0.
1.8
1.8
0
38
3.15
4,14
3.83
40
0.86
7.
1.30
1,72
2.18
2.14
87
2,98
3.95
3.16
4.86
4.56
1.25
2
30
1.4
9
35
1.7
1.
1.
40
2.04
2.11
2.23
2.35
2.74
2.75
3.43
3.39
4.14
4.04
4.93
4.7
Stope :
111
3:1
D
n
n
1.00
20
0.69
0.78
0.90
0.83
7.37
1.06
1,38
2.32
1,77
2.77
2.08
25
0.80
0.98
1.05
1.03
1.33
2.18
1.75
2.77
2420
3.33
2.64
30
0.91
1.21
1.21
1.24
1.88
1.62
2.56
3.24
2.68
3.91
3
35
1.02
1.40
1,37
1.46
2.17
1,95
2.99
3.78
2.58
3.25
4.57
40
1.14
1,61
1.55
1.71
2.50
2.32
3.44
3.06
4.40
39.1
5.30
4.64
Slope cot :
1:9
2:1
3:7
5:1
1.25
20
1.16
0.98
1.24
1.07
1.50
1.26
1.82
1.48
2.22
1.79
2.63
2.10
25
1.40
1.23
1.50
7.35
1.81
1.59
2.21
7.89
2.70
2.28
3.19
2.67
30
1.51
1.77
1.66
2.74
1.94
2.63
2.33
3.20
2,81
3.81
3.30
35
1.93
1.82
2.08
2.00
2.53
2.33
3.10
2.84
3.78
3.39
4.48
4.01
40
2.24
2.16
2.42
2.38
2.94
2.78
3.63
3.38
4.41
4.07
5.22
4.78
1.50
20
1.48
1.28
1.55
1.33
1.74
1.49
2,00
1.69
2.33
1.98
2.68
2.27
25
1.82
7.63
1.90
1.70
2.13
1.89
2.46
2.17
2.85
2.52
3.28
2.88
30
2.18
2.01
2.28
2.09
2.56
2.33
2.95
2.69
3.42
3.10
3.95
3.56
35
2.57
2.42
2.68
2.52
3.02
2.82
3.50
3.25
4.05
3.75
4.69
4.31
3.02
2.91
3.76
3.02
3.55
3.37
4.11
3.90
4.77
4.48
5.50
5.12
Stope :
4:1
5:1
0
n
1.00
20
0.85
0.80
1.09
0.84
1.61
110
2.14
1.44
2.66
1.80
3.17
2.13
25
0.95
1.01
1.25
1.05
1.86
1.38
2.50
1.80
3.13
2.26
3.74
30
1.06
1.24
7.42
1.30
2.14
1.69
2.88
.2 .20
3.62
2,76
4.36
3.33
35
1.19
1.49
1.61
1.56
2.44
2.03
3.3.
2,66
4.18
3.33
5.02
4,00
40
1.33
1.76
1.80
1.82
2.77
2.39
3.78
3.15
4.79
3.95
5.78
4.76
1.25
20
1.34
1.02
1.39
1.09
1.69
1.29
2.07
1.54
2.49
1.82
2.95
2.17
25
1.58
1.28
1.66
1.39
2.00
1.64
2,47
1.96
2.97
2.32
3.52
2.73
30
1.83
1.56
1.94
1.70
2.35
2.01
2.89
2.39
3.50
2.86
4.15
3.36
35
2.11
1.87
2.25
2.03
2.73
2.39
3.36
2.87
4.08
3.46
4.83
4.04
40
2.42
2.21
2.58
2.40
3.15
2.84
3.89
3.43
4.73
4.13
5.60
4.83
1.50
20
1.64
1.
1.
1
1,51
2.20
1.73
2.55
1,39
2.93
2.27
25
1.9
1.
