Wiki

A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ ^ⓘ WICK-ee) is a form of hypertext publication on the internet which is collaboratively edited and managed by its audience directly through a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages that can either be edited by the public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base.
维基（ /ˈwɪki/ ^ⓘ WICK-ee）是一种在互联网上的超文本出版物形式，由其受众直接通过网页浏览器协作编辑和管理。一个典型的维基包含多个页面，这些页面可以由公众编辑，或仅限于在组织内部使用，以维护其内部知识库。

Wikis are powered by wiki software, also known as wiki engines. Being a form of content management system, these differ from other web-based systems such as blog software or static site generators in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader. Wikis have little inherent structure, allowing one to emerge according to the needs of the users.^[1] Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a lightweight markup language and sometimes edited with the help of a rich-text editor.^[2] There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are free and open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Further rules may be imposed to organize content. In addition to hosting user-authored content, wikis allow those users to interact, hold discussions, and collaborate.^[3]
维基由维基软件（也称为维基引擎）驱动。作为一种内容管理系统，它们与其他基于网络的系统（如博客软件或静态网站生成器）的不同之处在于，内容的创建没有明确的拥有者或领导者。维基几乎没有固有的结构，允许根据用户的需求而出现。维基引擎通常允许使用轻量级标记语言编写内容，有时也可以借助富文本编辑器进行编辑。存在数十种不同的维基引擎正在使用中，既有独立的，也有作为其他软件（如错误跟踪系统）的一部分。一些维基引擎是免费和开源的，而另一些则是专有的。有些允许控制不同的功能（访问级别）；例如，编辑权限可能允许更改、添加或删除材料。其他可能允许访问而不强制执行访问控制。可以施加进一步的规则来组织内容。除了托管用户创作的内容外，维基还允许用户互动、进行讨论和协作。

There are hundreds of thousands of wikis in use, both public and private, including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, note-taking tools, community websites, and intranets. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work".^[4] "Wiki" (pronounced [wiki]^{[note 1]}) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick".^[5][6][7]
目前有成千上万个维基正在使用中，既有公共的也有私人的，包括用作知识管理资源、笔记工具、社区网站和内部网的维基。第一个维基软件 WikiWikiWeb 的开发者沃德·坎宁安最初将维基描述为“可能是最简单的在线数据库”。 ^[4] “维基”（发音为 [wiki] ^{[note 1]} ）是一个夏威夷语单词，意思是“快速”。 ^{[5] [6] [7]}

The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based website, as well being one of the internet's most popular websites, having been ranked consistently as such since at least 2007.^[8] Wikipedia is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific language. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles, standing at 6,932,086 as of December 2024.^[9]
在线百科全书项目维基百科是最受欢迎的基于维基的网站，也是互联网上最受欢迎的网站之一，至少从 2007 年以来一直名列前茅。 ^[8] 维基百科不是单个维基，而是一组数百个维基的集合，每个维基都与一种特定语言相关。英文维基百科拥有最多的文章，截至 2024 年 12 月，共有 6,932,086 篇。 ^[9]

In their 2001 book The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web, Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf described the essence of the wiki concept:^[10][11]
在他们 2001 年的著作《维基之道：网络上的快速协作》中，坎宁安和合著者博·勒夫描述了维基概念的本质： ^{[10] [11]}

• "A wiki invites all users—not just experts—to edit any page or to create new pages within the wiki website, using only a standard 'plain-vanilla' Web browser without any extra add-ons."
  “维基邀请所有用户——而不仅仅是专家——使用标准的‘普通’网络浏览器，无需任何额外的插件，即可编辑任何页面或在维基网站中创建新页面。”
• "Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages by making page link creation intuitively easy and showing whether an intended target page exists or not."
  “维基通过使页面链接创建直观易用并显示目标页面是否存在来促进不同页面之间有意义的主题关联。”
• "A wiki is not a carefully crafted site created by experts and professional writers and designed for casual visitors. Instead, it seeks to involve the typical visitor/user in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly changes the website landscape."
  维基不是由专家和专业作家精心制作，面向普通访客的网站。相反，它旨在让普通访客/用户参与持续的创建和协作过程，不断改变网站的格局。

