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Law of Marine Insurance (LAMM03)
海上保险法 LAMM03

(2024-2025)
(202 4-2025

Seminar Materials
研讨会资料

Term 1
第 1 学期

SEMINAR ONE
研讨会一

NATURE OF MARINE INSURANCE
海上保险 的性质

Reading:
读数:

Glafki Shipping Co SA v Pinios Shipping Co (The Maira) (No 2) [1986] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 12
Glafki Shipping Co SA v Pinios Shipping Co (The Maira) (No 2) [1986] 2 劳合社代表 12

JJ Lloyd Instruments Ltd v Northern Star Insurance Co Ltd (The Miss Jay Jay) [1987] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 32
JJ Lloyd Instruments Ltd v Northern Star Insurance Co Ltd (The Miss Jay Jay) [1987] 1 劳合社代表 32

Samuel (P) & Co Ltd v Dumas [1924] AC 431
Samuel (P) & Co Ltd 诉 Dumas [1924] AC 431

Thames & Mersey Marine Insurance Co v Hamilton, Fraser & Co (The Inchmaree) (1887) 12 App Cas 484
泰晤士&默西海上保险公司 v 汉密尔顿, 弗雷泽公司 (The Inchmaree (1887) 12 App Cas 484

Preparation Questions:
准备问题:

What is a marine insurance policy? What is the meaning of the term marine adventure in the context of defining the boundaries of a marine insurance policy?
什么是海上保险单? 在定义海上保险单的界限时,海上探险一词含义是什么

What are the differences between “all risks” policies and “named peril” policies? (Think about the various versions of Institute Cargo Clauses and Institute Hull Clauses)
“一切险”保单和“名d 险”保单有什么区别?想想 Institute Cargo Clauses 和 Institute Hull Clauses 的各种版本)

Seminar Questions:
研讨会问题:

Question 1:
问题 1:

A company sets up a scheme by which the company agrees, in exchange for an annual fee, to provide a free repair service to owners of motor vehicles in the event that the vehicle breaks down. The contract provides that the company may refuse to provide the repair service if it is raining heavily. Is this an insurance contract?
一家公司设立了一个计划,根据该计划,公司同意在车辆发生故障时向车主提供免费维修服务,以换取年费 。合同规定,如果下大雨,公司可以拒绝提供维修服务。这是保险合同吗?

Question 2:
问题 2:

A cargo is insured against ‘all risks of loss of or damage to the cargo’. During a sea voyage in 2021, the cargo was lost overboard by reason of a severe storm. In 2023, the assured started court proceedings against the insurer seeking an indemnity for the value of the cargo and for the financial loss resulting from the assured being unable to supply the cargo to a purchaser under a contract of sale. What, if anything, is the assured entitled to recover from the insurer?
货物投保了“货物丢失或损坏的所有风险”。在 2021 年的一次海上航行中,货物因一场严重的风暴而落水。2023 年,被保险人对保险公司提起诉讼,要求赔偿货物的价值以及因被保险人无法根据销售合同向买方供应货物而造成的经济损失。如果有的话,被保险人有权向保险公司追偿什么?

SEMINAR TWO
研讨会 2

FORMATION OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACTS AND THE LEGAL POSITION OF BROKERS
海上保险合同的订立和经纪人的法律地位

Reading:
读数:

Market Reform Contract (Open Market) Implementation Guide (available on Canvas, you are not required to read it in full, but pay particular attention to chapters 3 and 7 and Appendix 2)
市场改革合同(公开市场)实施指南(可在 Canvas 上找到,您不需要完整阅读,请特别注意第 3 章和第 7 章以及附录 2)

Seminar Questions
研讨会问题

Question 1:
问题 1:

Patiates Shipping Co. required insurance cover for one of its cargo liners (the MV Sopos) operating between North Atlantic ports. They instructed their broker, Colin, to arrange cover based on the Institute Hull Clauses 1995 for a period of one year. Acting on these instructions, Colin arranged cover for Sopos through Seamorgan Insurance Corporation, an underwriter with considerable experience of the North Atlantic ports. Colin gave a signing down indication of 300 % to Seamorgan. In reliance of this, Seamorgan agreed to take 60 % of the risk. The slip was passed to other marine underwriters. Thomas Marine plc signed for 50 % of the risk but added the words ‘No US ports in Winter’ above his signature. Williams Marine plc then agreed to take 45 % of the risk only because he had heard informally from the director of the Seamorgan Insurance Corporation that the signing down indication given was ‘around 300 %’. Davies Marine plc agreed to take a further 45 % when he became aware of the likely signing down ratio through some of underwriters which had already signed up. Colin sought no further cover in the market as there was little further interest from other underwriters.
Patiates Shipping Co. 需要为其在北大西洋港口之间运营的一艘货轮 (MV Sopos) 购买保险。他们指示他们的经纪人 Colin 根据 1995 年协会赫尔条款安排为期一年的保险。根据这些指示,Colin 通过 Seamorgan Insurance Corporation 为 Sopos 安排了保险,Seamorgan Insurance Corporation 是一家在北大西洋港口拥有丰富经验的承保人。Colin 向 Seamorgan 给出了 300% 的签字指示。基于此,Seamorgan 同意承担 60% 的风险。该单据已传递给其他海事承保人。Thomas Marine plc 签署了 50% 的风险,但在他的签名上方添加了“冬季没有美国港口”的字样。Williams Marine plc 随后同意承担 45% 的风险,只是因为他非正式地从 Seamorgan Insurance Corporation 的董事那里听说,给出的签字指示是“大约 300%”。当 Davies Marine plc 通过一些已经签约的承销商意识到可能的签约率时,他同意再收取 45% 的股份。Colin 没有在市场上寻求进一步的掩护,因为其他承销商几乎没有进一步的兴趣。

