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Энгель1

Geography
地理The United States of America covers more than 9 million square kilometers of land.
美国领土面积超过900万平方公里。Its population is 330,052,960 people (as of August 2, 2020).
人口为330,052,960人（截至2020年8月2日）。Forty-eight of the country's 50 states are located in the central part of North America, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.
美国五十个州中有四十八个州位于北美洲中部，东至大西洋，西至太平洋。The United States borders on the north by Canada and on the south by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.
美国北与加拿大接壤，南与墨西哥及墨西哥湾接壤。The United States also includes the states of Alaska, in the northwest corner of North America,and Hawaii, in the mid-Pacific Ocean.
美国还包括位于北美洲西北角的阿拉斯加州和位于太平洋中部的夏威夷州。Washington, D.C., is the United State's capital city.
华盛顿特区是美国首都。Area of the United States:
美国面积：total area: 9,372,610 sq km
总面积：9,372,610平方公里land area: 9,166,600 sq km
土地面积：9,166,600平方公里comparative area:
比较区域：about half the size of Russia;
面积约为俄罗斯的一半；about three-tenths the size of Africa;
约为非洲面积的十分之三；about half the size of South America;
面积约为南美洲的一半；slightly smaller than China;
比中国略小；about two and one-half times the size of Western Europe
约为西欧面积的两倍半The world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China)
世界第四大国家（仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国）Administrative divisions: 50 states and the District of Columbia
行政区划：50个州和哥伦比亚特区The District of Columbia is a federal district that houses the government of the US. It is not a state.
哥伦比亚特区是美国政府所在地的联邦地区，不是州。There are six major regions that have differences in local customs and culture.
全国有六个主要地区，各地区的风俗文化各有差异。These include the Northeast (New England), Midwest, Northwest, West, Southwest and South.
这些地区包括东北部（新英格兰）、中西部、西北部、西部、西南部和南部。Northeast (New England): New York State, Pennsylvania, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland and Massachusetts.
东北部（新英格兰）：纽约州、宾夕法尼亚州、缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、罗德岛州、康涅狄格州、特拉华州、马里兰州和马萨诸塞州。Some of the best universities and schools in the world exist here such as Harvard, Yale, and many other Ivy League colleges.
这里有世界上最好的一些大学和学校，例如哈佛大学、耶鲁大学和许多其他常春藤盟校。The region is known for its rural villages, fishing harbors, colorful autumn scenery, and historic landmarks.
该地区以其乡村、渔港、多彩的秋景和历史地标而闻名。New York City in New York State is the country's largest city in population and the sixth largest in the world.
纽约州的纽约市是美国人口最大的城市，也是世界第六大城市。The Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were adopted at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
《独立宣言》和美国宪法都是在宾夕法尼亚州费城通过的。Boston, the capital of the state of Massachusetts, is one of the largest cities in New England.
波士顿是马萨诸塞州的首府，也是新英格兰地区最大的城市之一。It is a major financial center of the northeastern United States and has a busy seaport and air terminal.
它是美国东北部的主要金融中心，拥有繁忙的海港和航空航站楼。Midwestern states: North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, lowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana.
中西部各州：北达科他州、南达科他州、内布拉斯加州、堪萨斯州、明尼苏达州、洛瓦州、密苏里州、威斯康星州、密歇根州、伊利诺伊州、俄亥俄州、印第安纳州。The Midwest is known largely for its agricultural industries.
中西部地区以其农业产业而闻名。The third largest city in the United States, Chicago, is in the state of Illinois.
美国第三大城市芝加哥位于伊利诺伊州。Northwest: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana
西北部：华盛顿州、俄勒冈州、爱达荷州、蒙大拿州The states of Idaho and Montana belong to Rocky Mountains states.
爱达荷州和蒙大拿州属于落基山脉州。Seattle, Washington, is the largest metropolitan area in the Northwest.
华盛顿州西雅图是美国西北部最大的都市区。Portland, Oregon, is the second largest metropolitan area in the Northwest.
俄勒冈州波特兰是西北部第二大都市区。West: California, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado
西部：加利福尼亚州、内华达州、犹他州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州The West is known largely for its technological industries and efforts to preserve the natural environment.
西方以其技术产业和保护自然环境的努力而闻名。California has the highest population of any U.S. state.
加利福尼亚州是美国人口最多的州。Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that serves as a global center for high technology and innovation.
硅谷是位于加利福尼亚州北部的一个地区，是全球高科技和创新的中心。Hollywood is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California.
好莱坞是加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的一个街区。Its name is associated with the U.S. film industry and the people associated with it.
它的名字与美国电影业以及与之相关的人联系在一起。San Francisco is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California.
旧金山是北加州的文化、商业和金融中心。Nevada is famous for gambling in Las Vegas.
内华达州因拉斯维加斯的赌博而闻名。Utah is famous for its snow and skiing, as well as Arches National Park and the Great Salt Lake.
犹他州以其雪和滑雪、拱门国家公园和大盐湖而闻名。Arches National Park
拱门国家公园Arizona, New Mexico and Texas once belonged to Mexico. The influence of Native American, Spanish, and Mexican cultures is characteristic of Southwest.
亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州和德克萨斯州曾属于墨西哥。美国原住民、西班牙和墨西哥文化的影响是西南地区的特色。The region is known as the center of the natural gas and petroleum industries.
该地区是天然气和石油工业的中心。Arizona is famous for the Colorado River's Grand Canyon.
亚利桑那州因科罗拉多河的大峡谷而闻名。South: Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina.
南部：阿肯色州、阿拉巴马州、路易斯安那州、密西西比州、田纳西州、乔治亚州、佛罗里达州、肯塔基州、弗吉尼亚州、西弗吉尼亚州、北卡罗来纳州、南卡罗来纳州。The South is known for its history, but also for its warm weather, its agriculture and its dedication to religion.
南方不仅因其历史而闻名，还因其温暖的气候、农业和对宗教的虔诚而闻名。The South is known for its history, but also for its warm weather, its agriculture and its dedication to religion.
南方不仅因其历史而闻名，还因其温暖的气候、农业和对宗教的虔诚而闻名。Here is where you will find the most obvious differences in English dialect as well as customs.
在这里你会发现英语方言和习俗最明显的差异。University of South Carolina
南卡罗来纳大学Almost a third of Alaska lies north of the Arctic Circle.
阿拉斯加近三分之一的土地位于北极圈以北。The summer sun shines for about 20 hours a day.
夏季每天阳光照射时间约为20小时。Hawaii is the only state that does not lie on the mainland of North America.
夏威夷是唯一一个不位于北美洲大陆的州。It consists of a chain of 132 islands.
它由 132 个岛屿组成。USGS
美国地质调查局ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF STATES: GROUPS
国家名称的词源：团体1. Geographic names based on European names brought to America from Europe
1. 以从欧洲传到美洲的欧洲名称为基础的地理名称New Hampshire-after Hampshire, an English county.
新罕布什尔州——以英国的一个郡——汉普郡命名。New Jersey after Jersey, a British island (the Channel Island).
新泽西州，取自英国岛屿泽西岛（海峡群岛）。New York-after York, a city in England (another theory, after the Duke of York and Albany) New York was founded by Dutch colonizers, Its original name was New Amsterdam (1625). After 40 years it was taken over by the British who gave it the name of New York
纽约——以英国城市约克命名（另一种说法是，以约克公爵和奥尔巴尼命名）纽约由荷兰殖民者建立，原名新阿姆斯特丹（1625 年）。40 年后，英国人接管了它，并给它命名为纽约2. Geographic names created on the basis of European languages
2. 基于欧洲语言创造的地名California (Spanish) ong name of a fabled island. Another theory - "hol place"-the name was created by Spanish Catholic missionanes who arrived there in 1709 and called the place Calor de Formi "жаркий как печь"
加利福尼亚（西班牙语）传说中的一座岛屿的名字。另一种说法是“hol place”——这个名字是由 1709 年抵达该地的西班牙天主教传教士创造的，他们称该地为 Calor de Formi“жаркий как печь”Colorado (Spanish)-"red" lit colored" "цветная страна"
科罗拉多州（西班牙语）-“红色”点亮彩色”“цветная страна”Montana (Spanish or Latin) - mountainous regions - "горная страна"
蒙大拿州（西班牙语或拉丁语）-山区-“горная страна”Nevada (Spanish) "покрытая снегом"
内华达州（西班牙语）“покрытая снегом”Rhode Island (Dutch)-Du Roodf Eylandt, ted island
罗德岛州（荷兰）-Du Roodf Eylandt，特德岛Vermont (French)-Verd Mont, green mountain
佛蒙特州（法语）-Verd Mont，绿山Indiana (Engi Indian Latin suffix a)-"land of the Indians
印第安纳州（Engi 印第安人拉丁语后缀 a）-“印第安人的土地Florida (Spanishy-abounding in flowers - "цветущая"
佛罗里达（西班牙语-鲜花盛开-“цветущая”3. Geographic names given in honor of historical figures
3. 用历史人物命名的地名Columbia (District of) after Christopher Columbus
哥伦比亚（地区）以克里斯托弗·哥伦布命名Georgia-alter GEORGE II. English King (reigned 1727-00)
乔治亚州-乔治二世。 英国国王（1727-00 年在位）Louisiana-after LOUIS XIV, French King (reigned 1643-1715)
路易斯安那州 - 以法国国王路易十四 (1643-1715 年在位) 命名Carolina-after English King Charles I (bon Charles Stuart, Lat Carolus) (reigned
卡罗莱纳——以英国国王查理一世（查理斯图亚特，拉特卡罗勒斯）命名（在位1625-49), beheaded
1625-49），斩首Virginia-after ELIZABETH 1, the Virgin Queen (queen of England 1558-1603)
弗吉尼亚 - 以伊丽莎白一世 (处女女王，1558 年 - 1603 年) 命名Washington-alter George Washington
华盛顿——乔治·华盛顿4. Geographic names borrowed form Indian languages
4. 借用印度语言的地名Arizona little springs
亚利桑那州小泉Connecticut-"place of the long river
康涅狄格州——“长河之地lowa-tribal.name "the sleepy ones"
lowa-tribal.name“昏昏欲睡的人”Mexico Mexitli, name of the war god
墨西哥 Mexitli，战神的名字Michigan-"great water"
密歇根州——“伟大的水”Mississippi - "big river"
密西西比河——“大河”Missouri "person who has a canoe"
密苏里州“有独木舟的人”Nebraska "flat river"
内布拉斯加州“平河”Ohio after the river
俄亥俄州河之后Tennessee Tanasi, village name
田纳西州 Tanasi，村庄名称Texas "friends, allies"
德克萨斯州的“朋友、盟友”Utah - tribal name "hill dwellers"
犹他州——部落名称“山地居民”NICKNAMES & MOTTOES
昵称和座右铭Alaska
阿拉斯加州Nicknames: The Last Frontier, Land of Midnight Sun
昵称：最后的边疆、午夜阳光之地Motto: North to the future
座右铭：向北走向未来California
加利福尼亚州Nicknames: Golden State
绰号：金州Motto: Golden poppy
座右铭：金色罂粟Delaware
特拉华州Nicknames: First State, Diamond State
昵称：第一州、钻石州Motto: Liberty and Independence
座右铭：自由和独立Florida
佛罗里达。。。。。。。。。。Nickname: Sunshine State
昵称：阳光之州Nickname. Sunflower State
昵称。向日葵州Motto: Ad Astra per Aspera (To the stars through difficulties)
座右铭：Ad Astra per Aspera（历经艰辛奔向星空）Kentucky
肯塔基州Nickname: Bluegrass State
昵称：蓝草之州Motto: United we stand, divided we fall
座右铭：团结则存，分裂则亡Michigan
密歇根州Nicknames: Great Lakes State, Wolverine State
昵称：大湖州、金刚狼州Motto: Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam Circumspice (If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you)
座右铭：Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam Circumspice（如果您寻找一个宜人的半岛，请看看您自己）Montana
蒙大拿Nickname: Treasure State
昵称：宝藏之州Motto: Oro y Plata (Gold and silver)
座右铭：Oro y Plata（黄金和白银）

