第1章 引言
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 也门国家概况
1.1 Yemen country profile
长久以来，国际社会倾向于将也门视作国家建设的负面案例。尽管当下该国正饱受复杂的政治、经济及社会难题困扰，但“失败国家”的标签并不全面反映其实况。自1990年南北也门统一后，国家致力于消除1994年内战留下的裂痕，并着手经济体系的革新。值得注意的是，1995年，也门携手国际货币基金组织（IMF），启用了旨在促进经济增长的经济改革议程。在此之前，也门经济呈现出封闭且保护过度的特征，高关税壁垒及对外商品的严格限制为其标志，贸易政策偏向于政府收益最大化，导致与国际市场的交流极为有限。1994年内战的余波促使国际援助方加大对也门改革的压力，寄望于扭转“失败国家”的局面。然而，改革进展受阻，部分归咎于脆弱的政治架构，它不仅维持了不佳的经济状态，也是多项改革举措未能见效的根本。核心在于，政治权力中心对于放弃传统特权的强烈抵抗，这一体制特征突出表现为部落和军事势力在政治经济决策中的强势主导，进而营造了一个有利于制度性腐败滋生的环境。过去二十年间，腐败现象急剧攀升，渗透至国家与经济的各个层面，导致“国家捕获”状态的形成。
The international community has long tended to view Yemen as a negative example of nation-building. Despite the country's complex political, economic, and social challenges, the label of a "failed state" does not tell the whole story. Since the reunification of North and South Yemen in 1990, the country has worked to heal the rifts left by the 1994 civil war and to renovate its economic system. Notably, in 1995, Yemen joined hands with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to launch an economic reform agenda aimed at promoting economic growth. Prior to this, Yemen's economy had been closed and overprotective, marked by high tariff barriers and strict restrictions on foreign goods, and trade policies that favored the maximization of government revenues, resulting in very limited exchanges with international markets. The aftermath of the 1994 civil war prompted international donors to step up pressure on Yemen to reform in the hope of reversing the situation of the "failed state." However, progress on reforms has been hampered in part by a fragile political structure that has not only maintained poor economic conditions, but also contributed to the failure of many reform initiatives. At its core, the strong resistance of political power centers to the relinquishment of traditional privileges is characterized by the strong dominance of tribal and military forces in political and economic decision-making, which in turn creates an environment conducive to the breeding of systemic corruption. Over the past two decades, corruption has risen dramatically, permeating all levels of the state and the economy, leading to the creation of a state of "state capture."
步入21世纪之际，尽管已启动多项经济改革计划，也门仍未成功建立起繁荣多样的经济体系，其收入来源依旧单一，主要依赖自然资源销售，占比高达国内总收入的80%，导致经济极易波动且脆弱。直至2000年，也门正式申请加入世界贸易组织（WTO），随之依据WTO的国际化准则，逐步修订法律框架与贸易政策。同年，也门采纳了旨在促进财富创造与贫困削减的“综合框架”（后演变为“增强综合框架”），并通过了2003年完成验证、2004年内阁核准的诊断性贸易一体化研究（DTIS），该研究与WTO准入事宜紧密相连，并被融入2003年的减贫战略文件中。
As we enter the 21st century, Yemen has not succeeded in building a thriving and diverse economy that relies on the sale of natural resources, accounting for up to 80% of the country's total income, despite a number of economic reform programs, making the economy highly volatile and fragile. It was not until 2000 that Yemen formally applied to join the World Trade Organization (WTO), and then gradually revised its legal framework and trade policy in accordance with the WTO's internationalization guidelines. In the same year, Yemen adopted the Integrated Framework (later evolved into the Enhanced Integrated Framework) to promote wealth creation and poverty reduction, and adopted the Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS), which was validated in 2003 and approved by the Cabinet in 2004, which is closely linked to WTO access and integrated into the 2003 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.
在接下来的十年间，即2000至2010年，也门致力于在宏观及行业层面上执行多项规划与策略，涵盖首个五年发展规划（2001-2005）、减贫战略、第三个国家级减贫与发展计划（2006-2010）及国家改革日程，旨在达成2015年的千年发展目标。然而，这些努力在2011年遭遇了由冲突引发的阻碍，冲突加剧了经济衰退。同年，革命事件促使也门进入由海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会（GCC）调解的政治过渡阶段，该委员会促成2012年提前举行总统选举及临时政府成立，但至今，过渡进程缓慢，未达预期速度。全国对话会议于2013年3月启动，原定同年9月结束，由565名来自社会各界的代表组成，旨在提出建议和行动方案，作为新宪法起草、后续立法及总统选举的基础，被视为引领也门向更稳定繁荣未来迈进的关键步骤。然而，若此过渡未能成功落实，也门或将面临国家崩溃、广泛冲突及严重人道危机的严峻风险。
Over the next decade, from 2000 to 2010, Yemen committed itself to implementing a number of plans and strategies at the macro and sectoral levels, including the first five-year development plan (2001-2005), the poverty reduction strategy, the third national poverty reduction and development plan (2006-2010) and the national reform agenda, with the aim of achieving the 2015 Millennium Development Goals. However, these efforts were hampered in 2011 by conflict, which exacerbated the economic recession. In the same year, the events of the revolution prompted Yemen to enter a phase of political transition mediated by the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), which led to early presidential elections and the formation of an interim government in 2012, but the transition has so far been slow and not as fast as expected. Launched in March 2013 and scheduled to conclude in September 2013, the National Dialogue Conference was composed of 565 representatives from all walks of life to make recommendations and a course of action that will serve as the basis for the drafting of a new constitution, follow-up legislation and presidential elections, and is seen as a crucial step towards a more stable and prosperous future for Yemen. However, if this transition is not successfully implemented, Yemen could face serious risks of state collapse, widespread conflict, and a serious humanitarian crisis.
历经数十年政权更迭、冲突频发及政治经济剧烈波动之后，也门依然深陷中东地区的贫困深渊，并面临严峻的发展障碍，诸如经济乏力与治理失效，尽管其地缘战略位置曾使其成为历史上的繁荣交汇点。国家正面临石油资源枯竭的困境，同时被贪腐、普遍贫困、就业不足及教育滞后等问题缠绕。此外，也门还需应对来自分离主义势力、难以管控的部落、伊斯兰激进分子的挑战，以及水资源短缺、粮食安全危机、人口快速增长、医疗卫生设施不足和服务供应匮乏等多方面考验。这些问题的根本在于政府对民众缺乏责任性，以及司法系统在政治干预下法治薄弱的现状。公共部门因人员冗余和薪酬偏低而易于滋生腐败现象。尽管也门拥有遍布全球、背景多元的海外侨民群体，这一宝贵资源却未能得到有效利用。众多侨民虽有意在稳定且规范的环境中投资，但由于合同执行力弱、财产权得不到充分尊重，投资环境极不友好。也门的安全形势严峻，阿拉伯半岛基地组织相关的冲突事件频发，对本土、区域乃至国际构成了重大威胁。这一动荡的安全局势，严重阻碍了世界银行、英国国际发展部、联合国、国际货币基金组织、欧盟、美国援外机构、其他双边援助组织及人道主义团体等捐赠方在也门项目实施与监督工作的顺利开展。
After decades of regime change, conflict, and political and economic upheaval, Yemen remains mired in poverty in the Middle East and faces serious obstacles to development, such as economic weakness and governance failure, despite its geostrategic location that has historically made it a point of prosperity. The country is facing the dilemma of depleting its oil resources, and is plagued by corruption, widespread poverty, underemployment, and lagging education. In addition, Yemen has to deal with challenges from separatist forces, unmanageable tribes, and Islamic militants, as well as water shortages, food insecurity, rapid population growth, and inadequate health facilities and services. At the root of these problems lie in the lack of accountability of the government to the people and the weak rule of law in the judiciary due to political interference. The public sector is prone to corruption due to redundancy and low pay. Despite the fact that Yemen has a globally diverse diaspora, this valuable resource has not been effectively utilized. Although many expatriates are interested in investing in a stable and regulated environment, the investment environment is extremely unfriendly due to weak contract enforcement and insufficient respect for property rights. The security situation in Yemen is dire, and the frequent conflicts related to Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula pose a major domestic, regional and international threat. This volatile security situation has seriously hampered the implementation and monitoring of projects in Yemen by donors such as the World Bank, the United Kingdom's Department for International Development, the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, the United States, other bilateral aid organizations, and humanitarian groups.