1.71
2.31
7.91
2.66
2.20
3.08
2.53
3.55
2.92
30
2.34
2.04
2.43
2.10
2.74
2.36
3.16
2.71
3.66
3.13
4.22
3.59
35
2.74
2.46
2.84
2,54
3.2
2.85
3.71
3.29
4.30
3.79
4.96
4.34
40
3.19
2.93
3.31
3.03
3.74
3.40
4.33
3.93
5.03
4.53
5.79
5.19
values than this. The Author has recalculated the and values over a further extended range of to 0.150 , and these are given in Table 9.1. The calculations were carried out using Bishop's simplified method as a basis and statistical search and fitting methods to establish critical values for and . Similar results have since been published by Chandler and Peiris (1989) which are found to correlate well with the values given here. 值。作者重新计算了 和 在 至 0.150 范围内的数值，见表 9.1。计算以 Bishop 的简化方法为基础，采用统计搜索和拟合方法确定了 和 的临界值。.此后，Chandler 和 Peiris（1989 年）也发表了类似的结果，并认为这些结果与此处给出的值密切相关。
From the soil and slope data, a value is first calculated for . A section of Table 9.1 is now selected for which and just greater than that in the problem. Using linear interpolation, values are obtained for and , corresponding to problem values of and . If is found to be underlined, a more critical (lower ) circle may exist at a greater depth. In this case the table section for (and, if necessary, ) is used until a non-underlined value for is obtained. This procedure is repeated for table sections corresponding to a value just less than that in the problem. Using eqn 99.17 , two factor of safety values and ) are calculated for values respectively above and below that in the problem. The value of is then obtained by interpolating linearly between and 根据土壤和坡度数据，首先计算出 的值。.现在选择表 9.1 中 和 恰好大于问题中 和 的部分。通过线性插值，可以得到 和 的值。与问题中的 和 值相对应。.如果发现 有下划线，则在更深处可能存在一个更临界（更低的 ）的圆。在这种情况下， 的表格部分（如有必要， 的表格部分(在这种情况下，将使用 的表格部分（必要时还将使用 ），直到得到 的非下划线值。对于 值小于问题中 值的表段，重复上述步骤。利用公式 99.17，计算出两个安全系数值 和 。分别计算出高于和低于问题中 值的两个安全系数值 和 。然后在 和 之间进行线性插值，得到 值。
Slope cot 坡度小点 {{0}
2:1
D
п
1.00
20
0.98
0.80
1.25
0.86
1.83
1.13
2.41
1.46
2.97
1.83
3.53
25
1.10
1.02
1.41
1.07
2.09
2.78
1.84
3.36
2.29
4.09
30
1.21
1.25
1.58
1.30
2.37
1.72
3.77
3.91
2.80
4.71
35
1.34
1.50
1.77
1.57
2.68
2.08
3.59
2.71
4.49
5.39
40
1.48
1.78
1.99
1.87
3.01
2.44
4.07
3.21
5.10
6.14
4.80
1.25
20
1.48
1.03
1.52
1.09
1.86
1.29
2.27
1.55
2.74
1.83
3.23
2.15
25
1.72
1.29
1.79
1.38
2.
1.63
2.67
1.96
3.21
2.32
3.81
30
1.99
7.59
2.08
1.73
2.53
2.00
3.09
2.41
3.73
2.84
4.42
35
2.27
1.90
2.40
2.07
2.91
2.41
3.58
2,90
4.30
5.10
40
2.58
2.23
2.74
2.44
3.33
2.85
4.09
3.44
4.96
4.11
5.88
4.84
.
Sfope cot : Sfope cot ：
1:1
5:1
D
m
n
1.50
20
1.77
1.30
1.
1.3
2 .
1.
3
0
2.00
3.14
2.28
25
2.11
1.66
2
1.
2.47
1.93
2.83
2.21
3.28
2.53
3.78
2.91
30
2.4
2.05
2.
