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PRISM 棱镜计划

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来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
For other uses, see Prism (disambiguation).
对于其他用途，请参阅 <a id=2>棱镜（消歧）</a>。


National Security Agency surveillance
<a id=3>国家安全局</a> 监控
Map of global NSA data collection as of 2007, with countries subject to the most data collection shown in red
<a id=4>2007 年全球 NSA 数据收集地图</a>，显示数据收集最多的国家用红色显示
Programs 计划
Legislation 立法
Institutions 机构
Lawsuits 诉讼
Whistleblowers 举报人
Publication 出版
Related 相关
Concepts 概念
Collaboration 合作
Part of a series on
作为 <a id=5>一系列</a>的一部分
Global surveillance 全球监控
Disclosures 披露
Systems 系统
Agencies 机构
Places 地点
Laws 法律
Proposed changes 《拟议的变更》
Concepts 概念
Related topics 相关主题

PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies.[1][2][3] The program is also known by the SIGAD US-984XN.[4][5] PRISM collects stored internet communications based on demands made to internet companies such as Google LLC and Apple under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 to turn over any data that match court-approved search terms.[6] Among other things, the NSA can use these PRISM requests to target communications that were encrypted when they traveled across the internet backbone, to focus on stored data that telecommunication filtering systems discarded earlier,[7][8] and to get data that is easier to handle.[9]
棱镜计划是美国国家安全局（NSA）从各美国互联网公司收集互联网通信的一个项目的代号。该计划也被称为 SIGAD。棱镜计划根据 2008 年《外国情报监视法修正案》第 702 节向谷歌有限责任公司和苹果等互联网公司提出的要求，收集存储的互联网通信，以交出任何与法院批准的搜索词匹配的数据。此外，美国国家安全局还可以利用这些“棱镜”计划的请求，针对在互联网骨干网中传输时加密的通信，将重点放在电信过滤系统早些时候丢弃的存储数据上，以及获取更容易处理的数据。[9]

PRISM began in 2007 in the wake of the passage of the Protect America Act under the Bush Administration.[10][11] The program is operated under the supervision of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA Court, or FISC) pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).[12] Its existence was leaked six years later by NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who warned that the extent of mass data collection was far greater than the public knew and included what he characterized as "dangerous" and "criminal" activities.[13] The disclosures were published by The Guardian and The Washington Post on June 6, 2013. Subsequent documents have demonstrated a financial arrangement between the NSA's Special Source Operations (SSO) division and PRISM partners in the millions of dollars.[14]
棱镜计划始于 2007 年，当时正值布什政府通过《保护美国法案》之后。该计划是在美国外国情报监督法院（FISA 法院或 FISC）的监督下，根据《外国情报监视法》（FISA）实施的。六年后，NSA 承包商爱德华·斯诺登泄露了该计划的存在，他警告说，大规模数据收集的程度远远超出公众所知，其中包括他所说的“危险”和“犯罪”活动。这些披露于 2013 年 6 月 6 日由《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》发表。随后的文件表明，NSA 的特别来源行动（SSO）部门与棱镜计划合作伙伴之间存在数百万美元的财务安排。<sup id=77><a id=78><span id=79></span></a></sup>

Documents indicate that PRISM is "the number one source of raw intelligence used for NSA analytic reports", and it accounts for 91% of the NSA's internet traffic acquired under FISA section 702 authority."[15][16] The leaked information came after the revelation that the FISA Court had been ordering a subsidiary of telecommunications company Verizon Communications to turn over logs tracking all of its customers' telephone calls to the NSA.[17][18]
文档表明，“棱镜”是 NSA 用于分析报告的“原始情报的首要来源”，占 NSA 根据《外国情报监控法》第 702 条授权获取的互联网流量的 91%。<sup id=81><a id=82><span id=83></span></a></sup><sup id=85><a id=86><span id=87></span></a></sup>泄露的信息是在《外国情报监控法》法院下令电信公司威瑞森通信的一家子公司向 NSA 提供所有客户电话记录的消息被披露之后。<sup id=91><a id=92><span id=93></span></a></sup><sup id=95><a id=96><span id=97></span></a></sup>

U.S. government officials have disputed criticisms of PRISM in the Guardian and Washington Post articles and have defended the program, asserting that it cannot be used on domestic targets without a warrant. Additionally claiming the program has helped to prevent acts of terrorism, and that it receives independent oversight from the federal government's executive, judicial and legislative branches.[19][20] On June 19, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama, during a visit to Germany, stated that the NSA's data gathering practices constitute "a circumscribed, narrow system directed at us being able to protect our people."[21]
美国政府官员对《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》文章中对 PRISM 的批评提出异议，并为该计划辩护，称在没有 授权的情况下，该计划不能用于国内目标。此外，他们还声称该计划有助于预防恐怖主义行为，并且该计划受到联邦政府的 行政、司法和 立法部门的独立监督。[19][20]2013 年 6 月 19 日，美国总统 巴拉克·奥巴马在访问德国时表示，国家安全局的数据收集行为构成“一个有限的、狭窄的系统，旨在保护我们的人民。”[21]

Media disclosure of PRISM
PRISM 的媒体披露

[edit]
Further information: Global surveillance disclosure
进一步信息：全球监控披露

Edward Snowden publicly revealed the existence of PRISM through a series of classified documents leaked to journalists of The Washington Post and The Guardian while Snowden, who was an NSA contractor at the time, was visiting Hong Kong.[1][2] The leaked documents included 41 PowerPoint slides, four of which were published in news articles.[1][2]
爱德华·斯诺登通过泄露给《华盛顿邮报》和《卫报》记者的一系列机密文件，公开揭示了 PRISM 的存在，当时斯诺登是 NSA 的承包商，正在访问香港。[1][2]泄露的文件包括 41 张幻灯片，其中四张在新闻文章中发表。[1][2]

The documents identified several technology companies as participants in the PRISM program, including Microsoft in 2007, Yahoo! in 2008, Google in 2009, Facebook in 2009, Paltalk in 2009, YouTube in 2010, AOL in 2011, Skype in 2011 and Apple in 2012.[22] The speaker's notes in the briefing document reviewed by The Washington Post indicated that "98 percent of PRISM production is based on Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft".[1]
文件中确定了几家参与“棱镜”计划的技术公司，包括 2007 年的微软、2008 年的雅虎、2009 年的谷歌、2009 年的脸书、2009 年的帕络特、2010 年的油管、2011 年的美国在线、2011 年的Skype以及 2012 年的苹果。[22]《华盛顿邮报》审查的简报文件中的发言者注释指出，“98%的‘棱镜’计划成果基于雅虎、谷歌和微软”。[1]

The slide presentation stated that much of the world's electronic communications pass through the U.S., because electronic communications data tend to follow the least expensive route rather than the most physically direct route, and the bulk of the world's internet infrastructure is based in the United States.[15] The presentation noted that these facts provide United States intelligence analysts with opportunities for intercepting the communications of foreign targets as their electronic data pass into or through the United States.[2][15]
幻灯片演示文稿指出，世界上的许多电子通信都要通过美国，因为电子通信数据往往遵循最便宜的路线，而不是最直接的物理路线，而且世界上大部分互联网基础设施都设在美国。[15]演示文稿指出，这些事实为美国情报分析人员提供了机会，可以在外国目标的电子数据进入或通过美国时拦截他们的通信。[2][15]

Snowden's subsequent disclosures included statements that government agencies such as the United Kingdom's GCHQ also undertook mass interception and tracking of internet and communications data[23] – described by Germany as "nightmarish" if true[24] – allegations that the NSA engaged in "dangerous" and "criminal" activity by "hacking" civilian infrastructure networks in other countries such as "universities, hospitals, and private businesses",[13] and alleged that compliance offered only very limited restrictive effect on mass data collection practices (including of Americans) since restrictions "are policy-based, not technically based, and can change at any time", adding that "Additionally, audits are cursory, incomplete, and easily fooled by fake justifications",[13] with numerous self-granted exceptions, and that NSA policies encourage staff to assume the benefit of the doubt in cases of uncertainty.[25][26][27]
斯诺登随后的披露包括，政府机构，如英国的 GCHQ，也进行了大规模拦截和跟踪互联网和通信数据的声明[23]——德国称，如果属实，这将是“噩梦般的”[24]——这些指控还包括，NSA 通过“黑客”攻击其他国家的民用基础设施网络，如“大学、医院和私营企业”，从事“危险”和“犯罪”活动[13]，并声称合规性对大规模数据收集做法（包括对美国人）的限制非常有限，因为限制“是基于政策的，而不是基于技术的，并且可以随时改变”，此外，“审计”草率、不完整，很容易被虚假理由所欺骗”[13]，并且有许多自行授予的例外情况，NSA 的政策也存在问题鼓励员工在不确定的情况下假定有利的一面。<sup id=193><a id=194><span id=195>[

The slides 幻灯片

[edit]

Below are a number of slides released by Edward Snowden showing the operation and processes behind the PRISM program. The "FAA" referred to is Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act ("FAA"), and not the Federal Aviation Administration, which is more widely known by the same FAA initialism.[28]
以下是爱德华·斯诺登发布的一些幻灯片，展示了 PRISM 计划背后的运作和流程。这里的“FAA”指的是《外国情报监视法修正案》（FISA Amendments Act）的第 702 节（FAA），而不是更为人所知的 FAA 缩写，即联邦航空管理局。<sup id=205><a id=206><span id=207>[

  • Introduction slide
    Introduction slide 介绍幻灯片
  • Slide showing that much of the world's communications flow through the U.S.
    Slide showing that much of the world's communications flow through the U.S.
    幻灯片显示世界上大部分通信都通过美国流动
  • Details of information collected via PRISM
    Details of information collected via PRISM
    通过 PRISM 收集的信息详情
  • Slide listing companies and the date that PRISM collection began
    Slide listing companies and the date that PRISM collection began
    列出公司以及 PRISM 收集开始日期的幻灯片
  • Slide showing PRISM's tasking process
    Slide showing PRISM's tasking process
    显示 PRISM 任务处理过程的幻灯片
  • Slide showing the PRISM collection dataflow
    Slide showing the PRISM collection dataflow
    显示 PRISM 收集数据流的幻灯片
  • Slide showing PRISM case numbers
    Slide showing PRISM case numbers
    显示 PRISM 案例编号的幻灯片
  • Slide showing the REPRISMFISA Web app
    Slide showing the REPRISMFISA Web app
    显示 REPRISMFISA Web 应用程序的幻灯片
  • Slide showing some PRISM targets.
    Slide showing some PRISM targets.
    显示一些 PRISM 目标的幻灯片
  • Slide fragment mentioning "upstream collection", FAA702, EO 12333, and references yahoo.com explicitly in the text
    Slide fragment mentioning "upstream collection", FAA702, EO 12333, and references yahoo.com explicitly in the text
    幻灯片片段提及“上游收集”、FAA702、EO 12333，并在文本中明确提及 yahoo.com
  • FAA702 Operations, and map
    FAA702 Operations, and map
    FAA702 行动和地图
  • FAA702 Operations, and map. The subheader reads "Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority". FAIRVIEW is in the center box.
    FAA702 Operations, and map. The subheader reads "Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority". FAIRVIEW is in the center box.
    FAA702 行动和地图。子标题为“在 FAA702 授权下仅可进行收集”。FAIRVIEW 在中心框中。
  • FAA702 Operations, and map. The subheader reads "Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority". STORMBREW is in the center box.
    FAA702 Operations, and map. The subheader reads "Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority". STORMBREW is in the center box.
    FAA702 行动和地图。子标题为“在 FAA702 授权下仅可进行收集”。STORMBREW 在中心框中。
  • Tasking, Points to Remember. Transcript of body: "Whenever your targets meet FAA criteria, you should consider asking to FAA. Emergency tasking processes exist for [imminent /immediate ] threat to life situations and targets can be placed on [illegible] within hours (surveillance and stored comms). Get to know your Product line FAA adjudicators and FAA leads."
    Tasking, Points to Remember. Transcript of body: "Whenever your targets meet FAA criteria, you should consider asking to FAA. Emergency tasking processes exist for [imminent /immediate ] threat to life situations and targets can be placed on [illegible] within hours (surveillance and stored comms). Get to know your Product line FAA adjudicators and FAA leads."
    任务，需要记住的要点。正文抄本：“只要您的目标符合 FAA 标准，您应该考虑向 FAA 提出请求。针对生命受到即刻威胁的紧急任务处理流程已经存在，并且可以在数小时内将目标放置在[模糊不清]上（监视和存储的通信）。了解您的产品系列 FAA 裁决者和 FAA 负责人。”

The French newspaper Le Monde disclosed new PRISM slides (see pages 4, 7 and 8) coming from the "PRISM/US-984XN Overview" presentation on October 21, 2013.[29] The British newspaper The Guardian disclosed new PRISM slides (see pages 3 and 6) in November 2013 which on the one hand compares PRISM with the Upstream program, and on the other hand deals with collaboration between the NSA's Threat Operations Center and the FBI.[30]
法国报纸《世界报》披露了新的“棱镜”幻灯片（见第 4、7 和 8 页），这些幻灯片来自于 2013 年 10 月 21 日的“棱镜/美国-984XN 概述”演示。[29]英国报纸《卫报》在 2013 年 11 月披露了新的“棱镜”幻灯片（见第 3 和 6 页），一方面将“棱镜”计划与“上游计划”进行了比较，另一方面涉及 NSA 威胁行动中心与联邦调查局之间的合作。[30]

The program 该计划

[edit]
PRISM logo PRISM 徽标

PRISM is a program from the Special Source Operations (SSO) division of the NSA, which in the tradition of NSA's intelligence alliances, cooperates with as many as 100 trusted U.S. companies since the 1970s.[1] A prior program, the Terrorist Surveillance Program,[31][32] was implemented in the wake of the September 11 attacks under the George W. Bush Administration but was widely criticized and challenged as illegal, because it did not include warrants obtained from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.[32][33][34][35][36] PRISM was authorized by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.[15]
棱镜计划是 NSA 下属的特别情报行动处（SSO）的一个项目，该计划沿袭 NSA 的情报联盟传统，自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，与多达 100 家美国信誉良好的公司合作。[1]在此之前，一个名为“恐怖分子监控计划”的项目[31][32]是在“9·11”袭击事件后，在小布什政府的领导下实施的，但由于该计划没有包括从外国情报监控法庭获得的授权，因此受到了广泛的批评和质疑，被认为是非法的。[33][32][33][34][35][36] PRISM 是经外国情报监控法庭授权的。[15]

PRISM was enabled under President Bush by the Protect America Act of 2007 and by the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which immunizes private companies from legal action when they cooperate with U.S. government agencies in intelligence collection. In 2012 the act was renewed by Congress under President Obama for an additional five years, through December 2017.[2][37][38] According to The Register, the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 "specifically authorizes intelligence agencies to monitor the phone, email, and other communications of U.S. citizens for up to a week without obtaining a warrant" when one of the parties is outside the U.S.[37]
PRISM 在 小布什总统 的领导下，根据 2007 年的《保护美国法》和 2008 年的《外国情报监视法修正案》得以启用，该修正案使私营公司在与美国政府机构合作进行情报收集时免受法律诉讼。2012 年，该法案在 国会的领导下，由 奥巴马总统再次通过，有效期延长至 2017 年 12 月。[2][37][38]据The Register报道，2008 年的《外国情报监视法修正案》“具体授权情报机构在一方在美国境外的情况下，无需获得授权即可监控美国公民的电话、电子邮件和其他通信长达一周”。[37]

