Multi-criteria analysis of barriers to building information modeling (BIM) adoption for SMEs in New Zealand construction industry
新西兰建筑业中小企业采用建筑信息模型（BIM）障碍的多标准分析

Keywords Building information modeling, Innovation, Digitalization, Digitization, Small to medium enterprises, Analytical hierarchy process
关键词 建筑信息模型 创新 数字化 中小企业 分析层次过程
Paper type Research paper
论文类型 研究论文

Construction industry plays a driver role in most of the countries across the globe (Ozturk et al., 2020). The industry is also a major contributor to the GDP of New Zealand over the last two decades accounting for more than $6\mathrm{\%}$$6\mathrm{\%}$6%6 \% of the total GDP of $\mathrm{\$}306\mathrm{Bn}$$\mathrm{\$}306\mathrm{Bn}$$306Bn\$ 306 \mathrm{Bn} NZD in 2019. Meanwhile, the New Zealand Government announced $\mathrm{\$}12\mathrm{b}$$\mathrm{\$}12\mathrm{b}$$12b\$ 12 \mathrm{~b} funding toward national
建筑业在全球大多数国家都发挥着推动作用（Ozturk et al.）在过去二十年中，建筑业也是新西兰国内生产总值的主要贡献者，占2019年 $\mathrm{\$}306\mathrm{Bn}$$\mathrm{\$}306\mathrm{Bn}$$306Bn\$ 306 \mathrm{Bn} 新西兰元国内生产总值的 $6\mathrm{\%}$$6\mathrm{\%}$6%6 \% 以上。与此同时，新西兰政府宣布为全国
infrastructure projects in 2020, including new education and healthcare facilities and transportation upgrades (Veldhuizen et al., 2019). In addition to this, the number of building consents granted in New Zealand has increased by $31\mathrm{\%}$$31\mathrm{\%}$31%31 \% from 2017 to 2020 with a total of 39,881 per year. It is also worth noting that the construction industry is under pressure to meet the increase in urban demand and population growth, while facing cost, time and quality constraints (Durdyev and Hosseini, 2019). There are plenty of administrative challenges, i.e. complicated work processes and tiresome managerial activities, leading to inefficiencies in the construction industry (Durdyev et al., 2018). One class of the solutions asserted to overcome these challenges is the use of digital information technology and automation tools in managerial activities for the construction industry, such as document and process management, project planning and control, and risk management (Jahanger et al., 2021; Durdyev et al., 2019).
2020 年，新西兰将开展更多基础设施项目，包括新建教育和医疗设施以及交通升级（Veldhuizen 等人，2019 年）。除此之外，从 2017 年到 2020 年，新西兰批准的建筑许可数量增加了 $31\mathrm{\%}$$31\mathrm{\%}$31%31 \% ，每年共计 39,881 项。同样值得注意的是，建筑行业面临着满足城市需求增长和人口增长的压力，同时还面临着成本、时间和质量方面的限制（Durdyev 和 Hosseini，2019 年）。存在大量的行政挑战，即复杂的工作流程和令人厌烦的管理活动，导致建筑行业效率低下（Durdyev et al.）为克服这些挑战而提出的一类解决方案是在建筑行业的管理活动中使用数字信息技术和自动化工具，如文件和流程管理、项目规划和控制以及风险管理（Jahanger 等人，2021 年；Durdyev 等人，2019 年）。

Digital technology currently adopted in the construction industry includes the use of digital twins, smart buildings, smart contracts, artificial intelligence, modern methods of construction, advanced building materials and virtual or augmented reality (Omar and Nehdi, 2016). All these concepts require large amounts of data that need to be integrated with a common data environment (CDE) to ensure there is no conflict or duplication, such that the collected data can be used by project stakeholders to improve work efficiency (Han and Leite, 2021). In this sense, the building information modeling (BIM), which chiefly aims to provide a model of a project connected to a wide range of planning and construction elements, has become fundamental in terms of digital transformation strategy (Van Tam et al., 2021; Durdyev et al., 2021). Even though the need for the construction industry for adapting to new opportunities is multi-faceted; such as evolving expectations of the clients, market pressures, availability of new technology, new generation of professionals within the industry and the implementation of legal framework (Wyman, 2018), digitalization accommodates several opportunities including enhanced customer satisfaction, simulation and digital modeling of various scenarios, accurate forecasting, and advanced document management systems (Sezer et al., 2021). Furthermore, digitalization also offers new partnership models, high level performance tracking and enhanced project deliverables (Stoyanova, 2020).
建筑行业目前采用的数字技术包括使用数字双胞胎、智能建筑、智能合约、人工智能、现代施工方法、先进建筑材料以及虚拟或增强现实技术（Omar and Nehdi, 2016）。所有这些概念都需要大量数据，这些数据需要与通用数据环境（CDE）进行整合，以确保没有冲突或重复，从而使项目利益相关者可以使用收集到的数据来提高工作效率（Han 和 Leite，2021 年）。从这个意义上说，建筑信息模型（BIM）的主要目的是提供一个与各种规划和施工要素相关联的项目模型，它已成为数字化转型战略的基础（Van Tam 等人，2021 年；Durdyev 等人，2021 年）。尽管建筑行业适应新机遇的需求是多方面的，如不断变化的客户期望、市场压力、新技术的可用性、行业内新一代专业人员以及法律框架的实施（Wyman，2018），但数字化也带来了一些机遇，包括提高客户满意度、各种情景的模拟和数字建模、准确预测以及先进的文件管理系统（Sezer 等人，2021）。此外，数字化还提供了新的合作模式、高水平的绩效跟踪和更强的项目交付能力（Stoyanova，2020）。

Despite the pertinent literature shows the benefits of digitalization and large companies have been integrating the new technologies into their systems, only $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% of the projects executed by large and conglomerate businesses (30+ Staff) used BIM according to the New Zealand BIM benchmark survey (EBOSS, 2020). Hence, the challenges encountered during transformation to a digitalized model can be associated with poor company and workforce culture, data sharing issues, lack of collaboration and a lack of awareness of the benefits of a digitalized business structure. While these issues are apparent for large companies, Kıliç et al. (2014) discovered that smaller to medium enterprises (SMEs) have less resources available to be able to support their digital transformation. This can be attributed to the high cost of initial investment in digital technologies and equipment, and unperceived benefits and return on investment to the business (Sategna et al., 2019). Besides, another obstacle in the adoption of a fully digitalized project is the gap between the level of the main contractors and the SMEs; such that an SME cannot allocate resources for digitalization while the main contractor may have a high level of digital maturity (Tezel et al., 2020). Considering the fact that large contractors often rely on SMEs to carry out specialist works in the construction sector and SMEs contributed to $37\mathrm{\%}$$37\mathrm{\%}$37%37 \% of the industry operating profit compared to large businesses contributing $14\mathrm{\%}$$14\mathrm{\%}$14%14 \%, SMEs play a vital role in the construction sector in New Zealand and further efforts need to be undertaken to allow them to digitalize, delivering buildings at a faster pace with more efficient use of resources, that surpass customer expectations and meet new levels of sustainability.
尽管相关文献显示了数字化的好处，大公司也一直在将新技术整合到他们的系统中，但根据新西兰 BIM 基准调查（EBOSS，2020 年），只有 $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% 大型企业和集团企业（30 名以上员工）执行的项目使用了 BIM。因此，在向数字化模式转型过程中遇到的挑战可能与公司和员工文化不佳、数据共享问题、缺乏协作以及对数字化业务结构的好处缺乏认识有关。虽然这些问题在大公司中显而易见，但 Kıliç 等人（2014 年）发现，中小型企业（SMEs）可用于支持数字化转型的资源较少。这可归因于对数字技术和设备的初始投资成本较高，以及企业未感知到投资效益和回报（Sategna 等人，2019 年）。此外，采用全数字化项目的另一个障碍是总承包商与中小型企业之间的水平差距；中小型企业无法为数字化分配资源，而总承包商的数字化成熟度可能很高（Tezel 等人，2020 年）。考虑到大型承包商通常依赖中小型企业来完成建筑行业的专业工程，中小型企业贡献了 $37\mathrm{\%}$$37\mathrm{\%}$37%37 \% 的行业营业利润，而大型企业贡献了 $14\mathrm{\%}$$14\mathrm{\%}$14%14 \% ，中小型企业在新西兰的建筑行业中发挥着至关重要的作用，因此需要进一步努力使其实现数字化，以更快的速度交付建筑，更有效地利用资源，超越客户期望并达到新的可持续发展水平。

The vast majority of the literature focused on diverging objectives while investigating the adoption of BIM for SMEs. On the other hand, several researchers also investigated the
绝大多数文献在研究中小型企业采用 BIM 的问题时，都侧重于不同的目标。另一方面，一些研究人员还调查了