2.11
2.90
2.3
3.33
2.72
3.86
3.12
4.44
3.59
35
2.88
2.47
2.98
2.5
3.37
2.86
3.88
3
4.49
3.78
5.17
4.34
40
3.33
2.94
3.45
3.03
3.90
3.42
4.49
3.92
5.21
4.51
5.99
5.16
1.00
20
1.13
0.81
1.43
0.88
2.04
3.26
1.78
3.87
2.12
25
1.25
1.04
1.60
1.11
2.32
1.45
3.06
1.91
3.74
2.27
4.45
30
1.38
1.27
1.77
1.34
2.62
1.78
3.46
2.30
4.25
2.81
5.07
3.37
35
1.50
1.51
1.96
1.59
2.93
2.12
3.88
4.82
3.41
5.77
4.05
1.61
1.75
2.17
1.89
3.27
2.48
4.36
3.18
5.46
4.06
6.55
4.89
25
2.26
1.68
2.37
1.75
2.64
.97
3.03
2.23
4.08
3.15
4.69
3.60
30
2.63
2.07
2.75
2.15
3.07
2.43
3.53
2.75
4.08
3.81
5.4 .4
4.36
35
3.04
2.50
3.16
2.58
3.55
2.92
4.08
3.32
4.73
3.81
5.44
4.36
40
3.50
2.98
3.63
3.07
4.09
3.49
4.71
3.98
5.46
4.57
6.28
5.23
Stope cot 6 : 斜坡小床 6 ：
11
3:1
D
n
n
n
n
1.00
20
1.25
0.81
1.58
0.89
2.25
1.16
2.89
1.44
3.57
1.80
4.21
2.15
25
30
1.37
1.50
1.0
1.75
1.12
2.53
1,45
3.24
4.01
4.78
30
35
1.50
1.65
1.25
1.93
1.36
2.83
1.78
3.64
2.24
4.54
5.41
609
40
1.65
1,80
1.53
1.82
2.12
2.33
1.61
1.89
3.14
3.49
4.09
4.57
2.71
3.24
5.10
5.74
6.86
1.25
20
1.79
1.07
1.80
1.10
2.22
?
2.69
1.
3.22
1.86
3.77
25
2.03
1.33
2.07
1.40
2.55
1.68
3.09
2.01
377
237
4.33
76
30
2.30
1.63
2.37
1.74
2.90
2.06
3.51
2.44
4.22
2.92
4.96
3.38
35
2.60
1.96
2,69
2,08
3.28
2.47
4.00
2.94
4.81
3.50
5.56
40
2.92
2.33
3.05
2.44
3.72
2.92
4.53
3.48
5.46
4,12
6.44
4.22
1.50
20
2.0
1.
2
1.54
2.74
5
3.15
2.01
3.63
0
25
2.39
1.6
2.5
1.7
2.
1.97
3.19
3.67
2.55
4.23
30
2.76
2.07
2.8
2.16
3.22
2.43
3,70
2.75
4.26
3.14
4.90
57
35
3.16
2.5
3.30
2.
4.2
3.31
4.90
5.64
40
3.62
2.98
3.76
3.07
4,23
3.48
4.87
3.95
5.63
4.54
6.47
Mini-Assignment 4: Signalling 小作业 4：信号
Assume that the route uses lineside signalling (NOT cab signalling or automated operation). 假设线路使用线路侧信号（非驾驶室信号或自动运行）。
For track numbers and layouts at link locations to the existing network, consult a national railway atlas or the National Electronic Sectional Appendix (NESA): https://www.networkrail.co.uk/industry-andcommercial/information-for-operators/national-electronic-sectional-appendix/. You can download pdf copies from under the 'Sectional Appendix PDF copies' heading (there is no need to register). 有关现有铁路网连接位置的轨道编号和布局，请查阅国家铁路地图集或国家电子分段附录 (NESA)： https://www.networkrail.co.uk/industry-andcommercial/information-for-operators/national-electronic-sectional-appendix/。您可以在 "分段附录 PDF 副本 "标题下下载 pdf 副本（无需注册）。
If your new route joins an existing single track line then you need to provide a passing loop at the junction and/or a second platform at the station where the new route joins the existing line. 如果您的新线路与现有的单轨线路相连，那么您需要在新线路与现有线路相连的交界处设置一个通过环路和/或在车站设置第二个站台。
Your track diagram should be schematic (like those in these lecture slides). 你的轨道图应该是示意图（就像这些幻灯片中的示意图一样）。
You may find it helpful to indicate major local landmarks/features on your diagram (refer back to the maps in mini-assignment 1 if this helps). 在图表上标出当地的主要地标/特征可能会有所帮助（如果有帮助，请参考小作业 1 中的地图）。
You should consider any signal sighting issues associated with tunnels, curvature etc, and use repeaters as necessary. 您应考虑与隧道、弯道等相关的信号瞄准问题，并在必要时使用中继器。
Don't forget level crossings, particularly in your discussion of interlocking. 不要忘记平交道口，特别是在讨论联锁时。
Mini-Assignment 5: Noise 小作业 5：噪音
The noise calculations focus on the built-up area of the town in which your terminus station is located. In addition there may be sensitive receptors (buildings) on open sections of line where the speed is higher. These should therefore also be considered. 噪声计算的重点是总站所在城市的建成区。此外，在车速较高的空旷路段可能会有敏感受体（建筑物）。因此，这些也应考虑在内。
Input data needed for noise calculation: 噪声计算所需的输入数据：