Энгель2

Population: 330,052,960 as of August 2, 2020.
人口：截至 2020 年 8 月 2 日，为 330,052,960。White people (Europeans) constitute the majority of the U.S. population (73%). Of them, "non-Hispanic Whites" make up 60.7%. Their share of the U.S. population is expected to fall below 50% by 2045.
白人（欧洲人）占美国人口的大多数（73%）。其中，“非西班牙裔白人”占60.7%。预计到2045年，他们在美国人口中所占的比例将降至50%以下。About 17% of population are Hispanics.
约17%的人口是西班牙裔。12.7% of American population is black.
美国人口中有12.7%是黑人。Asians (China, Japan, the Philippines) - 5.4%.
亚洲人（中国、日本、菲律宾）——5.4%。American Indian and Alaska Native: 0.8%.
美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民：0.8%。By the time of the American Revolution (1776), the culture of the American colonists (religion, language, government, etc.) was thoroughly British.
到美国独立战争（1776 年）时期，美国殖民者的文化（宗教、语言、政府等）已彻底英国化。Over the years, many immigrants to the United States have come from the United Kingdom and Ireland.
多年来，许多移民来自英国和爱尔兰。So, the British culture was the foundation on which America was built.
因此，英国文化是美国建立的基础。Photo: Irish immigrants in Kansas City, Missouri, 1909
照片：1909 年密苏里州堪萨斯城的爱尔兰移民Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe
来自北欧和西欧的移民Beginning in the 1820s, the number of immigrants coming to the United States began to increase rapidly.
从19世纪20年代开始，来到美国的移民数量开始迅速增加。In Europe people faced such problems as poverty, war and discrimination.
在欧洲，人们面临着贫穷、战争和歧视等问题。They hoped for better opportunities in the United States.
他们希望在美国获得更好的机会。For the first half-century, most immigrants were from north-western Europe -from Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, and Norway.
在最初的半个世纪里，大多数移民来自西北欧——德国、英国、爱尔兰、瑞典和挪威。In the middle of the 19th century, the United States was expanding into what is now the Midwest
19 世纪中叶，美国向现在的中西部地区扩张To this day, German and Scandinavian influence is obvious in Midwestern foods and festivals.
直到今天，德国和斯堪的纳维亚的影响仍然明显地体现在中西部的食品和节日中。Immigrants from Southern Eastern Europe
来自东南欧的移民Although immigration from northwestern Europe continued, from the 1870s to the 1930s even more people came from the countries of southern and eastern Europe-italy, Greece, Poland, and Russia.
尽管来自西北欧的移民仍在继续，但从 19 世纪 70 年代到 20 世纪 30 年代，来自南欧和东欧国家的移民更多，例如意大利、希腊、波兰和俄罗斯。Like the earlier immigrants, they came to escape poverty and discrimination.
与早期的移民一样，他们来这里是为了逃避贫困和歧视。From 1900 to 1910, almost 9 million people arrived from these and other countries.
从 1900 年到 1910 年，有近 900 万人从这些国家和其他国家来到美国。The Italians had much success in America. Poor immigrants became doctors, engineers, managers and lawyers.
意大利人在美国取得了巨大的成功。贫穷的移民成为医生、工程师、经理和律师。They opened shops and restaurants. They became business owners and politicians. There are now between 25-50 million Italians in America.
他们开设商店和餐馆。他们成为企业主和政客。目前，美国有 2500 万至 5000 万意大利人。Unfortunately Italians are also associated with organized crime in the United States. The Italian Mafia (another name is Cosa Nostra) is a highly organized Italian-American criminal society.
不幸的是，意大利人也与美国的有组织犯罪有关。意大利黑手党（另一个名字是 Cosa Nostra）是一个高度组织化的意大利裔美国人犯罪团体。The Malia emerged in poor Italian immigrant neighborhoods (or ghettos) in New York during the late 19th and early 20th century.
玛丽亚舞会于 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初在纽约贫穷的意大利移民社区（或贫民区）兴起。During this period, the United States was changing from an agricultural to an industrial country.
这一时期，美国正在由农业国向工业国转变。The new immigrants helped make this change possible. Many settled in cities and worked in factories.
新移民帮助实现了这一变化。许多人定居在城市并在工厂工作。African Americans
非裔美国人From 1520 to 1820, Africans were the largest group of people came to the United States. They came against their will.
从 1520 年到 1820 年，非洲人是来到美国的最大群体。他们是违背自己意愿而来的。These people were West Africans brought to work as slaves, especially on the plantations, or large farms, of the South.
这些人是西非人，被带到南方的种植园或大农场当奴隶。About 8 million people were brought from Africa.
约有800万人从非洲被带到这里。The Civil War (1861-1865) ended slavery and established equal rights for black Americans.
内战（1861-1865 年）结束了奴隶制并为美国黑人确立了平等权利。But many states, especially in the South, passed laws discriminating against black Americans.
但许多州，尤其是南部州，都通过了歧视美国黑人的法律。The civil rights movement, in the 1950s and 1960s, helped get rid of these laws.
20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代的民权运动帮助​​废除了这些法律。However, the effects of 200 years of slavery, 100 years of segregation, and continued prejudice are not as easy to get rid of.
然而，200 年的奴隶制、100 年的种族隔离以及持续存在的偏见的影响并不容易摆脱。Despite many changes, black Americans are still much more likely than white Americans to be poor and to suffer the bad effects that poverty brings.
尽管发生了许多变化，美国黑人仍然比美国白人更有可能陷入贫困并遭受贫困带来的不良影响。Many black Americans live in the South and in the cities of the Northeast and Midwest,
许多美国黑人居住在南部和东北部及中西部的城市，Hispanic-Americans
西班牙裔美国人Hispanics are people of Spanish or Spanish-American origin.
西班牙裔是指具有西班牙血统或西班牙裔美国血统的人。Some Hispanics live in areas that had belonged to Mexico and later became part of the United States (for example, California and New Mexico).
一些西班牙裔居住在曾经属于墨西哥、后来成为美国的地区（例如加利福尼亚州和新墨西哥州）。Many others immigrated to the United States.
还有许多人移民到美国。Hispanics come from many different countries. Three especially large groups are Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban-Americans.
西班牙裔美国人来自许多不同的国家。其中最大的三个群体是墨西哥裔美国人、波多黎各人和古巴裔美国人。While the groups have much in common (especially the Spanish language), there are also many differences.
虽然这些群体有很多共同点（尤其是西班牙语），但也存在许多差异。The groups are also concentrated in different areas -
这些团体也集中在不同的地区——Mexican-Americans in Texas and California, Puerto Ricans in New York, and Cuban-Americans in Florida.
德克萨斯州和加利福尼亚州的墨西哥裔美国人、纽约州的波多黎各人、佛罗里达州的古巴裔美国人。Many recent immigrants are from Central American countries.
许多最近的移民来自中美洲国家。Hispanics are one of the fastest growing groups in the United States population.
西班牙裔是美国人口中增长最快的群体之一。Within 25 years, they will be the largest minority group.
25年内，他们将成为最大的少数民族群体。In the USA, Immigrants from Latin America work on farms.
在美国，来自拉丁美洲的移民在农场工作。El Salvador is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America.
萨尔瓦多是中美洲最小的国家，也是人口最稠密的国家。Asian-Americans
亚裔美国人In the 19th century, laws limited Asian immigration.
19 世纪，法律限制亚洲移民。Also, Asians in the United States, such as the Chinese and Japanese who had come to California, met with widespread discrimination.
此外，美国的亚洲人，比如来到加利福尼亚的中国人和日本人，也遭到了广泛的歧视。Anti-Chinese sentiment has existed in the United States since the mid-19th century, shortly after Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States.
反华情绪在美国自19世纪中叶中国移民首次抵达美国后不久就一直存在。The Chinese were depicted as a threat:
中国人被描绘成一种威胁：In 1882, the USA adopted the Chinese Exclusion Act, which banned further Chinese immigration as well as naturalization.
1882年，美国通过了《排华法案》，禁止中国进一步移民及入籍。The CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT was the first major law restricting immigration to the US.
《排华法案》是美国第一部限制移民的主要法律。Since the mid-1960s, with changes in immigration laws and with conflicts in Southeast Asia, Asians have been a major immigrant group.
自20世纪60年代中期以来，随着移民法的变化以及东南亚地区的冲突，亚洲人已成为一个主要的移民群体。In the 1980s, almost half of all immigrants were Asian.
20 世纪 80 年代，几乎一半的移民都是亚洲人。Countries that Asian-Americans have come from include China, Japan, the Pppines, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Indonesia and India
亚裔美国人来自的国家包括中国、日本、菲律宾、韩国、越南、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国、印度尼西亚和印度Tens of thousands of Vietnamese were brought to the U.S. after the Vietnam War
越南战争后，数以万计的越南人被带到美国Many of Asians have settled in California, Hawaii, New York, and Texas.
许多亚洲人定居在加利福尼亚州、夏威夷州、纽约州和德克萨斯州。Now there are more than four million (2 per cent of the population) mostly from these countries.
现在已有四百多万人（占总人口的2%），其中大部分来自这些国家。During European colonization Native Americans lost their land. Today, many of them live in reservations
在欧洲殖民时期，美洲原住民失去了土地。如今，他们中的许多人生活在保留地An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a tederally recognized Indian tribe, not the government of the state in which it is located
印第安保留地是一块由获得联邦承认的印第安部落管理的土地，而不是由其所在州的政府管理Not all of the country's 567 recognized tribes have a reservation. Some tribes have more than one reservation
该国 567 个公认部落中，并非所有部落都有保留地。有些部落有多个保留地Most reservations are small compared to US states, but there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode istand
与美国各州相比，大多数印第安保留地面积较小，但有 12 个印第安保留地面积大于罗得岛州The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation Reservation, is similar in size to West Virginia
最大的保留地是纳瓦霍族保留地，其面积与西弗吉尼亚州相似Many Indians earn money b by making jewelry. Indian jewelry is ver very beautiful.
很多印度人靠制作珠宝赚钱。印度珠宝非常漂亮。..........