理事机构也门是一个共和国，有一个由众议院和舒拉委员会组成的双重立法机构。也门政府以舒拉委员会命名。国家元首和政府首脑都负责其管理。根据宪法，总统是国家元首，而总理是政府首脑。为了促进地方行政管理，国家被细分为21个省。
The governing body, Yemen, is a republic with a dual legislative body consisting of the House of Representatives and the Shura Committee. The Yemeni government is named after the Shura Committee. Both the Head of State and the Head of Government are responsible for its management. According to the Constitution, the president is the head of state, while the prime minister is the head of government. In order to facilitate local administration, the country is subdivided into 21 provinces.
表1 也门国家概况
Table 1: Yemen country profile
类别
category | 数据
data |
面积
area | 203,850平方英里（527,968公里）
203,850 square miles (527,968 km). |
海岸线
coastline | 1,184英里（1,906公里）
1,184 miles (1,906 km). |
人口
population | 2358万人口
23.58 million people |
增长率
growth rate | 2.575% |
城市化
urbanization | 占总人口的32%（2010年估计）
32% of the total population (2010 est.). |
性别配给
Gender rationing | 1.03男性/女性
1.03 male(s)/females |
种族群体
Ethnic groups | 主要是阿拉伯人，但也有非裔阿拉伯人、南亚人、欧洲人
Mostly Arabs, but also Afro-Arabs, South Asians, Europeans |
宗教
religion | 伊斯兰教（官方），少数犹太人、基督徒和印度教徒
Islam (official), minorities of Jews, Christians and Hindus |
坐落于西南亚的心脏地带，也门地处阿曼与沙特阿拉伯两国之间，扼守着连接红海与印度洋的战略要冲——曼德海峡，这一海域在全球战略版图中占据举足轻重的地位。也门作为共和制国家，其治理体系包含双轨立法机关，即众议院与协商会议（Shura Council）。政府体系采行协商会议之名，体现了其体制特色。国家的领导与管理职责由国家元首和政府首脑共同承担，依据宪法规定，总统担任国家元首的角色，而总理则负责主持政府工作。为了优化地方治理结构，也门领土被划分为21个省份。
Located in the heart of Southwest Asia, between Oman and Saudi Arabia, Yemen is strategically linked to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, which plays a pivotal role in the global strategic map. As a republic, Yemen has a two-track system of governance, the House of Representatives and the Shura Council. The government system adopts the name of the Consultative Council, which reflects its institutional characteristics. The responsibility for the leadership and management of the State is shared between the Head of State and the Head of Government, with the President acting as Head of State and the Prime Minister presiding over the Government, as provided for in the Constitution. In order to optimize the structure of local governance, the territory of Yemen is divided into 21 provinces.
1.2也门区域经济概况
1.2 Regional Economic Overview of Yemen
也门的区域经济目前正在经历一个关键时刻，其特点是在持续的政治不确定性、冲突和经济逆境的背景下，困难和机会的微妙平衡。本导言的目的是为更深入地调查也门区域经济的协调发展奠定基础。这项调查将深入研究这一发展的复杂动态、驱动力和后果，以促进各个地区的包容性增长和复原力。本研究的目的是全面了解区域发展动态，确定现有文献中的差距，并提出一个强有力的研究议程，以推进也门区域景观的协调发展努力。这将通过综合也门的理论框架、实证见解和案例研究以及来自世界各地的可比背景来实现。
Yemen's regional economy is currently experiencing a critical juncture, characterized by a delicate balance of difficulties and opportunities against the backdrop of ongoing political uncertainty, conflict and economic adversity. The purpose of this introduction is to lay the groundwork for a more in-depth investigation into the coordinated development of the Yemeni regional economy. This survey will delve into the complex dynamics, drivers, and consequences of this development to promote inclusive growth and resilience across regions. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of regional development dynamics, identify gaps in the existing literature, and propose a robust research agenda to advance efforts for the coordinated development of Yemen's regional landscape. This will be achieved by synthesizing Yemen's theoretical framework, empirical insights and case studies, as well as comparable backgrounds from around the world.
也门各区域间在收益分配、基础设施可及性及人类发展举措上显示出显著的差异性，此特点凸显了该国经济发展的地域性不均衡。长期政局动荡、持续冲突、生态环境恶化及社会经济脆弱性的叠加，加剧了这些不平衡状态。鉴于此背景，全面剖析影响地域发展成效的各项因素及其复杂的相互作用机制变得尤为重要，旨在为设计高效干预策略提供依据，旨在缓和不平等现象并推动包容性经济增长。
Yemen shows significant regional differences in the distribution of benefits, access to infrastructure, and human development initiatives, highlighting the regionally uneven nature of the country's economic development. These imbalances are exacerbated by the combination of protracted political instability, ongoing conflict, ecological degradation and socio-economic vulnerability. Against this backdrop, it is important to comprehensively analyze the factors influencing the effectiveness of geographical development and their complex interplay mechanisms, in order to inform the design of effective intervention strategies aimed at reducing inequality and promoting inclusive economic growth.
本研究旨在达成多项目标，首要任务是深入探讨该地区的经济态势。具体而言，其核心旨在对也门各地的经济状况展开综合性分析，旨在辨明主导区域发展路径的关键要素，并细致考察各区域所面临的特有挑战与机遇差异。
The study aims to achieve a number of objectives, the first of which is to delve into the economic dynamics of the region. Specifically, it aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the economic situation across Yemen, to identify the key elements that dominate the region's development pathway, and to examine in detail the unique challenges and opportunities that each region faces.
本研究致力于识别并解析驱动区域发展的关键要素，旨在挖掘区域差异的深层次原因，并提供数据支持，以指导实施针对可持续发展目标的精准策略。实现此目标将涉及深入探索促进区域发展的核心动力，涵盖经济、社会、环境及治理等多个维度的问题。此外，本项研究拟对也门现行的政策干预及治理体系进行细致审视，目的在评估其对区域发展促进的有效性。通过严谨分析既有政策的成效与不足，研究旨在引导更基于实证的政策制定与执行流程，指向优化区域发展策略的明确路径。在此基础上，研究将进一步综合前期区域动态与政策效能分析的成果，提出一套旨在增进也门区域间协同发展的战略建言。针对当前区域经济面临的复杂挑战，建议将侧重于构建一个综合经济、社会、环境与治理多方面考量的立体战略框架，力促区域经济的均衡与繁荣。
This study aims to identify and unravel the key drivers of regional development, with the aim of uncovering the underlying causes of regional disparities and providing data to guide the implementation of precise strategies for the Sustainable Development Goals. Achieving this goal will involve an in-depth exploration of the core drivers of regional development, covering economic, social, environmental and governance dimensions. In addition, this study aims to take a closer look at the current policy intervention and governance system in Yemen with the aim of assessing its effectiveness in promoting regional development. Through a rigorous analysis of the effectiveness and shortcomings of existing policies, the study aims to guide a more evidence-based policy formulation and implementation process, and point to a clear path to optimize regional development strategies. On this basis, the study will further synthesize the results of the previous analysis of regional dynamics and policy effectiveness, and put forward a set of strategic recommendations to enhance the coordinated development of Yemen regions. In view of the complex challenges faced by the regional economy, the recommendations will focus on building a three-dimensional strategic framework that integrates economic, social, environmental and governance considerations, and strive to promote the balance and prosperity of the regional economy.