Some wikis will present users with an edit button or link directly on the page being viewed. This will open an interface for writing, formatting, and structuring page content. The interface may be a source editor, which is text-based and employs a lightweight markup language (also known as wikitext, wiki markup, or wikicode), or a visual editor. For example, in a source editor, starting lines of text with asterisks could create a bulleted list.
一些维基网站会直接在用户正在查看的页面上提供编辑按钮或链接。这将打开一个用于编写、格式化和结构页面内容的界面。该界面可能是一个源代码编辑器，它基于文本，并使用轻量级标记语言（也称为 wikitext、wiki 标记或 wikicode），或者一个可视化编辑器。例如，在源代码编辑器中，以星号开头的一行文本可能会创建一个项目符号列表。

The syntax and features of wiki markup languages for denoting style and structure can vary greatly among implementations. Some allow the use of HTML
用于表示样式和结构的 wiki 标记语言的语法和功能在不同实现之间可能差异很大。有些允许使用 HTMLTooltip Hypertext Markup Language and CSS  和 CSSTooltip Cascading Style Sheets,^[12] while others prevent the use of these to foster uniformity in appearance.
， ^[12] 而另一些则禁止使用这些标记，以促进外观的统一。

A short section of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland rendered in wiki markup:
《爱丽丝梦游仙境》的一小节，用 wiki 标记呈现：

"Take some more [[tea]]," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.

"I've had '''nothing''' yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more."

"You mean you can't take ''less''," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take ''more'' than nothing."

"Take some more <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.

<p>"I've had <strong>nothing</strong> yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more."

<p>"You mean you can't take <em>less</em>," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take <em>more</em> than nothing."

While wiki engines have traditionally offered source editing to users, in recent years some implementations have added a rich text editing mode. This is usually implemented, using JavaScript, as an interface which translates formatting instructions chosen from a toolbar into the corresponding wiki markup or HTML. This is generated and submitted to the server transparently, shielding users from the technical detail of markup editing and making it easier for them to change the content of pages. An example of such an interface is the VisualEditor in MediaWiki, the wiki engine used by Wikipedia. WYSIWYG editors may not provide all the features available in wiki markup, and some users prefer not to use them, so a source editor will often be available simultaneously.
虽然维基引擎传统上向用户提供源代码编辑功能，但近年来，一些实现添加了富文本编辑模式。这通常使用 JavaScript 实现，作为一种界面，将从工具栏中选择的格式化指令转换为相应的维基标记或 HTML。这是透明地生成并提交到服务器的，使用户免于标记编辑的技术细节，并使他们更容易更改页面内容。MediaWiki（维基百科使用的维基引擎）中的 VisualEditor 就是这样一个界面的例子。所见即所得编辑器可能无法提供维基标记中所有可用的功能，有些用户也不喜欢使用它们，因此源代码编辑器通常会同时可用。

Some wiki implementations keep a record of changes made to wiki pages, and may store every version of the page permanently. This allows authors to revert a page to an older version to rectify a mistake, or counteract a malicious or inappropriate edit to its content.^[13]
一些维基实现会记录对维基页面所做的更改，并可能永久存储页面的每个版本。这允许作者将页面恢复到较旧的版本以纠正错误，或抵消对其内容的恶意或不当编辑。 ^[13]

These stores are typically presented for each page in a list, called a "log" or "edit history", available from the page via a link in the interface. The list displays metadata for each revision to the page, such as the time and date of when it was stored, and the name of the person who created it, alongside a link to view that specific revision. A diff (short for "difference") feature may be available, which highlights the changes between any two revisions.
这些商店通常以列表形式显示在每一页上，称为“日志”或“编辑历史”，可以通过页面界面上的链接访问。该列表显示了页面每次修订的元数据，例如存储时间、日期以及创建人的姓名，以及查看特定修订的链接。可能提供差异（diff，缩写自“difference”）功能，突出显示任何两版修订之间的更改。

The edit history view in many wiki implementations will include edit summaries written by users when submitting changes to a page. Similar to the function of a log message in a revision control system, an edit summary is a short piece of text which summarizes and perhaps explains the change, for example "Corrected grammar" or "Fixed table formatting to not extend past page width". It is not inserted into the article's main text.
许多维基实施中的编辑历史视图将包含用户在提交页面更改时编写的编辑摘要。类似于版本控制系统中日志消息的功能，编辑摘要是一段简短的文本，总结并可能解释更改，例如“更正语法”或“修复表格格式，使其不超出页面宽度”。它不会插入到文章的主要文本中。