Use the information determined from other mini-assignments to establish the train type (e.g. EMU, DMU), number of vehicles per train and number of trains per day for your chosen route. 利用其他小任务中确定的信息，确定所选路线的列车类型（如 EMU、DMU）、每列车的车辆数和每天的列车数。
Determine the gradient of your line, at least within the built-up area, from the map contours. NB gradients do not usually change more often than every few hundred metres and, as part of the design of your route, they should not be too severe. 根据地图等高线确定线路的坡度，至少在建筑密集区内。注意：坡度的变化通常不会超过每几百米一次，作为线路设计的一部分，坡度不应过大。
Use the spreadsheet provided to determine the train speed profile for trains departing from the terminus. Example input parameters that can be used for the calculation are provided in the lecture notes. 使用提供的电子表格确定从总站出发的列车速度曲线。可用于计算的输入参数示例已在讲义中提供。
For simplicity you should assume that the trains travelling in both directions at a certain location would pass with the same speed. There is therefore no need to use the braking part of the calculation for this. 为简单起见，应假设在某一地点双向行驶的列车以相同的速度通过。因此，不需要使用计算中的制动部分。
You are not required to calculate speed profiles for freight trains - you can assume a constant speed of with the locomotive under traction as a worst case. 您不需要计算货运列车的速度曲线--您可以假设机车在牵引状态下的恒速为 ，作为最坏情况。
For open sections of line away from the terminus station you can assume that the passenger trains travel at a constant speed, e.g. the line speed or the maximum speed of the trains used. 对于远离终点站的开放路段，可以假定旅客列车以恒定的速度行驶，如线路速度或所用列车的最高速度。
Noise calculations: 噪音计算：
Determine the noise source levels (sound power per unit length of track) for a single passenger train per hour of each type according to the speed information from part (a) at a selection of positions along the route within the built-up area, e.g. every . Calculate them separately for the two directions. The calculation method will be introduced in the lectures. 根据第(a)部分的速度信息，在建成区内沿线选定位置，例如每隔 ，确定每小时每种类型单列客运列车的噪声源水平（单位长度轨道的声功率）。.两个方向分别计算。计算方法将在讲座中介绍。
In addition, calculate the noise levels from the freight train assuming that the locomotive is under power. 此外，假设机车处于动力状态，计算货运列车的噪音水平。
Based on the proposed service level, calculate the width of the various (free field) noise contours at these selected positions along the route, e.g. 50, 55, 60, as appropriate. On your map connect these points to give an estimate of the noise contours. Hence identify the approximate number of buildings within each contour. 根据建议的服务水平，计算沿线这些选定位置的各种（自由场）噪声等值线的宽度，如 50、55、60、 （视情况而定）。在地图上将这些点连接起来，得出噪声等值线的估计值。因此，请确定每个等值线内建筑物的大致数量。
Calculate the noise levels at the most critical buildings, i.e. within the highest noise level contour. 计算最关键建筑物的噪声级，即最高噪声级等值线范围内的噪声级。
In addition, identify any potentially sensitive receptors at other locations along the route, i.e. buildings close to the line where the train speed is likely to be higher. Repeat the calculation for these buildings, 此外，还要确定沿线其他位置的任何潜在敏感受体，即靠近线路、列车速度可能较高的建筑物。对这些建筑物重复计算、
assuming that the passenger trains travel at a constant speed, e.g. the line speed or the maximum speed of the trains used. Use the same assumptions for the freight train as before. There is no need to calculate noise contours for these locations, only the noise levels at the buildings you have identified. 假设客运列车以恒定速度行驶，如线路速度或所用列车的最高速度。货运列车的假设与之前相同。无需计算这些地点的噪声等值线，只需计算您确定的建筑物处的噪声级。
Noise mitigation: 噪音缓解：
Determine how much noise mitigation (reduction of sound level) is required at each of the selected buildings, if any. 确定每栋选定建筑物需要多少噪音缓解措施（降低声级）（如有）。