本研究着重指出了在推动综合性发展倡议及增强也门各地韧性建设中，利益相关方参与、社群投入及国际协作的关键作用。除上述目标之外，研究亦着重强调了这些要素的不可或缺性，认为也门通过建立强有力的伙伴关系、激活本土智慧，并吸纳全球范围内的成功经验，能够有效跨越现有障碍，充分发掘其区域经济潜能，确保民众的幸福与福祉得到实质提升。
This study highlights the critical role of stakeholder engagement, community engagement, and international collaboration in advancing comprehensive development initiatives and building resilience across Yemen. In addition to these goals, the study highlights the indispensability of these elements, arguing that Yemen can overcome existing barriers and realize its regional economic potential to ensure a substantial improvement in people's well-being and well-being by building strong partnerships, mobilizing local wisdom, and drawing on global successes.
第2章 文献综述
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1经济形势
2.1 Economic situation
近几年，也门的经济形势持续恶化，主要受到长期武装冲突、政治不稳定、财政资源流失以及人道主义危机的严重影响。自2015年内战爆发以来，也门经济遭受了毁灭性打击。冲突导致基础设施被毁，包括至关重要的港口、道路和工业设施，严重影响了经济活动和对外贸易。石油出口，作为国家主要的收入来源，也因为生产设施受损和市场动荡而大幅度下降。也门政府面临严重的财政压力，收入减少而支出激增，特别是用于军事行动和社会服务的费用。这导致政府财政连续多年赤字，公共债务累积。货币里亚尔的持续贬值加剧了通货膨胀，推高了进口商品价格，包括食品和药品，这对依赖进口的也门来说是沉重打击。
In recent years, Yemen's economic situation has continued to deteriorate, mainly as a result of protracted armed conflict, political instability, loss of financial resources and a humanitarian crisis. Since the outbreak of the civil war in 2015, Yemen's economy has suffered a devastating blow. The conflict has led to the destruction of infrastructure, including vital ports, roads and industrial facilities, and has severely affected economic activity and foreign trade. Oil exports, the country's main source of income, have also fallen sharply as a result of damaged production facilities and market turmoil. The Government of Yemen is facing severe financial pressures, with declining revenues and surging expenditures, particularly for military operations and social services. This has led to years of government deficits and accumulation of public debt. The continued depreciation of the currency, the rial, has exacerbated inflation and pushed up the prices of imported goods, including food and medicine, which has dealt a heavy blow to import-dependent Yemen.
经济衰退的同时，也门正经历着一场严重的人道主义危机，数百万民众面临饥荒、疾病和流离失所的问题。霍乱疫情的反复暴发，进一步加重了公共卫生系统的负担，该系统已经因冲突而严重受损。联合国多次警告，也门的情况可能是“世界上最严重的人道主义危机”。尽管面临重重困难，也门仍依赖国际援助来缓解人道危机。联合国和其他国际组织持续呼吁增加对也门的援助，并推动和平谈判以结束冲突。然而，由于冲突各方立场分歧，和平进程进展缓慢，经济复苏面临巨大障碍。也门总理本·达格尔曾在公开场合表示，由于持续的武装冲突和财政资源的严重流失，国家经济处于崩溃的边缘。财政资源的流失限制了政府提供基本服务的能力，加剧了经济和社会的不稳定。
The economic recession coincides with a severe humanitarian crisis in Yemen, with millions of people facing famine, disease and displacement. Recurrent outbreaks of cholera have further burdened the public health system, which has been severely damaged by the conflict. The United Nations has repeatedly warned that the situation in Yemen could be "the worst humanitarian crisis in the world". Despite the difficulties, Yemen continues to rely on international assistance to alleviate the humanitarian crisis. The United Nations and other international organizations continue to call for increased aid to Yemen and for peace talks to end the conflict. However, due to the divergent positions of the parties to the conflict, the peace process has been slow to move forward, and economic recovery faces significant obstacles. Yemen's Prime Minister Ben Dagger has said publicly that the country's economy is on the verge of collapse due to the ongoing armed conflict and the severe loss of financial resources. The erosion of financial resources limits the Government's ability to provide basic services and exacerbates economic and social instability.
总体来看，近几年也门的经济形势极为严峻，经济结构单一、基础设施破坏、财政资源枯竭、人道危机深重，这些因素相互交织，构成了一个复杂且极具挑战性的局面。要实现经济的稳定与复苏，除了需要大规模的重建工作外，还需政治稳定和国际社会的持续支持。。
Overall, Yemen's economic situation in recent years has been extremely severe, with a single economic structure, damaged infrastructure, depleted financial resources, and a deep humanitarian crisis, all of which are intertwined to create a complex and challenging situation. In addition to large-scale reconstruction efforts, political stability and the continued support of the international community are needed to achieve economic stability and recovery.
2.1.1也门区域经济的协调发展
2.1.1 Coordinated development of Yemen's regional economy
在政治不稳定、冲突和经济苦难的背景下，也门的区域经济面临着巨大的困难和机遇。必须扎实了解区域发展的动态，以便有效解决不平等，鼓励包容性增长，并在也门许多不同社区培养复原力。徐生霞等（2024）学者采用固定效应模型、分位数回归模型和中介效应模型对数字经济影响区域经济协调发展的效应和机制进行多层面的实证检验。结果显示，数字经济可显著促进区域经济协调发展，但存在地域异质性，对经济协调发展水平较低地区的促进作用更强；数字经济可以通过提高技术创新水平、提升生态环境质量来间接推动区域经济协调发展，且这种中介作用效果显著[1]。本导言为也门区域经济提供了背景，强调了问题的陈述，并描述了研究的目的。还强调了该问题的陈述。
Against the backdrop of political instability, conflict and economic suffering, Yemen's regional economy faces enormous difficulties and opportunities. A solid understanding of the dynamics of regional development is essential in order to effectively address inequalities, encourage inclusive growth, and build resilience in Yemen's many diverse communities. Xu et al. (2024) used the fixed-effect model, quantile regression model and mediating effect model to conduct a multi-level empirical test on the effects and mechanisms of the digital economy on the coordinated development of regional economy. The results show that the digital economy can significantly promote the coordinated development of regional economy, but there is regional heterogeneity, and the promotion effect on regions with low level of coordinated economic development is stronger. The digital economy can indirectly promote the coordinated development of regional economy by improving the level of technological innovation and improving the quality of the ecological environment, and this intermediary effect is significant [1]. This introduction provides context for the Yemeni regional economy, highlights the presentation of the problem, and describes the purpose of the study. The statement of the issue was also highlighted.
2.1.2关于也门区域经济的背景信息
2.1.2 Background information on the regional economy of Yemen
坐落于中东与非洲之角交汇地带的也门，因多样化的经济、社会及地质面貌而著称，展现了一系列各具特色的地域景致。国家由众多行政区划构成，每一区域均承载着独一无二的发展机遇与挑战并存的现实。部分区域得益于其战略地理位置、丰富的自然资源禀赋及悠久的商贸线路传统，而其他区域则深陷贫困陷阱，面对基础设施不足与基本服务获取受限的艰巨挑战。也门的地域经济活动进一步受到了政治动荡、武装冲突、治理效能缺失和生态环境退化的显著干扰。这些变量不仅放大了地区间的不平衡态势，也提升了实现协调均衡发展的任务难度。
Situated at the crossroads of the Middle East and the Horn of Africa, Yemen is known for its diverse economic, social and geological landscapes, showcasing a range of distinct landscapes. The country is made up of many administrative divisions, each of which carries a unique reality of both development opportunities and challenges. Some regions benefit from their strategic geographical location, abundant natural resources, and long tradition of trade routes, while others are trapped in poverty traps and face the daunting challenges of inadequate infrastructure and limited access to basic services. Yemen's regional economic activities have been further significantly disrupted by political instability, armed conflict, ineffective governance, and ecological degradation. These variables not only amplify the imbalance between regions, but also increase the difficulty of the task of achieving coordinated and balanced development.