Traditionally, wikis offer free navigation between their pages via hypertext links in page text, rather than requiring users to follow a formal or structured navigation scheme. Users may also create indexes or table of contents pages, hierarchical categorization via a taxonomy, or other forms of ad hoc content organization. Wiki implementations can provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages, such as a backlink feature which displays all pages that link to a given page. Adding categories or tags to a page makes it easier for other users to find it.
传统上，维基通过页面文本中的超文本链接在页面之间提供免费导航，而不是要求用户遵循正式或结构化的导航方案。用户还可以创建索引或目录页、通过分类法进行层次分类或其他形式的即兴内容组织。维基实施可以提供一种或多种方法对页面进行分类或标记，以支持此类索引页面的维护，例如反向链接功能，该功能显示所有链接到给定页面的页面。向页面添加类别或标签可以更容易让其他用户找到它。

Most wikis allow the titles of pages to be searched amongst, and some offer full text search of all stored content.
大多数维基允许在页面标题之间进行搜索，有些还提供所有存储内容的全文搜索。

Some wiki communities have established navigational networks between each other using a system called WikiNodes. A WikiNode is a page on a wiki which describes and links to other, related wikis. Some wikis operate a structure of neighbors and delegates, wherein a neighbor wiki is one which discusses similar content or is otherwise of interest, and a delegate wiki is one which has agreed to have certain content delegated to it.^[14] WikiNode networks act as webrings which may be navigated from one node to another to find a wiki which addresses a specific subject.
一些维基社群已使用名为 WikiNodes 的系统在彼此之间建立了导航网络。WikiNode 是一个维基页面，它描述并链接到其他相关的维基。一些维基使用邻居和代表的结构，其中邻居维基讨论类似的内容或出于其他原因感兴趣，而代表维基则同意将某些内容委托给它。 ^[14] WikiNode 网络充当网络环，可以通过从一个节点导航到另一个节点来查找一个讨论特定主题的维基。

The syntax used to create internal hyperlinks varies between wiki implementations. Beginning with the WikiWikiWeb in 1995, most wikis used camel case to name pages,^[15] which is when words in a phrase are capitalized and the spaces between them removed. In this system, the phrase "camel case" would be rendered as "CamelCase". In early wiki engines, when a page was displayed, any instance of a camel case phrase would be transformed into a link to another page named with the same phrase.
用于创建内部超链接的语法在不同的维基实现之间有所不同。从 1995 年的 WikiWikiWeb 开始，大多数维基使用驼峰式命名法来命名页面， ^[15] 也就是将短语中的单词大写，并将单词之间的空格删除。在这个系统中，“驼峰式命名法”将呈现为“CamelCase”。在早期的维基引擎中，当显示页面时，任何驼峰式命名短语都会转换为链接到另一个名称相同的页面。

While this system made it easy to link to pages, it had the downside of requiring pages to be named in a form deviating from standard spelling, and titles of a single word required abnormally capitalizing one of the letters (e.g. "WiKi" instead of "Wiki"). Some wiki implementations attempt to improve the display of camel case page titles and links by reinserting spaces and possibly also reverting to lower case, but this simplistic method is not able to correctly present titles of mixed capitalization. For example, "Kingdom of France" as a page title would be written as "KingdomOfFrance", and displayed as "Kingdom Of France".
尽管这个系统使链接到页面变得容易，但其缺点是要求页面的命名方式偏离标准拼写，而单词标题则需要对某个字母进行异常的大写（例如“WiKi”而不是“Wiki”）。一些维基实现试图通过重新插入空格以及可能恢复为小写来改善驼峰式页面标题和链接的显示，但这种简单方法无法正确展示混合大小写的标题。例如，“法国王国”作为页面标题将被写成“KingdomOfFrance”，并显示为“Kingdom Of France”。

To avoid this problem, the syntax of wiki markup gained free links, wherein a term in natural language could be wrapped in special characters to turn it into a link without modifying it. The concept was given the name in its first implementation, in UseModWiki in February 2001.^[16] In that implementation, link terms were wrapped in a double set of square brackets, for example [[Kingdom of France]]. This syntax was adopted by a number of later wiki engines.
为了避免这个问题，维基标记的语法引入了自由链接，其中自然语言的术语可以用特殊字符包裹，以便在不修改内容的情况下将其变成链接。这个概念在 2001 年 2 月的 UseModWiki 的第一次实现中被命名。在该实现中，链接术语被包裹在一对方括号中，例如 [[Kingdom of France]] 。这种语法被许多后来的维基引擎采用。