Multi-criteria analysis of barriers to BIM
对 BIM 障碍的多重标准分析
barriers or challenges to BIM adoption for SMEs in several countries such as China (Li et al., 2019) and Australia (Hosseini et al., 2016), or without focusing on particular countries (Saka and Chan, 2020a). However, there is a need for a country-specific (due to unique cultural and operational context where the industry is operated) exploration of barriers that are hindering BIM adoption for SMEs, which differentiates the present study from those reported in the literature. In addition, existing literature adopted several methods to address BIM adoption of SMEs such as innovation diffusion theory (Hosseini et al., 2016), social network analysis (Li et al., 2019), Bayesian belief networks (Reza Hosseini et al., 2018) and statistical analysis (Ayinla and Adamu, 2018). However, the literature lacks using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to address barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs. MCDM methods are widely considered to provide effective ground to analyze criteria, factors or barriers and have widely been applied to a variety of research questions in the construction management literature (Mahdiyar et al., 2020; Tabatabaee et al., 2019). Thus, this study aims to evaluate barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs in New Zealand construction industry using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. Internal consistencies (each expert individually) of experts from the New Zealand construction industry were ensured through consistency ratio, while external consistencies (agreement level between experts) within the expert group were checked via Kendall’s W test. Overall, this study differs from its counterparts in three aspects. First, this study focuses on the SMEs from New Zealand construction industry, which has not been reported in the literature. Second, this study adopts one of the most widely used MCDM methods (i.e. AHP), while the implementation of MCDM methods has been overlooked in the pertinent literature. Finally, the consistencies and reliability of the attained results are addressed explicitly through a two-step consistency evaluation (Step 1: consistency analysis; Step 2: Kendall’s W). Overall, the findings of this research are expected to contribute to the SMEs that are aiming to enhance their digitalization capacity, with a particular focus on BIM utilization, in the New Zealand construction industry.
中国（Li等人，2019年）和澳大利亚（Hosseini等人，2016年）等多个国家的中小企业采用BIM的障碍或挑战，或没有关注特定国家（Saka和Chan，2020年a）。然而，有必要针对具体国家（由于行业运营的独特文化和运营背景）探讨阻碍中小型企业采用 BIM 的障碍，这也是本研究与文献报道的不同之处。此外，现有文献采用了多种方法来解决中小企业采用 BIM 的问题，如创新扩散理论（Hosseini 等人，2016 年）、社会网络分析（Li 等人，2019 年）、贝叶斯信念网络（Reza Hosseini 等人，2018 年）和统计分析（Ayinla 和 Adamu，2018 年）。然而，文献中缺乏使用多标准决策（MCDM）方法来解决中小企业采用 BIM 的障碍。MCDM 方法被广泛认为是分析标准、因素或障碍的有效依据，并已广泛应用于建筑管理文献中的各种研究问题（Mahdiyar 等人，2020 年；Tabatabaee 等人，2019 年）。因此，本研究旨在使用层次分析法（AHP）评估新西兰建筑业中小企业采用 BIM 的障碍。通过一致性比率确保新西兰建筑行业专家的内部一致性（每位专家），同时通过 Kendall's W 检验检查专家组内部的外部一致性（专家之间的一致程度）。总体而言，本研究在三个方面与同行有所不同。首先，本研究侧重于新西兰建筑行业的中小企业，这在文献中尚未见报道。 其次，本研究采用了最广泛使用的 MCDM 方法之一（即 AHP），而相关文献却忽略了 MCDM 方法的实施。最后，通过两步一致性评价（第一步：一致性分析；第二步：Kendall's W），明确解决了所获结果的一致性和可靠性问题。总之，本研究的结果有望为新西兰建筑行业中旨在提高数字化能力（尤其是 BIM 利用）的中小企业做出贡献。

Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution that is currently driving the changes in the construction industry toward a more automated and data-driven environment (Marr, 2017). Industry 4.0 can be leveraged to create a digitized value chain, allowing the communication of data and information between the environment, the business and its key stakeholders (Alaloul et al., 2020). In addition, there are many tools, such as big data analytics, autonomous robots, simulations and system integrations, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing and augmented reality, that enable the transformation of business management and operational facilities into digitalized processes (Gbadamosi et al., 2021; Omar and Nehdi, 2016; Pan et al., 2020). Here, digitalization refers to the process of converting knowledge from an analogous into a digital method. For instance, handwritten documents can be superseded by digital versions and traditional paper-based document management systems can be replaced by cloud-based solutions in this regard. The digitalization of these processes has a significant potential not only in leading to the reduction of business administrative costs but also in increasing the productivity and performance of projects allowing to adapt to the new digital solutions (Chowdhury et al., 2019). Furthermore, opportunities for digitalization include improved customer experience through new business channels, enhanced visualization, 3D simulation tools, simplified administrative work loads and improved customer satisfaction tracking and placing a focus on client centricity (Wyman, 2018). Digitalization also makes smart buildings and smart infrastructure more achievable and helps collaborative partnerships and innovative financing options be more available (Coupry et al., 2021). Digitalization requires businesses to utilize connected systems at every link of their value chain. For a business to digitalize, it requires the development and transformation
工业 4.0 是指第四次工业革命，目前正在推动建筑行业向更加自动化和数据驱动的环境转变（Marr，2017 年）。可以利用工业 4.0 创建数字化价值链，实现环境、企业及其主要利益相关者之间的数据和信息沟通（Alaloul et al.）此外，还有许多工具，如大数据分析、自主机器人、模拟和系统集成、物联网（IoT）、云计算和增强现实等，能够将企业管理和运营设施转变为数字化流程（Gbadamosi 等人，2021 年；Omar 和 Nehdi，2016 年；Pan 等人，2020 年）。在这里，数字化指的是将知识从类比方法转化为数字方法的过程。例如，在这方面，手写文件可以被数字版本取代，传统的纸质文件管理系统可以被基于云的解决方案取代。这些流程的数字化具有巨大潜力，不仅能降低企业管理成本，还能提高生产率和项目绩效，从而适应新的数字化解决方案（Chowdhury et al.）此外，数字化的机遇还包括通过新的业务渠道改善客户体验、增强可视化、三维模拟工具、简化行政工作量、改善客户满意度跟踪，并将重点放在以客户为中心上（Wyman，2018）。 数字化还使智能建筑和智能基础设施更容易实现，并有助于建立更多的合作伙伴关系和创新融资方案（Coupry 等人，2021 年）。数字化要求企业在其价值链的每个环节都利用互联系统。企业要实现数字化，需要开发和改造
of its business model through the adoption of digital technologies, allowing it to generate more revenue and provide a higher value to all players involved in the supply chain (Berlak et al., 2021). Through the digitalization of a business model, benefits included are increased communication, a higher level of efficiency in the management of the construction process, higher levels of sustainability and increased safety. In this context, BIM is the preliminary step for SMEs to render their business in a way to enhance digitalization.
通过采用数字技术来改进其业务模式，使其能够创造更多收入，并为供应链中的所有参与者提供更高的价值（Berlak 等人，2021 年）。通过商业模式的数字化，可带来的好处包括加强沟通、提高施工过程管理的效率、提高可持续性和安全性。在这种情况下，BIM 是中小型企业以加强数字化的方式开展业务的第一步。

BIM is a key component in the digitalization of the construction industry. The BIM can take traditional silos of data and integrate them into a unified system that is able to be modified and analyzed in real time (Wyman, 2018). Manata et al. (2018) suggest that the value of BIM is not necessarily in the visual model it creates, but in the ability for the model to analyze the effects of changing diverse elements of the building before construction occurs. The gaps between the maturity levels of BIM have recently been explored in the industry from Level 0 BIM (manual drawings) to Level 1 (2D drawings), Level 2 (3D drawings, common data environment) and Level 3 (open data standards, new contractual framework, etc.) (Ayinla and Adamu, 2018). Particularly interoperability challenges in the adoption of BIM were addressed for the practical and efficient use of BIM at Level 2 and Level 3 to facilitate sustainable design by integrated use of BIM (Arayici et al., 2018).
BIM 是建筑行业数字化的关键组成部分。BIM 可以将传统的数据孤岛整合到一个能够实时修改和分析的统一系统中（Wyman，2018）。Manata 等人（2018 年）认为，BIM 的价值不一定在于其创建的可视化模型，而在于该模型能够在施工前分析改变建筑不同元素的影响。最近，业内人士探讨了 BIM 成熟度之间的差距，从 0 级 BIM（手工图纸）到 1 级（二维图纸）、2 级（三维图纸、通用数据环境）和 3 级（开放数据标准、新合同框架等）（Ayinla 和 Adamu，2018 年）。特别是解决了采用 BIM 过程中的互操作性挑战，以便在第 2 级和第 3 级切实有效地使用 BIM，通过综合使用 BIM 促进可持续设计（Arayici 等人，2018 年）。

