Male homosexuality is a result of evolution
男性同性恋是进化的结果
The outline is organized as a what-problem-solution structure.
该大纲以内容-问题-解决方案的结构进行组织。
What: Homosexuality in men is a product of evolution, a natural occurrence, and is unrelated to prenatal environment, epigenetics, or social culture.
内容:男性同性恋是进化的产物,是自然现象,与产前环境、表观遗传学或社会文化无关。
Function(Adaptation): What are the advantages of homosexual traits? Homosexual individuals cannot produce offspring, so how are their genes preserved?
功能(适应) :同性恋特征有哪些优点?同性恋者无法生育后代,那么他们的基因是如何保存的呢?
Individual Selection:
个人选择:
Insertive partner: Increase the likelihood of individual success. Mating is one crucial step in species' reproduction in the evolution process. Homosexual behavior as one of exceptions of different-sex sexual behavior, like cross-species sexual behavior and dead-bodies favor, may be a by-product of high frequency mating. Lerch and Servedio (2020) had an experiment showed that "indiscriminate mating is an optimal strategy" and this mating strategy resulted in a high expected lifetime reproductive success rate. What's more, the research of Monk et al. (2019) suggested that when mating opportunities decreased, exclusive different-sex sexual behavior would faced a disadvantage position as well, while same-sex sexual behavior did not.
积极的合作伙伴:增加个人成功的可能性。交配是物种进化过程中繁衍的关键步骤之一。同性恋行为作为异性性行为的例外之一,就像跨物种性行为和尸体偏爱一样,可能是高频交配的副产品。 Lerch 和 Servedio(2020)的一项实验表明,“不加区别的交配是一种最佳策略”,这种交配策略带来了较高的预期终生繁殖成功率。更重要的是,Monk 等人的研究。 (2019)提出,当交配机会减少时,排他性的异性性行为也会面临不利地位,而同性性行为则不会。
Receptive partner: Genes “for homosexuality” might be maladaptive by themselves, but might be advantageous when combined with other genes. This latter scenario is sometimes known as the "heterozygous" “hybrid
接受伴侣: “同性恋”基因本身可能不适应,但与其他基因结合时可能会有利。后一种情况有时被称为“杂合”“混合”
vigor” or “heterosis” hypothesis (LeVay 1994; Sommer 1990). the key to the argument is the disadvantage of an animal that has only dominance genes. While an animal possessing only submissive genes would fail to reproduce for lack of trying, one possessing only dominance genes might also fail. After all, an animal that "fights and runs away, lives to fight another day," but an animal that never gives in often dies young. Very possibly the more aggressive males also had a greater probability of dying before ever being able to reproduce at all! Thus, on average, milder men may have as many or more offspring than aggressive men (Werner, 2006).
活力”或“杂种优势”假说(LeVay 1994;Sommer 1990)。争论的关键在于仅具有显性基因的动物的劣势。只拥有顺从基因的动物会因为缺乏尝试而无法繁殖,而只拥有显性基因的动物也可能会失败。毕竟,“战斗并逃跑的动物,活着是为了日后战斗”,但从不屈服的动物往往会英年早逝。很有可能,更具攻击性的雄性在能够繁殖之前死亡的可能性也更大!因此,平均而言,温和的男性可能比好斗的男性拥有同样多或更多的后代(Werner,2006)。
Evidence: Relatives of exclusive homosexuals have less dominant personalities than the general population, and homosexuals themselves would be more likely than heterosexuals to avoid fights (at least physical ones) (Whitam & Mathey 1986; Cardoso, 2004).
证据:纯粹同性恋者的亲属比一般人群的主导性格要少,而且同性恋者本身比异性恋者更有可能避免打架(至少是身体上的打架)(Whitam & Mathey 1986;Cardoso,2004)。
Kin Selection: Homosexuality results from genes for submissive behavior; this advantage relates to dominance hierarchies, which help animals (including humans) live peacefully together, providing advantages to both the group and individuals in it (Sommer, 1990).