The most detailed description of the PRISM program can be found in a report about NSA's collection efforts under Section 702 FAA, that was released by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) on July 2, 2014.[39]
可以在隐私和公民自由监督委员会（PCLOB）于 2014 年 7 月 2 日发布的一份关于 NSA 根据《外国情报监视法》第 702 条开展收集工作的报告中找到对 PRISM 计划的最详细描述。[39]

According to this report, PRISM is only used to collect internet communications, not telephone conversations. These internet communications are not collected in bulk, but in a targeted way: only communications that are to or from specific selectors, like e-mail addresses, can be gathered. Under PRISM, there's no collection based on keywords or names.[39]
根据该报告，PRISM 仅用于收集互联网通信，而不收集电话通话。这些互联网通信不是批量收集的，而是有针对性的：只能收集到或来自特定选择器（如电子邮件地址）的通信。在 PRISM 下，不会基于关键词或姓名进行收集。[39]

The actual collection process is done by the Data Intercept Technology Unit (DITU) of the FBI, which on behalf of the NSA sends the selectors to the U.S. internet service providers, which were previously served with a Section 702 Directive. Under this directive, the provider is legally obliged to hand over (to DITU) all communications to or from the selectors provided by the government.[39] DITU then sends these communications to NSA, where they are stored in various databases, depending on their type.
实际的收集过程是由联邦调查局的数据拦截技术部门（DITU）进行的，该部门代表国家安全局向美国互联网服务提供商发送选择器，这些提供商此前曾收到第 702 指令。根据该指令，提供商在法律上有义务将政府提供的选择器的所有通信（发送给 DITU）。DITU 然后将这些通信发送给国家安全局，在那里根据其类型存储在各种数据库中。

Data, both content and metadata, that already have been collected under the PRISM program, may be searched for both US and non-US person identifiers. These kinds of queries became known as "back-door searches" and are conducted by NSA, FBI and CIA.[40] Each of these agencies has slightly different protocols and safeguards to protect searches with a US person identifier.[39]
已经根据棱镜计划收集的数据，无论是内容还是元数据，都可以搜索美国和非美国人员的标识符。这些类型的查询被称为“后门搜索”，由国家安全局、联邦调查局和中央情报局进行。这些机构中的每一个都有略微不同的协议和保障措施来保护带有美国人员标识符的搜索。

Extent of the program 计划的范围

[edit]

Internal NSA presentation slides included in the various media disclosures show that the NSA could unilaterally access data and perform "extensive, in-depth surveillance on live communications and stored information" with examples including email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, voice-over-IP chats (such as Skype), file transfers, and social networking details.[2] Snowden summarized that "in general, the reality is this: if an NSA, FBI, CIA, DIA, etc. analyst has access to query raw SIGINT [signals intelligence] databases, they can enter and get results for anything they want."[13]
各种媒体披露中包含的内部 NSA 演示文稿幻灯片显示，NSA 可以单方面访问数据，并对“实时通信和存储信息”进行“广泛、深入的监控”，其中包括电子邮件、视频和语音聊天、视频、照片、IP 语音聊天（如 Skype）、文件传输和社交网络详细信息。[2]斯诺登总结说：“总的来说，现实情况是这样的：如果 NSA、FBI、CIA、DIA 等分析师可以访问查询原始（信号情报）数据库，他们可以输入并获得他们想要的任何东西的结果。”[13]

According to The Washington Post, the intelligence analysts search PRISM data using terms intended to identify suspicious communications of targets whom the analysts suspect with at least 51 percent confidence to not be U.S. citizens, but in the process, communication data of some U.S. citizens are also collected unintentionally.[1] Training materials for analysts tell them that while they should periodically report such accidental collection of non-foreign U.S. data, "it's nothing to worry about."[1][41]
据《华盛顿邮报》报道，情报分析人员使用旨在识别涉嫌与分析师怀疑至少 51%不是美国公民的目标的可疑通信的术语来搜索 PRISM 数据，但在此过程中，一些美国公民的通信数据也会被无意收集。[1]分析人员的培训材料告诉他们，虽然他们应该定期报告此类意外收集的非外国美国数据，但“不必担心”。[1][41]

According to The Guardian, NSA had access to chats and emails on Hotmail.com and Skype because Microsoft had "developed a surveillance capability to deal" with the interception of chats, and "for Prism collection against Microsoft email services will be unaffected because Prism collects this data prior to encryption."[42][43]
根据《卫报》的报道，NSA 可以访问 Hotmail.com 和 Skype 上的聊天和电子邮件，因为微软“开发了一种监控能力来处理”对聊天的拦截，并且“由于棱镜在加密前就收集了这些数据，因此针对微软电子邮件服务的棱镜收集将不受影响。”[42][43]

Also according to The Guardian's Glenn Greenwald even low-level NSA analysts are allowed to search and listen to the communications of Americans and other people without court approval and supervision. Greenwald said low level Analysts can, via systems like PRISM, "listen to whatever emails they want, whatever telephone calls, browsing histories, Microsoft Word documents.[31] And it's all done with no need to go to a court, with no need to even get supervisor approval on the part of the analyst."[44]
同样根据《卫报》的格伦·格林瓦尔德的说法，即使是低级 NSA 分析师也可以在没有法庭批准和监督的情况下搜索和监听美国人和其他人的通信。格林瓦尔德说，低级分析师可以通过 PRISM 等系统，“监听他们想要的任何电子邮件、任何电话通话、浏览历史记录、Microsoft Word文档。”[31]而且这一切都无需前往法庭，分析师甚至不需要获得上级的批准。”[44]

He added that the NSA databank, with its years of collected communications, allows analysts to search that database and listen "to the calls or read the emails of everything that the NSA has stored, or look at the browsing histories or Google search terms that you've entered, and it also alerts them to any further activity that people connected to that email address or that IP address do in the future."[44] Greenwald was referring in the context of the foregoing quotes to the NSA program XKeyscore.[45]
他还补充说，NSA 的数据库拥有多年收集的通信信息，这使得分析人员能够搜索该数据库，“收听”或读取 NSA 存储的所有通话或电子邮件，或者查看你输入的浏览历史记录或谷歌搜索词，并且还会提醒他们任何与该电子邮件地址或该 IP 地址相关的人未来的任何进一步活动。”[44] 格林沃尔德在上述引文中提到的是 NSA 项目 XKeyscore。[45]

PRISM overview PRISM 概述

[edit]
Designation  名称 Legal AuthoritySee Note
法律授权请参见注释 		Key Targets  主要目标 Type of Information collected
收集的信息类型		 Associated Databases  相关数据库 Associated Software  相关软件
US-984XN Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act (FAA)
《外国情报监视法修正案》（FAA）第 702 条		 Known Targets include[46]
已知目标包括[46]
  • Venezuela  委内瑞拉
    • Military procurement 军事采购
    • Oil
  • Mexico  墨西哥
    • Narcotics 麻醉品
    • Energy 能源
    • Internal Security 内部安全
    • Political Affairs 政治事务
  • Colombia  哥伦比亚
 The exact type of data varies by provider:
具体数据类型因提供商而异：
  • Email 电子邮件
  • Chat – video, voice 聊天——视频、语音
  • Videos 视频
  • Stored data 存储数据
  • VoIP
  • File transfers 文件传输
  • Video Conferencing 视频会议
  • Notifications of target activity, logins, etc.
    目标活动、登录等的通知。
  • Online Social Networking details
    在线社交网络详细信息
  • Special Requests 特殊请求
 Known:  已知： Known:  已知：

Unified Targeting Tool 统一目标工具

Responses to disclosures 对披露的回应

[edit]

United States government 美国政府

[edit]

Executive branch life 行政部门的生活

[edit]

Shortly after publication of the reports by The Guardian and The Washington Post, the United States Director of National Intelligence, James Clapper, on June 7, 2013, released a statement confirming that for nearly six years the government of the United States had been using large internet services companies such as Facebook to collect information on foreigners outside the United States as a defense against national security threats.[17] The statement read in part, "The Guardian and The Washington Post articles refer to collection of communications pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. They contain numerous inaccuracies."[47] He went on to say, "Section 702 is a provision of FISA that is designed to facilitate the acquisition of foreign intelligence information concerning non-U.S. persons located outside the United States. It cannot be used to intentionally target any U.S. citizen, any other U.S. person, or anyone located within the United States."[47] Clapper concluded his statement by stating, "The unauthorized disclosure of information about this important and entirely legal program is reprehensible and risks important protections for the security of Americans."[47] On March 12, 2013, Clapper had told the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that the NSA does "not wittingly" collect any type of data on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans.[48] Clapper later admitted the statement he made on March 12, 2013, was a lie,[49] or in his words "I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner by saying no."[50]
在《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》的报道发布后不久，2013 年 6 月 7 日，美国国家情报总监詹姆斯·克拉珀发表声明证实，近六年来，美国政府一直在利用 Facebook 等大型互联网服务公司收集美国境外外国人的信息，以防范国家安全威胁。声明中部分内容如下：“《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》的文章提到了根据《外国情报监视法》第 702 节进行的信息收集。其中有许多不准确之处。”他接着说：“第 702 节是《外国情报监视法》的一项规定，旨在促进获取有关位于美国境外的非美国人员的外国情报信息。它不能被用来故意针对任何美国公民或其他任何美国。” 或任何位于美国境内的人。”[47]克拉珀在结束发言时说：“未经授权披露有关这一重要且完全合法计划的信息是应受谴责的，这可能会危及美国人安全的重要保护措施。”[47] 2013 年 3 月 12 日，克拉珀曾告诉美国参议院情报特别委员会，国家安全局“无意”收集任何类型的美国人数据。[48]克拉珀后来承认他在 2013 年 3 月 12 日的声明是一个谎言，[49]或者用他的话说“我以我认为最真实或最不虚假的方式回答说不。"[50]

On June 7, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama, referring to the PRISM program[51] and the NSA's telephone calls logging program, said, "What you've got is two programs that were originally authorized by Congress, have been repeatedly authorized by Congress. Bipartisan majorities have approved them. Congress is continually briefed on how these are conducted. There are a whole range of safeguards involved. And federal judges are overseeing the entire program throughout."[52] He also said, "You can't have 100 percent security and then also have 100 percent privacy and zero inconvenience. You know, we're going to have to make some choices as a society."[52] Obama also said that government collection of data was needed in order to catch terrorists.[53] In separate statements, senior Obama administration officials (not mentioned by name in source) said that Congress had been briefed 13 times on the programs since 2009.[54]
2013 年 6 月 7 日，美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马在提及棱镜计划[51]和国家安全局的电话通话记录计划时表示：“你们所拥有的是两个最初由国会授权的计划，国会已经多次授权这些计划。两党多数人都批准了这些计划。国会不断听取这些计划是如何实施的情况汇报。其中涉及一系列的保障措施。联邦法官也在整个过程中监督整个计划。”[52]他还表示：“你不可能拥有 100%的安全，同时又拥有 100%的隐私和零不便。你知道，作为一个社会，我们将不得不做出一些选择。”[52]奥巴马还表示，政府收集数据是为了抓捕恐怖分子。[53] 多名不愿透露姓名的奥巴马政府高级官员（来源中未提及他们的名字）表示，自 2009 年以来，国会已就这些计划进行了 13 次简报。[54]

On June 8, 2013, Director of National Intelligence Clapper made an additional public statement about PRISM and released a fact sheet providing further information about the program, which he described as "an internal government computer system used to facilitate the government's statutorily authorized collection of foreign intelligence information from electronic communication service providers under court supervision, as authorized by Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) (50 U.S.C. § 1881a)."[55][56] The fact sheet stated that "the surveillance activities published in The Guardian and the Washington Post are lawful and conducted under authorities widely known and discussed, and fully debated and authorized by Congress."[55] The fact sheet also stated that "the United States Government does not unilaterally obtain information from the servers of U.S. electronic communication service providers. All such information is obtained with FISA Court approval and with the knowledge of the provider based on a written directive from the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence." It said that the attorney general provides FISA Court rulings and semi-annual reports about PRISM activities to Congress, "provid[ing] an unprecedented degree of accountability and transparency."[55] Democratic senators Udall and Wyden, who serve on the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, subsequently criticized the fact sheet as being inaccurate.[clarification needed] NSA Director General Keith Alexander acknowledged the errors, stating that the fact sheet "could have more precisely described" the requirements governing the collection of e-mail and other internet content from US companies. The fact sheet was withdrawn from the NSA's website around June 26.[57]
2013 年 6 月 8 日，国家情报总监克拉珀就“棱镜门”事件再次公开声明，并发布一份关于该项目的情况说明书，进一步介绍了该项目，他将其描述为“一个内部政府计算机系统，用于在法院监督下，根据《外国情报监视法》（FISA）第 702 节（50 USC § 1881a）的授权，从电子通信服务提供商处便利政府授权收集外国情报信息。”[55][56]情况说明书指出，“《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》公布的监控活动是合法的，并是在广为人知和讨论的授权下进行的，并且得到了国会的充分辩论和授权。”[55]情况说明书还指出，“美国政府不会单方面从美国服务器获取信息。” 电子通讯服务供应商。所有这些信息都是在获得联邦调查局法院批准的情况下获得的，并且是在提供者根据司法部长和国家情报局长的书面指示了解的情况下获得的。”它表示，司法部长向国会提供了关于 PRISM 活动的联邦调查局法院裁决和半年度报告，“提供了前所未有的问责制和透明度。”[55]民主党参议员奥德尔和怀登随后批评该情况说明书不准确。[澄清需要]国家安全局局长亚历山大将军承认这些错误，称该情况说明书“可以更准确地描述”从美国公司收集电子邮件和其他互联网内容的要求。该情况说明书于 6 月 26 日左右从国家安全局的网站上撤下。[57]

In a closed-doors Senate hearing around June 11, FBI Director Robert Mueller said that Snowden's leaks had caused "significant harm to our nation and to our safety."[58] In the same Senate hearing, NSA Director Alexander defended the program.[further explanation needed] Alexander's defense was immediately criticized by Senators Udall and Wyden, who said they saw no evidence that the NSA programs had produced "uniquely valuable intelligence." In a joint statement, they wrote, "Gen Alexander's testimony yesterday suggested that the NSA's bulk phone records collection program helped thwart 'dozens' of terrorist attacks, but all of the plots that he mentioned appear to have been identified using other collection methods."[58][59]
在 6 月 11 日左右举行的一次闭门参议院听证会上，联邦调查局局长 罗伯特·穆勒表示，斯诺登的泄密给“我们的国家和安全造成了重大损害”。[58] 在同一次参议院听证会上，国家安全局局长亚历山大为该计划进行了辩护。[需要进一步说明] 亚历山大的辩护立即遭到了参议员奥达尔和怀登的批评，他们表示，他们没有看到任何证据表明国家安全局的计划产生了“独特而有价值的情报”。他们在一份联合声明中写道：“亚历山大将军昨天的证词表明，国家安全局的大规模电话记录收集计划有助于挫败‘数十’起恐怖袭击，但他提到的所有阴谋似乎都是通过其他收集方法确定的。”[58][59]