Some governments around the world have initiated important steps to improve sectoral adoption of BIM. For instance, the use of Level 2 BIM was mandated by the UK government in all public projects by 2016 (HM Government - Digital Built Britain, 2015). Hence, the UK has now competitive advantage in the digitalization of the construction sector through BIM and put several efforts to establish a “Digital Built Britain (DBB)” as part of Level 3 BIM (NBS, 2017). Level 3 vision brings several concepts together such as construction 4.0 , smart cities strategy and the information economy strategy. Hence, many construction processes are expected to be evolving with this vision such as performance management, interoperable cross sector, dependency analytics using big data. In the Level 3 vision, Level 3 A stands for improvement in Level 2 with industry foundation class (IFC) data exchange, Level 3 B is related to enabling new technologies and systems through infrastructure IFC, dictionaries and ontologies; Level 3C covers Level 3 B plus IoT, telemetry and high security; and Level 3D addresses internationalization and semantic contracts. Despite not mandating Level 2 BIM like in the UK, the Netherlands also put several efforts to support the use of BIM. For instance, a recent “National Model BIM Protocol” was published by the Building Information Council/ BIM desk to minimize ambiguity in BIM protocols (CMS, 2017). A report by European Commission (2021) indicates that the Netherlands and Austria are the only EU member with Open BIM standards and the Netherlands is working on linking BIM and their digital building permit system.
世界上一些国家的政府已经采取了重要措施，以提高各部门对 BIM 的采用率。例如，英国政府规定，到 2016 年，所有公共项目都必须使用 2 级 BIM（英国国王陛下政府 - 数字英国建设，2015 年）。因此，英国目前在通过 BIM 实现建筑行业数字化方面具有竞争优势，并为建立 "数字英国建筑（DBB）"（国家统计局，2017 年）做出了多项努力，作为三级 BIM 的一部分。三级愿景将建筑 4.0、智慧城市战略和信息经济战略等多个概念结合在一起。因此，许多施工流程都将随着这一愿景而发展，如绩效管理、跨部门互操作、使用大数据的依赖性分析等。在 3 级愿景中，3 级 A 代表通过行业基础类（IFC）数据交换对 2 级进行改进；3 级 B 与通过基础设施 IFC、字典和本体实现新技术和新系统有关；3 级 C 涵盖 3 级 B 外加物联网、遥测和高安全性；3 级 D 涉及国际化和语义合约。尽管没有像英国那样强制要求使用 2 级 BIM，但荷兰也在支持使用 BIM 方面做出了一些努力。例如，建筑信息委员会/BIM 服务台最近发布了 "国家模型 BIM 协议"，以尽量减少 BIM 协议中的模糊性（CMS，2017 年）。欧盟委员会（2021 年）的一份报告指出，荷兰和奥地利是唯一拥有开放式 BIM 标准的欧盟成员国，荷兰正在努力将 BIM 与其数字建筑许可系统联系起来。

Despite the BIM practices are one of the significant tools for the digitalization in the construction industry through offering a wide spectrum of solutions and opportunities, there are many barriers and challenges that stand for going through digitalization as well as materializing digital innovation technologies (Saka and Chan, 2021). In this context, barriers faced for BIM implementation can be described in a variety of aspects such as technological, economic and environmental (Ramilo, 2014). For instance, inadequate specialist tools including the lack of access to software on a construction site were among the biggest barriers in terms of technological manner (Ayinla and Adamu, 2018). In addition, constant introduction of new technologies and software has directly contributed to the growing lack of technical knowledge among the team struggling to keep up with the pace of change
尽管 BIM 实践是建筑行业数字化的重要工具之一，提供了广泛的解决方案和机遇，但在实现数字化和具体化数字创新技术方面仍存在许多障碍和挑战（Saka 和 Chan，2021 年）。在这种情况下，实施 BIM 所面临的障碍可以从技术、经济和环境等多个方面进行描述（Ramilo，2014 年）。例如，专业工具不足，包括施工现场无法获得软件，是技术方面的最大障碍之一（Ayinla 和 Adamu，2018 年）。此外，新技术和新软件的不断引入也直接导致了团队中技术知识的日益匮乏，难以跟上变革的步伐。

Multi-criteria analysis of barriers to BIM
对 BIM 障碍的多重标准分析
(Tezel et al., 2020). This can also be correlated with the costs incurred during the management of the models as the insufficient budget for the digital transformation is exacerbated within the company to purchase the essential software and hardware (Saka and Chan, 2020b). It is important noting that the significant costs encountered at the onset of projects are also compounded by the necessity for all stakeholders to use compatible software and data formats (Li et al., 2019). Compared to the larger companies, the SMEs possess smaller cashflows leading to serious financial barriers to adopt new technologies with regards to software, hardware and licensing to procure and maintain (Alaloul et al., 2020). The rate of change, and equipment obsolescence, particularly for the computers also contributes to the added cost of adopting BIM. To overcome this challenge, one particular solution offered by Sategna et al. (2019) proposes that the use of a top-down approach for funding the digital technology in companies would help to ease some of the investment costs associated with BIM adoption for SMEs. Accordingly, Parida et al. (2019) underlined that the BIM can often contain a wide number of functionalities that did not see value by the customers or are not worth to invest. In addition, environmental factors include the fear of failure and productivity losses when adopting a new business model. Accordingly, there is a significant gap in the level of innovation between small and large companies; such that the greater the level of leadership and support that provided by the company, the faster that the digital innovation was adopted (Parida et al., 2019). However Christensen (2013) argued that large organizations are not as likely to develop innovations due to the risks involved in changing their business model. It is also worth mentioning that one of the environmental issues in terms of digital transformation is the social factors, which have the greatest influence toward successful implementation of digitalization as a plethora of factors are inter-related and need to be addressed simultaneously (Alaloul et al., 2020). Hence, the widespread adoption would have positive effects throughout the industry, resulting in greater collaboration, enhanced customer relationships and a more innovative working environment. In this vein, closing the deficit of collaboration between the parties is essential in terms of the data fragmentation and the lack of training and expertise within the industry (Okumu, 2019). Overall, recent evidence suggests that the lack of BIM maturity seriously hinders the ability for the company to look toward more innovative solutions (Stoyanova, 2020; VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021).
(Tezel 等人，2020 年）。这也与模型管理过程中产生的成本有关，因为公司内部用于购买必要软件和硬件的数字化转型预算不足（Saka 和 Chan，2020b）。值得注意的是，所有利益相关者都必须使用兼容的软件和数据格式，这也加剧了项目初期遇到的巨额成本（Li 等人，2019 年）。与大公司相比，中小型企业的现金流较少，在采用新技术时会遇到软件、硬件以及采购和维护许可方面的严重财务障碍（Alaloul et al.）变化率和设备陈旧，尤其是计算机，也增加了采用 BIM 的成本。为了克服这一挑战，Sategna 等人（2019 年）提出了一个特别的解决方案，即采用自上而下的方法为公司的数字技术提供资金，这将有助于减轻中小企业采用 BIM 所需的部分投资成本。因此，Parida 等人（2019 年）强调，BIM 通常包含大量客户认为没有价值或不值得投资的功能。此外，环境因素还包括采用新商业模式时对失败和生产力损失的恐惧。因此，小公司和大公司在创新水平上存在显著差距；公司提供的领导和支持水平越高，采用数字创新的速度就越快（Parida et al.） 然而，克里斯坦森（Christensen，2013 年）认为，由于改变业务模式涉及风险，大型组织不太可能进行创新。值得一提的是，数字化转型的环境问题之一是社会因素，社会因素对数字化的成功实施影响最大，因为众多因素相互关联，需要同时解决（Alaloul et al.）因此，广泛采用数字化将对整个行业产生积极影响，从而加强合作，增进客户关系，营造更具创新性的工作环境。因此，消除各方之间的合作赤字对于解决行业内数据分散、缺乏培训和专业知识等问题至关重要（Okumu，2019 年）。总体而言，最近的证据表明，缺乏成熟的 BIM 严重阻碍了公司寻求更多创新解决方案的能力（Stoyanova，2020 年；VanDerHorn 和 Mahadevan，2021 年）。

The adoption of the BIM strategies is critical to a line of business becoming digitalized as all the digital tools that can assist in a business undergoing more productive and efficient rely on the use of BIM as a backbone. Therefore, the adoption rate of BIM in New Zealand can be viewed as a starting point for understanding the level of digitalization of construction companies. A BIM benchmark survey completed annually by EBOSS (2020) shows that the use of BIM is becoming more prevalent throughout the industry with $57\mathrm{\%}$$57\mathrm{\%}$57%57 \% of subcontractors reporting the use of BIM in 2020, up from $43\mathrm{\%}$$43\mathrm{\%}$43%43 \% in 2019 . While $90\mathrm{\%}$$90\mathrm{\%}$90%90 \% of the industry appeared in the survey report regarding the use of BIM for design, only $25\mathrm{\%}$$25\mathrm{\%}$25%25 \% for facilities management, which is expected to increase to $45\mathrm{\%}$$45\mathrm{\%}$45%45 \% in 2021. These records could be indicative for the entire industry in New Zealand; however, the sub-contractor group surveyed in the corresponding report was made up of 21 companies, of which only three were SMEs. These insights can further be explored with the rate of using 4D BIM tools; such that $8\mathrm{\%}$$8\mathrm{\%}$8%8 \% of the sub-contractors have been using 4D BIM for phase planning. Accordingly, the past efforts discovered that BIM is most used for 3D coordination, suggesting that the level of BIM maturity within New Zealand is still low. Hence, the present research is aimed to gain insights into the level of digital tools and digitalization using BIM that has been adopted at SME level by manifesting the barriers and challenges observed within a broader perspective.
采用 BIM 战略对于企业实现数字化至关重要，因为所有能够帮助企业提高生产力和效率的数字化工具都要以 BIM 为基础。因此，新西兰的 BIM 采用率可被视为了解建筑公司数字化水平的起点。EBOSS 每年完成的一项 BIM 基准调查（2020 年）显示，BIM 的使用在整个行业中越来越普遍，2020 年有 $57\mathrm{\%}$$57\mathrm{\%}$57%57 \% 的分包商报告使用了 BIM，而 2019 年则为 $43\mathrm{\%}$$43\mathrm{\%}$43%43 \% 。虽然 $90\mathrm{\%}$$90\mathrm{\%}$90%90 \% 行业中的 $90\mathrm{\%}$$90\mathrm{\%}$90%90 \% 出现在有关设计使用 BIM 的调查报告中，但只有 $25\mathrm{\%}$$25\mathrm{\%}$25%25 \% 出现在设施管理中，预计 2021 年将增加到 $45\mathrm{\%}$$45\mathrm{\%}$45%45 \% 。这些记录可以说明新西兰整个行业的情况；然而，相应报告中调查的分包商群体由 21 家公司组成，其中只有三家是中小型企业。这些洞察力可以通过 4D BIM 工具的使用率进一步探索；例如， $8\mathrm{\%}$$8\mathrm{\%}$8%8 \% 分包商一直在使用 4D BIM 进行阶段规划。因此，过去的研究发现，BIM 主要用于三维协调，这表明新西兰的 BIM 成熟度仍然较低。因此，本研究旨在通过从更广阔的视角观察到的障碍和挑战，深入了解中小型企业采用 BIM 的数字工具和数字化水平。

