2024_05_13_bc30d9a16737d3c90575g

bborbri

Economic Indignitary Torts
DEFAMATION
经济尊严侵权诽谤

I. Common Law: Prima Facie Case
I. 普通法：原 facie 案例

A. Common Law Elements
A. 普通法要素

Defamatory statement that turns out to be false
事实证明是虚假的诽谤声明
Statement to be of or concerning the
关于的声明

3.Published to a third party
发布给第三方
4.

B. Defamatory Statement: A defamatory statement is one that injures the plaintiff's reputation. 嘼 Honesty; Integrity; Morality
B. 诽谤性陈述：诽谤性陈述是指损害原告声誉的陈述。诚实；正直；道德

Mere name calling is not enough.
单纯的称呼不足以构成诽谤。

1. Examples 1. 例子

Example #1: Talk Show Host calls Dr. Greene a "buffoon". Is this a "defamatory statement?"
示例 #1：脱口秀主持人称格林博士为“蠢货”。这算是“诽谤性言论”吗？

? No. This might be insulting, but it's mere name calling, and it's not detrimental to Dr.'s reputation.
? 不是。这可能是侮辱，但只是简单的称呼，对格林博士的声誉没有造成损害。

Example #2: Talk Show Host says that Dr. Greene has performed unnecessary surgeries. Is this a "defamatory statement?"
示例 #2：脱口秀主持人说格林博士进行了不必要的手术。这算是“诽谤性言论”吗？

? Yes. That implies that the Dr. is incompetent as in ethnics.
是的。这意味着医生在伦理方面不称职。

COMMON LAW [? Truth: The defendant bears the burden of proving truth. Therefore, at common law, truth is a defense to a defamation claim.
普通法【？真相：被告承担证明真相的责任。因此，在普通法中，真相是诽谤主张的辩护。

C. Of and Concerning: The defendant's statement must reasonably be understood to refer to the plaintiff.
C. 关于和涉及：被告的声明必须合理地被理解为指涉原告。

Normally tested when it involves a group of people, and it depends on the size of the group.
通常在涉及一群人时进行测试，这取决于群体的规模。

Example: Defendant says: "The lawyers in this town steal their clients' money." Is this statement "of and concerning" any particular lawyer ...
例如：被告说：“这个城镇的律师们偷了他们客户的钱。”这个声明是否“涉及”任何特定的律师...

In a town with three lawyers?
在一个有三名律师的城镇里？

? Yes, it is of and concerning a particular lawyer in the group.
是的，它涉及到团队中的一名特定律师。

In a large city?
在一个大城市吗？

? No, it is not.
不，不是。

TO SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE

对除

之外的某人

D. Publication: The statement must be communicated to a third person.
D. 出版物：该声明必须传达给第三人。

The third person(s) must be capable of understanding it. E.g., Talk Show Host said about Dr. Greene in English, but none of the
第三人必须能够理解它。例如，脱口秀主持人用英语谈论格林博士，但没有任何

Publication must be at least negligent if not intentional on the part of the .
出版必须至少是疏忽的，如果不是故意的话。

Therefore, if a

carefully tries to avoid other see or hear the statement, that almost always insolates her from defamation liability.
因此，如果一个

小心地试图避免其他人看到或听到这个声明，那几乎总是使她免于诽谤责任。

Example: Talk Show Host confronts Dr. Greene quietly in his office, but is overheard by Eavesdropper. Has Talk Show Host "published" his statement to Eavesdropper?
例子：脱口秀主持人在他的办公室里安静地质问格林博士，但被偷听者听到了。脱口秀主持人向偷听者“发布”了他的声明吗？

? No, b/c based on the facts given, there is no E showing that Talk Show Host is intentional or negligent.
? 不，因为根据提供的事实，没有证据表明脱口秀主持人是故意的或者疏忽的。

E. Damages: When defamation is spoken (slander), the plaintiff must prove special damages. When defamation is written or broadcast (libel), juries may presume damages.
E. 损害赔偿：当诽谤是口头的时候，原告必须证明特殊损害。当诽谤是书面或广播的时候，陪审团可以推定损害。

Exception: A plaintiff can recover presumed damages in cases of slander per se. The traditional categories of slander per se are
例外：原告可以在诽谤自身的情况下获得推定损害赔偿。传统的诽谤自身类别包括

Statements that impune one's trade or profession.
诽谤他人的行业或职业的陈述。
Statements accusing someone of a serious crime
指控某人犯有严重罪行的陈述

anything punishable by imprisonment
任何可被监禁的事情

Traditionally, statements that will imply the has a "loathsome disease"
传统上，暗示患有“可憎的疾病”的陈述
Traditionally, statements that impune unchastity to a woman
传统上，对女性进行不贞的指控的陈述

? Although some jdx. had abandoned this and apply the new rule that includes men b/c of the potential gender bias
尽管一些 jdx. 已经放弃了这一点，并应用了包括男性在内的新规则，因为存在潜在的性别偏见

II. Common Law: Defenses - not often tested
II. 普通法：辩护 - 不经常被测试

A. Truth

bears the burden
A. 真相

承担责任

B. Absolute Privilege - if the statement were made intentionally, or even maliciously
B. 绝对特权 - 如果陈述是故意或恶意发表的

Categories 类别
a. Judicial proceedings statements made by judges, lawyers, Ws or anything that pertains to the course of litigation
a. 法官、律师、证人或与诉讼过程有关的陈述

b. Statements made in the course of legislative proceeding by executive branch
b. 行政部门在立法程序中发表的声明
c.