On June 18, NSA Director Alexander said in an open hearing before the House Intelligence Committee of Congress that communications surveillance had helped prevent more than 50 potential terrorist attacks worldwide (at least 10 of them involving terrorism suspects or targets in the United States) between 2001 and 2013, and that the PRISM web traffic surveillance program contributed in over 90 percent of those cases.[60][61][62] According to court records, one example Alexander gave regarding a thwarted attack by al Qaeda on the New York Stock Exchange was not in fact foiled by surveillance.[63] Several senators wrote Director of National Intelligence Clapper asking him to provide other examples.[64]
2013 年 6 月 18 日，国家安全局局长亚历山大在国会众议院情报委员会的公开听证会上表示，在 2001 年至 2013 年间，通信监控帮助阻止了全球 50 多起潜在的恐怖袭击事件（其中至少 10 起涉及美国的恐怖嫌疑人或目标），而棱镜网络流量监控计划在这些事件中超过 90%的情况下都有贡献。[60][61][62]根据法庭记录，亚历山大提供的一个关于挫败基地组织袭击纽约证券交易所的例子实际上并没有被监控所挫败。[63]几位参议员致函国家情报总监克拉珀，要求他提供其他例子。[64]

U.S. intelligence officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, told various news outlets that by June 24 they were already seeing what they said was evidence that suspected terrorists had begun changing their communication practices in order to evade detection by the surveillance tools disclosed by Snowden.[65][66]
美国情报官员匿名告诉多家新闻机构，到 6 月 24 日，他们已经看到他们所说的证据，表明涉嫌恐怖分子已经开始改变他们的通信习惯，以躲避斯诺登披露的监控工具的检测。[65][66]

Legislative branch 立法机构

[edit]

In contrast to their swift and forceful reactions the previous day to allegations that the government had been conducting surveillance of United States citizens' telephone records, Congressional leaders initially had little to say about the PRISM program the day after leaked information about the program was published. Several lawmakers declined to discuss PRISM, citing its top-secret classification,[67] and others said that they had not been aware of the program.[68] After statements had been released by the president and the Director of National Intelligence, some lawmakers began to comment:
与前一天对政府一直在监听美国公民电话记录的指控迅速而有力的反应形成对比的是，国会领导人在该计划泄露的次日对 PRISM 计划几乎无话可说。几位议员拒绝讨论 PRISM，理由是其被列为最高机密，[67] 其他人则表示他们之前不知道该计划。[68] 在总统和国家情报局长发表声明后，一些议员开始发表评论：

Senator John McCain (R-AZ)
参议员 约翰·麦凯恩（R-AZ）

  • June 9, 2013, "We passed the Patriot Act. We passed specific provisions of the act that allowed for this program to take place, to be enacted in operation."[69]
    2013 年 6 月 9 日，“我们通过了《爱国者法案》。我们通过了该法案的具体规定，允许该计划的实施。”[69]

Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
参议员 黛安·范斯坦（D-CA），参议院情报委员会主席

  • June 9, "These programs are within the law," "part of our obligation is keeping Americans safe," "Human intelligence isn't going to do it."[70]
    6 月 9 日，“这些计划是合法的，”“我们的部分责任是确保美国人的安全，”“人力情报是做不到这一点的。”[70]
  • June 9, "Here's the rub: the instances where this has produced good—has disrupted plots, prevented terrorist attacks, is all classified, that's what's so hard about this."[71]
    6 月 9 日，“问题是：这种做法产生了好的效果——破坏了阴谋，阻止了恐怖袭击，这些都是机密，这就是这件事如此困难的原因。”[71]
  • June 11, "It went fine. ... We asked him (Keith Alexander) to declassify things because it would be helpful (for people and lawmakers to better understand the intelligence programs). ... I've just got to see if the information gets declassified. I'm sure people will find it very interesting."[72]
    6 月 11 日，“一切都很顺利。……我们要求他（基思·亚历山大）解密一些事情，因为这会有帮助（让人们和立法者更好地了解情报计划）。……我只需要看看这些信息是否会被解密。我相信人们会觉得很有趣。”[72]

Senator Rand Paul (R-KY)
参议员 兰德·保罗（R-KY）

  • June 9, "I'm going to be seeing if I can challenge this at the Supreme Court level. I'm going to be asking the internet providers and all of the phone companies: ask your customers to join me in a class-action lawsuit."[69]
    6 月 9 日，“我将尝试在最高法院层面挑战这一点。我将要求互联网服务提供商和所有电话公司：请你的客户加入我提起的集体诉讼。”[69]

Senator Susan Collins (R-ME), member of Senate Intelligence Committee and past member of Homeland Security Committee
参议员苏珊·柯林斯（R-缅因州），参议院情报委员会成员，前国土安全委员会成员

  • June 11, "I had, along with Joe Lieberman, a monthly threat briefing, but I did not have access to this highly compartmentalized information" and "How can you ask when you don't know the program exists?"[73]
    6 月 11 日，“我和乔·利伯曼（Joe Lieberman）每月都有一次威胁简报，但我无法获得这种高度机密的信息”，“你怎么能问你不知道这个计划存在的问题呢？”[73]

Representative Jim Sensenbrenner (R-WI), principal sponsor of the Patriot Act
众议员吉姆·森森布伦纳（R-WI），《爱国者法案》的主要提案人

  • June 9, "This is well beyond what the Patriot Act allows."[74] "President Obama's claim that 'this is the most transparent administration in history' has once again proven false. In fact, it appears that no administration has ever peered more closely or intimately into the lives of innocent Americans."[74]
    6 月 9 日，“这远远超出了《爱国者法案》允许的范围。”[74] “奥巴马总统声称‘这是历史上最透明的政府’再次被证明是错误的。事实上，似乎没有任何一届政府如此密切或深入地关注无辜美国人的生活。”[74]

Representative Mike Rogers (R-MI), a chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
众议员迈克·罗杰斯（R-MI），情报常设特别委员会主席。

  • June 9, "One of the things that we're charged with is keeping America safe and keeping our civil liberties and privacy intact. I think we have done both in this particular case."[70]
    6 月 9 日，“我们的任务之一是确保美国的安全，并确保我们的公民自由和隐私不受侵犯。我认为在这个特定案例中，我们做到了这两点。”[70]
  • June 9, "Within the last few years this program was used to stop a program, excuse me, to stop a terrorist attack in the United States, we know that. It's, it's, it's important, it fills in a little seam that we have and it's used to make sure that there is not an international nexus to any terrorism event that they may believe is ongoing in the United States. So in that regard it is a very valuable thing."[75]
    6 月 9 日，“在过去几年里，这个项目被用于阻止一个项目，哦，不，是阻止一起恐怖袭击事件，发生在美国，我们知道这一点。它填补了我们的一个小漏洞，并且被用来确保任何他们认为在美国持续进行的恐怖主义事件都没有国际联系。因此，在这方面，它是一件非常有价值的事情。”[75]

Senator Mark Udall (D-CO)
参议员 马克·乌尔达尔（D-CO）

  • June 9, "I don't think the American public knows the extent or knew the extent to which they were being surveilled and their data was being collected. ... I think we ought to reopen the Patriot Act and put some limits on the amount of data that the National Security (Agency) is collecting. ... It ought to remain sacred, and there's got to be a balance here. That is what I'm aiming for. Let's have the debate, let's be transparent, let's open this up."[70]
    6 月 9 日，“我认为美国公众不知道他们被监控的程度，也不知道他们的数据被收集的程度……我认为我们应该重新开放《爱国者法案》，并对国家安全局收集的数据量设定一些限制……它应该保持神圣不可侵犯，这里必须有一个平衡。这就是我的目标。让我们进行辩论，保持透明，公开这一点。”[70]

Representative Todd Rokita (R-IN)
众议员 托德·罗基塔（R-IN）

Representative Luis Gutierrez (D-IL)
众议员 路易斯·古铁雷斯（D-IL）

  • June 9, "We will be receiving secret briefings and we will be asking, I know I'm going to be asking to get more information. I want to make sure that what they're doing is harvesting information that is necessary to keep us safe and not simply going into everybody's private telephone conversations and Facebook and communications. I mean one of the, you know, the terrorists win when you debilitate freedom of expression and privacy."[75]
    6 月 9 日，“我们将接受秘密简报，我知道我会要求获得更多信息。我要确保他们正在收集必要的信息来保护我们的安全，而不仅仅是进入每个人的私人电话交谈、Facebook 和通信。我的意思是，其中之一，你知道的，恐怖分子赢了，当你削弱言论自由和隐私时。”[75]

Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR)
参议员罗恩·怀登（D-OR）

  • July 11, "I have a feeling that the administration is getting concerned about the bulk phone records collection, and that they are thinking about whether to move administratively to stop it. I think we are making a comeback".[77]
    7 月 11 日，“我有一种感觉，政府对大规模电话记录收集感到担忧，并且正在考虑是否要通过行政手段来停止它。我认为我们正在卷土重来。”[77]

Following these statements some lawmakers from both parties warned national security officials during a hearing before the House Judiciary Committee that they must change their use of sweeping National Security Agency surveillance programs or face losing the provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act that have allowed for the agency's mass collection of telephone metadata.[78] "Section 215 expires at the end of 2015, and unless you realize you've got a problem, that is not going to be renewed," Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner, R-Wis., author of the USA Patriot Act, threatened during the hearing.[78] "It's got to be changed, and you've got to change how you operate section 215. Otherwise, in two and a half years, you're not going to have it anymore."[78]
随后，一些两党议员在众议院司法委员会的听证会上警告国家安全官员，他们必须改变对国家安全局广泛使用监控计划的做法，否则将失去《外国情报监控法》赋予该机构大规模收集电话元数据的条款。[78]“第 215 节将于 2015 年底到期，除非你意识到自己有问题，否则该条款不会续签，”《美国爱国者法案》的作者、威斯康星州共和党众议员吉姆·森森布伦纳在听证会上威胁说。[78]“必须进行修改，你必须改变第 215 节的运作方式。否则，两年半后，你就不再拥有它了。”[78]

Judicial branch 司法部门

[edit]

Leaks of classified documents pointed to the role of a special court in enabling the government's secret surveillance programs, but members of the court maintained they were not collaborating with the executive branch.[79] The New York Times, however, reported in July 2013 that in "more than a dozen classified rulings, the nation's surveillance court has created a secret body of law giving the National Security Agency the power to amass vast collections of data on Americans while pursuing not only terrorism suspects, but also people possibly involved in nuclear proliferation, espionage and cyberattacks."[80] After Members of the U.S. Congress pressed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to release declassified versions of its secret ruling, the court dismissed those requests arguing that the decisions can't be declassified because they contain classified information.[81] Reggie Walton, the current FISA presiding judge, said in a statement: "The perception that the court is a rubber stamp is absolutely false. There is a rigorous review process of applications submitted by the executive branch, spearheaded initially by five judicial branch lawyers who are national security experts, and then by the judges, to ensure that the court's authorizations comport with what the applicable statutes authorize."[82] The accusation of being a "rubber stamp" was further rejected by Walton who wrote in a letter to Senator Patrick J. Leahy: "The annual statistics provided to Congress by the Attorney General ...—frequently cited to in press reports as a suggestion that the Court's approval rate of application is over 99%—reflect only the number of final applications submitted to and acted on by the Court. These statistics do not reflect the fact that many applications are altered to prior or final submission or even withheld from final submission entirely, often after an indication that a judge would not approve them."[83]
机密文件的泄露指出了特别法庭在使政府的秘密监控计划成为可能方面的作用，但法庭成员坚称他们没有与行政部门合作。[79]《纽约时报》，然而，在 2013 年 7 月报道称，“在十几项机密裁决中，美国的监控法庭创建了一个秘密法律机构，赋予国家安全局收集大量美国人数据的权力，同时不仅追捕恐怖嫌疑人，还追捕可能涉及核扩散、间谍活动和网络攻击的人员。”[80]在美国国会议员向外国情报监控法庭施压，要求公布其秘密裁决的解密版本后，法庭驳回了这些请求，辩称这些裁决不能解密，因为其中包含机密信息。[81]雷吉·沃尔顿，现任 FISA 主审法官，在一份声明中表示：“认为法院是橡皮图章的看法绝对是错误的。行政部门提交的申请有严格的审查程序，最初由五名司法部门律师领导，他们是国家安全专家，然后由法官进行，以确保法院的授权符合适用法规的授权。”[82]沃尔顿在给参议员帕特里克·J·利希的一封信中进一步拒绝了被称为“橡皮图章”的指控：“司法部长每年向国会提供的统计数据……在新闻报道中经常被引用，作为暗示法院对申请的批准率超过 99%的建议——仅反映提交给法院并由其采取行动的最终申请数量。” 这些统计数据并没有反映出许多应用程序在提交前或最终提交后被修改的事实，甚至有许多应用程序被完全扣留，而这些情况往往是在表明法官不会批准它们之后发生的。"[83]

The U.S. military 美国军队

[edit]

The U.S. military has acknowledged blocking access to parts of The Guardian website for thousands of defense personnel across the country,[84] and blocking the entire Guardian website for personnel stationed throughout Afghanistan, the Middle East, and South Asia.[85] A spokesman said the military was filtering out reports and content relating to government surveillance programs to preserve "network hygiene" and prevent any classified material from appearing on unclassified parts of its computer systems.[84] Access to the Washington Post, which also published information on classified NSA surveillance programs disclosed by Edward Snowden, had not been blocked at the time the blocking of access to The Guardian was reported.[85]
美国军方承认封锁了全国数千名国防人员对《卫报》部分内容的访问，[84]并封锁了整个《卫报》网站，以防在阿富汗、中东和南亚的人员访问。[85]一名发言人表示，军方正在过滤与政府监控计划有关的报道和内容，以维护“网络卫生”，防止任何机密材料出现在其计算机系统的非机密部分。[84]访问《华盛顿邮报》的权限并未被封锁，而该报也发布了爱德华·斯诺登披露的关于 NSA 机密监控计划的信息。[85]

Responses and involvement of other countries
其他国家的回应和参与

[edit]

Austria 奥地利

[edit]

The former head of the Austrian Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and Counterterrorism, Gert-René Polli, stated he knew the PRISM program under a different name and stated that surveillance activities had occurred in Austria as well. Polli had publicly stated in 2009 that he had received requests from US intelligence agencies to do things that would be in violation of Austrian law, which Polli refused to allow.[86][87]
奥地利前 联邦宪法保护和反恐局局长 Gert-René Polli 表示，他知道一个不同名称的 PRISM 计划，并表示在奥地利也发生了监控活动。Polli 曾在 2009 年公开表示，他收到了美国情报机构的请求，要求做一些违反奥地利法律的事情，而他拒绝允许这样做。[86][87]

Australia 澳大利亚

[edit]