This study evaluates the barriers to BIM implementation for SMEs in New Zealand construction industry through an MCDM approach. In this vein, an eight-step methodology was adopted to address the research question as illustrated in Figure 1. First, barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs were identified through a systematic literature review by using the Scopus search engine (Step 1). Identified barriers were then synthesized and fixed in a way that are most suitable to SMEs in New Zealand (Step 2). In this step, focus group discussion (FGD) was performed with either industry representatives or academicians with a high level of BIM expertise. In Step 3, a final list of barriers was assessed by experts with individual judgments through the AHP method. Gathered data were then checked in terms of consistency ratio (CR) with respect to each AHP matrix (Step 4), and inconsistent assessments were sent to the corresponding experts who were inquired for revised judgments (Step 5). Once all the experts were consistent in their judgments regarding any matrices, individual judgments (barrier weights) were aggregated to attain the final evaluation results (Step 6). To ensure the agreement level of overall expert evaluations, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (also known as Kendall’s W) test was conducted (Step 7). In case of disagreement in any of the matrices, the final evaluations were sent to the experts, who were inquired to check the overall assessment and revise their judgments if they opt for changing their evaluations (Step 8). It is important to note that after revised judgments for overall agreement, CR of each expert was also checked (through Step 4). The following sections describe the procedures adopted to extract the final list of barriers (Section 3.2), AHP method (Section 3.3) and Kendall’s W test (Section 3.4), respectively.
本研究通过 MCDM 方法评估了新西兰建筑行业中小型企业实施 BIM 的障碍。为此，我们采用了八步方法来解决研究问题，如图 1 所示。首先，通过使用 Scopus 搜索引擎进行系统的文献综述，找出中小型企业采用 BIM 的障碍（步骤 1）。然后，以最适合新西兰中小型企业的方式对识别出的障碍进行综合和固定（第 2 步）。在这一步中，与行业代表或具有高水平 BIM 专业知识的学者进行了焦点小组讨论 (FGD)。在第 3 步中，专家们通过 AHP 方法对最终的障碍清单进行了评估。然后检查收集到的数据与每个 AHP 矩阵的一致性比率 (CR)（第 4 步），并将不一致的评估结果发送给相应的专家，请他们修改判断（第 5 步）。一旦所有专家对任一矩阵的判断一致，则汇总各专家的判断（障碍权重），得出最终评价结果（第 6 步）。为确保专家总体评价的一致程度，进行了肯德尔一致系数（又称肯德尔 W）检验（第 7 步）。如果在任何矩阵中出现分歧，则将最终评价结果发送给专家，并询问他们是否对总体评 价进行了核对，如果他们选择修改评价结果，则修改他们的判断（第 8 步）。值得注意的是，在修改了总体一致的判断之后，还检查了每位专家的 CR（通过步骤 4）。 下文将分别介绍提取最终障碍清单（第 3.2 节）、AHP 方法（第 3.3 节）和 Kendall's W 检验（第 3.4 节）所采用的程序。

This study performed a systematic literature review to identify significant barriers for SMEs to adopt BIM in New Zealand construction industry. To achieve this objective, a three-step search methodology was performed. First, Scopus search engine was used to collect
本研究进行了系统的文献综述，以确定新西兰建筑业中小企业采用 BIM 的主要障碍。为实现这一目标，我们采用了三步搜索法。首先，使用 Scopus 搜索引擎来收集

Figure 1.  图 1.
Application of the AHP method
应用 AHP 方法
preliminary sources to set initial list of barriers. The reasons to use Scopus were its coverage, popularity and effectiveness (Graham et al., 2020; Durdyev, 2020). In this context, SME and BIM were searched in the Title/Abstract/Keywords section of the search engine, which resulted in 75 documents. In the second step, the search results were limited to article and review studies, reducing the number of studies to 42 . At the final step of the searching, abstract-level investigation was performed to identify studies that can be used to extract barriers for BIM adoption. Here, the following three criteria were used during the abstract level investigation: (1) articles that are not directly related to BIM and SMEs were excluded, (2) articles that address solutions for particular problems of SMEs (such as cost) through BIM implementation were excluded and (3) articles that focus on other aspects between SMEs and BIM rather than focusing on barriers, challenges, drivers or risks were also disregarded.
初步资料来源，以确定最初的障碍清单。使用 Scopus 的原因在于其覆盖面、受欢迎程度和有效性（Graham 等人，2020 年；Durdyev，2020 年）。在这种情况下，在搜索引擎的标题/摘要/关键词部分搜索了中小型企业和建筑信息模型，共搜索到 75 篇文献。第二步，搜索结果仅限于文章和综述研究，研究数量减少到 42 篇。在搜索的最后一步，进行了摘要级调查，以确定可用于提取采用 BIM 的障碍的研究。在此，摘要级调查使用了以下三个标准：（1）排除与 BIM 和中小型企业无直接关系的文章；（2）排除通过实施 BIM 解决中小型企业特定问题（如成本）的文章；（3）忽略关注中小型企业和 BIM 之间其他方面的文章，而不是关注障碍、挑战、驱动因素或风险的文章。

Collected materials were then discussed with seven experts (four from industry and three from universities) through focus group discussion (FGD) to ensure their legitimacy in New Zealand construction industry. The selection criterion for FGD was having at least 10 -year experience on BIM for academicians and having at least 5 -year experience on BIM implementation for industry representatives. FGD is particularly useful (as compared to structured or semi-structured interviews) to extract new ideas through a vigorous discussion section (Endo et al., 2017). In addition, exploration of the subject is possible with deep and free discussions without any criteria that restrict the diffusion of new ideas (Nyumba et al., 2018). During the discussion, each barrier addressed in the literature was discussed and a complete list of barriers were ensured that are suitable to New Zealand SMEs. In general, many of the barriers addressed in the literature were synthesized to maintain the AHP structure at a manageable level, while linguistic changes were made nearly in all of the identified barriers. At the end of the discussion, 20 barriers were ensured and categorized into four categories, i.e. technological, governmental (legal), resource and culture and knowledge. Table 1 shows identified barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs.
然后通过焦点小组讨论（FGD）与七位专家（四位来自行业，三位来自大学）讨论收集到的材料，以确保其在新西兰建筑行业的合法性。FGD 的选择标准是，学者至少要有 10 年的 BIM 经验，行业代表至少要有 5 年的 BIM 实施经验。与结构化或半结构化访谈相比，FGD 尤其有助于通过激烈的讨论环节提取新观点（Endo 等人，2017 年）。此外，在没有任何限制新想法传播的标准的情况下，通过深入和自由的讨论可以对主题进行探索（Nyumba 等人，2018 年）。在讨论过程中，对文献中涉及的每个障碍都进行了讨论，并确保列出一份适合新西兰中小型企业的完整障碍清单。总体而言，对文献中涉及的许多障碍进行了综合，以将 AHP 结构保持在可管理的水平上，同时对几乎所有已确定的障碍进行了语言上的修改。讨论结束时，确定了 20 个障碍，并将其分为四类，即技术、政府（法律）、资源和文化以及知识。表 1 显示了中小型企业在采用 BIM 时所遇到的障碍。

AHP method, developed by Saaty (1990), was used to determine the significances of the distinguished barriers and their categories. The method was selected to achieve the study objective due to several reasons: (1) it allows the decomposition of the problem to the certain hierarchy of categories and criteria, converting subjective evaluations of their relative importance into a set of general scores (significances); (2) consistency of the experts can be calculated through consistency analysis, (3) it is one of the most frequently used MCDM methods in the literature and (4) the method does not require a large sample size (Mohandes et al., 2020; Budayan, 2019). In total, 20 barriers in four barrier categories were assessed using the AHP method. The following four analysis steps were adopted to perform the AHP method:
采用了 Saaty（1990 年）开发的 AHP 方法来确定不同障碍及其类别的重要性。之所以选择该方法来实现研究目标，有以下几个原因：(1) 该方法可将问题分解为一定层次的类别和标准，将对其相对重要性的主观评价转换为一组一般分数（重要性）；(2) 可通过一致性分析计算专家的一致性；(3) 该方法是文献中最常用的 MCDM 方法之一；(4) 该方法不需要大量样本（Mohandes 等人，2020 年；Budayan，2019 年）。使用 AHP 方法共评估了四个障碍类别中的 20 个障碍。AHP 方法采用了以下四个分析步骤：