2.1.3这个问题的解释如下
2.1.3 This question is explained as follows
也门各区域在经济收入、基础设施建设及人类发展指标上展现出显著的异质性，这种不均衡状态维护了社会经济不平等现象，并成为制约国家全面进步的绊脚石。资源的稀缺性、体制执行力的匮乏以及破碎的治理架构，共同作用于加深区域发展差距，为实现协同发展的规划增添了重重障碍。在应对区域失衡及促进包容性经济增长的综合性政策措施缺位的背景下，国家社会经济问题加剧，从根本上削弱了也门的长期稳定性和恢复能力。因此，需开展深入研究并采取实际行动，旨在剖析推动区域经济发展的关键要素，鉴识有效干预策略，同时促进多方协作，以期在也门构建一个更为公正且持久的区域经济发展模式。
Yemen's regions exhibit significant heterogeneity in economic income, infrastructure development, and human development indicators, and this disparity upholds socio-economic inequalities and acts as a stumbling block to the country's overall progress. The scarcity of resources, the lack of institutional execution, and the fragmented governance structure have combined to deepen regional development disparities and add many obstacles to the planning of coordinated development. Against the backdrop of a lack of comprehensive policy measures to address regional imbalances and promote inclusive economic growth, the country's socio-economic problems have intensified, fundamentally undermining Yemen's long-term stability and resilience. Therefore, in-depth research and practical actions are needed to identify the key elements of regional economic development, identify effective intervention strategies, and promote multi-stakeholder collaboration to build a more just and sustainable regional economic development model in Yemen.
2.2研究目的与基础理论
2.2 Research Objectives and Basic Theories
2.2.1研究目的
2.2.1 Purpose of the study
本项研究致力于达成若干核心目标：首要的是，探究也门各地域经济活动的变化趋势，囊括区域间经济差异、经济动力及发展瓶颈。其次，旨在辨明驱动区域经济增长的关键要素，以及促成也门区域间差异的背后动因。再者，本研究将深入剖析现行的政策、实施措施及治理架构，评估其对区域发展成效的影响。针对缩小区域不均衡、促进包容性增长以助力也门全境的协调发展，研究拟提出切实可行的对策建议。最后，本研究力求为理解也门区域经济现状做出学术贡献，并向决策层、实践者及相关利益方提供实证基础的分析洞见，旨在为未来的协调发展策略提供数据支撑，共促也门社会经济的全面与可持续提升。
The study aims to achieve a number of core objectives: First, to explore trends in economic activity across regions in Yemen, including regional economic disparities, economic dynamics, and development bottlenecks. Second, it aims to identify the key drivers of regional economic growth and the drivers behind Yemen's regional disparities. Furthermore, this study will provide an in-depth analysis of existing policies, implementation measures and governance frameworks to assess their impact on regional development effectiveness. In order to reduce regional imbalance and promote inclusive growth to help the coordinated development of the whole territory of Yemen, the study proposes practical countermeasures and suggestions. Finally, this study aims to make an academic contribution to the understanding of Yemen's regional economic situation, and provide empirical insights for policymakers, practitioners and stakeholders, aiming to provide data support for future coordinated development strategies and jointly promote the comprehensive and sustainable improvement of Yemen's social economy.
2.2.2基础理论
2.2.2 Basic Theory
也门区域经济协调发展所需的文献评估应包括区域发展的理论框架，对也门经济和区域差异的先前研究，以及在其他国家有效的区域发展模式。在新经济地理领域，重点是经济活动的地理分布、聚集的影响以及影响区域增长的因素。这些因素包括运输成本、规模经济和贸易流动等因素；
The literature assessment required for the coordinated development of the Yemeni regional economy should include the theoretical framework of regional development, previous research on Yemen's economic and regional differences, and regional development models that are effective in other countries. In the field of new economic geography, the focus is on the geographical distribution of economic activities, the impact of agglomeration, and the factors influencing regional growth. These factors include factors such as transportation costs, economies of scale, and trade flows;
依赖理论。该理论研究了外部影响，如全球市场、政治机构和历史遗产的动态，如何影响区域不平等和发展轨迹，特别是在也门等后殖民局势中。
Dependency theory. The theory examines how external influences, such as the dynamics of global markets, political institutions, and historical legacies, affect regional inequalities and development trajectories, particularly in postcolonial situations such as Yemen.
体制理论。该理论调查了治理结构、政策框架和体制安排对促进或阻碍区域发展的影响。它强调了高效机构和治理程序的重要性。
Institutional Theory. The theory examines the impact of governance structures, policy frameworks and institutional arrangements on promoting or hindering regional development. It stressed the importance of efficient institutions and governance processes.
对也门经济和地区差异进行的研究包括以下内容：为了充分了解也门的经济格局，有必要对有关该国经济的现有文献进行审查。该审查应包括对GDP增长、就业模式、部门构成和贸易动态的研究；审查对也门境内存在的区域差异进行的研究，特别强调导致不平等发展的变量。这些问题包括基础设施方面的差距、获得服务的机会、自然资源福存和治理方面的挑战。为了告知研究议程并指导实证研究也门区域发展的动态，确定现有文献中的主要结果、趋势和差距很重要。
The research carried out on the economic and regional differences in Yemen includes the following: In order to fully understand the economic landscape of Yemen, it is necessary to review the existing literature on the country's economy. The review should include a study of GDP growth, employment patterns, sector composition and trade dynamics; Review of studies on regional disparities that exist within Yemen, with particular emphasis on the variables that contribute to unequal development. These include gaps in infrastructure, access to services, natural resource well-being and governance challenges. In order to inform the research agenda and guide empirical research on the dynamics of regional development in Yemen, it is important to identify key findings, trends, and gaps in the existing literature.
第3章 研究方法
Chapter 3 Research Methods
3.1研究设计
3.1 Study design
定性和定量分析：为了充分了解区域发展的动态，有必要将访谈、焦点小组和案例研究等定性研究方法与经济数据的定量分析相结合。
Qualitative and quantitative analysis: In order to fully understand the dynamics of regional development, it is necessary to combine qualitative research methods such as interviews, focus groups, and case studies with quantitative analysis of economic data.
比较分析：比较也门的区域发展模式，并根据世界各地的最佳做法进行评估，以找到有效的战术和需要改进的领域。
Comparative Analysis: Compare Yemen's regional development models and evaluate them against best practices from around the world to identify effective tactics and areas for improvement.
为全面覆盖多元视角，研究进程中整合多方面利益相关者的参与显得尤为关键。这涵盖了政府机关、地方社群、企业实体、非政府组织及跨国机构等核心群体。鉴于区域发展议题的复杂性，汇集跨学科的知识与见解显得尤为重要，涉及但不限于经济学、政治科学、社会学及环境研究等领域，以此确保研究深度与广度，促进对问题的透彻理解和有效应对策略的形成。
In order to fully cover multiple perspectives, it is crucial to integrate the participation of multiple stakeholders in the research process. This includes core groups such as government agencies, local communities, business entities, NGOs and multinational institutions. Given the complexity of regional development issues, it is important to bring together interdisciplinary knowledge and insights in the fields of economics, political science, sociology and environmental studies to ensure depth and breadth of research, and to promote a thorough understanding of the problems and the development of effective response strategies.
3.2 研究方法
3.2 Research Methodology
为了形成对该地区经济动态的基线理解，有必要进行文件审查。这涉及从以前发表的报告、学术论文、政府出版物和国际组织中收集数据。为了从位于不同地区的利益相关者那里获得关于社会经济指标、基础设施可用性、服务获取和发展优先事项的主要数据，有必要进行调查。
In order to form a baseline understanding of the economic dynamics of the region, a document review is necessary. This involves collecting data from previously published reports, academic papers, government publications, and international organizations. In order to obtain key data on socio-economic indicators, infrastructure availability, access to services, and development priorities from stakeholders located in different regions, it is necessary to conduct surveys.
案例分析法也称个案研究法或典型分析方法，是指对有代表性的事物或现象深入地进行周密而仔细地研究从而获得总体认识的一种科学分析方法。
The case analysis method, also known as the case study method or typical analysis method, refers to a scientific analysis method that conducts in-depth and careful research on representative things or phenomena to obtain an overall understanding.