The Australian government has said it will investigate the impact of the PRISM program and the use of the Pine Gap surveillance facility on the privacy of Australian citizens.[88] Australia's former foreign minister Bob Carr said that Australians should not be concerned about PRISM but that cybersecurity is high on the government's list of concerns.[89] The Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop stated that the acts of Edward Snowden were treachery and offered a staunch defence of her nation's intelligence co-operation with the United States.[90]
澳大利亚政府表示，将调查“棱镜”计划以及使用 松峡 监控设施对澳大利亚公民隐私的影响。[88] 澳大利亚前外交部长 鲍勃·卡尔 表示，澳大利亚人不应担心“棱镜”计划，但网络安全是政府关注的首要问题。[89] 澳大利亚外交部长朱莉·毕晓普表示，爱德华·斯诺登的行为是叛国行为，并坚决捍卫了她的国家与美国的情报合作。[90]

Brazil 巴西

[edit]

Brazil's president at the time, Dilma Rousseff, responded to Snowden's reports that the NSA spied on her phone calls and emails by cancelling a planned October 2013 state visit to the United States, demanding an official apology, which by October 20, 2013, hadn't come.[91] Also, Rousseff classified the spying as unacceptable between more harsh words in a speech before the UN General Assembly on September 24, 2013.[92] As a result, Boeing lost out on a US$4.5 billion contract for fighter jets to Sweden's Saab Group.[93]

Canada

[edit]
CSE headquarters in Ottawa

Canada's national cryptologic agency, the Communications Security Establishment (CSE), said that commenting on PRISM "would undermine CSE's ability to carry out its mandate." Privacy Commissioner Jennifer Stoddart lamented Canada's standards when it comes to protecting personal online privacy stating "We have fallen too far behind" in her report. "While other nations' data protection authorities have the legal power to make binding orders, levy hefty fines and take meaningful action in the event of serious data breaches, we are restricted to a 'soft' approach: persuasion, encouragement and, at the most, the potential to publish the names of transgressors in the public interest." And, "when push comes to shove," Stoddart wrote, "short of a costly and time-consuming court battle, we have no power to enforce our recommendations."[94][95]
加拿大的国家密码机构通信安全机构表示，评论 prism“会损害 CSE 履行其任务的能力”。隐私专员詹妮弗·斯托达特哀叹加拿大在保护个人在线隐私方面的标准，称她的报告中“我们已经落后得太多了”。“虽然其他国家的数据保护当局有法律权力，可以做出具有约束力的命令、征收巨额罚款，并在发生严重数据泄露时采取有意义的行动，但我们仅限于一种‘软’方法：说服、鼓励，而且，在最极端的情况下，有可能在公众利益的情况下公布违法者的姓名。”而且，“当需要采取行动时，”斯托达特写道，“除非进行代价高昂且耗时的法庭诉讼，否则我们没有权力执行我们的建议。”[94][95]

European Union 欧盟

[edit]

On 20 October 2013 a committee at the European Parliament backed a measure that, if it is enacted, would require American companies to seek clearance from European officials before complying with United States warrants seeking private data. The legislation has been under consideration for two years. The vote is part of efforts in Europe to shield citizens from online surveillance in the wake of revelations about a far-reaching spying program by the U.S. National Security Agency.[96] Germany and France have also had ongoing mutual talks about how they can keep European email traffic from going across American servers.[97]
2013 年 10 月 20 日，欧洲议会的一个委员会支持一项措施，如果该措施获得通过，将要求美国公司在遵守美国政府获取私人数据的命令之前，必须先获得欧洲官员的许可。该立法已经审议了两年。此次投票是欧洲在一系列有关美国国家安全局大规模监控计划的披露后，为保护公民免受在线监控而做出的努力的一部分。德国和法国也一直在就如何避免欧洲电子邮件流量通过美国服务器进行持续的双边会谈。

France 法国

[edit]

On October 21, 2013, the French Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, summoned the U.S. Ambassador, Charles Rivkin, to the Quai d'Orsay in Paris to protest large-scale spying on French citizens by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). Paris prosecutors had opened preliminary inquiries into the NSA program in July, but Fabius said, "... obviously we need to go further" and "we must quickly assure that these practices aren't repeated."[98]
2013 年 10 月 21 日，法国外交部长 洛朗·法比尤斯，召见美国驻法国大使 查尔·斯里夫金，到位于巴黎的 外交部，抗议美国国家安全局（NSA）对法国公民的大规模间谍活动。巴黎检察官在 7 月已经对 NSA 计划展开初步调查，但法比尤斯表示，“……显然我们需要更进一步”，“我们必须迅速确保这些做法不再重复。”[98]

Germany 德国

[edit]

Germany did not receive any raw PRISM data, according to a Reuters report.[99] German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that "the internet is new to all of us" to explain the nature of the program; Matthew Schofield of McClatchy Washington Bureau said, "She was roundly mocked for that statement."[100] Gert-René Polli, a former Austrian counter-terrorism official, said in 2013 that it is "absurd and unnatural" for the German authorities to pretend not to have known anything.[86][87] The German Army was using PRISM to support its operations in Afghanistan as early as 2011.[101]
德国没有接收任何“棱镜”计划的原始数据，这是路透社的一篇报道。[99]德国总理安格拉·默克尔曾用“互联网对我们所有人来说都是新事物”来解释该项目的性质；《迈阿密先驱报》的马修·斯科菲尔德表示，“她的此番言论遭到了严厉嘲笑。”[100] 2013 年，奥地利前反恐官员格尔特-雷内·波利曾表示，德国当局假装对此一无所知是“荒谬且不自然的”。[86][87]早在 2011 年，德国陆军就开始使用“棱镜”计划来支持其在阿富汗的行动。[101]

In October 2013, it was reported that the NSA monitored Merkel's cell phone.[102] The United States denied the report, but following the allegations, Merkel called President Obama and told him that spying on friends was "never acceptable, no matter in what situation."[103]
2013 年 10 月，有报道称 NSA 监控了默克尔的手机。[102]美国否认了这一报道，但在相关指控后，默克尔致电奥巴马总统，告诉他“无论在何种情况下，监听朋友都是不可接受的。”[103]

Israel 以色列

[edit]

Israeli newspaper Calcalist discussed[104] the Business Insider article[105] about the possible involvement of technologies from two secretive Israeli companies in the PRISM program—Verint Systems and Narus.
以色列报纸《Calcalist》讨论了《商业内幕》关于两家以色列秘密公司可能参与“棱镜计划”的文章——Verint Systems和Narus。[104]

Mexico 墨西哥

[edit]

After finding out about the PRISM program, the Mexican Government has started constructing its own spying program to spy on its own citizens. According to Jenaro Villamil, a writer from Proceso, CISEN, Mexico's intelligence agency has started to work with IBM and Hewlett Packard to develop its own data gathering software. "Facebook, Twitter, Emails and other social network sites are going to be priority."[106]
据《Proceso》杂志记者赫拉尔多·希门尼斯称，在了解到“棱镜”计划后，墨西哥政府已开始建设自己的间谍计划来监视自己的公民。墨西哥情报机构 CISEN 已开始与 IBM 和惠普合作开发自己的数据收集软件。“脸书、推特、电子邮件和其他社交网络网站将是优先事项。”[106]

New Zealand 新西兰

[edit]

In New Zealand, University of Otago information science Associate Professor Hank Wolfe said that "under what was unofficially known as the Five Eyes Alliance, New Zealand and other governments, including the United States, Australia, Canada, and Britain, dealt with internal spying by saying they didn't do it. But they have all the partners doing it for them and then they share all the information."[107]
在新西兰，奥塔哥大学信息科学副教授汉克·沃尔夫表示，在所谓的“五眼联盟”非正式协议下，新西兰和其他政府（包括美国、澳大利亚、加拿大和英国）通过表示自己没有进行内部间谍活动来处理内部间谍问题。但他们让所有合作伙伴为他们进行间谍活动，然后分享所有信息。[107]

Edward Snowden, in a live streamed Google Hangout to Kim Dotcom and Julian Assange, alleged that he had received intelligence from New Zealand, and the NSA has listening posts in New Zealand.[108]
爱德华·斯诺登在谷歌 Hangout 的直播中对金·多特康姆和朱利安·阿桑奇表示，他收到了来自新西兰的情报，美国国家安全局在新西兰设有监听站。[108]

Spain 西班牙

[edit]

At a meeting of European Union leaders held the week of 21 October 2013, Mariano Rajoy, Spain's prime minister, said that "spying activities aren't proper among partner countries and allies". On 28 October 2013 the Spanish government summoned the American ambassador, James Costos, to address allegations that the U.S. had collected data on 60 million telephone calls in Spain. Separately, Íñigo Méndez de Vigo, a Spanish secretary of state, referred to the need to maintain "a necessary balance" between security and privacy concerns, but said that the recent allegations of spying, "if proven to be true, are improper and unacceptable between partners and friendly countries".[109]
在 2013 年 10 月 21 日那一周举行的欧盟领导人会议上，西班牙首相马里亚诺·拉霍伊表示，“在伙伴国家和盟友之间进行间谍活动是不合适的”。2013 年 10 月 28 日，西班牙政府召见美国大使詹姆斯·科斯托斯，就美国收集 6000 万电话通话数据的指控作出回应。此外，西班牙国务秘书伊尼戈·门德斯·德维戈称，需要在安全和隐私问题之间保持“必要的平衡”，但他表示，最近有关间谍活动的指控“如果被证实是真的，在伙伴和友好国家之间是不合适和不可接受的”。[109]

United Kingdom 英国

[edit]
Further information: Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom
进一步信息：英国的大规模监控

In the United Kingdom, the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), which also has its own surveillance program, Tempora, had access to the PRISM program on or before June 2010 and wrote 197 reports with it in 2012 alone. The Intelligence and Security Committee of the UK Parliament reviewed the reports GCHQ produced on the basis of intelligence sought from the US. They found in each case a warrant for interception was in place in accordance with the legal safeguards contained in UK law.[110]
英国政府通信总部（GCHQ）也有自己的监控计划“ tempora”，在 2010 年 6 月之前或 2010 年 6 月，该机构访问了 prism 计划，并在 2012 年单独使用该计划编写了 197 份报告。英国议会情报和安全委员会审查了 GCHQ 根据从美国获取的情报编写的报告。他们在每一种情况下都发现，根据英国法律所载的合法保障措施，都有截听授权。[110]

In August 2013, The Guardian newspaper's offices were visited by technicians from GCHQ, who ordered and supervised the destruction of the hard drives containing information acquired from Snowden.[111]
2013 年 8 月，《卫报》办公室遭到 GCHQ 技术人员的访问，他们下令并监督销毁了从斯诺登那里获取的信息的硬盘。[111]

Companies 公司

[edit]

The original Washington Post and Guardian articles reporting on PRISM noted that one of the leaked briefing documents said PRISM involves collection of data "directly from the servers" of several major internet services providers.[1][2]
《华盛顿邮报》和《卫报》最初报道棱镜计划的文章指出，一份泄露的简报文件称，棱镜计划涉及直接从几家主要互联网服务提供商的服务器收集数据。[1][2]

Initial public statements
初步公开声明

[edit]

Corporate executives of several companies identified in the leaked documents told The Guardian that they had no knowledge of the PRISM program in particular and also denied making information available to the government on the scale alleged by news reports.[2][112] Statements of several of the companies named in the leaked documents were reported by TechCrunch and The Washington Post as follows:[113][114]
泄露文件中涉及的几家公司的企业高管告诉《卫报》，他们对棱镜计划一无所知，也否认向政府提供了新闻报道中所称的规模的信息。[2][112]被泄露文件中提到的几家公司的声明被 TechCrunch 和《华盛顿邮报》报道如下：[113][114]

  • Microsoft: "We provide customer data only when we receive a legally binding order or subpoena to do so, and never on a voluntary basis. In addition we only ever comply with orders for requests about specific accounts or identifiers. If the government has a broader voluntary national security program to gather customer data, we don't participate in it."[113][115]
    &1 微软: “我们仅在收到合法的具有法律约束力的命令或传票时提供客户数据，并且从未主动提供过。此外，我们仅根据对特定账户或标识符的请求进行配合。如果政府有更广泛的收集客户数据的自愿性国家安全计划，我们不参与其中。”[113][115]
  • Yahoo!: "Yahoo! takes users' privacy very seriously. We do not provide the government with direct access to our servers, systems, or network."[113] "Of the hundreds of millions of users we serve, an infinitesimal percentage will ever be the subject of a government data collection directive."[114]
    &2 雅虎: “雅虎非常重视用户的隐私。我们不会向政府提供直接访问我们的服务器、系统或网络的权限。”[113] “在我们服务的数亿用户中，极小比例的用户会成为政府数据收集指令的对象。”[114]
  • Facebook: "We do not provide any government organization with direct access to Facebook servers. When Facebook is asked for data or information about specific individuals, we carefully scrutinize any such request for compliance with all applicable laws, and provide information only to the extent required by law."[113]
    Facebook: "我们不会向任何政府机构提供直接访问 Facebook 服务器的权限。当 Facebook 被要求提供有关特定个人的数据或信息时，我们会仔细审查任何此类请求是否符合所有适用法律，并仅在法律要求的范围内提供信息。"[113]
  • Google: "Google cares deeply about the security of our users' data. We disclose user data to government in accordance with the law, and we review all such requests carefully. From time to time, people allege that we have created a government 'back door' into our systems, but Google does not have a backdoor for the government to access private user data."[113] "[A]ny suggestion that Google is disclosing information about our users' internet activity on such a scale is completely false."[114]
    Google: "Google 非常关心用户数据的安全性。我们根据法律向政府披露用户数据，并且我们会仔细审查所有此类请求。有时，人们会指责我们为政府创建了进入我们系统的'后门'，但 Google 没有后门供政府访问私人用户数据。"[113] "[任何暗示 Google 在如此大规模地披露用户互联网活动信息的说法都是完全错误的。"[114]
  • Apple: "We have never heard of PRISM"[116] "We do not provide any government agency with direct access to our servers, and any government agency requesting customer data must get a court order."[116]
    &1 苹果: “我们从未听说过棱镜计划”[116] “我们没有向任何政府机构提供直接访问我们服务器的权限，任何政府机构要求获取客户数据都必须获得法院命令。”[116]
  • Dropbox: "We've seen reports that Dropbox might be asked to participate in a government program called PRISM. We are not part of any such program and remain committed to protecting our users' privacy."[113]
    *1 Dropbox: “我们已经看到有关报道称 Dropbox 可能被要求参与一个名为棱镜计划的政府项目。我们不属于任何此类项目，并将继续致力于保护我们用户的隐私。”[113]