Энгель 3

STATE SYMBOLS:
国家象征：FLAG,
旗帜，COAT OF ARMS (ГЕРБ),
国徽（ГЕРБ），NATIONAL ANTHEM (ГИМН)
国歌（ГИМН）FLAG
旗帜The United States of America began as 13 British colonies.
美利坚合众国最初是由13个英国殖民地组成的。Each colony had its own flag. So, at the start of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783), the colonists fought under many flags.
每个殖民地都有自己的旗帜。因此，在美国独立战争（1775-1783）开始时，殖民者在许多旗帜下作战。The first flag to represent all the colonies was the Continental Colors.
第一面代表所有殖民地的旗帜是大陆色。The United States of America began as 13 British colonies.
美利坚合众国最初是由13个英国殖民地组成的。Each colony had its own flag. So, at the start of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783), the colonists fought under many flags.
每个殖民地都有自己的旗帜。因此，在美国独立战争（1775-1783）开始时，殖民者在许多旗帜下作战。The first flag to represent all the colonies was the Continental Colors.
第一面代表所有殖民地的旗帜是大陆色。It looked a lot like the American flag today. It had 13 red and white stripes for the 13 colonies. In the top left-hand corner it had the British flag.
它看起来很像今天的美国国旗。它有 13 条红白条纹，代表 13 个殖民地。左上角是英国国旗。It was the unofficial American flag from 1775 to 1777.
从 1775 年到 1777 年，它是美国的非官方国旗。On July 4th, 1776, the American colonists declared independence. The United States of America was born.
1776年7月4日，美国殖民者宣布独立，美利坚合众国诞生。On June 14th, 1777, the Continental Congress of the new nation (the first American parliament) approved a new flag.
1777年6月14日，新国家的大陆会议（第一届美国议会）批准了一面新国旗。The 13 red and white stripes remained. 13 white stars replaced the British lag.
13 道红白条纹保留了下来。13 颗白星取代了英国国旗。Congress did not indicate how the stars should be arranged. So, on different historical flags the stars were arranged differently.
国会并未规定星星应如何排列。因此，历史上不同旗帜上的星星排列方式不同。In 1818, Congress ordered that a new star be added to the flag on the July 4th after a state joined the Union.
1818年，国会下令，在某个州加入联邦后，于7月4日在国旗上增加一颗新星。Today, the USA has 50 states. The flag has 50 stars. The 50th star had been added for Hawaii (1960); a year earlier the 49th, for Alaska.
如今，美国有 50 个州。国旗上有 50 颗星。第 50 颗星是为夏威夷州添加的（1960 年）；一年前又添加了第 49 颗星，代表阿拉斯加州。Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.
该旗帜的昵称包括“星条旗”、“老荣耀”和“星条旗”。Who designed the first Flag?
谁设计了第一面旗帜？No one knows for sure who designed this flag, or who made the first one.
没有人确切知道是谁设计了这面旗帜，或者是谁制作了第一面旗帜。However, every American knows the story that a woman named Betsy Ross made the first American flag.
然而，每个美国人都知道一个名叫贝特西·罗斯的女人制作了第一面美国国旗的故事。Betsy Ross was a Philadelphia seamstress (швея, портниха) who made flags during the Revolutionary War.
贝特西·罗斯 (Betsy Ross) 是费城的一名女裁缝 (швея, портниха)，她在独立战争期间制作旗帜。Betsy Ross designed the flag whose distinctive feature was the arrangement of thirteen 5-pointed stars in a circle. The circle represented equality among the American states. Today, this flag is called 'Betsy Ross flag'.
贝琪·罗斯设计的旗帜的特色是十三颗五角星排列成一个圆圈。圆圈代表美国各州之间的平等。今天，这面旗帜被称为“贝琪·罗斯旗”。The story of Betty Ross emerged in the last third of the 19th century and has enormous popularity. Yet the facts do not substantiate il sastankert
贝蒂·罗斯的故事出现在 19 世纪最后三分之一，广为流传。然而，事实并不能证明这一点Many historians agree that Betsy Ross probably didn't design or sew the first American flag, but for more than a century Americans have accepted the story as history.
许多历史学家认为，贝特西·罗斯可能没有设计或缝制第一面美国国旗，但一个多世纪以来，美国人一直把这个故事当作历史来接受。The Betsy Ross story was made public after the close of the Civil War. In its state of emotional, economical and social recovery, America embraced the patriotic tale. The Betsy Ross story was published in books, magazines and newspapers. Today countless children's books depict the tale.
贝琪·罗斯的故事在南北战争结束后被广为传播。在情感、经济和社会复苏的美国，人们纷纷接受这个爱国故事。贝琪·罗斯的故事被刊登在书籍、杂志和报纸上。如今，无数儿童读物都描述了这个故事。Today, the supposed House of Betty Ross in Philadelphia is a tourist attraction. Annually, over a quarter of a million tourists visit the Betsy Ross House.
如今，费城的贝蒂·罗斯故居已成为一处旅游景点。每年有超过 25 万游客参观贝蒂·罗斯故居。The Great Seal of the United States
美国国玺The Great Seal of the United States is used to authenticateорять родоволяват certain documents issued by the United States government such as foreign treaties and presidential proclamations. It is used 2,000-3,000 times per year to seal documents.
美国国玺用于验证美国政府发布的某些文件，例如外国条约和总统公告。每年使用国玺盖章文件 2,000-3,000 次。The Great Seal has two sides and displays a number of important symbols.
国玺有两面，上面刻有许多重要符号。The front (obverse) side of the Seal displays the coat of arms of the United States.
国徽的正面是美国国徽。The phrase 'The Great Seal' is used both for the physical seal itself and for the coat of arms of the United States.
“大印”一词既用于指印章本身，也用于指美国国徽。Symbolism of the Great Seal
国玺的象征意义The front (or obverse) of the seal shows an American bald eagle (белоголовый орлан) behind the national shield (щит).
印章的正面（或正面）显示国家盾牌 (щит) 后面有一只美国秃鹰 (белоголовый орлан)。The bald eagle was chosen as the emblem of the USA because of its long life, great strength and majestic looks, and also because it was then believed to exist only on this continent. The eagle represents freedom.
白头鹰之所以被选为美国的国徽，是因为它寿命长、力量强大、外表威严，而且当时人们认为只有白头鹰才存在于美国大陆。鹰象征着自由。The eagle's head is turned toward the olive branch, showing a desire for peace.
鹰的头朝向橄榄枝，表达对和平的渴望。In the right talon (nana), the eagle holds an olive branch which symbolizes peace, with 13 berries and 13 leaves. The number 13 represents the original colonies.
鹰的右爪（nana）握着象征和平的橄榄枝，上面有 13 颗浆果和 13 片叶子。数字 13 代表原始殖民地。In the left talon, the eagle holds 13 arrows representing America's readiness for war.
鹰的左爪握着 13 支箭，象征着美国的战争准备。The eagle's head is turned toward the olive branch, showing a desire for peace.
鹰的头朝向橄榄枝，表达对和平的渴望。In its beak (клюв) the eagle is holding a ribbon with the motto "E pluribus unum" ("Out of Many, One").
鹰的喙（клюв）中叼着一条丝带，上面写着“E pluribus unum”（“合众为一”）的座右铭。"Pluribus" means "plural." "Unum" means "unit."
“Pluribus”的意思是“复数”。 “Unum”的意思是“单位”。"E Pluribus Unum" means "Many uniting into one". An accurate translation of the motto is "From Many, One" or "Out of Many, One."
“E Pluribus Unum” 的意思是“众合为一”。这句格言的准确翻译是“合众为一”或“合众为一”。Charles Thomson was the main designer of the US Great Seal. Charles Thomson (1729-1824) was a Patriot leader in Philadelphia during the American Revolution and the secretary of the Continental Congress (1774-1789).
查尔斯·汤姆森是美国国玺的主要设计者。查尔斯·汤姆森（1729-1824）是美国独立战争期间费城的爱国者领袖，也是大陆会议的秘书（1774-1789）。The Great Seal of the United States was officially adopted by the Continental Congress (parliament) on June 20, 1782.
美国国玺于 1782 年 6 月 20 日由大陆会议（议会）正式采用。In September 1782, the first Great Seal die (штамп) was cut and used to begin sealing the peace with England.
1782 年 9 月，第一枚大印模子 (штамп) 被刻印并用于开始与英国缔结和平。The seal is printed on the US $1 bill.
该印章印在一美元钞票上。The American Eagle
美国之鹰The men who founded the United States of America decided in 1782 that the bald eagle would represent the country.
1782 年，美国的创始人决定以白头鹰作为美国的代表。They chose the eagle because of its long life, great strength, good looks and because it was believed to exist only in North America.
他们之所以选择鹰，是因为它的寿命长、力大、相貌俊美，而且人们相信它只存在于北美。The eagle was also seen as a symbol of freedom and bravery.
鹰也被视为自由和勇敢的象征。After the 13 British colonies in North America voted to declare their independence, their leaders decided they needed an official drawing, or seal.
在北美的 13 个英国殖民地投票宣布独立后，其领导人决定需要一张官方图纸或印章。Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson formed a committee to design one. The only part of their work accepted by the American Congress was the statement in Latin of "E Pluribus Unum," meaning "From many, one."
本杰明·富兰克林、约翰·亚当斯和托马斯·杰斐逊组成了一个委员会来设计这个方案。他们工作中唯一被美国国会接受的部分是拉丁文“E Pluribus Unum”，意思是“合众为一”。In 1782 the Congress approved a drawing for the seal by artist Charles Thomson. It showed an eagle carrying symbols representing the power of peace and war.
1782 年，国会批准了艺术家查尔斯·汤姆森 (Charles Thomson) 绘制的国徽图案。图案是一只鹰，携带着象征和平与战争力量的符号。And in 1787 the American bald eagle was officially approved as the symbol of the United States.
并于1787年正式批准美国白头鹰成为美国的象征。But many people did not agree that the eagle should represent the new country.
但许多人并不同意用鹰来代表这个新的国家。Benjamin Franklin was disappointed in the choice. He called the eagle a dishonest animal that steals food from other birds. Mister Franklin supported the turkey as the national bird because he said it was a true native of the country.
本杰明·富兰克林对这一选择感到失望。他称鹰是一种不诚实的动物，会从其他鸟类那里偷食物。富兰克林先生支持将火鸡定为国鸟，因为他说火鸡是真正的本土动物。Most Americans today agree with President John Kennedy's comments about the national symbol. He said that the beauty and independence of the eagle correctly represents the strength and freedom of the United States.
如今，大多数美国人都同意约翰·肯尼迪总统对美国国家象征的评论。他说，鹰的美丽和独立正确地代表了美国的力量和自由。National anthem (гимн)
国歌（гимн）"The Star-Spangled Banner"
“星条旗永不落”The national anthem of the USA was created by the poet Francis Scott Key.
美国国歌由诗人弗朗西斯·斯科特·基创作。Francis Scott Key was a young lawyer living in Georgetown (a district of Washington, D.C.). He and his wife Mary had six sons and five daughters.
弗朗西斯·斯科特·基是一名住在乔治敦（华盛顿特区的一个区）的年轻律师。他和妻子玛丽育有六个儿子和五个女儿。In 1812, a war broke out between Britain and the USA.
1812年，英国和美国爆发战争。On the 24th of August, 1814, the British invaded and captured Washington. They set fire to the Capitol and the White House, the flames visible 40 miles away in Baltimore, Maryland.iAt 7 a.m. on the morning of September 13, 1814, the British bombardment began.
1814 年 8 月 24 日，英国人入侵并占领了华盛顿。他们纵火焚烧国会大厦和白宫，火光甚至在 40 英里外的马里兰州巴尔的摩都能看到。1814 年 9 月 13 日早上 7 点，英国人开始炮轰华盛顿。Fort McHenry was a bastion fort that defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy from the Chesapeake Bay on September 13-14, 1814.
麦克亨利堡是一座堡垒，1814 年 9 月 13 日至 14 日保卫巴尔的摩港抵御英国海军从切萨皮克湾发动的袭击。During the attack, Francis Scot Key stood on an American ship watching the British bombing Fort Mc Henry. He was there to try to negotiate a prisoner exchange.
袭击期间，弗朗西斯·斯科特·基站在一艘美国船上，目睹了英国人对麦克亨利堡的轰炸。他当时在那里试图谈判交换战俘。When the morning light came (14 September) he saw that the US flag still flew from Fort McHenry.
当晨曦来临（9 月 14 日）时，他看到美国国旗仍然在麦克亨利堡飘扬。The American defenders held (выстояли). The British retreated. The last British ships withdrew on the night of 15 September 1814.
美国守军坚守阵地。英国人撤退。最后一艘英国舰船于 1814 年 9 月 15 日晚上撤退。Being an amateur poet and inspired by the Americans' victory Francis Scot Key wrote a poem, originally titled "The Defense of Fort McHenry". Later the poem was given its second title, "The Star-Spangled Banner."
弗朗西斯·斯科特·基是一名业余诗人，受到美国胜利的鼓舞，他写了一首诗，原名为《麦克亨利堡保卫战》。后来这首诗被赋予了第二个标题，即《星条旗之歌》。Francis Scott Key's manuscript copy of his "Star-Spangled Banner" poem:
弗朗西斯·斯科特·基的《星条旗之歌》诗手稿：Francis Scot Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law, Joseph H. Nicholson.
弗朗西斯·斯科特·基将这首诗送给了他的姐夫约瑟夫·H·尼科尔森。Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who printed broadside (большой лист бумаги) copies of it, the song's first known printing. Of these, two known copies survive.
尼科尔森把这首诗带到了巴尔的摩的印刷厂，印刷厂印制了单面印刷本，这是这首歌已知的首批印刷本。其中，已知有两份存世。One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the "Defence of Fort McHenry":
1814 年《麦克亨利堡保卫战》单面印刷版现存两份副本之一：Nicholson saw that the words fit the popular melody "To Anacreon in Heaven", an old British drinking song. So, Nicholson set the poem to the tune of that popular British song.
尼科尔森发现这些歌词很符合一首古老的英国饮酒歌《献给天堂里的阿那克里翁》的旋律。于是，尼科尔森就把这首诗改编成了这首英国流行歌曲的曲调。The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers across the country printing it.
这首歌迅速流行起来，全国有十七家报纸刊登了这首歌。Soon after, Thomas Carr in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star-Spangled Banner". The song's popularity increased.
不久之后，巴尔的摩的托马斯·卡尔将歌词和音乐合在一起，以《星条旗永不落》为题出版。这首歌的受欢迎程度与日俱增。This 1814 copy of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was the first printed edition to combine the words and sheet music:
1814 年出版的《星条旗之歌》是第一本将歌词和乐谱结合在一起的印刷版：On March 3, 1931 President Herbert Hoover signed a law that made "The Star-Spangled Banner" the national anthem of the United States
1931 年 3 月 3 日，赫伯特·胡佛总统签署法律，将《星条旗》定为美国国歌The Star-Spangled Banner flag
星条旗The commander of Fort McHenry was Major George Armistead.
麦克亨利堡的指挥官是乔治·阿米斯特德少校。For his leadership in defending the fort, Armistead was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and acquired the garrison flag sometime before his death in 1818. The flag that inspired Francis Scott Key's song remained an Armistead family keepsake (памятный сувенир).
由于在保卫堡垒过程中发挥的领导作用，阿米斯特德被提升为中校，并在 1818 年去世前获得了驻军旗帜。激发弗朗西斯·斯科特·基创作歌曲的那面旗帜一直是阿米斯特德家族的纪念品 (памятный сувенир)。In 1912 the flag was donated to the Smithsonian Institute. Today it can be seen in the Smithsonian museum.
1912 年，这面旗帜被捐赠给了史密森尼学会。今天，它仍可在史密森尼博物馆中看到。Revolutionary War against Britain. It looked a lot like the American flag today. That flag had thirteen red and white stripes for the thirteen colonies. It also had a square blue area in the upper left corner. Inside that area were the red cross and white lines of the British flag.
独立战争期间，美国人民反对英国。它与今天的美国国旗很相似。那面旗帜有 13 条红白条纹，代表 13 个殖民地。左上角还有一个方形蓝色区域。该区域内是英国国旗的红十字和白线。On July fourth, seventeen seventy-six, the American colonists declared their independence. The United States of America was born. The Continental Congress of the new nation approved a new flag on June fourteenth of the following year. The thirteen red and white stripes remained. Thirteen white stars replaced the British flag inside the blue area. The thirteen stars represented, in the words of Congress, "a new constellation."
1776 年 7 月 4 日，美国殖民者宣布独立。美利坚合众国诞生了。次年 6 月 14 日，这个新国家的大陆会议批准了一面新国旗。十三条红白条纹保留了下来。蓝色区域内的英国国旗被十三颗白星取代。用国会的话来说，这十三颗星代表着“一个新​​的星座”。In eighteen eighteen, Congress approved a law that said a new star would be added to the flag for each new state that joined the union
1818年，国会通过了一项法律，规定每个加入联邦的新州的国旗上都要增加一颗新星