Step 1: To assess the importance of each barrier and category, the questionnaires containing pairwise comparison matrices were prepared and provided to eight experts (Table 2). Experts were selected by using purposive sampling as the quality of the participants was sought in the AHP method rather than quantity (Durdyev et al., 2022). Major selection criteria to select participants were (1) currently working for SMEs in New Zealand and (2) using BIM in the current project. Each expert performed pair-wise comparisons of the barriers and categories individually, based on the 1-9 scale proposed by Saaty (1990), as presented in Table 3.
步骤 1：为评估每个障碍和类别的重要性，编制了包含成对比较矩阵的调查问卷，并提供 给八位专家（表 2）。由于 AHP 方法追求的是参与者的质量而非数量，因此专家是通过有目的抽样选出的（Durdyev 等人，2022 年）。选择参与者的主要标准是：（1）目前在新西兰为中小企业工作；（2）在当前项目中使用 BIM。如表 3 所示，每位专家根据 Saaty（1990 年）提出的 1-9 量表，分别对障碍和类别进行配对比较。
Step 2: Judgment matrices (assessments) of each expert were used to calculate the significance of each barrier in each category as well as the significances of categories according to the calculation steps addressed by Saaty (1990).
步骤 2：根据 Saaty（1990 年）的计算步骤，使用每位专家的判断矩阵（评估）来计算每个障碍在每个类别中的重要性以及各类别的重要性。

Source(s): A = Awwad et al. (2020), B = Ayinla and Adamu (2018), C = Hong et al. (2020), D = Reza Hosseini et al. (2018), $\mathrm{E}=$$\mathrm{E}=$E=\mathrm{E}= Hosseini et al. (2016), $\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{Li}$$\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{Li}$F=Li\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{Li} et al. (2019), $\mathrm{G}=$$\mathrm{G}=$G=\mathrm{G}= Saka et al. (2022), $\mathrm{H}=$$\mathrm{H}=$H=\mathrm{H}= Saka and Chan (2020a), I = Saka and Chan (2020b), J = Saka et al. (2020), $\mathrm{K}=$$\mathrm{K}=$K=\mathrm{K}= Saka and Chan (2021)
资料来源A = Awwad et al. (2020)，B = Ayinla and Adamu (2018)，C = Hong et al. (2020)，D = Reza Hosseini et al. (2018)， $\mathrm{E}=$$\mathrm{E}=$E=\mathrm{E}= Hosseini et al. (2016)， $\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{Li}$$\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{Li}$F=Li\mathrm{F}=\mathrm{Li} et al.(2019), $\mathrm{G}=$$\mathrm{G}=$G=\mathrm{G}= Saka et al. (2022), $\mathrm{H}=$$\mathrm{H}=$H=\mathrm{H}= Saka and Chan (2020a), I = Saka and Chan (2020b), J = Saka et al. (2020), $\mathrm{K}=$$\mathrm{K}=$K=\mathrm{K}= Saka and Chan (2021)

Table 1. Barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs in
表 1.美国中小企业采用 BIM 的障碍

New Zealand construction industry
新西兰建筑业

Step 3: The consistency ratio $(CR)$$(CR)$(CR)(C R) of each expert with respect to each matrix was checked according to Eq (1):
步骤 3：根据公式（1）检查每位专家与每个矩阵的一致性比率 $(CR)$$(CR)$(CR)(C R) ：

where $RI$$RI$RIR I is the random consistency index and $CI$$CI$CIC I is the consistency index. $RI$$RI$RIR I takes distinct values, changing for the number of criteria/barriers in the matrix while $CI$$CI$CIC I is calculated as follows:
其中， $RI$$RI$RIR I 是随机一致性指数， $CI$$CI$CIC I 是一致性指数。 $RI$$RI$RIR I 取不同的值，根据矩阵中标准/障碍的数量而变化，而 $CI$$CI$CIC I 的计算方法如下：

where $n$$n$nn is the number of criteria/barriers in a pairwise comparison matrix and ${\lambda }_{max}$${\lambda }_{max}$lambda_(max)\lambda_{\max } is the maximum eigenvalue for the corresponding matrix.
其中， $n$$n$nn 是成对比较矩阵中标准/障碍的数量， ${\lambda }_{max}$${\lambda }_{max}$lambda_(max)\lambda_{\max } 是相应矩阵的最大特征值。

Step 4: Weights of barriers determined by each expert separately were aggregated by taking the average of them. Hence, final barrier importance and rankings were computed.
第 4 步：取平均值汇总每位专家分别确定的障碍权重。从而计算出最终的障碍重要性和排名。

The level of agreement between experts was measured using a non-parametric Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (Kendall’s W) test Kendall (1948). It measures the level of agreement between variables ( Ab Wahid and Grigg, 2021), which are experts in this study. Kendall’s W ranges between 0 and 1 for each measure, such that the higher the value W is, the stronger the agreement between the judgments of experts (Cruz and Cruz, 2021). Kendall’s W is calculated with the following Equation:
专家之间的一致程度是通过非参数肯德尔一致系数（Kendall's W）检验 Kendall（1948 年）来衡量的。它衡量的是变量之间的一致程度（Ab Wahid 和 Grigg，2021 年），也就是本研究中的专家之间的一致程度。每项测量的 Kendall's W 介于 0 和 1 之间，因此 W 值越高，专家判断之间的一致性就越强（Cruz 和 Cruz，2021 年）。Kendall's W 的计算公式如下：

where $S$$S$SS is the total square deviation of the rankings of each attribute; $T_k$$T_k$T_(k)T_{k} is the index of reiterated ranks in the $r$$r$rr rank, $k$$k$kk is the number of experts and $m$$m$mm is the number of barriers/ categories. Then, statistical significance of the concordance coefficient is calculated by the following formula (Kendall, 1948):
其中， $S$$S$SS 为各属性排名的总平方差； $T_k$$T_k$T_(k)T_{k} 为 $r$$r$rr 排名中的重申排名指数； $k$$k$kk 为专家人数； $m$$m$mm 为障碍/类别数。然后，用以下公式计算一致性系数的统计意义（Kendall，1948 年）：

where $a$$a$aa is the pre-selected level of significance and $v$$v$vv is the degree of freedom. If ${\chi }_{\alpha ,\nu }^2$${\chi }_{\alpha ,\nu }^2$chi_(alpha,nu)^(2)\chi_{\alpha, \nu}^{2} is higher than ${\chi }_{\text{crit}}^2$${\chi }_{\text{crit }}^2$chi_("crit ")^(2)\chi_{\text {crit }}^{2} based on $\alpha$$\alpha$alpha\alpha significance level ( $\alpha =0.05$$\alpha =0.05$alpha=0.05\alpha=0.05 ), then the agreement of experts’ opinions can be regarded as satisfactory. Otherwise, the respondents’ assessments can be concluded as not in agreement and need to be harmonized.
其中， $a$$a$aa 是预选的显著性水平， $v$$v$vv 是自由度。如果根据 $\alpha$$\alpha$alpha\alpha 显著性水平（ $\alpha =0.05$$\alpha =0.05$alpha=0.05\alpha=0.05 ）， ${\chi }_{\alpha ,\nu }^2$${\chi }_{\alpha ,\nu }^2$chi_(alpha,nu)^(2)\chi_{\alpha, \nu}^{2} 高于 ${\chi }_{\text{crit}}^2$${\chi }_{\text{crit }}^2$chi_("crit ")^(2)\chi_{\text {crit }}^{2} ，则可以认为专家意见的一致性令人满意。否则，可以断定受访者的评估意见不一致，需要进行协调。

This study investigates the barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs in New Zealand Construction industry. Eight experts from the SMEs actively working in New Zealand contributed to this study for the assessment of barriers. In this vein, one of the most widely used MCDM study for the assessment of barriers. In this vein, one of the most widely used MCDM
本研究调查了新西兰建筑业中小企业采用 BIM 的障碍。来自新西兰中小型企业的八位专家为本研究的障碍评估做出了贡献。在这方面，最广泛使用的 MCDM 研究之一就是对障碍的评估。在这方面，最广泛使用的 MCDM 研究之一
methods, AHP was adopted. Assessments of barriers were performed by each expert individually, resulting in eight different evaluations. Then, the averages of the calculated individually, resulting in eight different evaluations. Then, the averages of the calculated
采用了 AHP 方法。每位专家分别对障碍进行评估，得出八个不同的评价结果。然后，分别计算出平均值，得出八个不同的评价结果。然后，计算出的
weights of barriers were computed to attain the overall barrier weights and rankings. The results show that “Interoperability between software platforms (T1)” and "Lack of access to results show that "Interoperability between software platforms (T1) and “Lack of access to
计算出障碍的权重，从而得出障碍的总体权重和排名。结果表明，"软件平台之间的互操作性（T1）"和 "缺乏获取信息的途径（T2）"的障碍权重分别为 0.5 和 0.5，而 "缺乏获取信息的途径（T3）"的障碍权重分别为 0.5 和 0.5。
digital tools (T3)” were the most significant technological barriers for SMEs to adopt BIM tools (Table 4). It is important to note that only one of the experts (i.e. E1) assessed T 1 with a weight value of less than 0.2 , showing the consistencies of other experts in this regard. Rather than T1, Expert 1 considered “Software market’s limitation to satisfy the specific requirements for SMEs (T2)” as the most significant technological barrier. The reason for this might be related to the fact that E1 works as a designer with considerably high experience, which could have provided the expert confidence in terms of interoperability issues.
数字工具（T3）"是中小型企业采用 BIM 工具的最大技术障碍（表 4）。值得注意的是，只有一位专家（即 E1）对 T1 的评估权重值小于 0.2，这表明其他专家在这方面是一致的。与 T1 相比，专家 1 认为 "软件市场在满足中小型企业特殊要求方面的局限性（T2）" 是最重要的技术障碍。造成这种情况的原因可能与 E1 是一名经验相当丰富的设计师有关，这可以为专家在互操作性问题上提供信心。