案例分析的实质是,要求学习者理解真实情境,对该情境的描述不仅能够反映一些实际问题,还能将在解决问题的过程中学习到的相关知识运用起来，因此,案例(从字面上进,指“问题情境”本身并没有明确确定唯一正确的输入数据。相反,学习者应了解案例所述的整个情境,从而识别需要解决的问题和困难。因此,通过案例分析,学习者自身有效提升了解决问题的能力,以及与执法人员职业活动相关的各类问题的掌控能力。换言之，案例分析法是从一个或几个实例出发，探究与案例相关的“规律”，从而获得这一门学术的一些抽象的概念和相关理论。案例分析法对研究对象的特殊性客观描述的方式有利于更深入的探究与实践之间的关联。
The essence of case studies is that learners are required to understand a real-world situation, and the description of the situation can not only reflect some practical problems, but also apply the relevant knowledge learned in the process of solving the problem. Instead, learners should understand the entire context described in the case and thus identify the problems and difficulties that need to be addressed. Therefore, through case analysis, learners themselves effectively improve their problem-solving skills and mastery of various problems related to the professional activities of law enforcement officers. In other words, the case analysis method is to explore the "laws" related to the case from one or several examples, so as to obtain some abstract concepts and related theories of this discipline. The case analysis method is conducive to a deeper inquiry into the relationship between practice and the objective description of the particularity of the research object.
第4章 也门区域经济发展分析
Chapter 4 Analysis of Yemen's Regional Economic Development
审视也门的地域经济状况揭示，其多数区域在经济收入、基础设施建设和人类发展指标上呈现出显著差异。该国经济版图呈现高度多样性，各区域的经济发展路径受特定地理特征、人口构成及经济变量的深刻影响。也门国土被划分成多个行政区，涵盖从西边的高原地带，延伸至红海与亚丁湾沿岸的海滨区域，直至东部辽阔的沙漠地带。这些区域各自拥有与众不同的自然资产、活跃的经济领域和社会文化动态，这些因素综合作用，共同刻画出各个区域独特的经济面貌。
A review of Yemen's regional economy reveals significant differences in economic income, infrastructure development, and human development indicators in most of its regions. The country's economic landscape is highly diverse, and the economic development paths of each region are profoundly influenced by specific geographical characteristics, demographics, and economic variables. Yemen is divided into administrative regions, ranging from the highlands in the west, to the coastal areas along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, to the vast desert areas in the east. Each of these regions has unique natural assets, dynamic economic sectors and socio-cultural dynamics, all of which combine to create a unique economic landscape for each region.
4.1 经济因素
4.1 Economic Factors
4.1.1收入差异
4.1.1 Income Differences
也门国内经济展现出明显的收入不均现象，体现在城乡区域及各地区间的差异上。相较于偏远乡村地带，诸如萨那、亚丁之类的城市核心区域，一般展现出更高的收入水准与更为优越的就业机遇及服务体系，这与这些城市的人口密集特性密切相关。同时，滨海区域常能得益于商贸与海上活动的繁荣，反观内陆区域，则在农业生产潜力及基础设施建设方面遭遇挑战。
Yemen's domestic economy shows significant income inequality, which is reflected in rural-urban and regional disparities. Compared with remote rural areas, urban core areas such as Sana'a and Aden generally exhibit higher income levels and better employment opportunities and service systems, which is closely related to the densely populated nature of these cities. At the same time, coastal areas often benefit from a boom in trade and maritime activities, while inland areas face challenges in terms of agricultural production potential and infrastructure development.
4.1.2基础设施
4.1.2 Infrastructure
也门国内基础设施状况呈现出显著地域性差异，具体涉及到交通网络的覆盖、能源供应的可靠度，以及电信设施的普及程度等方面。一般而言，城市区域特征在于其较为完善的基础设施建设，诸如先进的道路体系、功能完备的港口及高效的公共设施，这些均为商业运营与贸易往来提供了强有力的支撑。相比之下，乡村及偏远地带则普遍面临基础设施匮乏的问题，基本服务的不足严重限制了市场接入、资本吸引及经济增长潜力的释放。
The state of infrastructure in Yemen varies significantly by region, with regard to the coverage of transport networks, the reliability of energy supplies, and the availability of telecommunications facilities. Generally speaking, urban areas are characterized by their relatively well-developed infrastructure, such as advanced road systems, fully functional ports, and efficient public facilities, which provide strong support for business operations and trade exchanges. In contrast, rural and remote areas generally face a lack of infrastructure, with inadequate basic services severely limiting market access, capital attraction and unleashing economic growth potential.
4.1.3发展指标
4.1.3 Development indicators
也门各地在衡量人类发展的重要指标上展现出显著的不均衡，这些指标涵盖了教育普及、医疗卫生服务的可及性，以及清洁水资源与卫生设施的供给情况。城市区域通常表现出更高的教育水平与更优的健康成果，原因在于这些地区教育和医疗资源的获取相对便捷。相反，农村及边远地区在获取高标准的教育机构与医疗服务上面临更多障碍，这一现状进一步加深了社会经济层面的鸿沟。
Across Yemen, there are significant disparities in key indicators of human development, including access to education, access to health services, and access to clean water and sanitation. Urban areas generally exhibit higher levels of education and better health outcomes due to their relatively easy access to education and health resources. Conversely, rural and remote areas face additional barriers to access to high-quality educational institutions and health services, further deepening the socio-economic divide.
4.1.4优先发展地区
4.1.4 Priority development areas
确定优先发展区域时，全面分析经济潜能、基础设施要求及社会指标显得极为关键。沿海地带凭借其战略港口和海洋贸易的便利条件，往往蕴藏丰富的投资机遇与经济多元化潜力。同时，重视那些保留有未开发自然资源的乡村及偏远区域，对于激发经济活力与推动公正增长同样举足轻重。为此，加大基础设施建设、培养人力资本，并采取针对性措施以缩小收入差异，巩固社会服务基础，是确保也门各地平衡且持续发展的核心策略。
A comprehensive analysis of economic potential, infrastructure requirements and social indicators is critical when identifying priority development areas. Coastal zones, with their strategic ports and ease of maritime trade, often offer abundant investment opportunities and potential for economic diversification. At the same time, focusing on rural and remote areas where untapped natural resources are preserved is equally important to stimulate economic dynamism and promote equitable growth. To this end, increasing infrastructure, building human capital, and taking targeted measures to reduce income disparities and strengthen the foundation of social services are core strategies to ensure balanced and sustainable development across Yemen.
促进也门平衡的区域经济增长，除其他外，需要消除收入差距，提高人类发展指数，并改善基础设施。也门有潜力利用其区域多样性，以促进经济增长，消除差距，并改善其人口的福祉。这可以是通过指定重点干预的优先区域和颁布强调包容性的政策来完成。
Promoting balanced regional economic growth in Yemen requires, among other things, eliminating income disparities, raising the human development index, and improving infrastructure. Yemen has the potential to leverage its regional diversity to boost economic growth, bridge disparities, and improve the well-being of its population. This can be done by designating priority areas for focused interventions and enacting policies that emphasize inclusivity.
4.2 政治、社会与环境
4.2 Politics, Society and Environment
4.2.1政治与社会因素
4.2.1 Political and social factors
也门的区域发展受制于多重维度，涵盖政治环境、经济结构、社会构成及生态环境等多方面因素。这些因素相互交织，构成了一个复杂的分析框架。要设计出高效政策与干预措施以推进均衡且持续的区域进步，深入理解这些多维度要素至关重要，这是推动发展进程的基石。
Yemen's regional development is subject to multiple dimensions, including the political environment, economic structure, social composition and ecological environment. These factors are intertwined to form a complex analytical framework. A deep understanding of these multidimensional elements is essential to design effective policies and interventions to drive balanced and sustained regional progress, which are the cornerstones of the development process.