Энгель4

Unofficial symbols of the USA: Uncle Sam
美国的非官方象征：山姆大叔Uncle Sam is now regarded as the universal symbol of the United States.
山姆大叔如今被视为美国的普遍象征。Before Uncle Sam there had been an earlier national symbol, called Brother Jonathan.
在山姆大叔之前，曾有一个更早的国家象征，叫做乔纳森兄弟。Brother Jonathan was a character created to personify the United States, in the early days of the country's existence.
乔纳森兄弟是美国建国初期为象征美国而创造的一个人物。Cartoon: Brother Jonathan against the British Empire
漫画：乔纳森兄弟对抗大英帝国In cartoons and posters, Brother Jonathan often had many characteristics we now associate with Uncle Sam: a top hat (цилиндр), coat with long tails, and striped pants-all characteristics we now associate with Uncle Sam.Brother Jonathan served as the face of the common man. He appeared in numerous political cartoons, plays, and novels.
在漫画和海报中，乔纳森兄弟常常具有我们现在与山姆大叔联系在一起的许多特征：高顶礼帽 (цилиндр)、长尾上衣和条纹裤——所有这些特征现在都与山姆大叔联系在一起。乔纳森兄弟是普通人的代表。他出现在众多政治漫画、戏剧和小说中。During the Civil War (1861-1865), Brother Jonathan was gradually replaced by Uncle Sam.
在内战期间（1861年至1865年），乔纳森兄弟逐渐被山姆大叔取代。By the close of the war, Uncle Sam was established as the symbol of the country, and Brother Jonathan was pretty much out of the picture.
战争结束时，山姆大叔已成为国家的象征，而乔纳森兄弟则基本淡出了人们的视线。This transition represented a change in the nature of how Americans viewed themselves as a country.
这种转变代表了美国人对自己作为一个国家的看法的本质变化。In 1776 a group of British colonies formed a union of independent states.
1776年，一些英国殖民地组成了一个独立国家联盟。Each state had its own laws, practices and social customs. Citizens of each state could choose which religion or culture they preferred by either living in that state or moving to another state.
每个州都有自己的法律、惯例和社会习俗。每个州的公民可以通过居住在该州或移居其他州来选择自己喜欢的宗教或文化。The people of the new American union called themselves "Brother Jonathan or simply "Brother." Brother Jonathan was a citizen of any state.
新美国联邦的人民自称“乔纳森兄弟”或简称为“兄弟”。乔纳森兄弟是任何州的公民。The US Civil War created a more unified and centralized nation.
美国内战创造了一个更加统一和集中的国家。Brother Jonathan was a symbol of a Nation made up of a group of equal and autonomous states, a Nation in which the States were primary, and the federal government was secondary.
乔纳森兄弟是一个由一群平等、自治的州组成的国家的象征，在这个国家里，各州是主要的，联邦政府是次要的。Uncle Sam, on the other hand, represented the federal government.
另一方面，山姆大叔代表联邦政府。Brother Jonathan was the symbol of a Nation in which the power resided at the state level.
乔纳森兄弟是一个权力掌握在国家一级的国家的象征。Uncle Sam became the symbol of a nation in which power resided at the federal level.
山姆大叔成为了权力掌握在联邦一级的国家的象征。Thomas Nast
托马斯·纳斯特Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was a famous American political cartoonist in the 19th century.
托马斯·纳斯特（1840—1902）是19世纪美国著名的政治漫画家。The popular image of Uncle Sam was defined in large part by Thomas Nast
山姆大叔的流行形象很大程度上是由托马斯·纳斯特定义的He depicted Uncle Sam as a serious elderly white man with white hair and a goatee (козлиная бородка), and dressed in clothing that carries the design elements of flag of the United States: a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band (лента), and red and white striped trousers.
他将山姆大叔描绘成一位有着白发和山羊胡（козлиная бородка）的严肃的老年白人，身着带有美国国旗设计元素的服装：一顶带有红白条纹和蓝带上白色星星的大礼帽（лента），以及红白条纹的裤子。By 1864, Uncle Sam had become the main symbol of the United States in newspapers, while Brother Jonathan gradually disappeared,
到 1864 年，山姆大叔已成为美国报纸上的主要象征，而乔纳森兄弟则逐渐消失，Uncle Sam remains a symbol of the best ideals of the United States. From the earliest days until today, he has stood for Freedom, Equality, and Justice,
山姆大叔仍然是美国最美好理想的象征。从最初的日子到今天，他一直代表着自由、平等和正义。On September 15, 1961, Congress of the United States passed a resolution: "Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives that the Congress salutes Uncle Sam Wilson of Troy, New York, as the progenitor (источник) оf America's National symbol of Uncle Sam."
1961年9月15日，美国国会通过决议：“经参议院和众议院决议，国会向纽约州特洛伊的山姆大叔威尔逊致敬，因为他是美国国家象征山姆大叔的创始人。”President Ronald Reagan designated September 13 as Uncle Sam Day.
罗纳德·里根总统将 9 月 13 日定为山姆大叔日。The City of Troy, N.Y. proudly proclaims itself as the Home of Uncle Sam, and has held an Uncle Sam Parade each year in September since 1976
纽约州特洛伊市自豪地宣称自己是山姆大叔的故乡，自 1976 年以来，每年 9 月都会举行山姆大叔游行Origin of the name
名字的由来The term Uncle Sam is usually associated with a businessman from Troy, New York, Samuel Wilson (1766-1854).
“山姆大叔”一词通常与纽约州特洛伊的商人塞缪尔·威尔逊（1766-1854）有关。He was known affectionately as "Uncle Sam" Wilson. In those days the term "uncle" was a term of endearment (симпатия, ласковое прозвище).
他被亲切地称为“山姆大叔”威尔逊。那时，“叔叔”一词是一个亲切的称呼（симпатия, ласковое прозвище）。When the War of 1812 broke out with England Samuel Wilson and his partner Elbert Anderson began to supply meat to the U.S. Army.
1812 年美国与英国战争爆发时，塞缪尔·威尔逊 (Samuel Wilson) 和他的合伙人埃尔伯特·安德森 (Elbert Anderson) 开始向美国军队供应肉类。The meat was packed in barrels which were branded "U.S." The barrels were government property and "U.S." stood for United States.
肉被装在标有“US”字样的桶里。这些桶是政府财产，“US”代表美国。A number of soldiers, who were from Samuel Wilson's town of Troy, were acquainted with Sam Wilson and his nickname "Uncle Sam". They joked that "U.S." meant "Uncle Sam" for the man who was supplying their food.
一些来自塞缪尔·威尔逊家乡特洛伊的士兵熟悉山姆·威尔逊和他的绰号“山姆大叔”。他们开玩笑说，“US” 指的是为他们提供食物的“山姆大叔”。This led to the widespread use of the nickname Uncle Sam for the United States.
这使得山姆大叔这个绰号被广泛用于美国。The people of France gave the Statue to the people of the United States in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution.
法国人民将这座雕像赠送给美国人民，以表彰美国独立战争期间建立的友谊。French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 for completion, to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence.
法国雕塑家弗雷德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪受委托设计一座以1876年为完成年份的雕塑，以纪念美国《独立宣言》发表一百周年。It was agreed upon that the USA would build the pedestal, and France was responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States.
双方一致同意，美国将建造基座，法国负责雕像的建造及其在美国的组装。Lack of funds was a problem in both countries.
缺乏资金是这两个国家面临的一个问题。In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were the methods used to raise funds.
在法国，筹集资金的方式包括公共费用、各种娱乐活动以及彩票。In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds.
在美国，慈善戏剧活动、艺术展览、拍卖会和拳击比赛有助于提供所需的资金。This broadside calls for Americans to pay a subscription fee to the pedestal, and in neturn, they would be sent a small replica of the statue as a keepsake.
这份宣传单呼吁美国人向该雕像基座缴纳一定费用，作为回报，他们将收到一座雕像的小型复制品作为纪念品。Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the skeletal framework of the Statue.
亚历山大·古斯塔夫·埃菲尔（埃菲尔铁塔的设计师）受委托设计雕像的骨架。In America, Joseph Pulitzer (noted for the Pulitzer Prize) used his newspaper "The World to criticize the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who relied upon the wealthy to provide the Funds
在美国，约瑟夫·普利策（因普利策奖而闻名）利用他的报纸《世界》批评未能资助基座建设的富人和依赖富人提供资金的中产阶级Pulitzer's campaign was successful in motivating Americans to donate.
普利策的宣传活动成功激发了美国人的捐款热情。Pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886.
基座于1886年4月建造完毕。The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885.
该雕像于1884年7月在法国完工，1885年6月运抵纽约港。In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 boxes
在运输过程中，雕像被拆成 350 个独立部件，装在 214 个箱子里On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the Statue of Liberty took place in front of thousands of spectators. She was a centennial столетие gift ten years late.
1886 年 10 月 28 日，自由女神像落成典礼在数千名观众面前举行。这是迟了十年的百年纪念礼物。America's first president supervised the building of the White House.
美国第一任总统监督了白宫的建造。Yet George Washington and his wife, Martha, never had the chance to live there.
然而乔治·华盛顿和他的妻子玛莎却没有机会在那里生活。It was completed alter he left office in 1797.
这座建筑在他 1797 年卸任后才完工。Since then, America has had 46 other presidents.
从那时起，美国已经历了 46 位总统。All of them have lived at sixteen-hundred Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, in Washington, D.C.
他们都住在华盛顿特区宾夕法尼亚大道西北 1600 号The White House has more than one-hundred-thirty rooms.
白宫有一百三十多个房间。It also has collections of more than forty-thousand objects.
它还收藏了四万多件物品。Presidential families often find things in storage that they like when they move In
总统家庭在搬家时经常会发现他们喜欢的储藏物品Two of the Carter children, for example, found a chair among the unused furniture in the White House.
例如，卡特的两个孩子在白宫闲置的家具中发现了一把椅子。Jimmy Carter served from 1977 to 1981. He was the 39th president.
吉米·卡特于 1977 年至 1981 年任职。他是第 39 任总统。The chair belonged to the 16th president, Abraham Lincoln. His wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, had bought the chair. The Carters made it part of their home.
这把椅子属于第 16 任总统亚伯拉罕·林肯。他的妻子玛丽·托德·林肯买下了这把椅子。卡特夫妇把它作为家里的装饰品。Wives of presidents have all added to the White House in some way.
历任总统的夫人都以某种方式为白宫做出了贡献。Jacqueline Kennedy, for example, created a colourful garden. It is named in her honour.
例如，杰奎琳·肯尼迪建造了一个色彩缤纷的花园，以她的名字命名。George Washington had great hopes for the home he started. Washington entered office 1789.
乔治·华盛顿对自己创办的这个家寄予厚望。华盛顿于 1789 年就任总统。In 1790, he signed an act of Congress. It said the federal government would occupy an area in the District of Columbia near the Potomac River.
1790年，他签署了一项国会法案，规定联邦政府将占领哥伦比亚特区波托马克河附近的一块地区。President Washington and the French city planner Pierre L'Enfant chose the land for the new presidential home.
华盛顿总统和法国城市规划师皮埃尔·朗方选择了这块土地作为新总统官邸的所在地。A competition took place to find a designer.
举行了一场比赛来寻找设计师。An architect named James Hoban won five-hundred dollars and a piece of land for his design.
一位名叫詹姆斯·霍班的建筑师凭借他的设计赢得了五百美元和一块土地。Hoban was an immigrant from Ireland. He chose a design similar to Leinster House in Dublin, where the Irish Parliament now meets.
霍班是来自爱尔兰的移民，他选择了与都柏林伦斯特宫（爱尔兰议会现所在地）类似的设计。Work started in 1792. George Washington lived in Philadelphia during this time but watched over the work.
工程于 1792 年开始。乔治·华盛顿 (George Washington) 当时住在费城，但负责监督工程。America's second president, John Adams, and his wife, Abigail, were the first to live in the new home. They moved in on November first, eighteen-hundred.
美国第二任总统约翰·亚当斯和他的妻子阿比盖尔是第一批入住这所新居的人。他们于 1800 年 11 月 1 日搬进新居。The home was not yet finished. John and Abigail Adams lived in six rooms and used others to entertain guests. But they lived there for only four months.
房子还没有完工。约翰和阿比盖尔·亚当斯住在六个房间里，其他房间用来招待客人。但他们只在那里住了四个月。John Adams lost re-election to Thomas Jefferson.
约翰·亚当斯在连任竞选中败给托马斯·杰斐逊。Jefferson tried to finish work on the home. So did James Madison, the next president.
杰斐逊试图完成这所住宅的修建工作。下一任总统詹姆斯·麦迪逊也这么做了。But, in 1814, British forces invaded Washington. They burned the White House.
然而，1814 年，英国军队入侵华盛顿，烧毁了白宫。Dolley Madison, the president's wife, tried to save valuable objects from the fire. She saved a painting of George Washington. She took it with her as she fled for safety.
总统夫人多莉·麦迪逊试图从火灾中抢救贵重物品。她救下了一幅乔治·华盛顿的画像。她带着这幅画像逃往安全地带。This famous painting by Gilbert Stuart hangs in the White House to this day.
吉尔伯特·斯图尔特的这幅著名画作至今仍悬挂在白宫。After the fire, James Hoban came back to help rebuild the house he had designed. During this time, it was painted white.
火灾发生后，詹姆斯·霍班回来帮助重建他设计的房子。在此期间，房子被漆成了白色。Over the years the White House has been enlarged and almost totally rebuilt.
多年来，白宫经过扩建并几乎完全重建。In 1961, Congress decided that furniture of historic and artistic value would always be White House property. In effect, Congress made the White House a museum.
1961 年，国会决定将具有历史和艺术价值的家具永远归为白宫所有。国会实际上将白宫变成了一座博物馆。As visitors enter the White House, they see pictures of past presidents on the walls. Among them is Franklin Roosevelt, the 32 president.
当游客进入白宫时，他们会看到墙上挂着历任总统的照片。其中包括第 32 任总统富兰克林·罗斯福。Roosevelt led the nation through the end of the great economic depression and World War Two.
罗斯福领导美国度过了经济大萧条和第二次世界大战的结束。He was elected 4 times, more than any other president. He died in office. Today, the Constitution limits president to two terms.
他当选四次，比任何其他总统都多。他在任内去世。如今，宪法限制总统任期为两届。In another hall on the first floor are paintings of first ladies.
一楼另一个大厅里悬挂着第一夫人的画像。In one painting, Nancy Reagan wears a beautiful red dress. She looks like the Hollywood movie actress she once was. Her husband, Ronald Reagan, also was an actor.
在一幅画中，南希·里根穿着一件漂亮的红裙子。她看上去就像曾经的好莱坞电影演员。她的丈夫罗纳德·里根也是一名演员。Later he became the governor of California and, later still, the 40th president of the United States.
后来他成为加利福尼亚州州长，后来又成为美国第 40 任总统。Another room off this hallway contains a collection of fine dishes made of china
走廊另一边的房间里收藏着一系列精美的瓷器餐具Each president has added to this collection.
每位总统都为这个收藏品增添了新内容。Wide marble steps lead to the next floor. It is called the State Floor. Presidents use rooms here for official duties and to entertain quests.
宽阔的大理石台阶通向下一层。这一层被称为国家楼层。总统们在这里使用房间履行公务并接待来宾。The largest room on the State Floor is the East Room. News conferences and music performances take place here.
国务层最大的房间是东厅，这里经常举办新闻发布会和音乐演出。But this room has had other uses over the years.
但多年来，这个房间还有其他用途。The daughter of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president, rode her tricycle in the East Room.
第 35 任总统约翰·F·肯尼迪的女儿骑着三轮车来到东厅。Abigail Adams hung her family's clothes to dry from the wash
阿比盖尔·亚当斯把家人的衣服挂起来晾干Other rooms on the State Floor are named for their colors: the Blue Room, the Green Room and the Red Room. The president meets with diplomats and other guests in these rooms.
国务层的其他房间以颜色命名：蓝厅、绿厅和红厅。总统在这些房间会见外交官和其他客人。Nearby is the State Dining Room.
附近是国宴厅。This is where official state dinners take place.
这里是举行官方国宴的地方。Important visitors sit with the president or first lady, or at tables with the secretary of state or other officials.
重要访客与总统或第一夫人坐在一起，或与国务卿或其他官员同桌。Another room is the Treaty Room on the second floor.
另一个房间是二楼的条约室。This is used for meetings, Important documents have been signed there. At different times, this was the cabinet room or the president's office.
这里用于开会，重要文件在此签署。在不同时期，这里曾是内阁会议室或总统办公室。The third floor of the White House contains bedrooms for guests.
白宫三楼设有客房。One of these is called the Lincoln Bedroom. Abraham Lincoln led the country through the Civil War in the eighteen-sixties.
其中一间被称为林肯卧室。亚伯拉罕·林肯在十九世纪六十年代领导美国度过了南北战争。He freed the slaves in the South. No story about a famous house would be complete without a ghost story.
他解放了南方的奴隶。没有鬼故事，任何关于名门望族的故事都是不完整的。Lincoln was killed soon after the fighting ended. A supporter of the defeated South shot him at Ford's Theater in Washington. But some say the ghost of Lincoln walks around the White House at night.
战争结束后不久，林肯就被杀害了。一名南方战败者的支持者在华盛顿的福特剧院枪杀了他。但有人说林肯的鬼魂晚上会在白宫附近徘徊。The White House has an East Wing and a West Wing. In the West Wing is the Oval Office. This is the large rounded office where the president works
白宫有东翼和西翼。西翼是椭圆形办公室。这是总统办公的大型圆形办公室Rooms in the East Wing offer private living space for the president and his family.
东翼的房间为总统及其家人提供了私人生活空间。The home of the vice president is on the grounds of the Naval Observatory in Washington.
副总统的家位于华盛顿海军天文台内。President Carter's wife Rosalynn described the family area in the White House as surprisingly small.
卡特总统的妻子罗莎琳说，白宫里的家庭区域小得令人吃惊。Chelsea Clinton, the daughter of Bill Clinton, the 42 president, had a favorite room in this area. It was the sunroom.
第 42 任总统比尔·克林顿的女儿切尔西·克林顿最喜欢这个区域的一间房间，那就是日光室。One day, during World War Two, a local woman stopped at the White House.
第二次世界大战期间，有一天，一位当地妇女在白宫停留。She asked to meet Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
她要求会见富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福的妻子埃莉诺·罗斯福。An aide to Missus Roosevelt was going to tell the visitor that the first lady was busy. But the young woman said her husband was fighting overseas.
罗斯福夫人的助手正要告诉来访者，第一夫人很忙。但这位年轻女子却说，她的丈夫正在海外作战。Eleanor Roosevelt heard this and invited her to come in. She served tea and told her visitor that she, too, had loved ones fighting overseas.
埃莉诺·罗斯福听到这个消息，便邀请她进来。她端来了茶，并告诉客人，她也有亲人在海外作战。It seems hard to imagine such a visit today.
如今似乎很难想象会有这样的访问。In fact, the White House was closed to visitors after the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Now, groups can take tours of the White House. But they must organize them through a member of Congress.
事实上，自 2001 年 9 月 11 日美国遭受恐怖袭击后，白宫就不再对游客开放。现在，团体可以参观白宫。但必须通过国会议员组织。The White House also offers an online tour at its Web site.
白宫还在其网站上提供网上游览。The address is:
地址是：whitehouse.gov
白宫网站.