Tables 5 and 6 illustrate the results of AHP analysis in terms of governmental (legal) barriers and resource barriers, respectively. Accordingly, "Lack of government mandate on barriers and resource barriers, respectively. Accordingly, “Lack of government mandate on
表 5 和表 6 分别说明了政府（法律）障碍和资源障碍方面的 AHP 分析结果。因此，"政府缺乏对障碍和资源障碍的授权"。因此，"政府缺乏对障碍和资源障碍的授权"。
BIM usage at project level (G4)” and “Lack of governmental support (e.g. financial) for BIM training and education (G3)” were the top-level barriers for SMEs to adopt BIM (Table 5). Interestingly, four of the experts (E1,E4,E6, E7) assessed G4 as even more important than the sum of the other three governmental barriers by weighting it higher than $0.5(0.73,0.58,0.62$$0.5(0.73,0.58,0.62$0.5(0.73,0.58,0.620.5(0.73,0.58,0.62, 0.54 , respectively). In terms of resource barriers, “High cost of acquiring the software and licensing required to use BIM (R2)” and "Lack of skilled BIM employees within the
项目层面使用 BIM (G4) "和 "政府缺乏对 BIM 培训和教育的支持（如资金）(G3) "是中小型企业采用 BIM 的最大障碍（表 5）。有趣的是，有四位专家（E1、E4、E6、E7）认为 G4 比其他三个政府障碍的总和还要重要，其权重分别高于 $0.5(0.73,0.58,0.62$$0.5(0.73,0.58,0.62$0.5(0.73,0.58,0.620.5(0.73,0.58,0.62 , 0.54）。在资源障碍方面，"获取使用 BIM 所需的软件和许可证的成本高昂 (R2) "和 "企业内部缺乏熟练的 BIM 员工"（$0.5(0.73,0.58,0.62$$0.5(0.73,0.58,0.62$0.5(0.73,0.58,0.620.5(0.73,0.58,0.62，0.54）是最重要的。

Table 4.  表 4.
AHP results in terms of technological barriers
技术障碍方面的 AHP 结果
industry/our company (R3)" were assessed with 0.48 and 0.41 of weights, leading them to be the most significant barriers for SMEs.
行业/本公司 (R3) "的权重分别为 0.48 和 0.41，成为中小企业面临的最大障碍。

The cultural category was explained with eight barriers in this study. The findings demonstrate that “Lack of client demand for adopting BIM (C8)” and “Lack of knowledge (among SMEs) of BIM and its benefits (C1)” were the most significant barriers with weight values of 0.22 and 0.20 (Table 7). Other cultural barriers were evaluated with weight values less than 0.15 , separating the top two from them. The findings related to barrier groups also highlighted the significance of the cultural barrier category. Table 8 shows that cultural © and resource $(\mathrm{R})$$(\mathrm{R})$(R)(\mathrm{R}) related barriers were the most significant barriers, assessed with weight values of 0.38 and 0.28 , respectively.
在本研究中，文化类别有八个障碍。研究结果表明，"客户对采用 BIM 缺乏需求（C8）"和"（中小型企业）对 BIM 及其益处缺乏了解（C1）"是最重要的障碍，其权重值分别为 0.22 和 0.20（表 7）。其他文化障碍的权重值均小于 0.15，将前两名隔开。与障碍类别相关的研究结果也凸显了文化障碍类别的重要性。表 8 显示，文化© 和资源 $(\mathrm{R})$$(\mathrm{R})$(R)(\mathrm{R}) 相关障碍是最重要的障碍，权重值分别为 0.38 和 0.28。

Consistency analysis has widely been regarded as one of the most crucial attributes of AHP analysis. Table 9 shows the CR values of each expert with respect to each barrier category. The findings highlight that all the experts were found consistent in terms of their inner
一致性分析被广泛认为是 AHP 分析最关键的属性之一。表 9 显示了每位专家对每个障碍类别的 CR 值。分析结果表明，所有专家在其内在障碍方面都是一致的。

Table 5.  表 5.
AHP results in terms of governmental (legal) barriers
政府（法律）障碍方面的 AHP 结果

Table 6.  表 6.
AHP results in terms of resource barriers R3
资源障碍方面的 AHP 结果 R3

Table 8.  表 8.
AHP results in terms of barrier groups
障碍组别方面的 AHP 结果

judgments in each barrier category. Due to the smaller number of barriers, experts were more consistent in resource category and barrier groups, such that CR values ranged between 0 and 0.04 in both categories. In contrast, despite all experts being consistent, the extent of their consistency was the lowest in the culture and knowledge category © (ranging between 0.07 and 0.1 ) owing to the assessment of eight barriers. In addition to the consistency analysis in the AHP application, a non-parametric statistical test, namely Kendall’s W, was also performed to ensure the consistency of experts’ overall evaluations. Table 10 shows that there are concordances in experts’ evaluations in each barrier category since ${\chi }^2$${\chi }^2$chi^(2)\chi^{2} were found as higher than ${\chi }_{\text{crit}}^2$${\chi }_{\text{crit }}^2$chi_("crit ")^(2)\chi_{\text {crit }}^{2}. Kendall’s W was calculated as $0.328,0.513,0.439,0.363$$0.328,0.513,0.439,0.363$0.328,0.513,0.439,0.3630.328,0.513,0.439,0.363 and 0.365 , for technological, governmental, resource, culture and knowledge, and barrier groups, respectively. The findings show that overall assessment can be considered reliable since the assessment of experts were similar to each other.
在每个障碍类别中，CR 值都在 0 到 0.04 之间。由于障碍数量较少，专家们在资源类别和障碍类别中的一致性较高，因此这两个类别的 CR 值在 0 到 0.04 之间。相比之下，尽管所有专家都保持一致，但在文化和知识类别 © 中，由于评估了 8 个障碍，专家的一致性程度最低（介于 0.07 和 0.1 之间）。除了应用 AHP 进行一致性分析外，还进行了非参数统计检验，即 Kendall's W，以确保专 家总体评价的一致性。表 10 显示，由于 ${\chi }^2$${\chi }^2$chi^(2)\chi^{2} 高于 ${\chi }_{\text{crit}}^2$${\chi }_{\text{crit }}^2$chi_("crit ")^(2)\chi_{\text {crit }}^{2} ，因此专家们对每个障碍类别的评价都是一致的。经计算，技术组、政府组、资源组、文化与知识组和障碍组的 Kendall W 分别为 $0.328,0.513,0.439,0.363$$0.328,0.513,0.439,0.363$0.328,0.513,0.439,0.3630.328,0.513,0.439,0.363 和 0.365。研究结果表明，由于专家们的评估结果彼此相似，因此总体评估结果是可靠的。

Pertinent literature emphasized the importance of the exploration of the barriers to BIM and digitalization faced by SMEs. Therefore, probing into the problems and challenges that are encountered in the BIM implementations is essential as suggested by various researchers (Awwad et al., 2020; Hosseini et al., 2016; Saka and Chan, 2020a). The current research mainly focalized on the list of barriers/challenges, of which some were selected and modified to ensure direct relevance to the target audience, i.e. the SMEs in New Zealand. The data from the survey provided industry relevant data on the significance and the rank of barriers that the respondents believe to be the most important factors that are hindering the adoption of BIM and therefore the digitalization of SMEs in the construction industry. Here, the survey broke the barriers faced by SMEs into four categories, i.e. technological (T) barriers, governmental (legal) barriers ( G ), resource (human and cost) barriers $(\mathrm{R})$$(\mathrm{R})$(R)(\mathrm{R}), and culture and knowledge barriers ©. The following sub-sections provide the discussions regarding the analysis results in terms of the above-mentioned four classes of barriers.
相关文献强调了探索中小型企业在 BIM 和数字化方面所面临障碍的重要性。因此，正如许多研究人员所建议的那样（Awwad 等人，2020 年；Hosseini 等人，2016 年；Saka 和 Chan，2020a），探究 BIM 实施过程中遇到的问题和挑战至关重要。当前的研究主要集中在障碍/挑战清单上，其中一些经过挑选和修改，以确保与目标受众（即新西兰的中小型企业）直接相关。调查数据提供了与行业相关的数据，说明了受访者认为阻碍采用 BIM 的最重要因素以及阻碍建筑行业中小企业数字化的障碍的重要性和等级。在此，调查将中小企业面临的障碍分为四类，即技术（T）障碍、政府（法律）障碍（G）、资源（人力和成本）障碍 $(\mathrm{R})$$(\mathrm{R})$(R)(\mathrm{R}) 以及文化和知识障碍©。以下各小节将讨论上述四类障碍的分析结果。

The results demonstrate that there is still major concern about the interoperability issues with existing software packages (T1) that are used by the industry. Accordingly, the wide
结果表明，业界对与现有软件包（T1）的互操作性问题仍然十分关注。因此，广泛的