It is typically possible for users of a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite the creation of those pages. Such links are usually differentiated visually in some fashion, such as being colored red instead of the default blue, which was the case in the original WikiWikiWeb, or by appearing as a question mark next to the linked words.
通常，维基的用户可以创建链接到尚不存在的页面，以邀请创建这些页面。这些链接通常在某种方式上呈现视觉差异，例如在原始 WikiWikiWeb 中，这些链接通常显示为红色而不是默认的蓝色，或者在链接的词旁边出现一个问号。

WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki.^[17] Ward Cunningham started developing it in 1994, and installed it on the Internet domain c2.com on March 25, 1995. Cunningham gave it the name after remembering a Honolulu International Airport counter employee telling him to take the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" bus that runs between the airport's terminals, later observing that "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-web."^[18][19]
WikiWikiWeb 是第一个维基。 ^[17] 沃德·坎宁汉姆于 1994 年开始开发它，并于 1995 年 3 月 25 日在互联网域名 c2.com 上安装了它。坎宁汉姆在回忆起檀香山国际机场一名柜台工作人员告诉他乘坐“维基维基穿梭巴士”来往于机场航站楼时，给它起了这个名字，后来观察到“我选择了维基-维基作为‘快速’的押韵替代品，从而避免了为这些东西命名为快速网络。” ^{[18] [19]}

Cunningham's system was inspired by his having used Apple's hypertext software HyperCard, which allowed users to create interlinked "stacks" of virtual cards.^[20] HyperCard, however, was single-user, and Cunningham was inspired to build upon the ideas of Vannevar Bush, the inventor of hypertext, by allowing users to "comment on and change one another's text."^[2][21] Cunningham says his goals were to link together people's experiences to create a new literature to document programming patterns, and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring".^[20]
坎宁汉姆的系统受到他使用苹果的超文本软件 HyperCard 的启发，该软件允许用户创建相互链接的“卡片堆”。 ^[20] 然而，HyperCard 是单用户的，坎宁汉姆受到 Vannevar Bush（超文本的发明者）思想的启发，通过允许用户“评论和更改彼此的文本”来进行改进。 ^{[2] [21]} 坎宁汉姆表示，他的目标是将人们的经验联系在一起，以创建一种新的文学，记录编程模式，并利用人们与生俱来的交谈与讲故事的欲望，创造一种使那些不习惯“创作”的人感到舒适的技术。 ^[20]

Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site^{[clarification needed]}, launched in January 2001 and entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets, and documentation, initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning. On March 15, 2007, the word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary.^[22]
维基百科成为最著名的 wiki 网站 ^{[clarification needed]} ，于 2001 年 1 月推出，并于 2007 年进入前十个最受欢迎的网站。在 2000 年代初期，wiki 在企业中作为协作软件日益被采用。常见用途包括项目沟通、内联网和文档，最初面向技术用户。一些公司将 wiki 用作其协作软件以及静态内联网的替代品，而一些学校和大学则利用 wiki 来增强团队学习。2007 年 3 月 15 日，“wiki”一词被列入在线牛津英语词典。 ^[22]

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to both user-editable websites and the software that powers them, and the latter definition is still occasionally in use.^[1]
在 1990 年代后期和 2000 年代初期，“wiki”一词被用来指代用户可编辑的网站及其背后运行的软件，并且后一种定义仍在偶尔使用。 ^[1]

By 2014, Ward Cunningham's thinking on the nature of wikis had evolved, leading him to write^[23] that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to a single website, but rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance of wiki". In this concept of wiki federation, in which the same content can be hosted and edited in more than one location in a manner similar to distributed version control, the idea of a single discrete "wiki" no longer made sense.^[24]
到 2014 年，沃德·坎宁安关于 wiki 本质的思考已经演变，促使他写道 ^[23] “wiki”一词不应用于指代单个网站，而应指代大量的用户可编辑页面或站点，因此单个网站不是“一个 wiki”，而是“一个 wiki 实例”。在这个 wiki 联盟的概念中，相同的内容可以在多个位置托管和编辑，类似于分布式版本控制，单个离散的“wiki”的概念不再适用。 ^[24]