Энгель5

The city of Washington was designed before it was built.
华盛顿这座城市在建造之前就已经进行了设计。

President George Washington chose the city's site in 1791.
乔治·华盛顿总统于 1791 年选择了该城的地址。

He hired Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French military engineer, to draw up plans for the city.
他聘请了法国军事工程师皮埃尔·查尔斯·朗方（Pierre Charles L'Enfant）来制定城市规划。

Washington replaced Philadelphia as the nation's capital in 1800.
1800 年，华盛顿取代费城成为美国首都。

The new city was named it in honor of George Washington.
这座新城市以乔治·华盛顿的名字命名。

George Washington died in 1799. In honour of the first President, the newly-built capital of the country was named Washington.
1799年，乔治·华盛顿去世。为了纪念第一任总统，美国新建的首都被命名为华盛顿。

newly-built capital of the country was named Washington.
新建的首都被命名为华盛顿。

The D.C. in the city's name stands for District of Columbia.
该城市名称中的 DC 代表哥伦比亚特区。

The city covers 177 square kilometers and has a population of 705,749 people (2019).
该市面积 177 平方公里，人口 705,749 人（2019 年）。

The Northwest section is also Washington's main center of cultural, economic, and government activity.
西北区也是华盛顿的主要文化、经济和政府活动中心。

It includes the White House and the many government buildings near it,
其中包括白宫和附近的许多政府大楼，

Now we will take a closer look at the main government buildings, most famous monuments and museums.
现在我们将仔细看看主要的政府大楼、最著名的纪念碑和博物馆。

Capitol Hill, the Mall
国会山、购物中心

Capitol Hill rises only 26.8 meters near the center of Washington.
国会山位于华盛顿市中心附近，高度仅为26.8米。

A long, narrow parkline area stretches from Capitol Hill. It is called the National Mall, or simply the Mall.
一条狭长的公园线从国会山延伸而出。它被称为国家广场，或简称为广场。

The Mall is the location of some of the city's main tourist attractions and the site for many festivals, demonstrations, and celebrations.
该购物中心是该市一些主要旅游景点的所在地，也是许多节日、示威和庆祝活动的举办地。

Several huge government buildings and cultural centers stand on the Hill.
山上矗立着几座巨大的政府大楼和文化中心。

They include:
它们包括：

- the United States Capitol,
- 美国国会大厦，

- Congressional office buildings,
- 国会办公大楼，

- the Library of Congress, the Supreme Court Building,
- 国会图书馆、最高法院大楼，

the Conservatory of the United States Botanic Garden,
美国植物园温室，

- the Folger Shakespeare Library
- 福尔杰莎士比亚图书馆

The United States Capitol stands near the center of Washington.
美国国会大厦位于华盛顿市中心附近。

It's the place where the Congress meets. As you remember Congress is the name for the US Parliament.
这是国会开会的地方。你们应该记得，国会是美国议会的简称。

So, remember - Congress meets in Capitol Building.
所以，请记住——国会在国会大厦开会。

The original building was completed in 1800.
最初的建筑于1800年落成。

The architect who designed the Capitol was William Thornton (1759 - 1828).
设计国会大厦的建筑师是威廉·桑顿（1759-1828）。

In 1814 it was burned by the British during the War of 1812 (the war lasted from 1812 to 1815)-
1814年，它在1812年战争期间被英国人焚毁（战争从1812年持续到1815年）-

Picture: The US Capitol after the burning of Washington, D.C. in the War of
图片：二战期间华盛顿特区被焚毁后的美国国会大厦

1812

The building was restored within five years.
该建筑在五年内得到修复。

By 1850, it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states. A new design competition was held.
到了 1850 年，国会大厦显然无法容纳越来越多来自新加入州的立法者。因此，举行了一场新的设计竞赛。

Architect Thomas Walter (1804-1887) prepared a new design.
建筑师托马斯·沃尔特 (1804-1887) 准备了一份新的设计。

He added the north (Senate) and south (House of Representatives) wings and the central dome (купол).
他添加了北翼（参议院）和南翼（众议院）以及中央圆顶（купол）。

The Statue of Freedom is a bronze statue that, since 1863, has crowned the dome of the US Capitol.
自由女神像是一座青铜雕像，自 1863 年以来一直矗立在美国国会大厦的圆顶上。

Thus, Thomas Walter gave the Capitol building its current appearance.
因此，托马斯·沃尔特赋予了国会大厦现在的外观。

The White House
白宫

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.
白宫是美国总统的官邸和工作场所。

It has been the residence of every US president since John Adams in 1800. On November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.
自1800年约翰·亚当斯以来，这里一直是每一位美国总统的官邸。1800年11月1日，约翰·亚当斯成为第一位入住该建筑的总统。

John Adams was the second President of the USA and the first president to live in the White House.
约翰·亚当斯是美国第二任总统，也是第一位入住白宫的总统。

In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set on fire by British troops.
1814年，即1812年战争期间，白宫被英国军队纵火焚烧。The building was originally variously called the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion" or "President's House".
该建筑最初被称为“总统宫”、“总统府”或“总统府”。The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.
公众称其为“白宫”的最早证据出现在1811年。President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "The White House-Washington" placed on the stationery (канцелярские принадлежности бумага, конверты) in 1901.
西奥多·罗斯福总统于 1901 年在信纸上印上“白宫-华盛顿”（канцелярские принадлежности бумага, конверты），从而确立了正式名称。Since 1909, the Oval Office has been the working office space of the president of the United States.
自1909年起，椭圆形办公室一直是美国总统的工作办公场所。Supreme Court Building. In this building, the nine justices (члены Верховного суда) of the Supreme Court of the United States decide on the constitutionality of laws, government practices, and decisions of lower courts.
最高法院大楼。美国最高法院的九名法官（члены Верховного суда）在这座大楼里裁决法律、政府行为和下级法院裁决是否符合宪法。The Supreme Court Building has four stories and rises 28 m above ground.
最高法院大楼有四层，高28米。The phrase "Equal justice under law" is engraved above the front entrance of the Supreme Court building.
最高法院大楼正门上方镌刻着“法律面前人人平等”这句话。The building was designed by a well-known architect Cass Gilbert
该建筑由著名建筑师卡斯·吉尔伯特设计A circular staircase in the Supreme Court building
最高法院大楼内的旋转楼梯