亲属选择:同性恋是由顺从行为的基因造成的;这种优势与统治等级有关,它帮助动物(包括人类)和平地生活在一起,为群体和个体提供优势(Sommer,1990)。
Evidence: Studies show that families with homosexuals reproduce even more than families without homosexuals. Research on a sample of homosexual males and their families (over 5,000 individuals) found that the ascendant females in the maternal line of homosexuals were significantly more fecund than those in the paternal line of heterosexual males. In fact, the ascendants of homosexuals produced up to one-third more offspring than those of heterosexuals (Camperio-Ciani et al., 2004). This indicates that the same genetic factors influencing male homosexuality may promote female fecundity when inherited by females, balancing these particular factors’ fitness.
证据:研究表明,有同性恋者的家庭的生育率甚至比没有同性恋者的家庭还要多。对同性恋男性及其家庭样本(超过 5,000 人)的研究发现,同性恋者母系中的上升女性的生育能力明显高于异性恋男性父系中的女性。事实上,同性恋者的后代比异性恋者的后代多出三分之一(Camperio-Ciani et al., 2004)。这表明影响男性同性恋的相同遗传因素在被女性遗传时可能会促进女性的生育能力,从而平衡这些特定因素的适应性。
Phylogeny:
系统发育:
Stage I: This stage involves “transvestite” lizards and snakes. In animals without multi-male groupings, where males are generally intolerant of the presence of other adult males, homosexuality serves as a deception tactic to gain access to others' territories (Werner, 2006)
第一阶段:此阶段涉及“易装癖”蜥蜴和蛇。在没有多雄性群体的动物中,雄性通常不能容忍其他成年雄性的存在,同性恋是一种进入他人领地的欺骗策略(Werner,2006)
Stage II: Multi-male groups are adaptive, perhaps for avoiding victimization by predators, but males do not cooperate on specific tasks. More powerful males may have reasons to expel others but also have incentives to allow them to stay. The “solution” is maintaining a clear dominance hierarchy, where subordinates must periodically “pay homage” to clarify their provisional “guest” status (Werner, 2006).
第二阶段:多雄性群体具有适应性,也许是为了避免被捕食者的伤害,但雄性不会在特定任务上进行合作。更有权势的男性可能有理由驱逐其他人,但也有动机让他们留下来。 “解决方案”是维持一个清晰的统治等级,下属必须定期“致敬”以澄清他们临时的“客人”身份(Werner,2006)。
Real-Life Examples
现实生活中的例子
Fish’s Deceptive Behavior: Stickleback fish (Sommer, 1990), bluegill sunfish (Wilson, 1994).
鱼的欺骗性行为:刺鱼(Sommer,1990)、翻车鱼(Wilson,1994)。
Primates: Epple (1967) describes genital displays (best described as "mooning") among dominant males in different Callitrichidae species.
灵长类动物:Epple (1967) 描述了不同 Callitrichidae 物种中占主导地位的雄性之间的生殖器展示(最好的描述为“月亮”)。
Three Forms of Homosexuality in Human Societies:
人类社会同性恋的三种形式:
Gender-Stratified System: Typical males may engage in active (inserter) sexual relations with distinctly identified “pathics” who generally assume passive (insertee) roles.
性别分层系统:典型的男性可能会与明显识别的“病态者”进行主动(插入者)性关系,而“病态者”通常承担被动(插入者)角色。
Age-Stratified Homosexual Systems: Include “mentorship” or “ritualized homosexuality” systems where older males take younger males as “apprentices,” as well as “catamite” systems where younger males serve as sexual objects to powerful older males.
年龄分层的同性恋系统:包括“导师制”或“仪式化同性恋”系统,其中年长男性将年轻男性视为“学徒”,以及“卡塔姆特”系统,其中年轻男性充当强大的年长男性的性对象。
Egalitarian Homosexual Systems: Include societies where homosexual relations occur among typical males during adolescence, where “blood-brotherhoods” formalize homosexual ties throughout life, and where homosexually identified males primarily have sex with other homosexually identified males (the modern “gay” system) (Werner, 2006).