Table 10.  表 10.
Consistencies among experts
专家之间的一致性
variety of file formats and a lack of mandating for IFC files results in multiple project platforms in use at one time demands a wide skillset to manage the different packages, along with an increased software subscription cost incurred to the SMEs (Vidalakis et al., 2020). Ayinla and Adamu (2018) also highlighted the technology and interoperability as a serious problem that requires significant attention to promote BIM adoption. In addition, a lack of access to digital tools (T3) such as tablets on the construction site is still a considerable issue and mirrors the findings of Berger (2016) who reported that over $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% of workers on site do not have the access to the digital tools which they require on construction sites. The obsolescence of tools has become a significant concern, particularly for SMEs where the cost of investment relative to cashflow is significantly higher, and the return on investment (ROI) of these tools is realized over a short timeframe, such as 2-3 years for digital devices (VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021; Sategna et al., 2019). From the opposite perspective, Seyis (2019) found that promoting interoperability is among the most significant benefits of BIM adoption.
文件格式的多样性和缺乏对 IFC 文件的强制要求，导致同时使用多个项目平台，这就要求具备管理不同软件包的广泛技能，同时增加了中小企业的软件订购成本（Vidalakis 等人，2020 年）。Ayinla 和 Adamu（2018 年）还强调，技术和互操作性是一个严重问题，需要高度重视，以促进 BIM 的采用。此外，施工现场缺乏平板电脑等数字工具（T3）仍是一个相当大的问题，这与 Berger（2016 年）的研究结果不谋而合，该研究报告指出，超过 $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% 的现场工人无法获得他们在施工现场所需的数字工具。工具的过时已成为一个重大问题，尤其是对中小企业而言，因为相对于现金流而言，投资成本要高得多，而且这些工具的投资回报（ROI）是在很短的时间内实现的，例如数字设备的投资回报期为 2-3 年（VanDerHorn 和 Mahadevan，2021 年；Sategna 等人，2019 年）。从相反的角度来看，Seyis（2019 年）发现，促进互操作性是采用 BIM 的最大好处之一。

On the other hand, other new and disruptive technologies such as linked data, IoT or cloud technologies also depend on the BIM technology/maturity level used in construction companies. There are some industry-related technological inputs/outcomes such as use of sensors, IoT, cloud services, semantics and transactions as part of smart construction (HM Government - Digital Built Britain, 2015) that are better implemented if the company adopts a BIM at the desired level. This can also be related to the limitations of the BIMLevel 2, particularly pertaining to the model integration, combining several types of data, and knowledge management in databases and/or cloud-based solutions, which are among the primary focus of BIM Level 3 (HM Government - Digital Built Britain, 2015). It is therefore recommended that linked data (semantics) or cloud technologies can be integrated to reduce the investment in development or enhance the usability of the software.
另一方面，其他新的颠覆性技术，如链接数据、物联网或云技术，也取决于建筑公司使用的 BIM 技术/成熟度。有一些与行业相关的技术投入/成果，如使用传感器、物联网、云服务、语义和交易作为智能建筑的一部分（英国皇家政府--数字英国建设，2015 年），如果公司采用了所需级别的 BIM，就能更好地实现这些技术投入/成果。这也可能与 BIMLevel 2 的局限性有关，特别是与模型集成、多种类型数据的结合以及数据库和/或基于云的解决方案中的知识管理有关，而这些正是 BIM Level 3 的主要关注点（英国国王陛下政府--数字英国建设，2015 年）。因此，建议集成链接数据（语义）或云技术，以减少开发投资或提高软件的可用性。

While the results indicate that governmental factors are still a barrier to the widespread adoption of BIM, they are only the third most significant. Of these, a lack of government initiative mandating BIM use on projects (G4) is considered by the respondents to be the greatest barrier hindering adoption, and therefore the decision makers need to pay significant attention to mitigate the impacts of these challenges through incentive-based approaches (ASITE, 2020). At this point, careful consideration needs to be given to the digital divide that will occur upon mandating use, where those that already have adopted BIM and tailored it to their workflow will gain more benefit than slow adopters or those forced into the technology. This is particularly important because SMEs and large companies operate in different markets and must perform in different ways to adapt to the changes as the companies inherently need access to different sources of knowledge and the ability to leverage different technology to succeed to drive successful changes (Sexton et al., 2006). The relevant authorities should seriously take into account the fact that SMEs having relatively more initial resources can be early adopters of BIM, gaining more skills and allowing them to strengthen their competitive position (Dainty et al., 2017). This can increase inequality in the market, resulting in less competition between SMEs. As a result, BIM could have the potential to divide the market more than it intends to integrate.
虽然结果表明政府因素仍然是广泛采用 BIM 的障碍，但其重要性仅排在第三位。其中，受访者认为，政府缺乏强制项目使用 BIM 的举措（G4）是阻碍采用 BIM 的最大障碍，因此决策者需要高度重视，通过基于激励的方法来减轻这些挑战的影响（ASITE，2020 年）。在这一点上，需要仔细考虑强制使用后会出现的数字鸿沟，在这种情况下，已经采用 BIM 并根据工作流程对其进行调整的人将比采用缓慢或被迫采用该技术的人获得更多好处。这一点尤为重要，因为中小型企业和大型公司在不同的市场中运营，必须以不同的方式适应变化，因为这些公司本质上需要获得不同的知识来源，并有能力利用不同的技术来成功推动变革（Sexton 等人，2006 年）。相关部门应认真考虑到这样一个事实，即拥有相对较多初始资源的中小企业可以成为 BIM 的早期采用者，获得更多技能并使其能够加强竞争地位（Dainty 等人，2017 年）。这会加剧市场的不平等，导致中小企业之间的竞争减少。因此，BIM 对市场的分化可能大于其整合作用。

The findings show that the high cost of acquiring the software and licensing to use BIM (R2) is the greatest barrier preventing its widespread adoption (Azhar, 2011; Hosseini et al., 2016). This contrasts the research conducted by Makowski et al. (2019) which suggest that the financial aspect of the BIM transformation is one of the least concerning issues for the
研究结果表明，购买软件和许可使用 BIM 的高昂成本（R2）是阻碍其广泛应用的最大障碍（Azhar，2011 年；Hosseini 等人，2016 年）。这与 Makowski 等人（2019 年）的研究形成了鲜明对比。
transformation of these companies, even though SMEs generally have lower cash flows and as a result, reduced investment capabilities into new emerging technology (Ramilo, 2014). The high cost of software and licensing is also correlated with various technological barriers, such as the perception that the software market does not satisfy the requirements of SMEs (ASITE, 2020). One can also argue that if the software satisfied the requirements of the SMEs, then the cost may be a less prohibitive issue as the SME is able to utilize more of the software features, generating a higher perceived value (Parida et al., 2019). Large software companies such as Autodesk, Trimble and Graphisoft currently design several products for complex and demanding projects that are undertaken by large main contractors and consultants. Software companies generally dedicate more resources to satisfy the needs of larger clients; however, it is important that the requirements of SMEs are not disregarded (Makowski et al., 2019). Besides, a reported lack of skilled employees (R3) within the industry is still a major factor in New Zealand, correlating with data gathered by the EBOSS survey, however as the BIM adoption becomes more prevalent, this barrier is expected to reduce in significance.
尽管中小型企业的现金流通常较低，因此对新兴技术的投资能力也较弱（Ramilo，2014 年），但软件和许可的高昂成本与各种技术壁垒也有关系，如认为软件市场不能满足中小型企业的需求（ASITE，2020 年）。软件和许可的高成本还与各种技术壁垒有关，例如认为软件市场不能满足中小企业的要求（ASITE，2020）。也可以说，如果软件能满足中小企业的要求，那么成本可能就不是一个令人望而却步的问题，因为中小企业能够利用更多的软件功能，产生更高的感知价值（Parida et al.）目前，Autodesk、Trimble 和 Graphisoft 等大型软件公司为大型总承包商和咨询公司承接的复杂、高要求项目设计了多种产品。软件公司通常会投入更多资源来满足大客户的需求，但重要的是不能忽视中小企业的需求（Makowski 等人，2019 年）。此外，据报告，在新西兰，行业内缺乏技术熟练的员工（R3）仍然是一个主要因素，这与 EBOSS 调查收集的数据相关，但随着 BIM 的采用越来越普遍，这一障碍的重要性预计会降低。