Briefly discuss possible ways of achieving this. For example, you may need to consider the construction of noise barriers or earth berms, realignment of the route (vertical or horizontal), use of tunnels, relocation of the station, or changes to line speed or service frequency. 简要讨论实现这一目标的可能方法。例如，您可能需要考虑建造隔音屏障或土堤、重新调整线路（垂直或水平）、使用隧道、迁移车站或改变线路速度或服务频率。
You are not expected to calculate the effect of noise barriers or other mitigation. 您无需计算隔音屏障或其他缓解措施的效果。
If no buildings require mitigation, discuss briefly what mitigation you would recommend if more stringent noise limits were to apply. 如果没有建筑物需要采取缓解措施，请简要讨论如果适用更严格的噪声限值，您会建议采取哪些缓解措施。
Presentation: 发言：
The main results are your calculations. Present your results as 主要结果是您的计算结果。请将结果列示为
graphs from the speed profile calculation (there is no need to present your working for this) 速度曲线计算得出的图形（无需为此提交您的工作成果）
a map with the noise contours added on it 添加了噪声等值线的地图
also indicate the train speeds on the route 还标明线路上的列车速度
tables of assumed input data 假定输入数据表
details of your working 工作详情
discuss the limitations of your calculations: bullet points are sufficient. 讨论计算的局限性：要点即可。
Mini-Assignment 6: Capacity and timetabling 小作业 6：容量和时间安排
The screenshot below is a representation of a timetable graph, showing trains in one direction only, on the Up Slow line on the South West Main Line between Farnborough (FRBRMN) and Woking Junction (WOKINGJ), with some services joining the line at Pirbright Junction (PRBRITJ) and most stopping at Brookwood (BRKWOOD). The names in brackets are abbreviated TIPLOC, or Timing Point Location, codes, used in the timetable planning process: 下面的截图显示的是西南干线范堡罗 (FRBRMN) 至沃金枢纽 (WOKINGJ) 之间上行慢速线上的单向列车时刻表图，其中部分列车在皮尔布莱特枢纽 (PRBRITJ) 与线路汇合，大部分列车停靠布鲁克伍德 (BRKWOOD)。括号中的名称是 TIPLOC 或 Timing Point Location 代码的缩写，用于时刻表规划过程：
Two timetable graph templates are provided in a single Excel file on Blackboard, as shown below. The 'No Loop' template can be used for a route between two stations with no intermediate passing loops, while the Blackboard 上的单个 Excel 文件中提供了两个时刻表图表模板，如下所示。无环路 "模板可用于两站之间没有中间经过环路的线路，而 "无环路 "模板可用于两站之间没有中间经过环路的线路。
'Intermediate Loop' template can be used for a route with one intermediate loop. One or more additional rows can be inserted if additional loops are required, but the row heights used should be adjusted so that they are proportional to the lengths of the intermediate route sections they represent, to ensure that train speeds over route sections (the slopes of the train graphs) are represented consistently. The template should be extended as necessary to reflect time periods greater than one hour, and the station/loop names and quarterhour times should be updated to reflect the specified route and chosen time period. Trains in both directions should be shown on a single graph in all cases, for both single-track and double-track routes. 中间环路 "模板可用于有一个中间环路的线路。如果需要额外的环路，可插入一个或多个附加行，但应调整所使用的行高，使其与所代表的中间线路段长度成比例，以确保线路段上的列车速度（列车图的斜率）表示一致。应根据需要扩展模板，以反映超过一小时的时间段，并更新车站/环路名称和一刻钟时间，以反映指定线路和所选时间段。在任何情况下，单轨和双轨线路的双向列车都应显示在一张图表上。
'No Loop' Template 无循环 "模板
'Intermediate Loop' Template 中间环路 "模板
Access to Excel's line-drawing functionality is via the 'Shapes' menu on the 'Insert' tab, as shown below. 如下图所示，可以通过 "插入 "选项卡上的 "形状 "菜单访问 Excel 的线条绘制功能。
For a line with no intermediate locations or timing points, the easiest option to use is 'Line', which can be drawn by clicking on the appropriate time at the Start Station, and then holding, dragging and releasing on the appropriate time at the End Station, as shown below. 对于没有中间位置或计时点的直线，最简单的选项是 "直线"，只需点击起点站的相应时间，然后按住、拖动并松开终点站的相应时间即可绘制，如下图所示。
By selecting a Line object and choosing the 'Snap to Grid' option from the 'Align' menu on the 'Format' tab, as shown below, the end points of the lines will automatically be aligned precisely with Excel's grid structure. 如下图所示，选择线条对象，然后从 "格式 "选项卡的 "对齐 "菜单中选择 "捕捉到网格 "选项，线条的端点就会自动与 Excel 的网格结构精确对齐。