政府层面的决策扮演着核心角色，对区域发展轨迹产生深远影响。面对资源公平配置与跨区域基础设施建设的需求，集中的决策机制可能受限于资源稀缺与政治不稳定性等难题。而权力下放策略，旨在将权力与资源转移至地方管理层面，能够为各区域提供更加灵活的应对机制，使其更能针对性地解决本土发展挑战与目标。
Decision-making at the government level plays a central role and has a profound impact on regional development trajectories. Faced with the demand for equitable allocation of resources and cross-regional infrastructure construction, the centralized decision-making mechanism may be limited by problems such as resource scarcity and political instability. Decentralization strategies, on the other hand, aim to transfer power and resources to local management, can provide more flexible response mechanisms for regions to address local development challenges and objectives.
经济维度，特别是财政资源的可获取性、投资环境的友好度及贸易流动的动态，对也门区域发展起着决定性作用。一个有利的投资环境，依托于健全的法律框架与坚实的基础设施，更易吸引私人资本注入，从而在这些区域内催生经济增长。为促进创业活动与创造新就业岗位，向农村及偏远区域的中小企业（SMEs）提供充足的财政支持显得尤为关键。此外，贸易模式的变化，包括市场准入条件与物流网络的效能，直接影响区域经济的竞争力和其在全球价值链中的嵌入度。
The economic dimension, in particular the availability of financial resources, the friendliness of the investment climate and the dynamics of trade flows, play a decisive role in the development of the Yemen region. An enabling investment environment, backed by a sound legal framework and solid infrastructure, makes it easier to attract private capital injections that can generate economic growth in these regions. In order to promote entrepreneurial activity and create new jobs, adequate financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in rural and remote areas is crucial. In addition, changes in trade patterns, including market access conditions and the effectiveness of logistics networks, have a direct impact on the competitiveness of regional economies and their embeddedness in global value chains.
社会层面，教育、医疗保健及社会基础设施是驱动区域发展的关键社会因素。教育作为人力资本发展的基石，对于提升个人参与经济活动的能力至关重要。扩大高质量教育资源，尤其是在农村地区，能够促进生产效率提升与经济多样化。同时，医疗保健系统的强化不仅改善民众健康状况，还提升了整体生产力。投资于社会基础设施，比如住房、公共卫生设施及社区服务，不仅增强了社会凝聚力，也直接提升了居民的生活质量。
At the social level, education, healthcare and social infrastructure are the key social factors driving regional development. Education, as the cornerstone of human capital development, is essential to enhance the ability of individuals to participate in economic activities. Expanding access to quality education, especially in rural areas, can lead to increased productivity and economic diversification. At the same time, the strengthening of the healthcare system not only improves the health of the population, but also increases overall productivity. Investing in social infrastructure, such as housing, sanitation and community services, not only strengthens social cohesion, but also directly improves the quality of life for residents.
4.2.2环境因素
4.2.2 Environmental factors
也门的区域发展深受环境要素的制约，具体涉及气候变化的效应及自然资源的可获取性。地区若坐拥丰富的自然禀赋，例如肥沃耕地、稳定水源及矿产资源，往往会见证经济增长提速与民众福祉增进。然而，资源的过度开采与生态环境退化无异于饮鸩止渴，不利于持久发展愿景的实现。气候变化带来的挑战，包括干旱频发、洪涝灾害及温度攀升，进一步制约了区域发展的步伐，它们对农业生产力、水资源稳定供应及基础设施韧性构成了直接威胁。
Yemen's regional development is constrained by environmental factors, specifically the effects of climate change and the availability of natural resources. Regions with abundant natural endowments, such as fertile arable land, stable water and mineral resources, tend to witness faster economic growth and improved well-being. However, the over-exploitation of resources and the degradation of the ecological environment are tantamount to quenching thirst, which is not conducive to the realization of the vision of sustainable development. The challenges posed by climate change, including frequent droughts, floods and rising temperatures, further constrain the pace of regional development and pose a direct threat to agricultural productivity, water availability and infrastructure resilience.
因此，推动也门区域发展的策略必须采纳一个综合视角，将政治导向、经济机制、社会建构及环境保护等多元维度紧密融合，鉴于这些问题间存在着复杂且相互依存的关系，要求我们采取全方位的应对策略。为了促进该国平衡且富有韧性的区域发展，首要任务是强化治理体系，推动包容性经济策略的实施，加大对社会服务与基础设施建设的投资力度，并积极践行环境可持续的理念与操作模式。
Therefore, the strategy for promoting Yemen's regional development must adopt an integrated perspective, closely integrating multiple dimensions such as political orientation, economic mechanisms, social construction, and environmental protection, which require a comprehensive response given the complex and interdependent relationship between these issues. To promote balanced and resilient regional development, the country's top priorities are to strengthen governance systems, promote inclusive economic strategies, increase investment in social services and infrastructure, and actively implement environmentally sustainable concepts and practices.
第5章 案例分析
Chapter 5: Case Studies
5.1阿曼苏丹国的Tanfeedh计划
5.1 Tanfeedh plan of the Sultanate of Oman
阿曼在2016年启动的Tanfeedh计划，作为与也门情况形成对比的实例，为区域发展研究提供了有益借鉴。此计划特别聚焦于选定的经济领域和地区，旨在达成经济多元化、增进就业机会，并减轻对石油出口收入的依赖。作为一个综合性战略，Tanfeedh促进了政府机关、企业界相关方及地方社群之间的协作，共同识别核心经济增长点，并规划可行的发展策略以促其实现。
Oman's Tanfeedh programme, launched in 2016, serves as an example of a contrast to the Yemen situation and provides useful lessons for regional development research. With a particular focus on selected economic sectors and regions, the programme aims to diversify the economy, increase employment opportunities and reduce dependence on oil export revenues. As an integrated strategy, Tanfeedh facilitates collaboration between government agencies, business stakeholders and local communities to identify key economic growth drivers and plan viable development strategies to achieve them.
5.1.1埃塞俄比亚的生产安全网计划（PSNP）
5.1.1 Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP).
成立于2005年的埃塞俄比亚公共部门国家计划（PSNP），乃是非洲规模首屈一指的社会保障举措之一。其核心宗旨在于缓解贫困现状并增强脆弱群体的抵御能力。通过向家庭成员提供现金补助及粮食援助作为交换，该计划鼓励他们投身于社区内的公益工程项目，涵盖基础设施的改善与自然资源的合理调控等领域。
Ethiopia's Public Sector National Plan (PSNP), established in 2005, is one of Africa's largest social security initiatives. At its core, it aims to alleviate poverty and build the resilience of vulnerable groups. In exchange for providing cash grants and food assistance to family members, the program encourages them to participate in public welfare projects in their communities, ranging from infrastructure improvements to the rational management of natural resources.
5.1.2经验教训示例
5.1.2 Examples of lessons learned
利益相关者参与。让不同的利益相关者参与规划和实施过程，可以促进所有权并确保利益的一致性。优先考虑有扩张潜力的特定行业是集中资源并充分利用其影响力的有效方法。灵活性和适应性：根据不断变化的条件和利益相关者的反馈改变方法的能力增强了该计划的有效性和相关性。
Stakeholder engagement. Involving different stakeholders in the planning and implementation process promotes ownership and ensures alignment of interests. Prioritizing specific industries with expansion potential is an effective way to pool resources and make the most of their impact. Flexibility and adaptability: The ability to change approaches based on changing conditions and stakeholder feedback enhances the effectiveness and relevance of the program.
在发展项目的规划及实施过程中融入社区参与，不仅能够激发归属感，还能加速社会资本的累积，并提升项目的持续效能。通过邀请本地社群深度介入发展行动的策划、执行及其后续监督，此举极大增强了个体的责任意识，促进了社会纽带的巩固，同时确保了各项干预措施精准对接社区的独特需求与既定目标，实现了真正的因地制宜。
Integrating community involvement in the planning and implementation of development projects not only stimulates a sense of belonging, but also accelerates the accumulation of social capital and enhances the sustainability of the project. By involving the local community in the planning, implementation and follow-up monitoring of development actions, this greatly enhances individual responsibility, promotes the strengthening of social bonds, and ensures that interventions are precisely aligned with the unique needs and goals of the community, achieving a true local context.