Washington, D.C. - famous monuments and memorials
华盛顿特区 - 著名的纪念碑和纪念馆Washington Monument
华盛顿纪念碑The Washington Monument is a tall obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
华盛顿纪念碑是华盛顿特区国家广场西端附近的一座高大的方尖碑In the photograph below you can also find the Capitol building.
在下面的照片中您还可以找到国会大厦。It was constructed to commemorate the first US president, George Washington.
它是为了纪念美国第一任总统乔治华盛顿而建造的。The monument, made of marble, granite, and sandstone, is the world's tallest obelisk, standing 169.3 m in height.
这座纪念碑由大理石、花岗岩和砂岩制成，是世界上最高的方尖碑，高 169.3 米。An obelisk is a tall, four-sided, narrow monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top.
方尖碑是一种高大的、四面狭窄的纪念碑，顶部呈金字塔形状。This type of monument was invented by Ancient Egyptians. The Greeks used the Greek term obeliskos to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and from Latin into English.
这种纪念碑是由古埃及人发明的。希腊人用希腊语“obeliskos”来描述它们，这个词后来传入拉丁语，又从拉丁语传入英语。The monument weighs 90,854 tons.
这座纪念碑重达90,854吨。A flight of 897 steps rises to the observation area.
沿着 897 级台阶即可到达观景区。An elevator takes visitors to the top, where they can look over the city from the monument's windows.
电梯将游客带到顶部，在那里他们可以透过纪念碑的窗户俯瞰城市。Washington Monument are an elevator and a 897-step stairway.
华盛顿纪念碑有一部电梯和一段897级台阶的楼梯。The construction was started on July 4, 1848. It was completed in 1884, almost 30 years after the architect's death.
该建筑于1848年7月4日动工，并于1884年竣工，此时距离建筑师去世已过去了近30年。In 1854, the construction was halted for 22 years because of financial problems.
1854年，因资金问题，工程停顿了22年。A difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 46 m up, delineates the initial construction from its resumption in 1876.
大约在 46 米高处可见的大理石阴影差异，标示着最初的建造过程与 1876 年恢复建造的过程。The monument was officially opened October 9, 1888.
该纪念碑于 1888 年 10 月 9 日正式开放。Upon completion, it became the world's tallest structure.
竣工后，它成为世界上最高的建筑。The cost of the monument was $1,187,710.
这座纪念碑的造价为 1,187,710 美元。Lincoln Memorial is a temple-like white marble monument that honors Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865).
林肯纪念堂是一座寺庙般的白色大理石纪念碑，纪念亚伯拉罕·林肯 (1809-1865)。As you remember Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States,
你们还记得亚伯拉罕·林肯是美国第十六任总统，Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War (1861 to 1865). He preserved the Union, abolished slavery and modernized the US economy.
林肯领导美国度过了美国内战（1861 年至 1865 年）。他维护了联邦，废除了奴隶制，并实现了美国经济的现代化。Inside the memorial there is the statue of Abraham Lincoln.
纪念馆内有亚伯拉罕·林肯的雕像。From the Memorial you can see Washington monument and the Capitol building.
从纪念馆可以看到华盛顿纪念碑和国会大厦。In this picture you can see the Capitol building, Washington monument and Lincoln memorial
在这张照片中你可以看到国会大厦、华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂Jefferson Memorial honors Thomas Jefferson.
杰斐逊纪念堂是为了纪念托马斯·杰斐逊。As you remember Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.
大家还记得托马斯·杰斐逊（1743-1826）于 1801 年至 1809 年担任美国第三任总统。Jefferson was the main author of the Declaration of Independence.
杰斐逊是《独立宣言》的主要起草者。He organized the Louisiana Purchase, the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803.
他组织了路易斯安那购买案，即美国于 1803 年从法国手中收购路易斯安那领土。Jefferson Memorial was designed by John Russell Pope (1874-1937) and built between 1939 and 1943.
杰斐逊纪念堂由约翰·拉塞尔·波普 (1874-1937) 设计，建于 1939 年至 1943 年间。Inside Jefferson Memorial there is the bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson.
杰斐逊纪念堂内有托马斯·杰斐逊的铜像。Roosevelt Memorial honors Franklin D. Roosevelt.
罗斯福纪念碑是为了纪念富兰克林·罗斯福而建的。As you remember Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd president of the USA (1933-1945).
大家还记得，富兰克林·罗斯福 (1882-1945) 是美国第 32 任总统 (1933-1945)。Roosevelt directed the federal government during the Great Depression and the Second World War.
罗斯福在大萧条和第二次世界大战期间领导联邦政府。The memorial was opened on May 2, 1997.
纪念馆于1997年5月2日开放。The memorial's designer was landscape architect Lawrence Halprin.
该纪念碑的设计师是景观建筑师劳伦斯·哈尔普林 (Lawrence Halprin)。The memorial consists of several sculptures.
纪念碑由几座雕塑组成。A line of unemployed people during the Great Depression:
大萧条时期排队失业的人们：The 32nd president alongside his dog Fala.
第 32 任总统和他的爱犬法拉 (Fala) 在一起。The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt
富兰克林·罗斯福的妻子The Korean War Veterans Memorial memorializes those who served in the Korean War. 19 steel statues represent a platoon (взвод) on patrol.
朝鲜战争老兵纪念碑是为了纪念那些在朝鲜战争中服役的士兵。19 座钢雕像代表正在巡逻的一个排（взвод）。The statues were designed by American sculptor Frank Gaylord (1925-2018).The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is dedicated to those who served in the Vietnam War.
该雕像由美国雕塑家弗兰克·盖洛德（1925-2018）设计。越南退伍军人纪念碑是为纪念在越南战争中服役的士兵而建。The main part of the memorial is the wall of names, completed in 1982.
纪念馆的主体部分是名字墙，于1982年落成。Maya Lin
林璎Her parents emigrated from China to the United States.
她的父母从中国移民到美国。The wall originally listed 57,939 names when it was opened in 1982.
这面墙于 1982 年开放时，最初登记了 57,939 个名字。However other names have since been added and as of May 2018 there were 58,320 names, including eight women.
但此后其他名字又被添加，截至 2018 年 5 月，共有 58,320 个名字，其中包括 8 名女性。The Wall of names has the shape of a boomerang.
名字墙的形状像回旋镖。The memorial also includes the bronze sculpture of three American soldiers
纪念馆内还有三名美国士兵的青铜雕塑Washington, D.C.-museums and libraries
华盛顿特区——博物馆和图书馆The Library of Congress is probably the world's largest library. It was established on April 24, 1800.
国会图书馆可能是世界上最大的图书馆。它成立于 1800 年 4 月 24 日。Its huge collection of about 100 million items includes books, manuscripts, films, and recordings.
其藏品数量庞大，约有 1 亿件，包括书籍、手稿、电影和录音。Smithsonian museums, The Smithsonian Institution is a government corporation that operates cultural, educational, and scientific facilities throughout Washington.
史密森尼博物馆史密森尼学会是一家政府公司，负责运营华盛顿各地的文化、教育和科学设施。The facilities include several museums on the Mall that house a total of more than 130 million items.
这些设施包括国家广场上的几座博物馆，馆藏总计超过 1.3 亿件物品。This is the Smithsonian Institution Building ("The Castle"). It houses the Smithsonian Institution's administrative offices and information center.
这是史密森学会大楼（简称“城堡”）。它是史密森学会的行政办公室和信息中心。Among the Smithsonian museums located on the National Mall are:
位于国家广场的史密森尼博物馆包括：The National Museum of Asian Art (The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery)
国立亚洲艺术博物馆（亚瑟·赛克勒美术馆）The National Air and Space Museum
国家航空航天博物馆The National Air and Space Museum is not only the most popular of the Smithsonian museums, it's actually the most visited museum in the United States!
国家航空航天博物馆不仅是史密森尼博物馆中最受欢迎的博物馆，而且实际上还是美国参观人数最多的博物馆！The plane made by first American aviators, the Wright brothers (1903):
第一批美国飞行员莱特兄弟制造的飞机（1903年）：The Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia carried astronauts to the Moon and back during the first human lunar landing mission, July, 1969:
1969 年 7 月，阿波罗 11 号指挥舱哥伦比亚号在人类首次登月任务中将宇航员送往月球并返回：The National Museum of American History
美国国家历史博物馆