The Sopos became a total loss at sea on leaving Maine, USA in December 2018, four weeks after the cover was placed. It was the general feeling that the loss was occasioned from a peril insured against. At the time of the loss, no formal policy had yet been produced but Colin still had a copy of the completed slip. Seamorgan and Davies Marine are concerned that Colin failed to reach the appropriate signing down indication. Thomas Marine refuses to pay because the loss occurred on a voyage from a US port during winter. Williams Marine also seeks to rely on the US exception, arguing that this was the basis on which cover was agreed.
2018 年 12 月,即盖上掩体 4 周后,Sopos 号离开美国缅因州时,在海上完全丢失。人们普遍的感觉是,损失是由投保的危险造成的。在丢失时,还没有制定正式的保单,但 Colin 仍然有一份完整的单据副本。Seamorgan 和 Davies Marine 担心 Colin 未能达到适当的签约指示。Thomas Marine 拒绝付款,因为损失发生在冬季从美国港口出发的航行中。Williams Marine 还试图依赖美国的例外情况,认为这是同意保险的基础。

Discuss the liability of:
讨论以下责任:

each underwriter; and
每个承销商;和

Colin as broker.
Colin 担任经纪人。

Question 2:
问题 2:

By making reference to case law and practice, explain the significance of a ‘signing down’ indication given by a broker.
通过参考判例法和实践,解释经纪人给出的“签字”指示的重要性。

Question 3:
问题 3:

With regard to the placement of a marine risk what is the legal role played by the ‘slip’ and ‘policy’ respectively, and also what is the legal relationship between the two documents?
关于海洋风险的放置,“滑票”和“保单”分别起了什么法律作用,两个文件之间的法律关系是什么?

SEMINAR THREE
研讨会三

TERMS IN MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACTS
海上保险合同的条款

Question:
问题:

Thomas Fisheries Co. operate a small fleet of fishing vessels out of ports in south-west England and south Wales. The company is owned and run by two brothers, Bob and Rob. Each vessel is less than 35 meters in length. Insurance cover was agreed on a “hulls/time” basis for each vessel with Newcastle Marine, a P & I Club that offered cover to fishing vessels. The policy was to run for one year from January 2016. The policy, inter alia, included the following provisions:
Thomas Fisheries Co. 在英格兰西南部和南威尔士的港口经营着一支小型渔船船队。该公司由 Bob 和 Rob 两兄弟拥有和经营。每艘船的长度小于 35 米。保险覆盖是与纽卡斯尔海事(一家为渔船提供保险的P&I俱乐部)以“船体/时间”为基础达成的。该政策从 2016 年 1 月开始为期一年。该政策除其他外,包括以下条款:

Clause 4
第 4 条

The vessel to be skipped, manned, crewed, operated and licensed in accordance with the regulations, laws and by-laws of the appropriate government authority at all times during the currency of the policy”
保单有效期内船舶应始终根据相关政府机构的规定、法律和附则进行船长、人员配备、船员、操作和许可

Clause 22
第 22 条

Upon reasonable request, the Assured shall assist the underwriter or their authorised agents in the investigation of any claim.”
在合理要求下,受保人应协助承保人或其授权代理人调查任何索赔

Under the (fictitious) Fisheries (Safety at Sea) Regulations 2001, regulation 6:
根据 2001 年(虚构的)渔业(海上安全)条例第 6 条:

“A fishing vessel of less than 35 meters in length must be crewed and crew members must hold the appropriate certificates under Schedule 1 of these regulations”
“长度小于 35 米的渔船必须配备船员,船员必须持有本法规附表 1 规定的适当证书”

