Read the following carefully and translate it into Chinese.
请仔细阅读以下内容，并将其翻译成中文。

The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failures is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding - major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict.
跨文化交际作为一个研究领域的发展是基于一种历史观，这种历史观清楚地表明，人们和文化一直受到无法理解和相处的困扰，这些群体和社会因空间、意识形态、外表和行为而远离他们自己的。人类文明的许多失败的有趣之处在于，它们似乎既是个人的，也是全球性的。人类的历史中穿插着面对面的冲突和国际误解的例子——从简单的谩骂到孤立主义甚至武装冲突，大大小小的争吵。

It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and undérstanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace.
很明显，与其他文化和亚文化接触的增加使我们必须齐心协力地理解那些信仰和背景可能与我们自己大相径庭的人并与之相处。通过提高意识和不屈不挠，与不一定与我们生活方式或价值观相同的人和平共处的能力不仅有利于我们自己的社区，而且可能成为维护世界和平的决定性因素。

Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows: it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society.
文化有时被称为我们的心理编程，我们的 “心灵软件”。但是我们可以进一步使用计算机类比，说文化是使软件程序能够运行的操作环境。文化就像 DOS、Unix 或 Windows：它使我们能够在各种特定应用程序中处理信息。窗户的比喻似乎非常吸引人来描述文化：文化是一组心理上的窗户，通过它可以看到所有的生活。它在一个社会中因人而异，但它与社会成员具有重要的特征。

Culture is like the water fish swim in - a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean.
文化就像鱼在水中游泳——一个被认为是理所当然的现实，很少被审视。它存在于我们呼吸的空气中，对于我们理解我们是谁来说是必不可少的，就像空气对于我们的身体生活一样。文化是一群人的财产，而不仅仅是个人的特征。社会是由文化编程的，而这种编程来自相似的生活经历和对这些经历含义的相似解释。

If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be. It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.
如果文化是心理编程，那么它也是现实的心理地图。它从小就告诉我们什么重要，什么该偏爱，什么该避免，以及该做什么。文化也告诉我们应该是什么。它为我们提供了超出个人可能体验到的理想假设。它帮助我们设定优先级。它为行为制定了准则，并为该行为提供了理由和合法性。

Read the following carefully and translate it into Chinese.
请仔细阅读以下内容，并将其翻译成中文。

When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write. (The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences aloned but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean. To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication.
当我们说语言总是模棱两可时，我们的意思是我们永远无法完全控制我们所说和所写事物的含义。（我们通过口语和写作交换的意义不仅仅体现在单词和句子中，而且还部分地根据我们的听众和读者对它们的解释来构建。换句话说，语言中的意义是由交流参与者共同构建的。

Language is inherently ambiguous. It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other people mean. There is no way around this. When someone says something, we must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources: (1) the language they have used, and (2) our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances.
语言本质上是模棱两可的。这意味着为了沟通，我们必须总是对其他人的意思下结论。这是没有办法的。当某人说了什么时，我们必须对他或她的意思得出一些结论。我们根据两个主要来源进行推论：（1） 他们使用的语言，以及 （2） 我们对世界的了解。这些知识包括对人们在这种情况下通常会说什么的期望。

Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certain what the other person means - whether in speaking or writing. To put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. But what does this mean for intercultural communication?
语言是模棱两可的。这意味着我们永远无法确定对方的意思——无论是说还是写。换句话说，语言永远无法完全表达我们的意义。但这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？

In the first place it should be clear that communication works better the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. Where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each makes about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowledge. Two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from different cities on different sides of the earth.
首先，应该清楚的是，参与者分享关于世界的假设和知识越多，沟通就越有效。当两个人的历史、背景和经历非常相似时，他们的交流相当容易，因为每个人对对方意味着什么的推断都将基于共同的经验和知识。来自同一个村庄和同一个家庭的两个人在推断对方的含义时，可能比来自地球不同端不同城市的两个人犯的错误更少。