For graphing trains with one or more intermediate stops, the 'Freeform' shape option can be used, as shown below. 如果要绘制有一个或多个中间站的列车图，可以使用 "自由形状 "选项，如下图所示。
A Freeform line is drawn in a similar manner to a simple Line, but by also clicking on the required intermediate times and locations, as shown below - when the End Station time has been selected, the Freeform line is completed by pressing the 'Escape' key. It should be noted that, once finished, the intermediate points cannot be adjusted independently of the start and end points of a Freeform line (and if the start or end point is moved, the intermediate points will thus also move), and neither are they snapped to the grid, even if this option is selected. If the user wishes to snap intermediate points to the grid, and/or be able to adjust them independently of the start and end points, a series of individual Line elements can be used, positioned end to end and snapped to the grid. 自由形态线的绘制方式与简单的直线类似，但也需要点击所需的中间时间和位置，如下图所示 - 当选择了终点站时间后，按下 "Escape "键即可完成自由形态线的绘制。需要注意的是，一旦完成，中间点不能独立于自由形态线的起点和终点进行调整（如果起点 或终点移动，中间点也会随之移动），即使选择了该选项，也不能将中间点固定到网格上。如果用户希望将中间点固定到网格上，和/或能够独立于起点和终点对其进行调整，可以使用一系列单独的线条元素，端对端定位并固定到网格上。
The colour, line thickness and other properties of the line elements can be adjusted by selecting and rightclicking on a line and choosing the 'Fomat Shape...' option. For example, a user might want to colour code trains by direction or type (stopping or non-stopping service, etc.). 通过选择并右键单击线条，然后选择 "Fomat Shape... "选项，可以调整线条元素的颜色、线条粗细和其他属性。例如，用户可能希望按方向或类型（停站或不停站服务等）对列车进行颜色编码。
Mini-Assignment 7: Human Factors/Safety 小作业 7：人为因素/安全
For part a) of this mini-assignment you are required to provide a synopsis (i.e. summary) of the key findings and recommendations resulting from the Human Factors investigations of a rail accident case study. You can choose which case study to focus on. 本小作业的 a) 部分要求您提供一份铁路事故案例研究中人为因素调查的主要发现和建议的概要（即摘要）。您可以选择侧重于哪个案例研究。
For part b) of the mini-assignment you are required to produce a list of potential (or hypothetical) Human Factors / Safety considerations associated with your case study route and suggest mitigation strategies to address these. Use your lecture notes and the readings for part a) to help you think about potential safety issues in the rail system and how these can be addressed. Categories to guide your thinking might include design, training, equipment, procedures, organisational culture or other. There is not a minimum or maximum requirement on how many issues you propose but you have words to work with. The best answers will clearly link the safety issues to the features of their route. 小型作业的 b) 部分要求您列出与案例研究路线相关的潜在（或假设）人为因素/安全考虑因素，并针对这些因素提出缓解策略。利用您的讲义和 a) 部分的阅读材料，帮助您思考铁路系统中潜在的安全问题以及如何解决这些问题。指导思考的类别可能包括设计、培训、设备、程序、组织文化或其他。对于您提出的问题数量，没有最低或最高要求，但您可以使用 个单词。最佳答案会将安全问题与线路特点明确联系起来。
Potential Safety issue 潜在的安全问题
Mitigation strategy 缓解战略
Additional sources of information 其他信息来源
Lawton, R. and Ward, N.J. 2005. A systems analysis of the Ladbroke Grove rail crash. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37, 235-244. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457504000879 Lawton, R. and Ward, N.J. 2005.拉德布鲁克格罗夫铁路事故的系统分析。事故分析与预防》，37, 235-244. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457504000879
Wilson and Norris, 2005. Rail Human Factors: Past, Present and Future. Applied Ergonomics 36, 6, 649-660. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687005001158 威尔逊和诺里斯，2005 年。铁路人为因素：过去、现在和未来。应用人机工程学》36, 6, 649-660. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003687005001158