Schedule 1 required each of the vessels to have, inter alia, a crew member trained to level 2 certification in medical assistance and first-aid for operations beyond 15 nautical miles from the mainland coast”
附表 1 要求每艘船舶除其他外,必须有一名船员接受医疗援助和急救 2 级认证的船员,以应对距离大陆海岸 15 海里以外的行动。

On March 21 at 4.40 am one of the fleet (the Monster) departed from Potishead, in the Bristol Channel. The skipper, Bob, knew that a crew member qualified to level two as a medic was unavailable. The first mate, James, had basic level one training. The intention of the skipper on sailing was to take the vessel to fishing grounds keeping within 15 nautical miles of the coast as permitted under the statutory principles.
3 月 21 日凌晨 4 点 40 分,其中一支舰队怪物)从布里斯托尔海峡的波蒂斯黑德出发。船长鲍勃 (Bob) 知道没有有资格成为二级军医的船员。大副 James 接受过基本的一级训练。船长航行的目的是在法定原则允许的情况下,将船只带到距离海岸 15 海里以内的渔场。

On March 21 at around 8.30 am the vessel reached the fishing grounds. It travelled in a westerly direction and continued to stay within 15 nautical miles of the coast. She became alarmed about the amount of fuel being used and suspected a serious fuel leak. He considered that in the sea conditions it would be impractical to dip the tanks in the open sea. In order to avoid pollution of a sensitive marine environment and to avoid worsening weather conditions, the vessel headed for Atlantis Island where it dropped anchor. This was 17.5 nautical miles from the mainland coast. She verified the fuel level and found the vessel had a faulty gauge but did not detect a fuel leak.
3 月 21 日上午 8 点 30 分左右,该船到达渔场。它向西行驶,并继续保持在距离海岸 15 海里的范围内。她对使用的燃料量感到警觉,并怀疑发生了严重的燃料泄漏。他认为,在海况下,将水箱浸入公海是不切实际的。为了 避免污染敏感的海洋环境并避免天气状况恶化,该船驶向亚特兰蒂斯岛并抛锚。这距离大陆海岸 17.5 海里。她验证了燃油液位,发现该船的仪表有故障,但没有检测到燃油泄漏。

Bob ordered the vessel to return to the fishing grounds. At 8.30 pm the bilge alarm sounded to indicate the presence of excess water in the bilges. On attempting to pump the vessel dry Bob discovered that the electrical pumps failed. The galley lights then failed, and on entry to the engine room Bob discovered heavy flooding in the engine compartment. Bob radioed their position to the authorities and requested assistance. Water continued to rise in the engine room. The crew were rescued by a sister ship at 9.00 pm shortly before the Monster sank, some 12.5 nautical miles from the shore. Thomas Shipping Co. claim on the policy on the basis that the vessel sank due to perils of the sea, an included peril. Shortly after the incident the first mate, James, resigned and left the region. While investigating the cause of loss, Newcastle Marine decided to interview James and sought for the assistance of Thomas Shipping Co. in finding him. However, the latter was reluctant to assist the P & I Club in locating the whereabouts of James. Newcastle Marine sought to deny the claim on the basis of failure to comply with clauses 4 and 22 of the policy.
鲍勃命令船只返回渔场。晚上 8 点 30 分,舱底警报响起,表明舱底中存在过多的水。在尝试将容器抽干时,鲍勃发现电动泵出现故障。厨房灯随后失效,鲍勃进入机舱时发现发动机舱被严重淹没。鲍勃通过无线电向当局报告了他们的情况并请求帮助。机舱内的水继续上涨。船员在晚上 9.00 被一艘姊妹船救起,就在怪物沉没前不久,距离海岸约 12.5 海里。Thomas Shipping Co. 根据该保单提出索赔,理由是该船沉没是由于海上危险,包括危险。事件发生后不久,大副詹姆斯辞职并离开了该地区。在调查损失原因时,纽卡斯尔海事决定采访詹姆斯,并寻求托马斯航运公司的帮助以找到他。然而,后者不愿意协助P&I俱乐部寻找詹姆斯的下落。Newcastle Marine 以未能遵守保单第 4 条和第 22 条试图拒绝索赔。

Advise Newcastle Marine whether they are obliged in law to meet the claim.
告知 Newcastle Marine 他们是否有法律义务满足索赔。

How would the policy be amended (if at all) to clarify the legal position?
将如何修改政策(如果有的话)以澄清法律立场?

Would your answer be different if the policy was to run for one year from January 2021?
如果该政策从 2021 年 1 月开始运行一年,您的回答会有所不同吗?

TASK:
任务:

Each student should attempt a reasonable answer to the problem question above and come to the seminar prepared to discuss his/her answer with the rest of the group.
每个学生都应该尝试对上述问题做出合理的回答,并准备好参加研讨会,与小组其他成员讨论他/她的答案。