平等主义同性恋系统:包括青春期期间典型男性之间发生同性恋关系的社会,“血缘兄弟情谊”使同性恋关系在一生中正式化,以及同性恋身份的男性主要与其他同性恋身份的男性发生性关系的社会(现代“同性恋”制度)(维尔纳,2006)。
Ontogeny:
个体发育:
Genetic Analysis: Research has indicated genetic differences between male homosexuals and heterosexuals (Hamer et al., 1993; Mustanski et al., 2005). The human X chromosome with Xq28 has been linked to the heredity of homosexuality in human males (Turner, 1995). Further experiments showed that one small area at the tip of the X chromosome—Xq28—was shared by a large percentage of gay brothers (Levay & Hamer, 1994).
遗传分析:研究表明男性同性恋者和异性恋者之间存在遗传差异(Hamer 等人,1993 年;Mustanski 等人,2005 年)。带有 Xq28 的人类 X 染色体与人类男性的同性恋遗传有关(Turner,1995)。进一步的实验表明,X 染色体顶端的一个小区域——Xq28——为大部分同性恋兄弟所共有(Levay & Hamer,1994)。
Mechanism:
机制:
Problem: The viewpoint of cultural determinism (to be provided by the debate opponent).
问题:文化决定论的观点(由辩论对手提供)。
Solution: Arguments against cultural determinism.
解决方案:反对文化决定论的论点。
Observation:
观察:
The study by Monk et al. (2019) shows that homosexual behavior exists among 18 different animal species, including starfish, crabs, and fish. Roughgarden (2017) also stated that “homosexual behavior occurs naturally in many mammals.” Clive et al. (2023) pointed out that these behaviors might be a common trend in the reproductive ecology of primates and other species. A series of animals, including male macaques, starfish, crabs, and fish, although living in different cultural environments, all exhibited homosexual behaviors among individuals with the same genes.
蒙克等人的研究。 (2019)表明同性恋行为存在于 18 种不同的动物物种中,包括海星、螃蟹和鱼类。 Roughgarden (2017) 还指出,“同性恋行为在许多哺乳动物中自然发生。”克莱夫等人。 (2023)指出,这些行为可能是灵长类动物和其他物种的生殖生态学的共同趋势。包括雄性猕猴、海星、螃蟹和鱼类在内的一系列动物,虽然生活在不同的文化环境中,但在具有相同基因的个体之间都表现出了同性恋行为。
According to a report on the living conditions of sexual minorities in China (UNDP, 2016), survey participants indicated that the media neglects sexual minority groups, while social environments such as companies and schools are reluctant to directly and clearly discuss sexual orientation. However, homosexual behavior is widespread in various cultural and religious backgrounds, including Catholicism, Islam, and Chinese society, which considers homosexuality unclean, as well as in cultures without strong religious or social backgrounds that view homosexuality as unclean. Despite humans living in different cultural environments, homosexual behavior is found among individuals with similar genes.
《中国性少数群体生存状况报告》(联合国开发计划署,2016)显示,调查参与者表示,媒体忽视了性少数群体,而企业、学校等社会环境也不愿意直接、明确地讨论性取向。然而,同性恋行为在各种文化和宗教背景中都普遍存在,包括天主教、伊斯兰教和认为同性恋不洁的中国社会,以及在没有强烈宗教或社会背景的文化中认为同性恋不洁的文化。尽管人类生活在不同的文化环境中,但同性恋行为却存在于具有相似基因的个体中。
Experiment:
实验:
If male homosexuality were a result of cultural factors, it could potentially be changed by reparative therapy. However, major mental health organizations in the U.S. state there is no scientific evidence that a homosexual orientation can be changed by psychotherapy. Spitzer (2013) noted that reparative therapy was used with 143 male and 57 female homosexuals, with complete shifts being uncommon and female participants reporting significantly more change than males.
如果男性同性恋是文化因素的结果,那么修复治疗可能会改变它。然而,美国主要心理健康组织表示,没有科学证据表明心理治疗可以改变同性恋倾向。 Spitzer(2013)指出,修复疗法对 143 名男性同性恋者和 57 名女性同性恋者进行了治疗,完全转变的情况并不常见,女性参与者报告的变化明显多于男性。
References
参考
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