Энгель 6
Энгель 6

New York City is located at the southern tip of the state of New York.It is the most populous city in the United States. In 2019 its population was 8,336,800.As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.In 1664 the city came under English control and was renamed New York.The Statue of Liberty
纽约市位于纽约州的南端。它是美国人口最多的城市。2019 年，其人口为 8,336,800。纽约有多达 800 种语言，是世界上语言最多样化的城市。1664 年，该市被英国控制，并更名为纽约。自由女神像Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty, is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States.Broadway theatre
自由照耀世界，俗称自由女神像，是美国最具代表性的标志之一。百老汇剧院Broadway theatre, also known simply as Broadway, refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 41 professional theatres, each with 500 or more seats.
百老汇剧院，也简称为百老汇，是指在41个专业剧院上演的戏剧演出，每个剧院都有500个或以上座位。They are located in the Theatre District in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
它们位于纽约市曼哈顿中城的剧院区。Broadway is one of New York City's longest and best-known streets. It runs across the length of Manhattan.
百老汇是纽约市最长、最著名的街道之一。它横跨整个曼哈顿。While Broadway has become synonymous with the collection of 41 theatres, only three of the theatres are physically located on Broadway itself: the Broadway Theatre, the Palace Theatre, and the Winter Garden Theatre.
虽然百老汇已经成为 41 家剧院的代名词，但实际上只有三家剧院位于百老汇本身：百老汇剧院、宫殿剧院和冬季花园剧院。The Broadway Theatre:
百老汇剧院：The rest are located on the cross (поперечные) streets, with the highest concentration of theatres located between 42nd Street (Times Square) and 49th Street.
其余的都位于十字路口（поперечные），其中剧院最集中的地方是第 42 街（时代广场）和第 49 街之间。Times Square:
时代广场：The term "Broadway theatre" is used for theatres with a seating capacity of at least 500 people.
“百老汇剧院”一词指的是可容纳至少 500 人的剧院。Smaller theatres are called off-Broadway (regardless of location).
规模较小的剧院被称为外百老汇剧院（无论位于何处）。Very small theatres (less than 100) are called off-off-Broadway, a term that can also apply to non-commercial or avant-garde theatres.
非常小的剧院（少于 100 人）被称为外外百老汇剧院，这一术语也适用于非商业或前卫剧院。The majority of Broadway shows are musicals.
百老汇演出的大部分是音乐剧。Broadway musicals became enormously influential forms of American popular culture and contributed to making New York City one of the cultural capitals of the Western Hemisphere.
百老汇音乐剧成为美国流行文化中极具影响力的形式，并促使纽约市成为西半球的文化之都之一。"The Black Crook" (1866) is considered by some historians to be the first musical.
一些历史学家认为《黑色骗子》（1866 年）是第一部音乐剧。Some of the longest-running shows on Broadway with 1,000 or more performances:
百老汇上演时间最长的剧目（演出场次超过 1,000 场）包括：The Phantom of the Opera:
歌剧魅影：Greenwich Village is a neighbourhood on the west side of Manhattan in New York City.
格林威治村是纽约市曼哈顿西侧的一个街区。Past and present notable residents of Greenwich Village include:
格林威治村过去和现在的著名居民包括：dancer Isadora Duncan,
舞蹈家伊莎多拉·邓肯，poet Walt Whitman,
诗人沃尔特·惠特曼，writers Robert Louis Stevenson, Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain, William Faulkner, Truman Capote
作家 罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森、埃德加·爱伦·坡、马克·吐温、威廉·福克纳、杜鲁门·卡波特playwright Eugene O'Neill,
剧作家尤金·奥尼尔，artists Salvador Dali, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol,
艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利、杰克逊·波洛克、安迪·沃霍尔、performers Paul Robeson, Billie Holiday, Bob Dylan, Mick Jagger
表演者 保罗·罗伯逊、比莉·霍利戴、鲍勃·迪伦、米克·贾格尔actors Robert De Niro, Leonardo DiCaprio, Julia Roberts, Uma Thurman
演员 罗伯特·德尼罗、莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥、朱莉娅·罗伯茨、乌玛·瑟曼The annual Greenwich Village Halloween Parade is the world's largest Halloween parade:
一年一度的格林威治村万圣节游行是世界上规模最大的万圣节游行：The Factory was Andy Warhol's New York City studio.
“工厂”是安迪·沃霍尔的纽约工作室。Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola; 1928-1987) was an American artist, film director, and producer. He was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art.
安迪·沃霍尔（Andrew Warhola；1928-1987）是一位美国艺术家、电影导演和制片人。他是波普艺术这一视觉艺术运动的领军人物。It became a well-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy patrons.
它成为了一个著名的聚会场所，聚集了杰出的知识分子、异装皇后、剧作家、波西米亚街头艺人、好莱坞名人和富有的赞助人。Andy Warhol is credited with inspiring the widely used expression "15 minutes of fame" which means short-lived media publicity.
安迪·沃霍尔 (Andy Warhol) 被认为是启发人们提出“15 分钟的成名”这一说法的人，这一说法意为短暂的媒体宣传。He said "In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes".
他说“未来每个人都会有15分钟的世界闻名”。He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement.
在同性恋解放运动兴起之前，他就公开以同性恋者的身份生活。New York Concert halls
纽约音乐厅Carnegie Hall
卡内基音乐厅Carnegie Hall is a concert hall in Midtown Manhattan in New York City.
卡内基音乐厅是位于纽约市曼哈顿中城的一座音乐厅。Carnegie Hall presents about 250 performances each season.
卡内基音乐厅每季举办约 250 场演出。It was designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill.
它是由建筑师威廉·伯内特·图特希尔设计的。Originally known simply as "Music Hall" (the words "Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie" still appear on the façade), the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after the Hall's governing body persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name.
该音乐厅最初被简称为“音乐厅”（正面仍保留着“安德鲁·卡内基创立的音乐厅”的字样），在音乐厅管理机构说服卡内基允许使用他的名字后，该音乐厅于 1893 年更名为卡内基音乐厅。The official opening night was May 5 1891, with a concert conducted by a German-born American conductor (дирижёр) and composer Walter Damrosch and Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
正式开幕时间为 1891 年 5 月 5 日，由德裔美国指挥家 (дирижёр) 和作曲家 Walter Damrosch 以及俄罗斯作曲家 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 指挥举办音乐会。Carnegie Hall is not all classical music. Many legendary jazz and popular music performers have given memorable performances at Carnegie Hall including Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Billie Holiday, the Dave Brubeck Quartet, Charles Aznavour, Paul Robeson, Bob Dylan, all of whom made celebrated live recordings of their concerts there.
卡内基音乐厅并非只有古典音乐。许多传奇的爵士乐和流行音乐表演者都曾在卡内基音乐厅进行过令人难忘的表演，其中包括本尼·古德曼、艾灵顿公爵、格伦·米勒、比莉·霍利戴、戴夫·布鲁贝克四重奏、夏尔·阿兹纳沃尔、保罗·罗伯逊、鲍勃·迪伦，他们都曾在此录制著名的现场音乐会。Rock and roll music first came to Carnegie Hall when American rock and roll band Bill Haley & His Comets appeared in a concert on May 6, 1955.
1955 年 5 月 6 日，美国摇滚乐队比尔·哈利与他的彗星乐队在卡内基音乐厅举行音乐会，摇滚乐首次登陆卡内基音乐厅。On February 12, 1964, The Beatles performed two shows during their historic first trip to the United States.
1964 年 2 月 12 日，披头士乐队在历史性的首次美国之行中进行了两场演出。Such famous rock bands as Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, The Beach Boys and Jethro Tull also performed in Carnegie Hall.
滚石乐队、齐柏林飞船乐队、海滩男孩乐队、杰思罗塔尔乐队等著名摇滚乐队也曾在卡内基音乐厅演出。The hall has also been the site of many famous lectures, including the last public lecture by Mark Twain in 1906.
该大厅也是许多著名演讲的举办地，包括 1906 年马克·吐温的最后一次公开演讲。Madison Square Garden
麦迪逊广场花园Madison Square Garden (colloquially known as The Garden or in initials as MSG) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City.
麦迪逊广场花园（俗称“The Garden”或首字母缩写为 MSG）是纽约市的一个多功能室内竞技场。Madison Square Garden hosts more high-profile concert events than any other venue in New York City.
麦迪逊广场花园举办的高端音乐会比纽约市的任何其他场地都多。It was the place for George Harrison's The Concert for Bangladesh in 1971.
这里是乔治·哈里森 1971 年为孟加拉国举办的音乐会的场地。Elvis Presley gave four performances in the Garden in 1972.
1972 年，猫王埃尔维斯·普雷斯利 (Elvis Presley) 在花园里演出了四场。Kiss did four shows at the arena in 1977.
1977 年，Kiss 乐队在该体育馆举办了四场演出。John Lennon made his final concert appearance before his murder in 1980.
约翰·列侬于 1980 年遇害前最后一次举办音乐会。With 6,479,548 visitors to its three locations in 2019, it was the fourth most visited art museum in the world.
2019 年，该博物馆三个分馆共接待游客 6,479,548 人次，是全球参观人数第四多的艺术博物馆。Its permanent collection contains over two million works.The permanent collection consists of works of art from classical antiquity and ancient Egypt, paintings, and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art.
其永久藏品包含超过两百万件作品，包括古典时期和古埃及的艺术作品、几乎所有欧洲大师的绘画和雕塑，以及大量的美国和现代艺术作品。The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, and Islamic art.
大都会博物馆收藏了大量非洲、亚洲、大洋洲、拜占庭和伊斯兰艺术品。The museum is home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes, and accessories, as well as antique weapons and armor from around the world.
该博物馆收藏了来自世界各地的百科全书式的乐器、服装和配饰以及古董武器和盔甲。The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 for the purposes of opening a museum to bring art and art education to the American people.
大都会艺术博物馆成立于1870年，其宗旨是开设一座为美国人民带来艺术和艺术教育的博物馆。Museum of Modern Art
现代艺术博物馆The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
现代艺术博物馆（MoMA）是位于纽约市曼哈顿中城的一座艺术博物馆。It plays a major role in developing and collecting modern art, and is often identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world.
它在发展和收藏现代艺术方面发挥着重要作用，被认为是世界上最大、最具影响力的现代艺术博物馆之一。MoMA's collection offers an overview of modern and contemporary art, including works of architecture and design, drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artist's books, film, and electronic media.
纽约现代艺术博物馆的藏品涵盖了现代和当代艺术，包括建筑和设计、素描、绘画、雕塑、摄影、版画、插图书籍和艺术家书籍、电影和电子媒体作品。The Museum of Modern Art opened to the public on November 7, 1929.
现代艺术博物馆于 1929 年 11 月 7 日向公众开放。The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
所罗门·R·古根海姆博物馆The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, often referred to as The Guggenheim, is an art museum in Manhattan, New York City.
所罗门·R·古根海姆博物馆（通常被称为古根海姆博物馆）是纽约市曼哈顿的一座艺术博物馆。It is the home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern, and contemporary art.
这里收藏着不断扩充的印象派、后印象派、早期现代和当代艺术品。The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting.
该博物馆由所罗门·R·古根海姆基金会于 1939 年创立，当时名为非具象绘画博物馆。Guggenheim sought to include in the collection the most important examples of non-objective art by early modernists such as Rudolf Bauer, Rebay, Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, Marc Chagall, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger, Amedeo Modigliani and Pablo Picasso.
古根海姆博物馆力图将早期现代主义非具象艺术作品中最重要的一些典范纳入藏品之中，这些作品的创作者包括鲁道夫·鲍尔、雷贝、康定斯基、皮特·蒙德里安、马克·夏加尔、罗伯特·德劳内、费尔南·莱热、阿梅代奥·莫迪利亚尼和巴勃罗·毕加索。It adopted its current name after the death of its founder Solomon R. Guggenheim in 1952.
其创始人所罗门·R·古根海姆于 1952 年去世后，博物馆采用了现在的名字。Solomon Robert Guggenheim (1861-1949) was an American businessman and art collector. He is best known for establishing the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City.
所罗门·罗伯特·古根海姆（1861-1949）是一位美国商人和艺术品收藏家。他因在纽约市创立所罗门·R·古根海姆基金会和所罗门·R·古根海姆博物馆而闻名。Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long, continuous spiral.
其独特的坡道画廊从地面延伸出长长的连续螺旋。The American Museum of Natural History (abbreviated as AMNH) is one of the largest natural history museums in the world.
美国自然历史博物馆（简称 AMNH）是世界上最大的自然历史博物馆之一。It was established in 1869.
它成立于1869年。The museum complex comprises 26 interconnected buildings in addition to a planetarium and a library.
博物馆建筑群由 26 栋相互连接的建筑以及天文馆和图书馆组成。AMNH occupies more than 190,000 m2.
AMNH 占地超过 190,000 平方米。Here are some of the most famous New York skyscrapers.
这里有一些最著名的纽约摩天大楼。The Woolworth Building
伍尔沃斯大厦It was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930, with a height of 241 m.
1913年至1930年间，它曾是世界上最高的建筑，高度为241米。How many windows?
有多少扇窗户？The building has several thousand windows: the exact number is disputed, but various sources state that the Woolworth Building has 2,843, 4,400, or 5,000 windows.
该建筑有数千扇窗户：确切数字存在争议，但各种消息来源称伍尔沃斯大楼有 2,843、4,400 或 5,000 扇窗户。At 318.9 m, the structure was the world's tallest building for 11 months (from May 27, 1930 to May 1, 1931) before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931.
大厦高 318.9 米，曾是世界上最高的建筑达 11 个月之久（从 1930 年 5 月 27 日至 1931 年 5 月 1 日），直到 1931 年被帝国大厦超越。Although the Chrysler Building was built for the car manufacturer, Chrysler Corporation never owned it. Walter Chrysler decided to pay for it himself so that his children could inherit it.
尽管克莱斯勒大厦是为汽车制造商建造的，但克莱斯勒公司从未拥有过它。沃尔特·克莱斯勒决定自己出钱建造，以便他的孩子们可以继承它。The Chrysler Building is seen as a paragon (образец) of the Art Deco architectural style.
克莱斯勒大厦被视为装饰艺术建筑风格的典范。Art Deco is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I.
装饰艺术是一种视觉艺术、建筑和设计风格，首次出现于第一次世界大战前夕的法国。Art Deco influenced the design of buildings, furniture, jewelry, fashion, cars, movie theatres, trains, and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners.
装饰艺术影响了建筑、家具、珠宝、时装、汽车、电影院、火车以及收音机和吸尘器等日常用品的设计。Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.
装饰艺术代表着奢华、魅力、繁荣以及对社会和技术进步的信念。Empire State Building
帝国大厦The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper.
帝国大厦是一座 102 层的装饰艺术风格摩天大楼。Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York ("Empire State").
其名字源自纽约州的昵称“帝国之州”。It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center in 1972.
从1931年竣工直至1972年世贸中心建成，它曾屹立世界最高建筑达四十多年之久。The World Trade Center
世界贸易中心The Empire State Building rises to 381 m at the 102nd floor, and including the 62 m pinnacle (шпиль), its full height reaches 443 m.
帝国大厦第 102 层高 381 米，包括 62 米高的尖塔（шпиль），其总高度达到 443 米。Following the destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City and New York State.
2001年世贸中心倒塌后，帝国大厦再次成为纽约市和纽约州最高的建筑。The building was completed in one year and 45 days.
该建筑历时一年零45天竣工。Excavation of the site began on January 22, 1930. The building was officially opened on May 1, 1931.
遗址挖掘工作于 1930 年 1 月 22 日开始。该建筑于 1931 年 5 月 1 日正式开放。Dirigible terminal
飞艇码头The building's spire (шпиль) was originally designed to be a mooring mast (мачта причаливания) and depot (geno) for dirigibles.
该建筑的尖顶 (шпиль) 最初设计为系泊桅杆 (мачта причаливания) 和飞船仓​​库 (geno)。1945 plane crash
1945 年飞机失事Suicides
自杀Over the years, more than thirty people have committed suicide from the top of the building.
多年来，已有三十多人从楼顶自杀。The fence around the observatory terrace was put up in 1947 after five people tried to jump during three weeks.
1947 年，在五个人在三个星期内试图跳下去之后，天文台露台周围的围栏被建了起来。It takes less than one minute by elevator to get to the 86th floor.
乘电梯不到一分钟就能到达86层。Winston Churchill visited the observation deck in 1932. Other famous visitors include Queen Elizabeth II, Cuban President Fidel Castro, the Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev and Albert Einstein.
温斯顿·丘吉尔于 1932 年参观了观景台。其他著名的游客包括伊丽莎白二世女王、古巴总统菲德尔·卡斯特罗、苏联总理尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫和阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。The Empire State Building has 6,500 windows and 73 elevators, and there are 1,860 steps from street level to the 102nd floor.
帝国大厦有 6,500 扇窗户和 73 部电梯，从街道层到 102 层有 1,860 个台阶。It weighs about 340,000 tons.
其重约34万吨。The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build.
帝国大厦的建造成本为 40,948,900 美元。Empire State Building and Art Deco
帝国大厦和装饰艺术The Empire State Building is one of the iconic Art Deco buildings in New York.
帝国大厦是纽约标志性的装饰艺术建筑之一。The building was capped with an ornamental spire to reach the status of tallest building.
该建筑顶部有装饰性的尖顶，以达到最高建筑的地位。