In response to the technology companies' confirmation of the NSA being able to directly access the companies' servers, The New York Times reported that sources had stated the NSA was gathering the surveillance data from the companies using other technical means in response to court orders for specific sets of data.[17] The Washington Post suggested, "It is possible that the conflict between the PRISM slides and the company spokesmen is the result of imprecision on the part of the NSA author. In another classified report obtained by The Post, the arrangement is described as allowing 'collection managers [to send] content tasking instructions directly to equipment installed at company-controlled locations,' rather than directly to company servers."[1] "[I]n context, 'direct' is more likely to mean that the NSA is receiving data sent to them deliberately by the tech companies, as opposed to intercepting communications as they're transmitted to some other destination.[114]
针对科技公司证实 NSA 能够直接访问公司服务器一事，《纽约时报》报道称，有消息来源称，NSA 是在根据法院对特定数据集的命令，使用其他技术手段从这些公司收集监控数据。[17]《华盛顿邮报》则表示，“PRISM 幻灯片与公司发言人之间的冲突可能是 NSA 作者不准确的结果。在邮报获得的另一份机密报告中，该安排被描述为允许‘收集管理人员[向安装在公司控制地点的设备]发送内容任务指令，而不是直接发送到公司服务器。”[1]“从上下文来看，‘直接’更有可能意味着 NSA 正在接收科技公司有意发送给他们的数据，而不是在这些数据被传输到其他目的地时进行拦截。[114]

"If these companies received an order under the FISA amendments act, they are forbidden by law from disclosing having received the order and disclosing any information about the order at all," Mark Rumold, staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, told ABC News.[117]
“如果这些公司收到《外国情报监视法修正案》下的订单，根据法律，他们被禁止透露收到订单的情况，也不得透露任何关于订单的信息，”电子前沿基金会的工作人员律师马克·鲁姆霍尔德告诉美国广播公司。[117]

On May 28, 2013, Google was ordered by United States District Court Judge Susan Illston to comply with a National Security Letter issued by the FBI to provide user data without a warrant.[118] Kurt Opsahl, a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, in an interview with VentureBeat said, "I certainly appreciate that Google put out a transparency report, but it appears that the transparency didn't include this. I wouldn't be surprised if they were subject to a gag order."[119]
2013 年 5 月 28 日，谷歌被美国地方法院法官苏珊·伊尔斯顿下令遵守联邦调查局发出的《国家安全信函》，在没有逮捕令的情况下提供用户数据。[118]电子前沿基金会的高级工作人员律师库尔特·奥普沙尔在接受《VentureBeat》采访时表示：“我当然赞赏谷歌发布了一份《透明度报告》，但似乎这份透明度报告没有包括这一点。如果他们受到了《封口令》的限制，我也不会感到惊讶。”[119]

The New York Times reported on June 7, 2013, that "Twitter declined to make it easier for the government. But other companies were more compliant, according to people briefed on the negotiations."[120] The other companies held discussions with national security personnel on how to make data available more efficiently and securely.[120] In some cases, these companies made modifications to their systems in support of the intelligence collection effort.[120] The dialogues have continued in recent months, as General Martin Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has met with executives including those at Facebook, Microsoft, Google and Intel.[120] These details on the discussions provide insight into the disparity between initial descriptions of the government program including a training slide which states, "Collection directly from the servers"[121] and the companies' denials.[120]
《纽约时报》2013 年 6 月 7 日报道，“Twitter 拒绝让政府更容易（获取数据）。但其他公司则更顺从，据参与谈判的人说。”[120] 其他公司与国家安全人员进行了讨论，如何更有效地和安全地提供数据。[120] 在某些情况下，这些公司对其系统进行了修改，以支持情报收集工作。[120] 近几个月来，随着马丁·登普西将军（General Martin Dempsey）担任参谋长联席会议主席，他会见了包括 Facebook、微软、谷歌和英特尔在内的高管。[120] 这些关于讨论的细节提供了深入了解政府计划最初描述的洞察力，其中包括一份培训幻灯片，上面写着“直接从服务器收集”[121]，而公司则否认了这一点。[120]

While providing data in response to a legitimate FISA request approved by the FISA Court is a legal requirement, modifying systems to make it easier for the government to collect the data is not. This is why Twitter could legally decline to provide an enhanced mechanism for data transmission.[120] Other than Twitter, the companies were effectively asked to construct a locked mailbox and provide the key to the government, people briefed on the negotiations said.[120] Facebook, for instance, built such a system for requesting and sharing the information.[120] Google does not provide a lockbox system, but instead transmits required data by hand delivery or ssh.[122]
虽然按照合法的 FISA 法院批准的合法 FISA 请求提供数据是一项法律要求，但修改系统以使政府更容易收集数据则不然。这就是为什么 Twitter 可以合法地拒绝提供增强的数据传输机制。[120] 据知情人士透露，除了 Twitter 之外，这些公司实际上被要求构建一个锁定的邮箱，并将钥匙交给政府。[120] 例如，Facebook 为请求和共享信息构建了这样的系统。[120] Google 不提供锁定箱系统，而是通过手动交付或ssh传输所需的数据。[122]

Post-PRISM transparency reports
PRISM 之后的透明度报告

[edit]

In response to the publicity surrounding media reports of data-sharing, several companies requested permission to reveal more public information about the nature and scope of information provided in response to National Security requests.
针对媒体报道的数据共享相关消息，几家公司请求允许公开更多关于这些信息的性质和范围的公共信息。

On June 14, 2013, Facebook reported that the U.S. government had authorized the communication of "about these numbers in aggregate, and as a range." In a press release posted to its web site, the company reported, "For the six months ending December 31, 2012, the total number of user-data requests Facebook received from any and all government entities in the U.S. (including local, state, and federal, and including criminal and national security-related requests) – was between 9,000 and 10,000." The company further reported that the requests impacted "between 18,000 and 19,000" user accounts, a "tiny fraction of one percent" of more than 1.1 billion active user accounts.[123]
2013 年 6 月 14 日，Facebook 报告称，美国政府授权以“这些数字的总和以及范围”的形式公开通信内容。该公司在其网站上发布的新闻稿中称，“截至 2012 年 12 月 31 日的六个月，Facebook 收到的来自美国任何和所有政府实体（包括地方、州和联邦，包括刑事和国家安全相关请求）的用户数据请求总数在 9000 到 10000 之间。”该公司还报告称，这些请求影响了“18000 到 19000”个用户账户，占超过 11 亿活跃用户账户的“万分之一”。[123]

That same day, Microsoft reported that for the same period, it received "between 6,000 and 7,000 criminal and national security warrants, subpoenas and orders affecting between 31,000 and 32,000 consumer accounts from U.S. governmental entities (including local, state and federal)" which impacted "a tiny fraction of Microsoft's global customer base."[124]
同一天，微软报告称，同期它收到了“来自美国政府实体（包括地方、州和联邦）的 6000 至 7000 份刑事和国家安全逮捕令、传票和命令，影响了 31000 至 32000 个消费者账户”，这影响了“微软全球客户群中的一小部分”。[124]

Google issued a statement criticizing the requirement that data be reported in aggregated form, stating that lumping national security requests with criminal request data would be "a step backwards" from its previous, more detailed practices on its website's transparency report. The company said that it would continue to seek government permission to publish the number and extent of FISA requests.[125]
谷歌发表声明批评要求以汇总形式报告数据的规定，称将国家安全请求与刑事请求数据混为一谈将是“倒退一步”，与该公司网站上之前更详细的做法相比。该公司表示，将继续寻求政府许可，以公布 FISA 请求的数量和范围。[125]

Cisco Systems saw a huge drop in export sales because of fears that the National Security Agency could be using backdoors in its products.[126]
由于担心国家安全局可能在其产品中使用后门，思科系统的出口销售额大幅下降。[126]

On September 12, 2014, Yahoo! reported the U.S. Government threatened the imposition of $250,000 in fines per day if Yahoo didn't hand over user data as part of the NSA's PRISM program.[127] It is not known if other companies were threatened or fined for not providing data in response to a legitimate FISA requests.
2014 年 9 月 12 日，雅虎报道称，美国政府威胁称，如果雅虎不按国家安全局“棱镜计划”的要求交出用户数据，将每天处以 25 万美元的罚款。[127] 目前尚不清楚其他公司是否因未根据合法的 FISA 要求提供数据而受到威胁或罚款。

Public and media response
公众和媒体的反应

[edit]

Domestic 国内

[edit]
An elaborate graffiti in Columbus, Ohio, United States, satirizing comprehensive surveillance of telecommunications
美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市的一幅精心制作的涂鸦，讽刺对电信的全面监控

The New York Times editorial board charged that the Obama administration "has now lost all credibility on this issue,"[128] and lamented that "for years, members of Congress ignored evidence that domestic intelligence-gathering had grown beyond their control, and, even now, few seem disturbed to learn that every detail about the public's calling and texting habits now reside in a N.S.A. database."[129] It wrote with respect to the FISA-Court in context of PRISM that it is "a perversion of the American justice system" when "judicial secrecy is coupled with a one-sided presentation of the issues."[130] According to the New York Times, "the result is a court whose reach is expanding far beyond its original mandate and without any substantive check."[130]
《纽约时报》社论版指责奥巴马政府“在这个问题上已经失去了所有信誉”，[128]并哀叹“多年来，国会议员忽视了国内情报收集规模已经超出他们控制范围的证据，而且，即使现在，很少有人对了解到公众的通话和短信习惯的每一个细节现在都存储在 NSA 数据库中感到不安。”[129] 它在提到棱镜计划与 FISA 法院时写道，当“司法保密与对问题的片面陈述相结合时”，这是“美国司法系统的扭曲”。[130] 据《纽约时报》报道，“其结果是一个法院的影响力正在远远超出其最初的授权范围，而且没有任何实质性的制衡。”[130]

James Robertson, a former federal district judge based in Washington who served on the secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act court for three years between 2002 and 2005 and who ruled against the Bush administration in the landmark Hamdan v. Rumsfeld case, said FISA court is independent but flawed because only the government's side is represented effectively in its deliberations. "Anyone who has been a judge will tell you a judge needs to hear both sides of a case," said James Robertson.[131] Without this judges do not benefit from adversarial debate. He suggested creating an advocate with security clearance who would argue against government filings.[132] Robertson questioned whether the secret FISA court should provide overall legal approval for the surveillance programs, saying the court "has turned into something like an administrative agency." Under the changes brought by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, which expanded the US government's authority by forcing the court to approve entire surveillance systems and not just surveillance warrants as it previously handled, "the court is now approving programmatic surveillance. I don't think that is a judicial function."[131] Robertson also said he was "frankly stunned" by the New York Times report[80] that FISA court rulings had created a new body of law broadening the ability of the NSA to use its surveillance programs to target not only terrorists but suspects in cases involving espionage, cyberattacks and weapons of mass destruction.[131]
<一个 ID=1001>詹姆斯·罗伯逊，一位前联邦地区法官，曾在华盛顿任职，在 2002 年至 2005 年间在秘密的外国情报监视法案法院任职三年，并在具有里程碑意义的<一个 ID=1003>哈姆丹诉拉姆斯菲尔德案中裁决布什政府败诉，他说 FISA 法院是独立的，但有缺陷，因为在其审议中只有政府一方得到有效代表。“任何当过法官的人都会告诉你，法官需要听取案件的双方，”詹姆斯·罗伯逊说。<一个 ID=1005><跨度 ID=1006>[131]如果没有这一点，法官就无法从对抗性辩论中受益。他建议创建一个具有安全许可的辩护人，该辩护人将对政府的文件提出异议。<一个 ID=1009><跨度 ID=1010>[132]罗伯逊质疑秘密 FISA 法院是否应该对监控计划提供总体法律批准，他说该法院“已经变成了类似行政机构的东西。“在 2008 年《外国情报监视法 1978 年修正案》带来的变革下，该法案扩大了美国政府的权力，迫使法院批准整个监控系统，而不仅仅是以前处理的监控授权，“现在法院正在批准程序性监控。我认为这不是司法职能。”[131] 罗伯逊还表示，他对《纽约时报》的报道[80]感到“坦率地震惊”，该报道称，外国情报监视法院的裁决创造了新的法律体系，扩大了 NSA 使用其监控计划的能力，不仅可以针对恐怖分子，还可以针对涉及间谍活动、网络攻击和大规模杀伤性武器的案件中的嫌疑人。[131]

Former CIA analyst Valerie Plame Wilson and former U.S. diplomat Joseph Wilson, writing in an op-ed article published in The Guardian, said that "Prism and other NSA data-mining programs might indeed be very effective in hunting and capturing actual terrorists, but we don't have enough information as a society to make that decision."[133]
前 CIA 分析师瓦莱丽·普莱姆·威尔逊和前美国外交官约瑟夫·威尔逊在《卫报》发表的一篇专栏文章中写道：“棱镜和其他 NSA 数据挖掘计划在追捕和抓获真正的恐怖分子方面可能确实非常有效，但作为一个社会，我们没有足够的信息来做出这样的决定。”[133]

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), an international non-profit digital-rights group based in the U.S., is hosting a tool, by which an American resident can write to their government representatives regarding their opposition to mass spying.[134]
总部位于美国的国际非营利数字权利组织电子前沿基金会（EFF）正在举办一个工具，美国居民可以通过该工具写信给他们的政府代表，表达他们对大规模间谍活动的反对。[134]

The Obama administration's argument that NSA surveillance programs such as PRISM and Boundless Informant had been necessary to prevent acts of terrorism was challenged by several parties. Ed Pilkington and Nicholas Watt of The Guardian said of the case of Najibullah Zazi, who had planned to bomb the New York City Subway, that interviews with involved parties and U.S. and British court documents indicated that the investigation into the case had actually been initiated in response to "conventional" surveillance methods such as "old-fashioned tip-offs" of the British intelligence services, rather than to leads produced by NSA surveillance.[135] Michael Daly of The Daily Beast stated that even though Tamerlan Tsarnaev, who conducted the Boston Marathon bombing with his brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, had visited the Al Qaeda-affiliated Inspire magazine website, and even though Russian intelligence officials had raised concerns with U.S. intelligence officials about Tamerlan Tsarnaev, PRISM did not prevent him from carrying out the Boston attacks. Daly observed that, "The problem is not just what the National Security Agency is gathering at the risk of our privacy but what it is apparently unable to monitor at the risk of our safety."[136]
奥巴马政府辩称，国家安全局的 PRISM 和“无限情报源”等监控计划对于防止恐怖行为是必要的，这一论点受到了几方的质疑。《卫报》的艾德华·皮尔金顿和尼古拉·瓦特在谈到纳吉布拉·扎齐的案件时表示，对该案件的采访以及美国和英国的法庭文件表明，对该案件的调查实际上是应英国情报部门的“传统”监控方法的要求而发起的，而不是 NSA 监控产生的线索。《每日野兽》的迈克尔·达利表示，尽管塔梅尔兰·察尔纳耶夫在他的兄弟焦哈尔·察尔纳耶夫的协助下实施了波士顿马拉松爆炸事件，但他曾访问过与基地组织有关的《激励》杂志网站，而且俄罗斯情报官员也向美国提出了担忧。 情报官员关于塔梅尔兰·察尔纳耶夫的事，“棱镜”计划并没有阻止他实施波士顿爆炸案。戴利指出，“问题不仅在于国家安全局在侵犯我们隐私风险的情况下收集了什么，还在于它显然无法在危及我们安全的风险下进行监控。"[136]