The results acquired within the scope of this research illustrated that a lack of client demand (C8), followed by a lack of knowledge amongst SMEs of the benefits to BIM ( C 1 ) are the two most significant barriers in the current category; however, many other barriers are interrelated (Vidalakis et al., 2020). For example, an SME with a lack of knowledge around the benefits of BIM will also lack an understanding of how they can adapt to new, more efficient procedures and how these can be leveraged to enhance their position in the market. The findings obtained according to the AHP results are also in line with the previous attempts; such that a lack of knowledge and expertise on BIM was found as one of the greatest barriers faced by the BIM adoption in many other studies (Khosrowshahi and Arayici, 2012). On the other hand, Hosseini et al. (2016) highlighted that a lack of knowledge and awareness of BIM is not an influential barrier for Australian SMEs, especially down from the last decade. Still, this contradiction can be explained by the fact Australia has been having exposure to BIM for a slightly longer period than New Zealand, leading to a higher-level use within companies. While the level of BIM maturity and level of use in New Zealand is increasing, SMEs are currently slow to adopt the new technology (EBOSS, 2020). The findings emerged from this study also support evidence from previous attempts (Berger, 2016) highlighting that the level of digital maturity of the SME (C6) is another significant barrier to the adoption of the BIM. Accordingly, it should be noted that a company is in its early stages of the BIM integration needs to struggle to realize the additional benefits that advanced levels (5D BIM and/or 6D BIM) can provide (Wyman, 2018). In addition, the findings of this research are also confirmed by Hosseini et al. (2016), in which they emphasized that a lack of interest from parties including the client, and other sub-contractors working for the SMEs are the main barriers to the widespread adoption of the BIM. There is still regrettably a negative stereotype within the industry that views BIM as only being compatible with large companies. To help combat this view, more positive publicity with examples of BIM utilization from the perspective of SMEs needs to be accomplished (Makowski et al., 2019).
在本研究范围内获得的结果表明，缺乏客户需求（C8）和中小型企业缺乏对 BIM 好处的了解（C1）是当前类别中最重要的两个障碍；然而，许多其他障碍是相互关联的（Vidalakis 等人，2020 年）。例如，对 BIM 好处缺乏了解的中小企业也不了解如何适应新的、更高效的程序，以及如何利用这些程序来提高其市场地位。根据 AHP 结果得出的结论也与之前的尝试一致；例如，在许多其他研究中，缺乏有关 BIM 的知识和专业技能被认为是采用 BIM 所面临的最大障碍之一（Khosrowshahi 和 Arayici，2012 年）。另一方面，Hosseini 等人（2016 年）强调，缺乏对 BIM 的了解和认识对澳大利亚中小型企业来说并不是一个有影响力的障碍，尤其是在过去十年中。不过，这一矛盾也可以用以下事实来解释：澳大利亚接触 BIM 的时间比新西兰稍长，因此公司内部使用 BIM 的水平较高。虽然新西兰的 BIM 成熟度和使用水平在不断提高，但中小型企业目前在采用新技术方面进展缓慢（EBOSS，2020 年）。本研究的结果也支持之前的尝试（Berger，2016 年），强调中小企业的数字成熟度（C6）是采用 BIM 的另一个重要障碍。因此，应该注意的是，处于 BIM 集成早期阶段的公司需要努力实现高级水平（5D BIM 和/或 6D BIM）所能提供的额外优势（Wyman，2018 年）。 此外，本研究的结果也得到了 Hosseini 等人（2016 年）的证实，他们在研究中强调，包括客户和为中小企业工作的其他分包商在内的各方缺乏兴趣是广泛采用 BIM 的主要障碍。令人遗憾的是，行业内仍然存在一种负面的刻板印象，认为 BIM 只适用于大公司。为了消除这种看法，需要从中小企业的角度出发，对 BIM 的应用实例进行更多正面宣传（Makowski 等人，2019 年）。

This research chiefly aims at the identification of barriers to BIM implementation for SMEs in New Zealand construction industry. To accomplish this objective, one of the well-known MCDM methods, the AHP was employed to accommodate the main research question. Thus, a systematic literature survey was conducted to determine the barriers and challenges in BIM implementation and a focus group discussion was considered to finalize the list of criteria
本研究的主要目的是找出新西兰建筑行业中小型企业实施 BIM 的障碍。为了实现这一目标，我们采用了著名的 MCDM 方法之一 AHP 来解决主要研究问题。因此，我们进行了系统的文献调查，以确定 BIM 实施过程中的障碍和挑战，并通过焦点小组讨论最终确定了标准列表。

Multi-criteria analysis of barriers to BIM
对 BIM 障碍的多重标准分析
utilized within the scope of the present study. A total of 20 criteria were divided into four main categories in terms of technological (5), governmental (4), resources (3), and culture and knowledge barriers (8), and subjected to the AHP algorithm. The criteria weights were assigned and the importance of each criterion was determined in this regard. To ensure the consistency of the judgments and the robustness of the attained results, consistency analysis (in the AHP algorithm) was checked to ensure the internal consistencies, while Kendall’s coefficient of concordance test was adopted to ensure the agreement level of overall expert evaluations. As a result of the analysis, culture and knowledge barriers outperformed among their counterparts in terms of the highest weight of criterion, followed by the resources barriers and governmental barriers, whereas the technological barriers category had the lowest weight. Regarding overall evaluations, a lack of client demand for BIM use, lack of knowledge around BIM and its benefits, high cost of acquiring the software and licensing, interoperability between software platforms, and a lack of government initiative in mandating the use of BIM at a project level were found as the key barriers that require the utmost attention. In addition, all the judgments of the experts were provided consistent results to each other according to the employed Kendal’s W test. It is worth mentioning that this study is the first quantitative attempt within New Zealand focusing on the SMEs in the construction sector. Overall, even though the culture and knowledge category of barrier is the most significant, many of the barriers are inter-related and by solving one, others may inadvertently be resolved. Therefore, the following recommendations can be made in the light of the conclusions made according to the results of the present study:
在本研究范围内使用。共有 20 项标准被分为技术（5 项）、政府（4 项）、资源（3 项）和文化与知识障碍（8 项）四大类，并采用了 AHP 算法。在此基础上，分配了标准权重并确定了每项标准的重要性。为确保判断的一致性和所得结果的稳健性，（在 AHP 算法中）进行了一致性分析，以确 保内部一致性，同时采用了肯德尔一致系数检验，以确保专家总体评价的一致程度。分析结果显示，在同类标准中，文化和知识障碍的权重最高，其次是资源障碍和政府障 碍，而技术障碍的权重最低。在总体评价方面，客户对使用 BIM 的需求不足、缺乏有关 BIM 及其益处的知识、购买软件和许可证的成本高昂、软件平台之间的互操作性以及政府缺乏在项目层面强制使用 BIM 的主动性被认为是需要高度重视的关键障碍。此外，根据采用的 Kendal's W 检验，所有专家的判断结果都是一致的。值得一提的是，本研究是新西兰首次针对建筑行业中小型企业进行的定量研究。总体而言，尽管文化和知识类障碍最为重要，但许多障碍都是相互关联的，解决了其中一个障碍，其他障碍也可能在不经意间得到解决。 因此，可以根据本研究结果得出的结论提出以下建议：
(1) An increase in publicity of BIM usage on projects throughout New Zealand is essential, particularly where SMEs have been involved. The positive publicity will allow a wide range of SMEs to visualize and understand how BIM was leveraged to enhance the deliverables and outcomes of the project. This will enhance the understanding of BIM throughout the industry.
(1) 在新西兰各地的项目中加强对 BIM 应用的宣传至关重要，尤其是在中小型企业参与的项目中。积极的宣传将使广大中小型企业直观地了解并理解如何利用 BIM 来提高项目的可交付成果和结果。这将加深整个行业对 BIM 的理解。
(2) Software companies can ensure that they are catering to the needs of SMEs in addition to large companies. This requires feedback from SMEs on what they require from the packages. This will ensure that SMEs, who often have limited resources, pay for a product that is of value to their business model, rather than having additional features included in the license fees, but not utilized or required by their business.
(2) 软件公司除满足大公司的需求外，还可确保满足中小企业的需求。这就需要中小型企业提供反馈意见，说明它们对软件包的要求。这将确保通常资源有限的中小型企业支付对其业务模式有价值的产品费用，而不是在许可费中包含额外功能，但其业务却不使用或不需要这些功能。
(3) The government should further investigate overseas mandates, such as requirements for all publicly funded infrastructure projects to use BIM (such as in the UK). A topdown approach would drive the BIM adoption, but further investigation and caution are recommended to ensure all companies have access to the required skills and support to stop the inequality in the market that may arise through BIM mandates.
(3) 政府应进一步调查海外授权，如要求所有公共资助的基础设施项目使用 BIM（如英国）。自上而下的方法将推动 BIM 的采用，但建议进一步调查并谨慎行事，以确保所有公司都能获得所需的技能和支持，从而避免因 BIM 强制规定而导致市场不平等。

Despite this study contributed a lot to the body of knowledge, the present research is not free of limitations. For instance, one can treat with some caution due to the limited scope of SMEs working in New Zealand. In addition, including more experts can be considered for future research directions as the acquired results significantly depend upon the subjective judgments of the distinct group of respondents. The precise mechanism of inter-relationships among criteria remains to be elucidated. Therefore, further attempts may cover the application of different MCDM algorithms, i.e. analytical network process (ANP) and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), ensuring the exploratory nature of the criteria relationships. Future research investigating BIM barriers from a case study on a large public infrastructure project in New Zealand would provide specific evidence of the barriers faced by SMEs and can provide insight on some of the methods used to overcome the issues.
尽管本研究为知识体系做出了很大贡献，但本研究也并非没有局限性。例如，由于在新西兰工作的中小企业范围有限，我们可以谨慎对待。此外，由于研究结果在很大程度上取决于不同受访者群体的主观判断，因此可以考虑在未来的研究方向中纳入更多的专家。标准之间相互关系的确切机制仍有待阐明。因此，进一步的尝试可能包括应用不同的 MCDM 算法，即分析网络过程 (ANP) 和决策试验和评估实验室 (DEMATEL)，以确保标准关系的探索性。通过对新西兰大型公共基础设施项目的案例研究来调查 BIM 障碍的未来研究，将为中小企业面临的障碍提供具体证据，并能为克服这些问题所使用的一些方法提供启示。

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Serdar Durdyev can be contacted at: durdyevs@ara.ac.nz
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