Test  测试
Positive Result  阳性结果

Fermentation  发酵
Benedict’s Test  本尼迪克特的测试
Barfoed’s Test  Barfoed 检验
Seliwanoff’s Test  Seliwanoff 的测试
Bial’s Test  Bial 的测试

A to E. Summary of Sample Behavior
A 到 E. 样本行为摘要

A to E. Identification of Unknown
A 到 E. 未知的识别
Sugars Present  糖分含量
Sample  样本

Unknown  未知
Gelatin  明胶
Honey  蜂蜜

Explain your answer:  解释你的答案：
2. An unknown mixture of two sugars is known to contain xylose. The mixture gres po sitiv e re sults for all five tests. What other sugar could be present?
2. 已知两种糖的未知混合物含有木糖。混合物 gres po sitiv e re sults 用于所有五项测试。还可能存在哪些其他糖？

a.Glucose b.Fructose c.Lactose

Explain your answer:  解释你的答案：
3. Which one of the following tests would allow you to differentiate between fructo se an d su crose?
3. 以下哪一项测试可以让您区分 fructo se 和 d su crose？

Explain your answer:  解释你的答案：

CONCLUSION  结论

LIPIDS  血脂

Lipid refers to a group of naturally occurring substances characterized by their insolubility in water and their solubility in fat solvents such as chloroform, ether, hot alcohol, and benzene. They are grouped into different classes depending on their structures.
脂质是指一组天然存在的物质，其特征是它们在水中不溶，在脂肪溶剂（如氯仿、乙醚、热醇和苯）中溶解。它们根据其结构分为不同的类。

Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols, which include triacylglycerois of triglycerides and waxes. The main function of these plant (olive oil) and animal (cod-liver oil) derived triglycerides is to act as energy reserve. They are deposited subcutaneously in warm-blooded animals and act as protection against the cold. During fasting these stored triglycerides are depleted. In addition, these substances also provide structural support or padding for organs. Waxes on the other hand, occur in certain plants, animals, mainly aquatic, and microorganisms. Examples are beeswax secreted by the honeybee, spermaceti from whale, and carnauba wax from plant leaves. They are not easily hydrolyzed as the triglycerides nor can they be acted upon by mammalian fat splitting enzymes. Therefore, from a nutritional standpoint, they are of no value. They have, however, important uses in industries as in the manufacture of shoe polish, floor waxes, vanishes, and candles.
简单脂质是脂肪酸与各种醇的酯，包括甘油三酯和蜡的三酰甘油酯。这些植物（橄榄油）和动物（鱼肝油）衍生的甘油三酯的主要功能是作为能量储备。它们被皮下沉积在温血动物体内，起到抵御寒冷的作用。在禁食期间，这些储存的甘油三酯会耗尽。此外，这些物质还为器官提供结构支撑或填充物。另一方面，蜡存在于某些植物、动物（主要是水生生物）和微生物中。例如蜜蜂分泌的蜂蜡、鲸鱼的精子和植物叶子的巴西棕榈蜡。它们不像甘油三酯那样容易水解，也不能被哺乳动物脂肪分解酶作用。因此，从营养的角度来看，它们没有任何价值。然而，它们在工业中具有重要用途，例如制造鞋油、地板蜡、消失物和蜡烛。
(phosphate, carbohydrate, and nitrogenous components). Included are Compound lipids are esters of fatty acids with alcohols plus other groups phosphoglycerides like lecithins and cephalins which are present in all cells, plant as well as animal. They are abundant in brain, heart, kidney, eggs, and soybeans. The former, which occur principally in animal tissues, are soluble in many fat solvents including ether, chloroform, benzene, hot alcohol and carbon disulfide. They are not soluble in acetone and this property is used in separating them from cholesterol and fats. Although insoluble in water, they readily emulsify in it. The structures of lecithin make them surface active agents and account for their emulsifying property. Cephalins on the other hand are concerned in blood clotting. They have practically the same solubilities as lecithins except for the fact that they are insoluble in ethyl and methyl alcohol. This difference in alcohol solubility is used to separate lecithin fractions from cephalin fractions of tissue extracts. Cephalins are always associated with lecithins in tissues and most lecithin preparations are really mixtures of these two phospholipids.
（磷酸盐、碳水化合物和含氮成分）。包括复合脂质是脂肪酸与醇以及其他磷酸甘油酯（如卵磷脂和头孢素）的酯，它们存在于植物和动物的所有细胞中。它们富含大脑、心脏、肾脏、鸡蛋和大豆。前者主要存在于动物组织中，可溶于许多脂肪溶剂，包括乙醚、氯仿、苯、热醇和二硫化碳。它们不溶于丙酮，这种特性用于将它们与胆固醇和脂肪分离。虽然不溶于水，但它们很容易在水中乳化。卵磷脂的结构使它们成为表面活性剂并解释它们的乳化特性。另一方面，头孢素与血液凝固有关。它们几乎具有与卵磷脂相同的溶解度，只是它们不溶于乙醇和甲醇。醇溶度的这种差异用于分离组织提取物的卵磷脂组分和头孢素组分。头孢素总是与组织中的卵磷脂有关，大多数卵磷脂制剂实际上是这两种磷脂的混合物。

Some lipids contain a carbohydrate group and are collectively called glycolipids, which include cerebrocides. They occur in large amounts in the medullary sheaths of nerves and in brain tissue. The glycolipids are almost insoluble in ether but they are more soluble in acetone than phospholipids and are also soluble in hot alcohol, benzene and chloroform.
一些脂质含有一个碳水化合物基团，统称为糖脂，其中包括杀脑剂。它们大量存在于神经的髓鞘和脑组织中。糖脂几乎不溶于乙醚，但它们比磷脂更易溶于丙酮，也溶于热醇、苯和氯仿。
another group called lipoproteins and proteolipids. Lipoproteins, which are water- Lipids in the living cells normally are associated with proteins forming soluble, are found in the serum. They act as transporters of lipids and of some of the cholesterol. Certain functions of these lipoproteins may be involved in the Page 1 of 13
另一组称为脂蛋白和蛋白脂。脂蛋白是水 - 活细胞中的脂质通常与形成可溶性的蛋白质相关，存在于血清中。它们充当脂质和一些胆固醇的转运蛋白。这些脂蛋白的某些功能可能涉及第 1 页，共 13 页