整体方法的特点是将社会保护与生产活动相结合，从而改善生计，减少对冲击的易感性，并提高复原力。通过纳入帮助受益人从援助计划过渡到可持续生计的程序，促进了自给自足和长期发展。这些机制被称为毕业途径。
The holistic approach is characterized by the integration of social protection with productive activities, thereby improving livelihoods, reducing vulnerability to shocks, and increasing resilience. Self-sufficiency and long-term development have been promoted by incorporating procedures to help beneficiaries transition from aid programmes to sustainable livelihoods. These mechanisms are known as graduation pathways.
为了在区域发展中取得有效成果，这些案例研究说明了利用与背景相关的策略、吸引利益相关者、专注于某些部门和保持灵活性的重要性。从这些经验中汲取的概念和经验教训可用于指导也门区域发展项目的设计和实施以及与也门类似的其他背景。尽管每个背景都有自己独特的问题和机会，但事实确实如此。在也门协调区域发展的情况下，有必要解决一些问题，并承认和利用各利益攸关方之间合作的机会。
In order to achieve effective results in regional development, these case studies illustrate the importance of utilizing context-relevant strategies, engaging stakeholders, focusing on certain sectors, and maintaining flexibility. The concepts and lessons learned from these experiences can be used to guide the design and implementation of regional development projects in Yemen and other contexts similar to Yemen. Although each background has its own unique problems and opportunities, this is exactly what happened. In the context of the coordination of regional development in Yemen, it is necessary to address a number of issues and to recognize and take advantage of opportunities for cooperation among various stakeholders.
5.1.3政治不确定性
5.1.3 Political uncertainty
也门旷日持久的政治不稳定和暴力对该地区的综合发展努力构成了巨大挑战。这些挑战阻碍了有效的治理、资源分配和基础设施建设。
The protracted political instability and violence in Yemen pose a formidable challenge to the region's comprehensive development efforts. These challenges hinder effective governance, resource allocation, and infrastructure development.
（一）资源限制
(1) Resource constraints
财政资源和机构能力有限，阻碍了政府跨地区投资基础设施、人力资本和社会服务的能力，这加剧了地区之间现有的不平等。
Limited financial resources and institutional capacity hinder the ability of governments to invest in infrastructure, human capital and social services across regions, exacerbating existing inequalities between regions.
（二）对安全的担忧
(2) Concerns about security
与冲突相关的不安全和危害限制了投资，中断了经济活动，并阻碍了关键服务的供应，特别是在受冲突影响的地区，这加剧了与发展相关的困难。
Conflict-related insecurity and hazards limit investment, disrupt economic activity, and impede the delivery of critical services, especially in conflict-affected areas, exacerbating development-related difficulties.
（三）支离破碎的治理
(3) Fragmented governance
支离破碎的治理结构和区域一级的机构协调不足，为发展举措的有效规划、实施和监测造成了障碍。这反过来又导致效率低下和努力的重复。
Fragmented governance structures and inadequate institutional coordination at the regional level have created obstacles to the effective planning, implementation and monitoring of development initiatives. This, in turn, leads to inefficiencies and duplication of effort.
5.1.4国际组织和捐赠机构的作用
5.1.4 The role of international organizations and donor agencies
资金援助方面，国际组织与捐助机构向也门各地输送经济资源，旨在支撑发展项目、强化人道救援行动及推动能力构建项目，有效弥合了该国本土资金的不足之处。
In terms of financial assistance, international organizations and donor agencies have channelled economic resources across Yemen to support development projects, strengthen humanitarian relief operations, and promote capacity-building projects, effectively bridging the country's domestic funding gap.
技术知识输入是另一重要方面，国际机构在诸如基础设施建设、卫生健康、教育及农业等诸多关键领域内，分享高级专业知识与成功案例，助力提升能力建设水平，并增强地区发展措施的实效性。
The input of technical knowledge is another important aspect, with international agencies sharing high-level expertise and success stories in key areas such as infrastructure, health, education and agriculture to help build capacity and enhance the effectiveness of regional development measures.
在协同作业与宣传倡导维度上，国际组织积极促进各利益相关方间的沟通协作，倡导政策革新，并搭建对话平台，以期直面区域发展面临的种种挑战，在也门境内催化出持久的解决方案。
In terms of collaboration and advocacy, international organizations actively promote communication and collaboration among various stakeholders, advocate for policy innovation, and build a platform for dialogue, with a view to confronting the challenges facing regional development and catalyzing lasting solutions in Yemen.
至于人道主义救援层面，捐赠团体致力于满足冲突影响下人群的迫切需求，援助内容涵盖了基本生活物资供给、临时住所安排、医疗照护服务等应急响应，同时不忘支持长远发展目标的逐步实现。。
In terms of humanitarian relief, donors are committed to meeting the immediate needs of people affected by the conflict, including emergency response to basic necessities, temporary shelter arrangements, and medical care services, while supporting the gradual realization of long-term development goals.
面对诸多挑战，也门若能主动作为，把握合作契机，并善用国际组织与捐助方的援助，将能有力推动协同一致的地域发展议程，加速包容性经济增长，惠及全国各区域民众的生活质量。为此，构建一个系统性的评估框架对于精准评判也门地域发展干预措施的有效性至关重要，该框架需综合考虑多维度影响因素，并依托一套科学指标来追踪进展动态。以下拟提出一个综合评估框架，旨在为也门的地域发展策略提供评估依据，并推荐若干社会经济效应评估手段与监控未来进展的关键指标体系。
In the face of these challenges, Yemen can take the initiative to seize the opportunities for cooperation, and leverage the assistance of international organizations and donors to advance a coherent regional development agenda, accelerate inclusive economic growth, and benefit the quality of life of people in all regions of the country. Therefore, it is essential to construct a systematic evaluation framework to accurately assess the effectiveness of territorial development interventions in Yemen, which takes into account multi-dimensional influencing factors and relies on a set of scientific indicators to track progress. The following is a comprehensive evaluation framework that aims to provide a basis for evaluating Yemen's territorial development strategy, and to recommend a number of socio-economic impact assessment tools and key indicators to monitor future progress.
5.2研究发现
5.2 Findings
也门的地域经济呈现出显著的不均衡特征，在收入水平、基础设施建设及人类发展指数上差距颇大，强调了采取针对性策略应对区域差异问题的紧迫性。区域发展协同工作的缺失受制于多重核心障碍，诸如实物资源匮乏、安全顾虑、生态环境退化及政局动荡等。为了挖掘并利用推动也门全境包容性经济增长与强化恢复力的潜在路径，构建合作关系、实施分散化治理架构及激活社区的主体作用显得尤为重要。在此进程中，国际组织与捐助团体所贡献的财务资源、专业技术知识及能力建设扶持，成为加固可持续发展根基并辅助本土机构行动不可或缺的一环。
Yemen's regional economy is characterized by significant unevenness, with large disparities in income levels, infrastructure development, and human development indicators, underscoring the urgency of adopting targeted strategies to address regional disparities. The lack of coordinated regional development is constrained by multiple core obstacles, such as lack of physical resources, security concerns, ecological degradation and political instability. In order to identify and capitalize on potential pathways to promote inclusive economic growth and resilience across Yemen, it is important to build partnerships, implement decentralized governance structures, and activate the role of communities. In this process, the financial resources, technical expertise and capacity-building support contributed by international organizations and the donor community are indispensable in strengthening the foundations of sustainable development and supporting the actions of local institutions.
5.2.1对政策和实践的影响
5.2.1 Impact on policy and practice
第一，政策制定时应着重考虑加大对缺乏足够支持区域的投入，涵盖基础设施建设、人力资源开发及社会服务领域，旨在缩减地域差异，推动全面增长。
First, policies should focus on increasing investment in areas that lack adequate support, including infrastructure, human resource development, and social services, with the aim of reducing regional disparities and promoting overall growth.
第二，强化分权机制至关重要，意在巩固地方政府职能，激发区域内规划与决策过程的广泛参与性，提升地方自主性。
Second, it is essential to strengthen the decentralization mechanism to consolidate the functions of local governments, stimulate broad participation in regional planning and decision-making processes, and enhance local autonomy.