The software which powers a wiki may be implemented as a series of scripts which operate an existing web server, a standalone application server that runs on one or more web servers, or in the case of personal wikis, run as a standalone application on a single computer. Some wikis use flat file databases to store page content, while others use a relational database,^[25] as indexed database access is faster on large wikis, particularly for searching.
支持维基的软件可以实现为一系列操作现有 Web 服务器的脚本、运行在一个或多个 Web 服务器上的独立应用程序服务器，或者在个人维基的情况下，作为单个计算机上的独立应用程序运行。一些维基使用平面文件数据库来存储页面内容，而另一些则使用关系数据库， ^[25] 因为在大型维基上，索引数据库访问速度更快，尤其是在搜索方面。

Wikis can also be created on wiki hosting services (also known as wiki farms), where the server-side software is implemented by the wiki farm owner, and may do so at no charge in exchange for advertisements being displayed on the wiki's pages. Some hosting services offer private, password-protected wikis requiring authentication to access. Free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every page.
维基也可以在维基托管服务（也称为维基农场）上创建，其中服务器端软件由维基农场所有者实现，并且可能免费提供，以换取在维基页面上显示广告。一些托管服务提供私有的、受密码保护的维基，需要身份验证才能访问。免费维基农场通常在每个页面上都包含广告。

The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are readers, authors, wiki administrators and system administrators. System administrators are responsible for the installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. Wiki administrators maintain content and, through having elevated privileges, are granted additional functions (including, for example, preventing edits to pages, deleting pages, changing users' access rights, or blocking them from editing).^[26]
参与维基的四种基本类型的用户是读者、作者、维基管理员和系统管理员。系统管理员负责维基引擎和容器 Web 服务器的安装和维护。维基管理员维护内容，并通过拥有更高的权限获得额外的功能（例如，阻止编辑页面、删除页面、更改用户的访问权限或阻止他们编辑）。 ^[26]

Wikis are generally designed with a soft security philosophy in which it is easy to correct mistakes or harmful changes, rather than attempting to prevent them from happening in the first place. This allows them to be very open while providing a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. Most wikis offer a recent changes page which shows recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame.^[27] Some wikis can filter the list to remove edits flagged by users as "minor" and automated edits.^[28] The version history feature allows harmful changes to be reverted quickly and easily.^[13]
维基一般采用一种软安全哲学，使纠正错误或有害更改变得容易，而不是试图防止其发生。这使得它们非常开放，同时提供验证最近添加的页面内容有效性的手段。大多数维基提供一个最近更改页面，显示最近的编辑，或在给定时间范围内进行的编辑列表。 ^[27] 一些维基可以过滤列表，以去除被用户标记为“次要”的编辑和自动编辑。 ^[28] 版本历史功能允许迅速且轻松地撤回有害的更改。 ^[13]

Some wiki engines provide additional content control, allowing remote monitoring and management of a page or set of pages to maintain quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be alerted of modifications to them, allowing them to verify the validity of new editions quickly.^[29] Such a feature is often called a watchlist.
一些维基引擎提供额外的内容控制，允许远程监控和管理页面或一组页面，以保持质量。愿意维护页面的人会被提醒其修改，允许他们迅速验证新版本的有效性。 ^[29] 这种功能通常称为观察列表。

Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions, in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark edits as being legitimate. A flagged revisions system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed.^[30]
一些维基还实施巡查版本，编辑拥有必要的权限可以将编辑标记为合法。标记版本系统可以阻止编辑在审核之前上线。 ^[30]

Wikis may allow any person on the web to edit their content without having to register an account on the site first (anonymous editing), or require registration as a condition of participation.^[31] On implementations where an administrator is able to restrict editing of a page or group of pages to a specific group of users, they may have the option to prevent anonymous editing while allowing it for registered users.^[32]
维基允许网民在不必先注册账户的情况下编辑其内容（匿名编辑），或者要求注册作为参与的条件。 ^[31] 在可以限制特定用户组编辑某个页面或页面组的实现中，管理员可以选择在允许注册用户编辑的同时防止匿名编辑。 ^[32]