Ron Paul, a former Republican member of Congress and prominent libertarian, thanked Snowden and Greenwald and denounced the mass surveillance as unhelpful and damaging, urging instead more transparency in U.S. government actions.[137] He called Congress "derelict in giving that much power to the government," and said that had he been elected president, he would have ordered searches only when there was probable cause of a crime having been committed, which he said was not how the PRISM program was being operated.[138]
罗恩·保罗，前共和党国会议员和著名的 自由意志主义者，感谢斯诺登和格林沃尔德，并谴责大规模监控是无益和有害的，他敦促美国政府行动更加透明。[137]他称国会“在赋予政府如此大的权力方面失职”，并表示如果他当选总统，他只会在有 犯罪嫌疑的情况下下令进行搜查，他说这不是“棱镜”计划的运作方式。[138]

New York Times columnist Thomas L. Friedman defended limited government surveillance programs intended to protect the American people from terrorist acts:
&1 《纽约时报》专栏作家 托马斯·L·弗里德曼 为旨在保护美国人民免受恐怖主义袭击的有限政府监控计划辩护：

Yes, I worry about potential government abuse of privacy from a program designed to prevent another 9/11—abuse that, so far, does not appear to have happened. But I worry even more about another 9/11. ... If there were another 9/11, I fear that 99 percent of Americans would tell their members of Congress: "Do whatever you need to do to, privacy be damned, just make sure this does not happen again." That is what I fear most. That is why I'll reluctantly, very reluctantly, trade off the government using data mining to look for suspicious patterns in phone numbers called and e-mail addresses—and then have to go to a judge to get a warrant to actually look at the content under guidelines set by Congress—to prevent a day where, out of fear, we give government a license to look at anyone, any e-mail, any phone call, anywhere, anytime.[139]
是的，我担心旨在防止另一个 9·11 的计划可能会出现政府侵犯隐私的情况——到目前为止，这种情况似乎还没有发生。但我更担心另一个 9·11。……如果再发生一次 9·11，我担心 99%的美国人会告诉他们的国会议员：“不管你需要做什么，不管隐私如何，只要确保这种情况不再发生。”这是我最担心的。这就是为什么我将不情愿地、非常不情愿地权衡政府使用数据挖掘来寻找电话号码和电子邮件地址中可疑模式的做法——然后必须去找法官根据国会制定的指导方针获得授权来实际查看内容——以防止有一天，出于恐惧，我们给政府许可，可以随时随地查看任何人、任何电子邮件、任何电话。[139]

Political commentator David Brooks similarly cautioned that government data surveillance programs are a necessary evil: "if you don't have mass data sweeps, well, then these agencies are going to want to go back to the old-fashioned eavesdropping, which is a lot more intrusive."[140]
政治评论员 大卫·布鲁克斯 同样警告说，政府数据监控计划是一种必要的邪恶：“如果你没有大规模的数据扫荡，那么这些机构将想要回到老式的监听，这要侵入得多。”[140]

Conservative commentator Charles Krauthammer worried less about the legality of PRISM and other NSA surveillance tools than about the potential for their abuse without more stringent oversight. "The problem here is not constitutionality. ... We need a toughening of both congressional oversight and judicial review, perhaps even some independent outside scrutiny. Plus periodic legislative revision—say, reauthorization every couple of years—in light of the efficacy of the safeguards and the nature of the external threat. The object is not to abolish these vital programs. It's to fix them."[141]
保守派评论员 查尔斯·克劳萨默 对 PRISM 和其他 NSA 监控工具的合法性担忧较少，而对其在没有更严格监督的情况下被滥用的可能性感到担忧。“这里的问题不是合宪性。……我们需要加强国会监督和司法审查，也许甚至需要一些独立的外部监督。此外，根据保障措施的有效性和外部威胁的性质，定期进行立法修订——例如每两年重新授权一次。目的不是要废除这些重要计划。而是要修复它们。”[141]

In a blog post, David Simon, the creator of The Wire, compared the NSA's programs, including PRISM, to a 1980s effort by the City of Baltimore to add dialed number recorders to all pay phones to know which individuals were being called by the callers;[142] the city believed that drug traffickers were using pay phones and pagers, and a municipal judge allowed the city to place the recorders. The placement of the dialers formed the basis of the show's first season. Simon argued that the media attention regarding the NSA programs is a "faux scandal."[142][143] Simon had stated that many classes of people in American society had already faced constant government surveillance.
在一篇博客文章中，《火线》的创作者 大卫·西蒙 将 NSA 的计划，包括 PRISM，与 20 世纪 80 年代巴尔的摩市向所有付费电话添加拨号记录器以了解哪些个人被呼叫者呼叫的努力进行了比较；[142] 该市认为毒贩正在使用付费电话和寻呼机，一名市政法官允许该市安装记录器。拨号器的放置构成了该剧第一季的基础。西蒙认为，媒体对 NSA 计划的关注是“虚假的丑闻”。[142][143] 西蒙曾表示，美国社会的许多阶层已经面临着政府的持续监控。

Political activist, and frequent critic of U.S. government policies, Noam Chomsky argued, "Governments should not have this capacity. But governments will use whatever technology is available to them to combat their primary enemy – which is their own population."[144]
政治活动家和美国政府政策的常客批评者，诺姆·乔姆斯基认为，“政府不应该拥有这种能力。但政府会利用一切可用的技术来对抗他们的主要敌人——那就是他们自己的人民。”[144]

A CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll conducted June 11 through 13 and released in 2013 found that 66% of Americans generally supported the program.[145][146][Notes 1] However, a Quinnipiac University poll conducted June 28 through July 8 and released in 2013 found that 45% of registered voters think the surveillance programs have gone too far, with 40% saying they do not go far enough, compared to 25% saying they had gone too far and 63% saying not far enough in 2010.[147] Other polls have shown similar shifts in public opinion as revelations about the programs were leaked.[148][149]
一份在 2013 年发布的由美国有线新闻网（CNN）和 Opinion Research Corporation 于 6 月 11 日至 13 日进行的民意调查显示，66%的美国人普遍支持该计划。[145][146][Notes 1]然而，昆尼皮亚克大学（Quinnipiac University）在 2013 年 6 月 28 日至 7 月 8 日进行的民意调查显示，45%的注册选民认为这些监控项目已经走得太远，40%的人表示走得不够远，相比之下，2010 年的调查结果是走得太远的占 25%，走得不够远的占 63%。[147]其他民调显示，随着有关这些项目的泄密，公众舆论也出现了类似的变化。[148][149]

In terms of economic impact, a study released in August by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation[150] found that the disclosure of PRISM could cost the U.S. economy between $21.5 and $35 billion in lost cloud computing business over three years.[151][152][153][154]
据信息技术与创新基金会 8 月份发布的一份研究表明，棱镜计划的披露可能会使美国经济在三年内损失 215 亿至 350 亿美元的云计算业务。[151][152][153][154]

International 国际

[edit]

Sentiment around the world was that of general displeasure upon learning the extent of world communication data mining. Some national leaders spoke against the NSA and some spoke against their own national surveillance. One national minister had scathing comments on the National Security Agency's data-mining program, citing Benjamin Franklin: "The more a society monitors, controls, and observes its citizens, the less free it is."[155] Some question if the costs of hunting terrorists now overshadows the loss of citizen privacy.[156][157]
得知世界通信数据挖掘的程度后，全球的情绪普遍是不满。一些国家领导人公开反对美国国家安全局，也有一些人针对自己国家的监控表示反对。一位国家部长严厉批评了美国国家安全局的数据挖掘计划，他引用本杰明·富兰克林的话说：“一个社会对其公民的监控、控制和观察越多，它就越不自由。”[155]一些人质疑现在追捕恐怖分子的成本是否超过了公民隐私的损失。[156][157]

Nick Xenophon, an Australian independent senator, asked Bob Carr, the Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs, if e-mail addresses of Australian parliamentarians were exempt from PRISM, Mainway, Marina, and/or Nucleon. After Carr replied that there was a legal framework to protect Australians but that the government would not comment on intelligence matters, Xenophon argued that this was not a specific answer to his question.[158]
尼克·克恩肖，一位澳大利亚独立参议员，询问鲍勃·卡尔，澳大利亚外交部长，澳大利亚议员的电子邮件地址是否免受 PRISM、Mainway、Marina 和/或 Nucleon 的影响。在卡尔回答说有法律框架来保护澳大利亚人，但政府不会对情报事项发表评论后，克恩肖辩称这不是对他问题的具体回答。[158

Taliban spokesperson Zabiullah Mujahid said, "We knew about their past efforts to trace our system. We have used our technical resources to foil their efforts and have been able to stop them from succeeding so far."[159][160] However CNN has reported that terrorist groups have changed their "communications behaviors" in response to the leaks.[65]
塔利班发言人扎比乌拉·穆贾希德表示，“我们知道他们过去追踪我们系统的努力。我们利用我们的技术资源挫败了他们的努力，并且到目前为止能够阻止他们成功。”[159][160]然而，美国有线电视新闻网报道称，恐怖组织已经改变了他们的“通信行为”以应对这些泄密事件。[65

In 2013 the Cloud Security Alliance surveyed cloud computing stakeholders about their reactions to the US PRISM spying scandal. About 10% of non-US residents indicated that they had cancelled a project with a US-based cloud computing provider, in the wake of PRISM; 56% said that they would be less likely to use a US-based cloud computing service. The Alliance predicted that US cloud computing providers might lose as much as €26 billion and 20% of its share of cloud services in foreign markets because of the PRISM spying scandal.[161]
2013 年，云安全联盟调查了云计算利益相关者对美国“棱镜”监控项目的反应。大约 10%的非美国居民表示，在“棱镜”事件后，他们取消了与美国云计算提供商的项目；56%的人表示，他们将不太可能使用美国的云计算服务。该联盟预测，由于“棱镜”监控项目，美国云计算提供商可能会损失高达 260 亿欧元，以及其在国外市场的 20%的云服务份额。[161]

China 中国
[edit]
Hong Kong rally to support Snowden, June 15, 2013
香港集会支持斯诺登，2013 年 6 月 15 日

Reactions of internet users in China were mixed between viewing a loss of freedom worldwide and seeing state surveillance coming out of secrecy. The story broke just before U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping met in California.[162][163] When asked about NSA hacking China, the spokeswoman of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China said, "China strongly advocates cybersecurity."[164] The party-owned newspaper Liberation Daily described this surveillance like Nineteen Eighty-Four-style.[165] Hong Kong legislators Gary Fan and Claudia Mo wrote a letter to Obama stating, "the revelations of blanket surveillance of global communications by the world's leading democracy have damaged the image of the U.S. among freedom-loving peoples around the world."[166] Ai Weiwei, a Chinese dissident, said, "Even though we know governments do all kinds of things I was shocked by the information about the US surveillance operation, Prism. To me, it's abusively using government powers to interfere in individuals' privacy. This is an important moment for international society to reconsider and protect individual rights."[167]
中国网民的反应是复杂的，一方面看到了全球自由的丧失，另一方面也看到了国家监控从秘密中浮现。这个故事发生在美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马和中国国家主席习近平在加利福尼亚会面之前。[162][163]当被问及美国国家安全局（NSA）入侵中国的问题时，中国外交部发言人表示，“中国强烈主张网络安全。”[164]党报《解放日报》将这种监控描述为《1984》-style。[165]香港立法会议员范徐丽泰和莫乃光致信奥巴马说：“世界领先民主国家对全球通信进行全面监控的揭露损害了美国的形象。 “即便我们知道政府会做各种各样的事情，但我还是被美国监控行动棱镜的信息震惊了。对我来说，这是滥用政府权力干预个人隐私。这是国际社会反思和保护个人权利的重要时刻。”中国异议人士艾未未说。“[167]

Europe 欧洲
[edit]

Sophie in 't Veld, a Dutch Member of the European Parliament, called PRISM "a violation of EU laws."[168]
荷兰欧洲议会议员索菲·因·特·维尔德称“棱镜”计划“违反欧盟法律”。[168]

Digital rights group Digitale Gesellschaft protest at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin, Germany (June 18, 2013)
2013 年 6 月 18 日，数字权利组织“数字社会”在德国柏林的查理检查站抗议。
Protesters against PRISM in Berlin, Germany wearing Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden masks (June 19, 2013)
2013 年 6 月 19 日，德国柏林，抗议“棱镜”计划的抗议者戴着切尔西·曼宁和爱德华·斯诺登的面具。

The German Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, Peter Schaar, condemned the program as "monstrous."[169] He further added that White House claims do "not reassure me at all" and that "given the large number of German users of Google, Facebook, Apple or Microsoft services, I expect the German government ... is committed to clarification and limitation of surveillance." Steffen Seibert, press secretary of the Chancellor's office, announced that Angela Merkel will put these issues on the agenda of the talks with Barack Obama during his pending visit in Berlin.[170] Wolfgang Schmidt, a former lieutenant colonel with the Stasi, said that the Stasi would have seen such a program as a "dream come true" since the Stasi lacked the technology that made PRISM possible.[171] Schmidt expressed opposition, saying, "It is the height of naivete to think that once collected this information won't be used. This is the nature of secret government organizations. The only way to protect the people's privacy is not to allow the government to collect their information in the first place."[100] Many Germans organized protests, including one at Checkpoint Charlie, when Obama went to Berlin to speak. Matthew Schofield of the McClatchy Washington Bureau said, "Germans are dismayed at Obama's role in allowing the collection of so much information."[100]
德国联邦信息自由和数据保护专员彼得·沙尔谴责该计划为“可怕的”。[169]他进一步补充说，白宫的声明“根本不能使我放心”，“考虑到德国有大量用户使用谷歌、Facebook、苹果或微软的服务，我期望德国政府……致力于澄清和限制监控。”施泰芬·赛伯特，总理办公室的新闻秘书，宣布安格拉·默克尔将在巴拉克·奥巴马即将访问柏林期间，将这些问题列入与巴拉克·奥巴马的会谈议程。[170]前斯塔西中校沃尔夫冈·施密特说，斯塔西会认为这样的计划是“梦想成真”，因为斯塔西缺乏使 PRISM 成为可能的技术。&1 [171] 施密特表示反对，他说：“一旦收集了这些信息，就不会被使用，这种想法是天真的。这是秘密政府组织的本质。保护人民隐私的唯一方法是一开始就不允许政府收集他们的信息。”[100] 许多德国人组织了抗议活动，包括奥巴马前往柏林演讲时在查理检查站的抗议活动。《迈阿密先驱报》华盛顿分社的马修·肖菲尔德说：“德国人对奥巴马允许收集如此多信息的角色感到震惊。&2 [100]

The Italian president of the Guarantor for the protection of personal data, Antonello Soro, said that the surveillance dragnet "would not be legal in Italy" and would be "contrary to the principles of our legislation and would represent a very serious violation."[172]
意大利个人数据保护专员安东内洛·索罗表示，监控“在意大利将是不合法的”，并且“违反我们立法的原则，将是非常严重的违规行为。”[172]

CNIL (French data protection watchdog) ordered Google to change its privacy policies within three months or risk fines up to 150,000 euros. Spanish Agency of data protection (AEPD) planned to fine Google between 40,000 and 300,000 euros if it failed to clear stored data on the Spanish users.[173]
CNIL (法国数据保护监督机构)下令谷歌在三个月内更改其隐私政策，否则可能面临高达 15 万欧元的罚款。西班牙数据保护机构 (AEPD) 计划如果谷歌未能清除西班牙用户的存储数据，将对其处以 4 万至 30 万欧元的罚款。[173]