第三 ，促进社区及各利益相关方的积极参与，是确保发展策略贴合当地实际情况、精准对接民众需求并维持长期效益的必要条件。。
Third, the active participation of communities and stakeholders is necessary to ensure that development strategies are tailored to local contexts, accurately aligned with people's needs, and sustain long-term benefits.
第四，为了促进资源的收集、最佳做法的传播和促进知识交流，以促进也门的区域发展，应加强国际合作和伙伴关系。
Fourthly, international cooperation and partnerships should be strengthened in order to facilitate the collection of resources, the dissemination of best practices and the exchange of knowledge for the regional development of Yemen.
5.2.2对未来研究的建议
5.2.2 Recommendations for future research
第一，有必要进行额外的研究，以评估也门区域发展政策和干预措施的有效性，特别是这些政策和举措对社会经济成果和区域差异的影响。
First, there is a need for additional research to assess the effectiveness of development policies and interventions in the Yemen region, in particular their impact on socio-economic outcomes and regional disparities.
第二，评估权力下放在促进区域发展中的作用和治理效力的研究可能会为政策的设计和执行提供重要的见解。
Second, studies assessing the role of decentralization in promoting regional development and the effectiveness of governance are likely to provide important insights into policy design and implementation.
第三，旨在支持也门地区可持续发展和调动资源的战略可以分别通过对创新融资机制、公私伙伴关系和社区驱动发展模式的研究来参考。
Third, strategies aimed at supporting sustainable development and resource mobilization in the Yemen region can be informed by studies of innovative financing mechanisms, public-private partnerships, and community-driven development models, respectively.
第四，监测区域发展重要指标随时间变化的纵向研究可以帮助确定趋势，评估进展，并形成基于证据的决定。
Fourth, longitudinal studies that monitor changes over time key indicators of regional development can help identify trends, assess progress, and shape evidence-based decisions.
若政策制定者、实践者与学术界能针对上述研究发现与建议采取行动，他们将有潜力为推动也门区域经济的均衡发展、加速包容性增长进程，并提升全国各地民众的福祉水平作出实质性的贡献。
If policymakers, practitioners, and academics act on these findings and recommendations, they have the potential to make a substantial contribution to promoting balanced economic development, accelerating inclusive growth, and improving the well-being of people across the country.
第6章 也门区域均衡发展的政策建议
Chapter 6: Policy Recommendations for Balanced Regional Development in Yemen
确保区域发展的均衡性应当成为也门综合性发展战略的首要聚焦点。这可通过有针对性的政策介入、基础设施提升项目、行业特定策略及能力提升教育方案来具体落实。
Ensuring a balanced regional development should be the primary focus of Yemen's comprehensive development strategy. This can be achieved through targeted policy interventions, infrastructure enhancement projects, sector-specific strategies, and capacity-building education programmes.
强化地方治理与推动区域层面决策自治，要求实行权力下放策略。采纳全面包容的经济策略，优先对劣势区域投资，扶持中小型企业，并在关键经济部门激励就业岗位生成，同样至关重要。此外，创立区域发展专项基金，以保障资源的公正配置，并针对性满足各个区域特殊的发展诉求，是必不可少的步骤。为了提升公正性和运作效率，加强治理结构，促进资源分配的透明度与责任追究机制亦为当务之急。
Strengthening local governance and promoting decision-making autonomy at the regional level requires a decentralization strategy. It is also crucial to adopt a comprehensive and inclusive economic strategy that prioritizes investment in disadvantaged regions, supports small and medium-sized enterprises, and incentivizes job creation in key economic sectors. In addition, the establishment of a special fund for regional development to ensure the equitable allocation of resources and to meet the specific development needs of each region is an indispensable step. In order to improve fairness and operational efficiency, it is imperative to strengthen governance structures and promote transparency and accountability mechanisms in the allocation of resources.
6.1基础设施发展倡议
6.1 Infrastructure Development Initiatives
增强交通基础设施的投资力度，涵盖道路建设、桥梁扩建及港口升级，旨在提升区域间互联互通水平，加速人流物流的顺畅往来。对于能源供应体系，尤其是电力与清洁能源烹饪解决方案，需将其覆盖范围拓宽至农村及边远地带，以此激活当地经济并提升居民生活质量。同时，要着力强化数字基础设施建设及其普及程度，旨在催化电子商务的繁荣、提升民众数字技能，并拓宽在线教育资源与远程医疗服务的可获取途径，从根本上缩小数字鸿沟。
Increasing investment in transport infrastructure, including road construction, bridge expansion and port upgrades, aims to improve inter-regional connectivity and accelerate the flow of people and goods. Energy supply systems, especially electric and clean energy cooking solutions, need to be extended to rural and remote areas to activate the local economy and improve the quality of life of residents. At the same time, efforts should be made to strengthen the construction and popularization of digital infrastructure, aiming to catalyze the boom of e-commerce, improve people's digital skills, and broaden access to online educational resources and telehealth services, so as to fundamentally narrow the digital divide.
6.2特定部门发展战略
6.2 Sector-specific development strategies
增强农业发展的关键在于对灌溉体系的投资、技术创新应用及价值链的拓展，旨在增强农村区域的生产效能与粮食自给自足能力。同样，构建完善的旅游基础设施体系，推动文化和生态旅游的活力，对于发挥也门得天独厚的文化遗产与自然景观资源优势，带动经济增长，亦显得尤为关键。实现能源结构多元化，减轻对化石燃料的依赖，是迈向可持续发展的必经之路，而这有赖于对太阳能、风能等可再生能源项目给予充分的财政扶持与推广。
The key to enhancing agricultural development lies in investment in irrigation systems, technological innovation and value chain expansion, with the aim of enhancing production efficiency and food self-sufficiency in rural areas. Similarly, building a sound tourism infrastructure system and promoting the vitality of cultural and eco-tourism are also crucial to give full play to Yemen's unique cultural heritage and natural landscape resources and drive economic growth. Diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependence on fossil fuels is the only way to achieve sustainable development, which depends on adequate financial support and promotion of renewable energy projects such as solar and wind energy.
6.3人力资本发展和能力建设计划
6.3 Human capital development and capacity-building programs
当前紧要任务是强化职业培训项目与技术教育体系，确保青年群体能够掌握新兴行业就业的必备技能，从而有效降低失业率。提升人力资本的质量，要求弥补健康与教育指标的现存差异，特别是要增进边远地区对优质教育及医疗资源的可及性。促进企业、科研机构与教育单位之间的协作网络构建，对于激发关键经济领域的创新动能、加速技术转移及鼓励创业行为具有重要意义。
The immediate task is to strengthen vocational training programmes and technical education systems to ensure that young people are equipped with the skills necessary for employment in new industries, thereby effectively reducing unemployment. Improving the quality of human capital requires bridging existing disparities in health and education indicators, especially in remote areas, and improving access to quality education and health resources. Promoting the construction of collaborative networks between enterprises, scientific research institutions and educational institutions is of great significance to stimulate innovation momentum in key economic fields, accelerate technology transfer and encourage entrepreneurial behavior.
也门若能系统性地实施上述策略，不仅能够显著提升多数地区人民的生活质量，还能推动区域均衡发展，加速包容性经济增长的步伐。要使这些措施见效，核心在于强有力的政策承诺、高效治理结构，以及政府、商界、民间社团与国际伙伴间的紧密合作。尽管也门在记录显著成功的区域发展模式上可能尚存空白，但借鉴其他相似国情国家的区域发展经验，无疑能为也门提供宝贵启示。
If Yemen systematically implements these strategies, it will not only significantly improve the quality of life of people in most regions, but also promote balanced regional development and accelerate the pace of inclusive economic growth. For these measures to be effective, strong policy commitment, effective governance structures, and close collaboration between governments, businesses, civil society and international partners will be at the heart of these efforts. While there may be gaps in Yemen's regional development model with a track record of remarkable success, the experience of other countries with similar national circumstances can undoubtedly provide valuable lessons for Yemen.
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