Critics of publicly editable wikis argue that they could be easily tampered with by malicious individuals, or even by well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce errors into the content. Proponents maintain that these issues will be caught and rectified by a wiki's community of users.^[2][17] High editorial standards in medicine and health sciences articles, in which users typically use peer-reviewed journals or university textbooks as sources, have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis.^[33] Wiki implementations retaining and allowing access to specific versions of articles has been useful to the scientific community, by allowing expert peer reviewers to provide links to trusted version of articles which they have analyzed.^[34]
公开可编辑的维基的批评者认为，这些内容容易被恶意个体篡改，或者被善意但技术不熟练的用户引入错误。支持者认为，这些问题会被维基的用户社区发现并纠正。 ^{[2] [17]} 在医学和健康科学文章中，用户通常使用同行评审的期刊或大学教科书作为来源，从而导致对高编辑标准的期望，进而形成专家审核的维基的理念。 ^[33] 维基实现保留和允许访问特定版本的文章对科学界是有益的，允许专家同行评审者提供分析过的文章可信版本的链接。 ^[34]

Trolling and cybervandalism on wikis, where content is changed to something deliberately incorrect or a hoax, offensive material or nonsense is added, or content is maliciously removed, can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites it is possible for such changes to go unnoticed for a long period.
在维基上进行恶搞和网络破坏的行为，故意将内容更改为不正确或恶作剧，添加攻击性材料或无意义的内容，或恶意删除内容，可能是一个主要问题。在较大规模的维基网站上，这种更改可能在很长时间内无人注意。

In addition to using the approach of soft security for protecting themselves, larger wikis may employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert vandalism. For example, on Wikipedia, the bot ClueBot NG uses machine learning to identify likely harmful changes, and reverts these changes within minutes or even seconds.^[35]
除了采用软安全的方法来保护自己外，较大的维基可能会使用复杂的方法，例如自动识别和撤销破坏行为的机器人。例如，在维基百科上，机器人 ClueBot NG 使用机器学习来识别可能有害的更改，并在几分钟甚至几秒内撤销这些更改。 ^[35]

Disagreements between users over the content or appearance of pages may cause edit wars, where competing users repetitively change a page back to a version that they favor. Some wiki software allows administrators to prevent pages from being editable until a decision has been made on what version of the page would be most appropriate.^[3]
用户之间对页面内容或外观的分歧可能导致编辑战争，在这种情况下，竞争用户反复将页面更改回他们所偏好的版本。一些维基软件允许管理员在做出决定之前，禁止编辑某些页面，以确定哪个页面版本最合适。 ^[3]

Some wikis may be subject to external structures of governance which address the behavior of persons with access to the system, for example in academic contexts.^[25]
一些维基可能受到外部治理结构的影响，这些结构处理对系统有访问权限的人员的行为，例如在学术环境中。 ^[25]

As most wikis allow the creation of hyperlinks to other sites and services, the addition of malicious hyperlinks, such as sites infected with malware, can also be a problem. For example, in 2006 a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website, and users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link had their systems infected with the worm.^[3] Some wiki engines offer a blacklist feature which prevents users from adding hyperlinks to specific sites that have been placed on the list by the wiki's administrators.
大多数维基允许创建指向其他网站和服务的超链接，因此添加恶意超链接（例如感染恶意软件的网站）也可能成为问题。例如，2006 年，一篇关于冲击波蠕虫的德文维基百科文章被编辑后包含了一个指向恶意网站的超链接，使用易受攻击的微软 Windows 系统的用户点击该链接后，他们的系统被感染了该蠕虫。 ^[3] 一些维基引擎提供黑名单功能，阻止用户添加指向维基管理员已列入名单的特定网站的超链接。

The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web^[36] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of traffic.^[37] Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage, and previously Susning.nu, a Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd, an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and invited non-medical experts.^[38] Many wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises. They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation.^[39] A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into "synthesizers" and "adders" of content. Synthesizers' frequency of contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders' contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate work.^[40] From a study of thousands of wiki deployments, Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder analysis and education are crucial to successful wiki deployment.^[41]
英语维基百科在全球范围内的维基中拥有最大的用户群体 ^[36] ，并在所有网站的流量中排名前十 ^[37] 。其他大型维基包括 WikiWikiWeb、Memory Alpha、Wikivoyage，以及之前的 Swedish-language 知识库 Susning.nu。医疗和健康相关维基的例子包括 Ganfyd，这是一个由医疗专业人士和被邀请的非医疗专家共同编辑的在线协作医疗参考资料 ^[38] 。许多维基社区是私有的，特别是在企业内部。它们通常用作内部系统和应用程序的文档。一些公司使用维基来允许客户帮助制作软件文档 ^[39] 。对企业维基用户的研究发现，他们可以分为内容的“合成者”和“添加者”。合成者的贡献频率更受其他维基用户影响，而添加者的贡献频率则更多地受到完成他们的直接工作的影响 ^[40] 。在对数千个维基部署的研究中，Jonathan Grudin 得出结论，仔细的利益相关者分析和教育对成功的维基部署至关重要 ^[41] 。