William Hague, the foreign secretary of the United Kingdom, dismissed accusations that British security agencies had been circumventing British law by using information gathered on British citizens by PRISM[174] saying, "Any data obtained by us from the United States involving UK nationals is subject to proper UK statutory controls and safeguards."[174] David Cameron said Britain's spy agencies that received data collected from PRISM acted within the law: "I'm satisfied that we have intelligence agencies that do a fantastically important job for this country to keep us safe, and they operate within the law."[174][175] Malcolm Rifkind, the chairman of parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee, said that if the British intelligence agencies were seeking to know the content of emails about people living in the UK, then they actually have to get lawful authority.[175] The UK's Information Commissioner's Office was more cautious, saying it would investigate PRISM alongside other European data agencies: "There are real issues about the extent to which U.S. law agencies can access personal data of UK and other European citizens. Aspects of U.S. law under which companies can be compelled to provide information to U.S. agencies potentially conflict with European data protection law, including the UK's own Data Protection Act. The ICO has raised this with its European counterparts, and the issue is being considered by the European Commission, who are in discussions with the U.S. Government."[168]
威廉·黑格，英国外交大臣，驳斥了英国安全机构通过使用 PRISM 收集的英国公民信息规避英国法律的指控，他说：“我们从美国获得的涉及英国国民的数据都受到适当的英国法定控制和保障。”[174]大卫·卡梅伦表示，英国情报机构收到的来自 PRISM 的数据是合法的：“我相信我们的情报机构为了我们国家的安全做了一项非常重要的工作，他们是在法律范围内运作的。”[174][175]马尔科姆·里夫金德，议会情报和安全委员会主席，表示如果英国情报机构试图了解居住在英国的人的电子邮件内容，那么他们实际上必须获得合法授权。[175]英国信息专员办公室则更为谨慎，称将与其他欧洲数据机构一起调查 PRISM：“美国执法机构在多大程度上可以访问英国和其他欧洲公民的个人数据存在真正的问题。美国法律中的某些方面，根据这些法律，公司可能被迫向美国机构提供信息，这可能与欧洲数据保护法，包括英国自己的《数据保护法》相冲突。ICO 已将此问题提交给其欧洲同行，欧洲委员会正在与欧盟进行讨论。S. Government."[168]

Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, accused western governments of practicing hypocrisy, as they conducted spying on the internet while they criticized other countries for spying on the internet. He stated that internet spying can make people feel reluctant to access intimate and private information that is important to them.[176] In a statement given to Financial Times following the Snowden revelations, Berners-Lee stated "Unwarranted government surveillance is an intrusion on basic human rights that threatens the very foundations of a democratic society."[177]
蒂姆·伯纳斯·李，万维网的发明者，指责西方国家政府在批评其他国家互联网间谍活动的同时，自己却在进行互联网间谍活动。他说，互联网间谍活动会让人不愿意获取对他们来说重要的亲密和私人信息。[176]在斯诺登事件曝光后，伯纳斯·李向《金融时报》发表声明称：“未经授权的政府监控是对基本人权的侵犯，威胁到民主社会的基础。”[177]

India 印度
[edit]

Minister of External Affairs Salman Khurshid defended the PRISM program saying, "This is not scrutiny and access to actual messages. It is only computer analysis of patterns of calls and emails that are being sent. It is not actually snooping specifically on content of anybody's message or conversation. Some of the information they got out of their scrutiny, they were able to use it to prevent serious terrorist attacks in several countries."[178] His comments contradicted his Foreign Ministry's characterization of violations of privacy as "unacceptable."[179][180] When the then Minister of Communications and Information Technology Kapil Sibal was asked about Khurshid's comments, he refused to comment on them directly, but said, "We do not know the nature of data or information sought [as part of PRISM]. Even the external ministry does not have any idea."[181] The media felt that Khurshid's defence of PRISM was because the India government was rolling out the Central Monitoring System (CMS), which is similar to the PRISM program.[182][183][184]
外交部长萨尔曼·库尔希德为 PRISM 计划辩护说：“这不是对实际消息的审查和访问。这只是对正在发送的电话和电子邮件模式的计算机分析。实际上并没有专门窥探任何人消息或对话的内容。他们从审查中获得的一些信息，能够用于在几个国家预防严重的恐怖袭击。”[178]他的评论与他的[179][180]当当时的卡皮尔·西巴尔被问及库尔希德的评论时，他拒绝直接对其发表评论，但表示：“我们不知道[作为 PRISM 一部分寻求的]数据或信息的性质。就连外交部也不知道。”媒体认为库尔希德为 PRISM 辩护的原因是印度政府正在推出类似 PRISM 计划的中央监控系统（CMS）。[182][183][184]

Khurshid's comments were criticized by the Indian media,[185][186] as well as opposition party CPI(M) who stated, "The UPA government should have strongly protested against such surveillance and bugging. Instead, it is shocking that Khurshid has sought to justify it. This shameful remark has come at a time when even the close allies of the US like Germany and France have protested against the snooping on their countries."[187]
库雷希的言论受到了印度媒体的批评，[185][186]以及反对党CPI(M)表示，“联合政府应该强烈抗议这种监视和窃听。相反，库雷希试图为之辩护是令人震惊的。这一可耻的言论发生在就连美国的亲密盟友德国和法国也对其国家的窥探行为表示抗议的时候。”[187]

Rajya Sabha MP P. Rajeev told The Times of India that "The act of the USA is a clear violation of Vienna convention on diplomatic relations. But Khurshid is trying to justify it. And the speed of the government of India to reject the asylum application of Edward Snowden is shameful."[188]
联邦院议员拉杰伊告诉《印度时报》，“美国的行为显然违反了《维也纳外交关系公约》。但库雷希却试图为之辩护。而印度政府拒绝爱德华·斯诺登庇护申请的速度是可耻的。”[188]

[edit]

Applicable law and practice
适用的法律和惯例

[edit]

On June 8, 2013, the Director of National Intelligence issued a fact sheet stating that PRISM "is not an undisclosed collection or data mining program," but rather "an internal government computer system" used to facilitate the collection of foreign intelligence information "under court supervision, as authorized by Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) (50 U.S.C. § 1881a)."[55] Section 702 provides that "the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence may authorize jointly, for a period of up to 1 year from the effective date of the authorization, the targeting of persons reasonably believed to be located outside the United States to acquire foreign intelligence information."[189] In order to authorize the targeting, the attorney general and Director of National Intelligence need to obtain an order from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA Court) pursuant to Section 702 or certify that "intelligence important to the national security of the United States may be lost or not timely acquired and time does not permit the issuance of an order."[189] When requesting an order, the attorney general and Director of National Intelligence must certify to the FISA Court that "a significant purpose of the acquisition is to obtain foreign intelligence information."[189] They do not need to specify which facilities or property will be targeted.[189]
2013 年 6 月 8 日，国家情报总监发表一份情况说明书，称“棱镜”项目“并非未公开的收集或数据挖掘计划”，而是“一个内部政府计算机系统”，用于在“《外国情报监控法》第 702 条（FISA）（50 USC § 1881a）授权下，在法庭监督下便利外国情报信息的收集”。[55]第 702 条规定，“司法部长和国家情报总监可共同授权，在授权生效后的 1 年内，针对合理地被认为位于美国境外的个人进行目标定位，以获取外国情报信息。"[189] 为了授权目标定位，司法部长和国家情报局长需要根据第 702 节从外国情报监视法院（FISA 法院）获得命令，或证明“对美国国家安全至关重要的情报可能会丢失或无法及时获取，而时间不允许发布命令。”[189] 当请求命令时，司法部长和国家情报局长必须向 FISA 法院证明“获取的一个重要目的是获取外国情报信息。”[189] 他们不需要指定将针对哪些设施或财产。[189]

After receiving a FISA Court order or determining that there are emergency circumstances, the attorney general and Director of National Intelligence can direct an electronic communication service provider to give them access to information or facilities to carry out the targeting and keep the targeting secret.[189] The provider then has the option to: (1) comply with the directive; (2) reject it; or (3) challenge it with the FISA Court. If the provider complies with the directive, it is released from liability to its users for providing the information and is reimbursed for the cost of providing it,[189] while if the provider rejects the directive, the attorney general may request an order from the FISA Court to enforce it.[189] A provider that fails to comply with the FISA Court's order can be punished with contempt of court.[189]
在接到外国情报监视法院的命令或确定存在紧急情况后，司法部长和国家情报局长可以指示电子通信服务提供商向他们提供信息或设施，以进行目标定位并保持目标定位的秘密性。[189] 然后，提供商可以选择：（1）遵守该指令；（2）拒绝；或（3）向外国情报监视法院提出质疑。如果提供商遵守该指令，它将免除向其用户提供信息的责任，并获得提供信息的费用补偿，[189] 而如果提供商拒绝该指令，司法部长可以请求外国情报监视法院发出命令强制执行。[189] 不遵守外国情报监视法院命令的提供商可能会被处以藐视法庭罪。[189]

Finally, a provider can petition the FISA Court to reject the directive.[189] In case the FISA Court denies the petition and orders the provider to comply with the directive, the provider risks contempt of court if it refuses to comply with the FISA Court's order.[189] The provider can appeal the FISA Court's denial to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review and then appeal the Court of Review's decision to the Supreme Court by a writ of certiorari for review under seal.[189]
最后，提供者可以请求 FISA 法院驳回该指令。[189]如果 FISA 法院驳回了请求并命令提供者遵守该指令，那么提供者如果拒绝遵守 FISA 法院的命令，就有可能被判藐视法庭。[189]提供者可以就 FISA 法院的驳回决定向上诉到外国情报监督法院审查，然后可以通过调卷令将法院审查的决定上诉到最高法院进行审查，审查过程将保密。[189]

The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the FISA Courts had been put in place to oversee intelligence operations in the period after the death of J. Edgar Hoover. Beverly Gage of Slate said, "When they were created, these new mechanisms were supposed to stop the kinds of abuses that men like Hoover had engineered. Instead, it now looks as if they have come to function as rubber stamps for the expansive ambitions of the intelligence community. J. Edgar Hoover no longer rules Washington, but it turns out we didn't need him anyway."[190]
参议院情报特别委员会和《外国情报监视法》法院的设立是为了监督 J. 埃德加·胡佛去世后的情报行动。《石板》的贝弗利·盖奇说：“当这些新机制创建时，人们原本以为它们可以阻止像胡佛这样的人所策划的那种滥用行为。相反，现在看来，它们似乎已经成为情报界扩张野心的橡皮图章。J. 埃德加·胡佛不再统治华盛顿，但事实证明我们不需要他。”[190]

Litigation 诉讼

[edit]
Date  日期 Litigant  诉讼人 Description  描述
June 11, 2013 2013 年 6 月 11 日 American Civil Liberties Union
美国公民自由联盟		 Lawsuit filed against the NSA citing that the "Mass Call Tracking Program" (as the case terms PRISM) "violates Americans' constitutional rights of free speech, association, and privacy" and constitutes "dragnet" surveillance, in violation of the First and Fourth Amendments to the Constitution, and thereby also "exceeds the authority granted by 50 U.S.C. § 1861, and thereby violates 5 U.S.C. § 706."[191] The case was joined by Yale Law School, on behalf of its Media Freedom and Information Access Clinic.[192]
针对 NSA 的诉讼称，“大规模呼叫跟踪计划”（如该案所称的 PRISM）“侵犯了美国人的言论自由、结社自由和隐私权利”，构成“大范围监控”，违反了美国宪法第一和第四修正案，因此也“超出了 50U.S.C.§1861 所授予的权力，并因此违反了 5U.S.C.§706。”[191] 该案件由代表其媒体自由和信息获取诊所的耶鲁法学院加入。[192]
June 11, 2013 2013 年 6 月 11 日 FreedomWatch USA 自由观察美国 Class action lawsuit against government bodies and officials believed responsible for PRISM, and 12 companies (including Apple, Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Skype and their chief executives) who have been disclosed as providing or making available mass information about their users' communications and data to the NSA under the PRISM program or related programs. The case cites the First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution, as well as breach of 18 U.S.C. §§2702 (disclosure of communications records), and asks the court to rule that the program operates outside its legal authority (s.215 of the Patriot Act). The class includes the plaintiffs and[193]
针对被认为对 PRISM 负责的政府机构和官员的集体诉讼，以及被披露为根据 PRISM 计划或相关计划向 NSA 提供或提供大量用户通信和数据的 12 家公司（包括苹果、微软、谷歌、脸书和Skype及其首席执行官）。该案件引用了《宪法》的第一、第四和第五修正案，以及违反18 U.S.C.§§2702（通信记录披露），并要求法院裁定该计划在其合法权限之外运作（《爱国者法案》第 215 节）。该班级包括原告和[193]
"other American citizens who, in addition to being members of the Nationwide Class, had their telephone calls and/or emails and/or any other communications made or received through Facebook, Google, Yahoo, YouTube, Skype, AOL, Sprint, AT&T, Apple, Microsoft and/or PalTalk actually recorded and/or listened into by or on behalf of [the] Defendants."
其他美国公民，除了是全国性类别成员之外，他们的电话呼叫和/或电子邮件和/或任何其他通过 Facebook、Google、Yahoo、YouTube、Skype、AOL、Sprint、AT&T、Apple、Microsoft 和/或 PalTalk 进行或接收的通信实际上被或代表被告录制和/或监听。

In November 2017, the district court dismissed the case.
2017 年 11 月，地区法院驳回了此案。

February 18, 2014 2014 年 2 月 18 日 Rand Paul and Freedom Works, Inc.
兰德·保罗和自由工作公司		 Lawsuit filed against President Barack Obama, James R. Clapper, as Director of National Intelligence, Keith B. Alexander, as director of the NSA, James B. Comey, as director of the FBI, in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The case contends that the Defendants are violating the Fourth Amendment of the United States by collecting phone metadata. The case is currently stayed pending the outcome of the government's appeal in the FreedomWatch USA/Klayman case.
对美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马、国家情报总监詹姆斯·R·克拉珀、国家安全局局长基思·B·亚历山大、联邦调查局局长詹姆斯·B·科米提起诉讼，在美国哥伦比亚特区地方法院。该案件辩称，被告通过收集电话元数据侵犯了美国第四修正案。该案件目前已暂缓，等待政府在 FreedomWatch USA/Klayman 案件中的上诉结果。
June 2, 2014 2014 年 6 月 2 日 Elliott J. Schuchardt 埃利奥特·J·舒查特 Lawsuit filed against President Barack Obama, James R. Clapper, as Director of National Intelligence, Admiral Michael R. Rogers, as director of the NSA, James B. Comey, as director of the FBI, in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. The case contends that the Defendants are violating the Fourth Amendment of the United States by collecting the full content of e-mail in the United States. The complaint asks the Court to find the Defendants' program unconstitutional, and seeks an injunction. The court is currently considering the government's motion to dismiss this case.
针对美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马、国家情报总监詹姆斯·R·克拉珀、国家安全局局长迈克尔·R·罗杰斯、联邦调查局局长詹姆斯·B·科米在宾夕法尼亚州西部地区法院提起诉讼。该案件辩称，被告通过收集美国境内电子邮件的全部内容来侵犯第四修正案。诉状要求法院认定被告的计划违宪，并寻求禁令。法院目前正在考虑政府驳回此案的动议。
[edit]