Tip: If an absolute privilege applies, it applies no matter how bad the defendant behaves.
提示：如果适用绝对特权，无论被告行为多么恶劣，特权都适用。

Example: During floor debate, Senator falsely says that Constituent cheated the welfare system. Can Constituent successfully maintain a defamation action?
例子：在地板辩论期间，参议员虚假地声称选民欺诈了福利制度。选民能成功提起诽谤诉讼吗？

? No, b/c the statement was made during legislative proceeding. And the context is privileged against the defamation claim.
? 不，因为该声明是在立法程序中做出的。并且上下文受到诽谤索赔的保护。

C. Qualified Privilege - not often tested
C. 有资格的特权 - 不经常被测试

A person has a qualified privilege to make a defamatory statement in the course of legitimate public debate, or more commonly, is to serve the interest of the person who is receiving the information, the

might be liable if she abuses the privilege.
一个人在合法的公开辩论过程中有权利发表诽谤性言论，或更常见的是为了服务于接收信息的人的利益，如果她滥用特权，

可能会承担责任。

III. Constitutional Limitations
宪法限制

A. General Rule: The First Amendment protects speech on matters of public concern. In cases involving such speech, the Supreme Court has added two elements to the plaintiff's prima facie case. [ +4 common law element]
A. 一般规则：第一修正案保护涉及公共利益事务的言论。在涉及此类言论的案件中，最高法院为原告的原始证据案件增加了两个要素。[+4 普通法要素]

Falsity: The plaintiff must prove that the statement was false.
虚假性：原告必须证明该声明是虚假的。
Fault: The plaintiff must prove some level of fault regarding the 's knowledge of whether the statement was true or false
过失：原告必须证明在是否知道陈述是真实还是虚假方面存在某种程度的过失

a. Public Persons: A public plaintiff must prove actual malice. The Supreme Court defines actual malice as the

either knew her statement was false or that the

had reckless disregard of the truth but published the statement anyway New York Times

. Sullivan
a. 公众人物：公众原告必须证明实际恶意。最高法院将实际恶意定义为

知道她的陈述是虚假的，或者

对真相有鲁莽忽视但仍然发布了该陈述纽约时报

。沙利文

Public officials - elected officials; candidate for office; most other gov't officials and some positions of authority
公职人员 - 民选官员；竞选公职者；大多数其他政府官员和一些权力职位
Public figures - non-gov't actors who are in positions of tremendous affects or fame
公众人物 - 非政府行为者，处于巨大影响力或名望地位

b. Private Persons: A private plaintiff must prove fault amounting to at least negligence
b. 私人：私人原告必须证明至少是疏忽的过错

Example: Talk Show Host accuses Dr. Weaver of bribing a jury in a malpractice case. What level of fault must Dr. Weaver prove in a defamation action against Talk Show Host?
例子：脱口秀主持人指控韦弗医生在医疗事故案中贿赂陪审团。韦弗医生在诽谤诉讼中必须证明何种程度的过错？

?. Only to the level that the Talk Show Host should have known that he didn't bribe the jury. - normal reasonably prudent person standard
只有脱口秀主持人应该知道他没有贿赂陪审团的程度。- 普通合理谨慎人标准

B. Damages: In matters of public concern, all plaintiffs must prove actual malice to recover presumed or punitive damages.
B. 损害赔偿：在公共关注事项中，所有原告必须证明实际恶意才能获得推定或惩罚性赔偿。

No presumed dmg. in any case, even for a private person, if it involves public concern.
在任何情况下都没有推定的损害赔偿，即使涉及公共关注事项的私人也是如此。

INVASION OF RIGHT TO PRIVACY
侵犯隐私权

I. Appropriation I. 侵占

Normally will test one in exam
通常会在考试中测试

A. Definition: Use of the plaintiff's name or picture or likeness for commercial advantage without permission.
A. 定义：未经允许利用原告的姓名、照片或肖像谋取商业利益。

Example: Wheaties puts Celebrity's picture on a cereal box. Appropriation? ? Yes, b/c Wheaties used Celebrity's picture for commercial advantage w/o permission.
例子：Wheaties 在谷类食品盒上放上名人的照片。侵占？是的，因为 Wheaties 未经允许利用名人的照片谋取商业利益。

B. Limitation: Plaintiff's likeness must be used for advertising, promotional, or labeling purposes. Newsworthy use of a celebrity's name, picture or likeness is not appropriation.
B. 限制：原告的肖像必须用于广告、促销或标签目的。新闻价值上使用名人的姓名、照片或肖像不构成侵占。

II. Intrusion 二、侵入

A. Definition: Interference with a plaintiff's seclusion in a way that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.
A. 定义：以一种对合理人极具冒犯性的方式干扰原告的隐私。

You don't have to physically come to somebody's property to be liable for this T.
你不必亲自到某人的财产上才会对此负责。

bborbri

Economic Indignitary Torts DEFAMATION经济尊严侵权诽谤

I. Common Law: Prima Facie CaseI. 普通法：原 facie 案例