In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by 2009.^{[42][needs update]} Wikis can be used for project management.^{[43][44][unreliable source]} Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries.^[45] In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee work.^[46] In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration placed a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in the classroom.^[3]
2005 年，Gartner 集团注意到 wiki 日益普及，估计到 2009 年，它们将在至少 50%的公司中成为主流协作工具。 ^{[42] [needs update]} wiki 可用于项目管理。 ^{[43] [44] [unreliable source]} wiki 还在学术界被用于跨机构和国际界限的信息共享和传播。 ^[45] 在这些环境中，它们被发现对撰写研究经费申请、战略规划、部门文件和委员会工作很有用。 ^[46] 2000 年代中期，各行业日益增长的协作趋势，促使教育工作者更加注重培养学生的协作能力，进而激发了 wiki 在课堂上使用的更大兴趣。 ^[3]

Wikis have found some use within the legal profession and within the government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agency's Intellipedia, designed to share and collect intelligence assessments, DKosopedia, which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents about the internment of detainees in Guantánamo Bay;^[47] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-Patent, a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to the examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit.^[32]
维基已在法律界和政府部门中得到了一些应用。例如，中央情报局的 Intellipedia 旨在共享和收集情报评估；DKosopedia，美国公民自由联盟使用它来帮助审查关于关塔那摩湾拘留者拘留的文档；以及美国第七巡回上诉法院的维基，用于张贴法院规则，并允许从业者发表评论和提问。美国专利商标局运营着“同行到专利”——一个维基，允许公众协作寻找与待审专利申请相关的先有技术。纽约皇后区已使用维基，允许公民协作设计和规划当地公园。康奈尔法学院创建了一个基于维基的法律词典——Wex，其增长受到编辑权限限制的影响。 ^{[47] [32]}

In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration and research support systems.^[48][49]
在学术环境中，维基也被用作项目协作和研究支持系统。 ^{[48] [49]}

A city wiki or local wiki is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for a specific geographical locale.^[50][51][52] The term city wiki is sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or an entire region. Such a wiki contains information about specific instances of things, ideas, people and places. Such highly localized information might be appropriate for a wiki targeted at local viewers, and could include:
城市维基或地方维基是一个维基，用作特定地理区域的知识库和社交网络。 ^{[50] [51] [52]} 城市维基这个术语有时也用于涵盖不仅仅是一个城市，而是一个小镇或整个地区的维基。这样的维基包含关于特定事物、想法、人物和地点的详细信息。这种高度本地化的信息可能适合针对当地用户的维基，并且可能包括：

• Details of public establishments such as public houses, bars, accommodation or social centers
  公共场所（如酒吧、餐馆、住宿或社交中心）的详细信息
• Owner name, opening hours and statistics for a specific shop
  特定商店的所有者姓名、营业时间和统计数据
• Statistical information about a specific road in a city
  城市中特定道路的统计信息
• Flavors of ice cream served at a local ice cream parlor
  当地冰淇淋店供应的冰淇淋口味
• A biography of a local mayor and other persons
  当地市长的传记以及其他人物的传记

A study of several hundred wikis in 2008 showed that a relatively high number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth;^[53] access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that a higher ratio of administrators to regular users has no significant effect on content or population growth.^[54]
2008 年对数百个维基的研究表明，对于给定的内容大小，相对较高的管理员数量可能会降低增长； ^[53] 将编辑限制在注册用户的访问控制往往会降低增长；缺乏此类访问控制往往会刺激新用户的注册；并且管理员与普通用户比例较高对内容或人口增长没有显著影响。 ^[54]

Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing.^[3] Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing, and Creative Commons licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki.
文章的共同创作，其中不同的用户参与修正、编辑和编写成品，可能导致编辑们成为版权的共同租户，使得在没有所有共同所有者的许可的情况下无法重新发布，其中一些所有者的身份可能因使用笔名或匿名编辑而不为人知。 ^[3] 一些版权问题可以通过使用开放内容许可证来缓解。GNU 自由文档许可证的第 2 版包含了一个关于维基重新授权的具体条款，而创意共享许可证也很受欢迎。当没有指定许可证时，基于商业必要性和维基的固有性质，可能会认为存在隐含的阅读和添加内容到维基的许可证。

Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that they could have exercised to stop copyright infringement, they may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if the wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains a direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue, from infringing activities.^[3] In the United States, wikis may benefit from Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which protects sites that engage in "Good Samaritan" policing of harmful material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing.^[55] It has also been argued that a wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias, verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research policies, could pose legal risks.^[56] When defamation occurs on a wiki, theoretically, all users of the wiki can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove or amend the defamatory material from the "publication". It remains to be seen whether wikis will be regarded as more akin to an internet service provider, which is generally not held liable due to its lack of control over publications' contents, than a publisher.^[3] It has been recommended that trademark owners monitor what information is presented about their trademarks on wikis, since courts may use such content as evidence pertaining to public perceptions, and they can edit entries to rectify misinformation.^[57]
维基以及它们的用户可能会因为在维基上发生的特定活动而承担责任。如果维基所有者表现出冷漠并放弃可以行使的控制措施（例如禁止侵权者），以阻止版权侵权，他们可能会被视为授权侵权，特别是当维基主要用于侵犯版权或从侵权活动中获得直接财务利益（例如广告收入）时。在美国，维基可能受益于《通信信誉法》第 230 条，该条款保护从事“好撒玛利亚”行为的网站，即对有害材料进行自我管理，而对这种自我管理的质量或数量没有要求。还有人认为，维基执行某些规则（例如反偏见、可验证性、可靠来源和不原创研究政策）可能会带来法律风险。当维基上发生诽谤时，从理论上讲，维基的所有用户都可能承担责任，因为他们中的任何一个都有能力从“出版物”中删除或修改诽谤材料。尚待观察维基是否会被视为更类似于互联网服务提供商，而不是出版商，因为互联网服务提供商通常由于缺乏对出版物内容的控制而不承担责任。 建议商标所有者监控关于其商标在维基上所呈现的信息，因为法庭可能会将此类内容作为与公众认知相关的证据，并且他们可以编辑条目以纠正错误信息。 ^[57]

Active conferences and meetings about wiki-related topics include:
关于维基相关主题的活跃会议和讨论包括：

• Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian software, including Confluence.^[58]
  Atlassian Summit，针对 Atlassian 软件用户的年度会议，包括 Confluence。
• OpenSym (called WikiSym until 2014), an academic conference dedicated to research about wikis and open collaboration.
  OpenSym（在 2014 年之前称为 WikiSym），一个专注于维基和开放协作研究的学术会议。
• SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic MediaWiki.^[59]
  SMWCon，针对语义媒体维基用户和开发人员的双年会议。
• TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware.^[60]
  TikiFest，针对 Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware 的用户和开发人员的频繁会议。
• Wikimania, an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikipedia.
  Wikimania，专注于维基媒体基金会项目（如维基百科）的研究和实践的年度会议。

Former wiki-related events include:
前维基相关事件包括：

• RecentChangesCamp (2006–2012), an unconference on wiki-related topics.
  RecentChangesCamp（2006–2012），一个关于维基相关主题的非正式会议。
• RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013), a semi-annual unconference on "regiowikis", or wikis on cities and other geographic areas.^[61]
  RegioWikiCamp（2009–2013），一个关于“地区维基”的半年度非正式会议，即关于城市和其他地理区域的维基。 ^[61]

• Ebersbach, Anja (2008), Wiki: Web Collaboration, Springer Science+Business Media, ISBN 978-3-540-35150-4

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• Exploring with Wiki, an interview with Ward Cunningham
  与沃德·坎宁安的采访，探索维基
• Murphy, Paula (April 2006). Topsy-turvy World of Wiki. University of California.
  默菲，保拉 (2006 年 4 月)。维基世界的颠倒世界。加州大学。
• Ward Cunningham's correspondence with etymologists
  沃德·坎宁安与词源学家的通信
• WikiIndex and WikiApiary, directories of wikis
  WikiIndex 和 WikiApiary，维基目录
• WikiMatrix, a website for comparing wiki software and hosts
  WikiMatrix，一个用于比较维基软件和主机的网站
• wikiteam on GitHub  GitHub 上的维基团队