Stanton, N.A. & Baber, C. 2008. Modelling of human alarm handling response times: A case study of the Ladbroke Grove rail accident in the UK. Ergonomics, 51(4), 423-440. Stanton, N.A. & Baber, C. 2008.人为警报处理响应时间建模：英国拉德布鲁克格罗夫铁路事故案例研究》。人体工程学》，51（4），423-440 页。
A carriage may be divided in to 24 'blocks' along its length. 一节车厢可沿其长度方向划分为 24 个 "区块"。
Available features - along with their size - are given in the following table. 下表列出了可用功能及其大小。
A carriage may be divided in to 24 'blocks' along its length. Available features - along with their size - are given in Table 1. 一节车厢可沿其长度方向划分为 24 个 "区块"。表 1 列出了可用的特征及其尺寸。
Table 1 - Interior Features 表 1 - 内部特征
Feature 特点
Length 长度
(# of (数量
blocks)
Width
Available 可用
seats
Additional
standing
capacity
(people)
Notes 说明
Standard
'airline' style
seats
1
Half
Carriage
2
0.5
Extra legroom
'airline' style
seats
1.5
Half
Carriage
2
0.5
May be used
for "Priority
Seating" for
those who
need it
Standard table
seats
2.5
Half
Carriage
4
1.5
First Class
table seats
3
Whole
Carriage
6
3
Longitudinal
tip up seats
1.5
Half-
Carriage
2
2
Standard 3+2
facing seats
2.5
Whole
Carriage
10
2
Narrow aisle
limits access
- these seats
should not
be used both
sides of
cycle areas,
wheelchair
accessible
areas or
priority
seating (the
above
amenities
must have at
least one
clear access
to an
external
door).
Luggage Rack
1
Half-
Carriage
0
0.5
passenger
saloon
(carriage end
or behind
driving cab)
Extra width
external doors
and vestibule
2
Whole
Carriage
0
5
Driving cab
2
Whole
Carriage
0
0
Must be
placed at
carriage end.
Multiple
units must
have a cab at
each end of
the train.
Intermediate
carriages do
not need a
driving cab,
but they
could be
included to
facilitate
splitting a
train en
route.
Standing area
0.5
Half
Carriage
0
2
An
additional
person can
stand if two
standing
areas are
placed
across the
whole
carriage.
Unspecified
areas of the
carriage will
be assumed
to be
standing
areas with
the capacity
given here.
The Rules:
The amenities do not have to be sketched exactly - areas of the carriage can be shaded as e.g. "First Class Section" or "Standard Class Section" so long as the length of the section (in blocks) is clearly given, and the number of seated and standing people is a) stated clearly and b) in line with Table 1.
Additional amenities can be included, but need to be clearly specified and should be reasonable to implement. 附加设施可以包括在内，但需要明确规定，并应合理实施。
If a train is specified as a "multiple unit" it must be capable of working on its own without a locomotive - each of the end carriages must have a driving cab.
Mini-Assignment 10: Stations and Interchanges
For part b) of this mini-assignment, the relevant local authority website may provide details of existing local transport routes and services. Web-based mapping and journey planner services such as Google Maps and Traveline may also be useful for identifying public transport routes, cycle routes etc. 对于本小任务的 b) 部分，相关地方当局网站可能会提供现有地方交通路线和服务的详细信息。谷歌地图和 Traveline 等网络地图和行程规划服务对于确定公共交通路线、自行车路线等也很有用。
APPENDIX 2: Marks Scheme
Student:
Total mark: 总分
General comments: 一般性评论：
Excellent
Good
Adequate
Poor (40-
49)
Very
poor
Comments
Route planning (9%)
Quality of map
Appropriateness of
chosen route
Discussion of route
choice
Sketch of gradient profile
Correct application of
demand elasticities
Comments on expected
elasticities
Trackbed design (9%)
Input data summarised and commented on Implement trackbed design method
Use Geoindex to look at soils present on route Granular subgrades