Laura Donohue, a law professor at the Georgetown University Law Center and its Center on National Security and the Law, has called PRISM and other NSA mass surveillance programs unconstitutional.[194]
乔治敦大学法学院和其国家安全与法律中心的法学教授劳拉·多诺霍认为 PRISM 和其他 NSA 大规模监控计划是违宪的。[194]

Woodrow Hartzog, an affiliate at Stanford Law School's Center for Internet and Society commented that "[The ACLU will] likely have to demonstrate legitimate First Amendment harms (such as chilling effects) or Fourth Amendment harms (perhaps a violation of a reasonable expectation of privacy) ... Is it a harm to merely know with certainty that you are being monitored by the government? There's certainly an argument that it is. People under surveillance act differently, experience a loss of autonomy, are less likely to engage in self exploration and reflection, and are less willing to engage in core expressive political activities such as dissenting speech and government criticism. Such interests are what First and Fourth Amendment seek to protect."[195]
伍德罗·哈特佐格（Woodrow Hartzog），斯坦福法学院互联网与社会中心的附属人员评论说：“[美国公民自由联盟将]可能不得不证明合法的第一修正案损害（例如寒蝉效应）或第四修正案损害（也许是对合理隐私期望的侵犯）……仅仅知道你被政府监控是否是一种损害？当然可以说有这种情况。受到监控的人行为不同，自主性丧失，不太可能进行自我探索和反思，也不太愿意参与核心表达性政治活动，如异议言论和政府批评。这些利益是第一和第四修正案试图保护的。”[195]

Legality of the FISA Amendments Act
《外国情报监视法修正案》的合法性

[edit]

The FISA Amendments Act (FAA) Section 702 is referenced in PRISM documents detailing the electronic interception, capture and analysis of metadata. Many reports and letters of concern written by members of Congress suggest that this section of FAA in particular is legally and constitutionally problematic, such as by targeting U.S. persons, insofar as "Collections occur in U.S." as published documents indicate.[196][197][198][199]
《外国情报监视法修正案》（FAA）第 702 节在详细描述电子拦截、捕获和分析元数据的 PRISM 文件中被提及。许多国会议员撰写的报告和关切信表明，特别是 FAA 的这一部分在法律和宪法上存在问题，例如，正如已公布的文件所表明的那样，该部分针对的是美国人员，只要“收集发生在美国境内”。[196][197][198][199]

The ACLU has asserted the following regarding the FAA: "Regardless of abuses, the problem with the FAA is more fundamental: the statute itself is unconstitutional."[200]
美国公民自由联盟（ACLU）对 FAA 提出了以下主张：“无论存在滥用行为，FAA 问题的根源更基本：该法规本身违宪。”[200]

Senator Rand Paul is introducing new legislation called the Fourth Amendment Restoration Act of 2013 to stop the NSA or other agencies of the United States government from violating the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution using technology and big data information systems like PRISM and Boundless Informant.[201][202]
参议员 兰德·保罗正在提出一项名为《2013 年第四修正案恢复法案》的新立法，以阻止美国政府的 NSA 或其他机构使用技术和大数据信息系统，如棱镜和无限情报，侵犯《美国宪法》的第四修正案。[201][202]

Programs sharing the name PRISM
名为棱镜的程序

[edit]

Besides the information collection program started in 2007, there are two other programs sharing the name PRISM:[203]
除了 2007 年开始的信息收集计划外，还有另外两个名为棱镜的计划：[203]

  • The Planning tool for Resource Integration, Synchronization and Management (PRISM), a web tool used by US military intelligence to send tasks and instructions to data collection platforms deployed to military operations.[204]
    资源集成、同步和管理规划工具（PRISM），这是美国军事情报部门用于向部署到军事行动的数据收集平台发送任务和指令的网络工具。[204]
  • The Portal for Real-time Information Sharing and Management (PRISM), whose existence was revealed by the NSA in July 2013.[203] This is an internal NSA program for real-time sharing of information which is apparently located in the NSA's Information Assurance Directorate.[203] The NSA's Information Assurance Directorate (IAD) is a very secretive division which is responsible for safeguarding U.S. government and military secrets by implementing sophisticated encryption techniques.[203]
    实时信息共享和管理门户（PRISM），其存在于 2013 年 7 月被 NSA 曝光。[203] 这是 NSA 内部的实时信息共享计划，显然位于 NSA 的信息保障局。[203] NSA 的信息保障局（IAD）是一个非常秘密的部门，负责通过实施复杂的加密技术来保护美国政府和军事机密。[203]
[edit]
Main article: List of government mass surveillance projects
主要文章：政府大规模监控项目列表
Idea behind the MUSCULAR program, which gave direct access to Google and Yahoo private clouds, no warrants needed
“MUSCULAR”计划背后的想法，该计划直接访问谷歌和雅虎的私人云，无需逮捕令

Parallel programs, known collectively as SIGADs gather data and metadata from other sources, each SIGAD has a set of defined sources, targets, types of data collected, legal authorities, and software associated with it. Some SIGADs have the same name as the umbrella under which they sit, BLARNEY's (the SIGAD) summary, set down in the slides alongside a cartoon insignia of a shamrock and a leprechaun hat, describes it as "an ongoing collection program that leverages IC [intelligence community] and commercial partnerships to gain access and exploit foreign intelligence obtained from global networks."
并行程序，统称为 SIGADs，从其他来源收集数据和 元数据，每个 SIGAD 都有一组定义的来源、目标、收集的数据类型、法律授权以及与之相关的软件。一些 SIGADs 的名称与它们所在的保护伞相同，BLARNEY（SIGAD）的摘要，写在幻灯片上，旁边是三叶草和小矮妖帽子的卡通徽章，将其描述为“一个正在进行的收集计划，利用 IC[情报界] 和商业伙伴关系获取并利用从全球网络获得的外国情报”。

Some SIGADs, like PRISM, collect data at the ISP level, but others take it from the top-level infrastructure. This type of collection is known as "upstream". Upstream collection includes programs known by the blanket terms BLARNEY, FAIRVIEW, OAKSTAR and STORMBREW, under each of these are individual SIGADs. Data that is integrated into a SIGAD can be gathered in other ways besides upstream, and from the service providers, for instance it can be collected from passive sensors around embassies, or even stolen from an individual computer network in a hacking attack.[205][206][207][208][209] Not all SIGADs involve upstream collection, for instance, data could be taken directly from a service provider, either by agreement (as is the case with PRISM), by means of hacking, or other ways.[210][211][212] According to the Washington Post, the much less known MUSCULAR program, which directly taps the unencrypted data inside the Google and Yahoo private clouds, collects more than twice as many data points compared to PRISM.[213] Because the Google and Yahoo clouds span the globe, and because the tap was done outside of the United States, unlike PRISM, the MUSCULAR program requires no (FISA or other type of) warrants.[214]
一些 SIGAD 系统，如 PRISM，在 ISP 级别收集数据，但其他系统则从顶级基础设施中获取数据。这种类型的收集被称为“上游”。上游收集包括被 blanket terms BLARNEY、FAIRVIEW、OAKSTAR 和 STORMBREW 等术语所熟知的程序，在这些术语下，每个术语都有各自的 SIGAD。除了上游收集之外，还可以通过其他方式将集成到 SIGAD 中的数据进行收集，例如从服务提供商处收集，或者从大使馆周围的被动传感器中收集，甚至可以通过黑客攻击从个人计算机网络中窃取数据。[205][206][207][208][209]并非所有 SIGAD 都涉及上游收集，例如，可以通过协议（如 PRISM 情况）、黑客攻击或其他方式直接从服务提供商获取数据。[210][211][212]据《华盛顿邮报》报道，鲜为人知的“MUSCULAR”计划直接访问谷歌和雅虎的未加密数据，相比之下，该计划收集的数据点是 PRISM 的两倍多。&1 [213] 由于谷歌和雅虎的云服务覆盖全球，而且与 PRISM 不同，该计划是在美国境外进行的，因此不需要（FISA 或其他类型的）授权。&2 [214]

See also 另见

[edit]

Notes 注释

[edit]
  1. ^ The precise question was: [F]or the past few years the Obama administration has reportedly been gathering and analyzing information from major internet companies about audio and video chats, photographs, e-mails, and documents involving people in other countries in an attempt to locate suspected terrorists. The government reportedly does not target internet usage by US citizens and if such data is collected, it is kept under strict controls. Do you think the Obama administration was right or wrong in gathering and analyzing that internet data?
    确切的问题是：[F]or 在过去几年中，据报道奥巴马政府一直在收集和分析主要互联网公司关于涉及其他国家人员的音频和视频聊天、照片、电子邮件和文件的信息，以定位涉嫌恐怖分子。据称，政府不针对美国公民的互联网使用进行目标定位，如果收集到此类数据，将受到严格控制。你认为奥巴马政府收集和分析该互联网数据是正确的还是错误的？

References 参考

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Gellman, Barton; Poitras, Laura (June 6, 2013). "US Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
    &1 杰勒曼，巴顿；波伊特拉斯，劳拉（2013 年 6 月 6 日）。“美国情报机构从九家美国互联网公司挖掘数据的秘密计划”。《华盛顿邮报》。存档于 2013 年 6 月 6 日。取自 June 15, 2013。
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 6, 2013). "NSA Taps in to Internet Giants' Systems to Mine User Data, Secret Files Reveal – Top-Secret Prism Program Claims Direct Access to Servers of Firms Including Google, Apple and Facebook – Companies Deny Any Knowledge of Program in Operation Since 2007 – Obama Orders US to Draw Up Overseas Target List for Cyber-Attacks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
    &2 格林沃尔德，格伦；麦阿斯基尔，伊文（2013 年 6 月 6 日）。“国家安全局利用棱镜计划访问互联网巨头系统，挖掘用户数据——机密文件显示——该计划自 2007 年以来一直在运行，奥巴马下令美国制定针对海外目标的网络攻击名单”。《卫报》。存档于 2019 年 2 月 7 日。取自 June 15, 2013。
  3. ^ Braun, Stephen; Flaherty, Anne; Gillum, Jack; Apuzzo, Matt (June 15, 2013). "Secret to PRISM Program: Even Bigger Data Seizures". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
    &3 布朗，斯蒂芬；弗莱厄蒂，安妮；吉勒姆，杰克；阿普佐，马特（2013 年 6 月 15 日）。“棱镜计划的秘密：更大的数据抓取”。美联社。存档于 2013 年 9 月 10 日。取自 June 18, 2013。
  4. ^ Chappell, Bill (June 6, 2013). "NSA Reportedly Mines Servers of US Internet Firms for Data". NPR. The Two-Way (blog of NPR). Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
    查普尔，比尔（2013 年 6 月 6 日）。“NSA 据报道从美国互联网公司服务器挖掘数据”。NPR。《两个方向》（NPR 的博客）。存档自原始内容于 2013 年 6 月 13 日。取自 June 15, 2013。
  5. ^ ZDNet Community; Whittaker, Zack (June 8, 2013). "PRISM: Here's How the NSA Wiretapped the Internet". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
    ZDNet 社区；惠特克，扎克（2013 年 6 月 8 日）。“棱镜：NSA 如何窃听互联网”。ZDNet。CBS 互动。存档自原始内容于 2013 年 6 月 14 日。取自 June 15, 2013。
  6. ^ Barton Gellman & Ashkan Soltani (October 30, 2013). "NSA infiltrates links to Yahoo, Google data centers worldwide, Snowden documents say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
    巴顿·格尔曼和阿什坎·索尔特尼（2013 年 10 月 30 日）。“NSA 渗透到雅虎、谷歌全球数据中心，斯诺登文件称”。《华盛顿邮报》。存档自 2014 年 4 月 6 日原始内容。取自 October 31, 2013。
  7. ^ Siobhan Gorman & Jennifer Valentiono-Devries (August 20, 2013). "New Details Show Broader NSA Surveillance Reach - Programs Cover 75% of Nation's Traffic, Can Snare Emails". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
    西沃恩·戈尔曼和詹妮弗·瓦伦丁诺-德夫里斯（2013 年 8 月 20 日）。“新细节显示更广泛的 NSA 监控范围——计划涵盖全国 75%的流量，可以捕获电子邮件”。《华尔街日报》。取自 August 21, 2013。
  8. ^ "Graphic: How the NSA Scours Internet Traffic in the U.S." The Wall Street Journal. August 20, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
    图片：美国国家安全局如何在美国互联网流量中进行搜索。《华尔街日报》。2013 年 8 月 20 日。检索时间：2013 年 8 月 20 日。
  9. ^ Jennifer Valentiono-Devries & Siobhan Gorman (August 20, 2013). "What You Need to Know on New Details of NSA Spying". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
    珍妮弗·瓦伦蒂诺-德夫里斯（Jennifer Valentiono-Devries）和西奥布汉·戈尔曼（Siobhan Gorman）（2013 年 8 月 20 日）。《关于 NSA 间谍活动新细节你需要知道的事情》。《华尔街日报》。检索时间：2013 年 8 月 20 日。
  10. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (June 6, 2013). "How Congress Unknowingly Legalized PRISM in 2007". Wonkblog (blog of The Washington Post). Retrieved July 4, 2013.
    李，蒂莫西·B（2013 年 6 月 6 日）。《国会如何在 2007 年不知不觉中使 PRISM 合法化》。《Wonkblog》（《华盛顿邮报》的博客）。检索时间：2013 年 7 月 4 日。
  11. ^ Johnson, Luke (July 1, 2013). "George W. Bush Defends PRISM: 'I Put That Program in Place to Protect the Country'" Archived July 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
    约翰逊，卢克（2013 年 7 月 1 日）。《乔治·W·布什为 PRISM 辩护：“我实施该计划是为了保护国家”存档，2013 年 7 月 2 日，在网络存档。《赫芬顿邮报》。检索时间：2013 年 7 月 4 日。
  12. ^ Office of the Director of National Intelligence (June 8, 2013). "Facts on the Collection of Intelligence Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act" (PDF). dni.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
    美国国家情报总监办公室（2013 年 6 月 8 日）。"根据《外国情报监控法》第 702 节收集情报的事实"（PDF）。dni.gov。（PDF）自 2013 年 10 月 2 日起从原始网页存档。July 25, 2013 年检索。
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mezzofiore, Gianluca (June 17, 2013). "NSA Whistleblower Edward Snowden: Washington Snoopers Are Criminals" Archived September 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. International Business Times. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
    Mezzofiore，Gianluca（2013 年 6 月 17 日）。"NSA 告密者爱德华·斯诺登：华盛顿窥探者是罪犯"存档于 2013 年 9 月 17 日，在
  14. ^ MacAskill, Ewan (August 23, 2013). "NSA paid millions to cover Prism compliance costs for tech companies". Archived from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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Wikimedia Commons 有与棱镜（监控计划）相关的媒体。
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