Энгель 7
Энгель 7

Just one more skyscraper
再建一座摩天大楼Flatiron Building
熨斗大厦The Flatiron Building is a triangular [trar ængjula] 22-story, 94 m tall building in Manhattan, New York City.
熨斗大厦是纽约市曼哈顿一座三角形 [trar ængjula] 22 层、94 米高的建筑。It was one of the tallest buildings in the city upon its completion in 1902.
1902年竣工后，它是该市最高的建筑之一。The name "Flatiron" derives from its resemblance to a cast-iron clothes iron.
“Flatiron”这个名字源于它与铸铁熨斗的相似之处。The building has been called "one of the world's most iconic skyscrapers and a quintessential symbol of New York City".The Flatiron Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
该建筑被称为“世界上最具标志性的摩天大楼之一，也是纽约市的典型象征”。熨斗大厦于 1979 年被列入国家史迹名录。In 1911, the building introduced a restaurant/ club in the basement. It was among the first of its kind that allowed a black jazz band to perform.
1911 年，该建筑在地下室开设了餐厅/俱乐部。这是首批允许黑人爵士乐队表演的餐厅/俱乐部之一。This is how New Yorkers in the early 1900s got introduced to the musical genre called ragtime which peaked in popularity in between 1895 and 1919.
这就是 20 世纪初纽约人接触到拉格泰姆音乐流派的方式，这种音乐流派在 1895 年至 1919 年间达到流行的顶峰。When the Flatiron Building first opened as an office building it appeared that the building's designers had forgotten to include any ladies' restrooms.
当熨斗大厦首次作为办公楼开放时，建筑设计师似乎忘记了设置女厕所。Management had to designate bathrooms for men and women on alternating floors.
管理层必须在不同的楼层指定男女卫生间。Today, male bathrooms are on even floors (чётные этажи) and female bathrooms are on odd floors (нечётные этажи).
如今，男浴室位于偶数楼层 (чётные этажи)，女浴室位于奇数楼层 (нечётные этажи)。Horrible!
可怕！Strong winds around the building can blow hats from heads and move women's skirts upward.
建筑物周围的强风可能会吹掉帽子，并会使妇女的裙子向上吹动。In the building's early years, men gathered around the Flatiron waiting for the wind to expose ladies' legs!
在该建筑的早期，男人们聚集在熨斗大厦周围，等待风吹来，让女士们的腿露出来！Piquant postcards of the past:
过去的辛辣明信片：。。。。。"Skyscraper National Park" -- that is what American writer Kurt Vonnegut called New York City in his 1976 novel Slapstick.
“摩天大楼国家公园”——这是美国作家库尔特·冯内古特在1976年的小说《闹剧》中对纽约市的称呼。In 1972, the hotel was designated a New York City Landmark.
1972 年，该酒店被指定为纽约市地标。Waldorf Astoria hotel
华尔道夫酒店When the Waldorf Astoria opened on Park Avenue in 1931, it became the tallest and largest hotel in the world.
华尔道夫酒店于 1931 年在公园大道开业，成为了世界上最高、最大的酒店。Grand Central terminal
中央车站Grand Central Terminal is a railway station located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
中央车站是位于纽约市曼哈顿中城的一个火车站。Trinity Church
三一教堂Completed in 1846 it was New York's tallest building at the time.
它于 1846 年竣工，是当时纽约最高的建筑。The Shed arts center
棚屋艺术中心Opened in 2019, the Shed presents a wide range of activities in performing arts (исполнительские виды искусства драма, музыка, танцы), visual arts, and pop culture.
The Shed 于 2019 年开业，举办各种表演艺术 (исполнительские виды искусства драма, музыка, танцы)、视觉艺术和流行文化等活动。The Vessel (TKA) is a structure and visitor attraction in Manhattan, New York City
The Vessel（TKA）是纽约市曼哈顿的一个建筑和旅游景点World Trade Center Transportation Hub
世界贸易中心交通枢纽HOLIDAYS
假期OFFICIAL NATIONAL HOLIDAYS:
官方国定假日：New Year's Holiday: January 1
新年假期：1月1日Martin Luther King's Birthday: third Monday in January
马丁·路德·金诞辰： 一月第三个星期一Washington's Birthday: third Monday in February
华盛顿诞辰：二月第三个星期一Memorial Day: last Monday in May
阵亡将士纪念日： 五月的最后一个星期一Independence Day: July 4
独立日：7月4日Labor Day: first Monday in September
劳动节：九月第一个星期一Thanksgiving Day: fourth Thursday in November
感恩节：11月第四个星期四Christmas: December 25
圣诞节：12月25日Lincoln's Birthday: February 12
林肯的生日： 2 月 12 日Patriots' Day: April 19
爱国者日：4 月 19 日Columbus Day: second Monday in October
哥伦布日：十月的第二个星期一Veteran's Day: November 11
退伍军人节：11 月 11 日UNOFFICIAL HOLIDAYS:
非官方假期：Groundhog Day: February 2
土拨鼠日：2 月 2 日Valentine's Day: February 14
情人节：2月14日Saint Patrick's Day: March 17
圣帕特里克节：3月17日April Fool's Day: April 1
愚人节：4月1日Easter: one Sunday in spring
复活节：春季的一个星期日Mothers' Day: second Sunday in May
母亲节：五月的第二个星期日Flag Day: June 14
卖旗日：6月14日Fathers' Day: third Sunday in June
父亲节：六月第三个星期日Passover (еврейская пасха): eight days, usually in August
逾越节（еврейская пасха）：八天，通常在八月Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur: three days in September and October
犹太新年和赎罪日：九月和十月三天Halloween: October 31
万圣节：10月31日New Year's holiday: January 1
新年假期：1月1日Unique American holidays
独特的美国节日Besides celebrating holidays that all or most other countries celebrate (New Year, Christmas, Easter, St. Valentine's Day, etc.), the USA has its special American holidays.
除了庆祝所有或大多数其他国家庆祝的节日（新年、圣诞节、复活节、情人节等）外，美国还有自己特殊的美国节日。Columbus Day (OFFICIAL HOLIDAY IN SOME STATES)
哥伦布日（某些州的法定假日）Columbus Day celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
哥伦布日是为了庆祝克里斯托弗·哥伦布于 1492 年 10 月 12 日到达美洲的纪念日。Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and colonizer on behalf of Spain.
克里斯托弗·哥伦布是一位代表西班牙的意大利探险家和殖民者。He sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a faster route to India but landed at the New World (America).
他航行穿越大西洋寻找前往印度的更快路线，但却到达了新大陆（美洲）。His first voyage to the New World on the Spanish ships Santa María, Niña, and La Pinta took about three months.
他第一次乘坐西班牙轮船圣玛丽亚号、尼娜号和拉平塔号前往新大陆的航行历时大约三个月。Columbus's arrival to the New World initiated the Columbian Exchange which introduced the transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and technology between the New World and the Old World (Europe).
哥伦布到达新大陆引发了哥伦布大交换，从而带来了新大陆和旧大陆（欧洲）之间植物、动物、文化、人口和技术的转移。For the 400th anniversary in 1892 President Benjamin Harrison declared Columbus Day as a one-time national celebration.
1892 年，为纪念哥伦布日 400 周年，总统本杰明·哈里森宣布将哥伦布日定为一次性全国性庆祝活动。Columbus Anniversary 1892 Military Parade, Fifth Avenue, New York:
哥伦布周年纪念 1892 年军事游行，纽约第五大道：In 1966 the National Columbus Day Committee lobbied to make Columbus Day a federal holiday.
1966 年，国家哥伦布日委员会游说将哥伦布日定为联邦假日。These efforts were successful and Columbus Day became a federal holiday in 1968.
这些努力取得了成功，哥伦布日于 1968 年成为联邦假日。Opposition to Columbus celebrations
反对哥伦布纪念活动This opposition was initially led by Native Americans. Criticism refers primarily to the treatment of the indigenous (коренное) populations during the European colonization of the Americas which followed Columbus's discovery.
最初，反对派是由美洲原住民发起的。批评主要针对哥伦布发现美洲后欧洲殖民者对美洲原住民的待遇。Some say that on Columbus Day, Americans celebrate the genocide of the American Indians.
有人说，哥伦布日是美国人庆祝美洲印第安人遭受种族灭绝的日子。Criticism also focuses on the character of Columbus himself. It is said that Columbus, while a brilliant mariner (мореход), еxploited and enslaved the indigenous population.
批评还集中在哥伦布本人的性格上。据说哥伦布虽然是一位出色的航海家，但却剥削和奴役了当地居民。Independence Day (OFFICIAL NATIONAL HOLIDAY)
独立日（官方国庆节）Independence Day (colloquially the Fourth of July) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the Declaration of Independence of the United States, on July 4, 1776.
独立日（俗称七月四日）是美国的一个联邦假日，纪念 1776 年 7 月 4 日的《美国独立宣言》。The Continental Congress (Parliament) declared that the thirteen American colonies were no longer subject (подданые) to the monarch of Britain, King George III, and were now united, free, and independent states.
大陆会议（议会）宣布美国十三个殖民地不再受英国君主乔治三世的统治，成为统一、自由、独立的国家。The Congress voted to declare independence on July 2, but it was declared on July 4.
国会于7月2日投票宣布独立，但直到7月4日才宣布独立。The Declaration of Independence was signed by 56 men from 13 colonies.
《独立宣言》由来自 13 个殖民地的 56 人签署。Only John Hancock actually signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. All the others signed later.
只有约翰·汉考克真正于 1776 年 7 月 4 日签署了《独立宣言》。其他人都是后来签署的。The first Independence Day celebration took place in Philadelphia on July 8, 1776.
第一个独立日庆祝活动于 1776 年 7 月 8 日在费城举行。This was also the day that the Declaration of Independence was first read in public after people were summoned (собраны) by the ringing of the Liberty Bell.
这一天也是自由钟响起，人们被召集起来，《独立宣言》首次在公众面前宣读。Liberty Bell, the bell that summoned the people of Philadelphia for the public reading of the Declaration of Independence
自由钟，召唤费城人民公开宣读《独立宣言》的钟Every 4th of July the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia is tapped (слегка ударить) thirteen times in honor of the original thirteen colonies.
每年 7 月 4 日，费城的自由钟都会敲响（слегка ударить）十三次，以纪念最初的十三个殖民地。The White House held its first 4th July party in 1801.
白宫于 1801 年举办了第一次 7 月 4 日派对。Congress made Independence Day an official unpaid holiday for federal employees in 1870. In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.
1870 年，国会将独立日定为联邦雇员的正式无薪假期。1938 年，国会将独立日改为带薪联邦假日。Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, picnics, concerts, family reunions, political speeches, and ceremonies.
独立日通常与烟花、游行、烧烤、狂欢节、野餐、音乐会、家庭团聚、政治演讲和仪式有关。Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors,
独立日庆祝活动通常在户外举行，Decorations (e.g., balloons and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag.
装饰品（例如气球和衣物）通常呈红、白、蓝三色，即美国国旗的颜色。Each year Americans buy 150 million U.S. flags.
美国人每年购买1.5亿面美国国旗。In 2017 the U.S. imported 10 million American flags. Of those, almost 50,000 came from China.
2017年，美国进口了1000万面美国国旗，其中近5万面来自中国。Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "This Land Is Your Land".
独立日烟花表演通常伴随着爱国歌曲，如国歌《星条旗之歌》、《上帝保佑美国》、《美丽的美国》、《这片土地是你们的土地》。A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.
独立日中午，任何有能力的军事基地都会鸣放一响礼炮，代表美国每个州，这被称为“向联邦致敬”。Barbecue is also big on Independence Day. Approximately 150 million hot dogs and 700 million pounds of chicken are consumed on this day.
独立日当天，烧烤也是一大盛事。当天，人们会消耗掉大约 1.5 亿条热狗和 7 亿磅鸡肉。Thanksgiving Day (OFFICIAL NATIONAL HOLIDAY)
感恩节（官方国庆节）Thanksgiving is a federal holiday in the United States, celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November.
感恩节是美国的联邦假日，在十一月的第四个星期四庆祝。On this day everybody is grateful for a good fortune and autumn harvest. The usual way for Americans to spend this holiday is to host a dinner at home, invite friends and relatives.
这一天，每个人都会感恩好运和秋收。美国人过这个节日的通常方式是在家里办晚宴，邀请亲朋好友。The first Thanksgiving was a harvest celebration held by the pilgrims (the English Protestant settlers) of Plymouth colony in the 17th century.
第一个感恩节是17世纪普利茅斯殖民地的清教徒（英国新教定居者）举行的丰收庆祝活动。Many myths surround the first Thanksgiving. Very little is actually known about the event.
关于第一个感恩节有很多传说。人们对该节日的了解实际上非常有限。What is known is that the pilgrims held the first Thanksgiving feast to celebrate the successful fall harvest. Guests at the feast included 90 Indians from a nearby village.
据了解，清教徒们举行了第一场感恩节盛宴，以庆祝秋季丰收。宴会上的宾客包括来自附近村庄的 90 名印第安人。The 53 pilgrims at the first Thanksgiving were the only colonists to survive the long journey from England and the first winter in the New World.
第一次感恩节上的 53 名清教徒是唯一从英国出发，经过漫长的旅程并熬过新大陆第一个冬天而幸存下来的殖民者。Disease and starvation killed half of the original 102 colonists.
疾病和饥饿导致最初的102名殖民者中有一半丧命。These pilgrims survived through that first winter and, with the help of the local Wampanoag Indian tribe, they had a good supply of food to help them survive the next winter.
这些朝圣者熬过了第一个冬天，并在当地万帕诺亚格印第安部落的帮助下，获得了充足的食物，帮助他们度过下一个冬天。One of these Indians, a young man named Squanto, spoke fluent English and served as the pilgrim's translator and guide.
其中一名印第安人名叫斯匡托 (Squanto)，他能说一口流利的英语，担任朝圣者的翻译和向导。Squanto learned English prior to the pilgrim's arrival after he was captured by English explorers and spent time in Europe as a slave. Poupkins
斯匡托在朝圣者到来之前就学会了英语，当时他被英国探险家俘虏，并在欧洲当了一段时间的奴隶。PoupkinsSquanto
斯匡托Learned English as a slave in Europe
在欧洲当奴隶时学会了英语• Taught Pilgrims how to grow corn and pumpkins.
• 教导清教徒如何种植玉米和南瓜。When did Thanksgiving become a national holiday?
感恩节何时成为国定假日？Continental Congress (Parliament) declared the first national Thanksgiving on December 18, 1777.
大陆会议（议会）于 1777 年 12 月 18 日宣布第一个全国性感恩节。Then in 1789, George Washington declared the last Thursday in November a national Thanksgiving.
随后在 1789 年，乔治·华盛顿宣布 11 月的最后一个星期四为全国感恩节。These were merely declarations and not official holidays. Future presidents did not continue the Thanksgiving declaration.
这些只是宣言，并不是正式的节日。未来的总统没有延续感恩节宣言。On January 6, 1885, an act by Congress made Thanksgiving a paid holiday for all federal workers throughout the United States.
1885 年 1 月 6 日，国会通过一项法案，将感恩节定为全美所有联邦工作人员的带薪假期。Sarah Josepha Hale, the "Mother of Thanksgiving"
莎拉·约瑟法·黑尔，“感恩节之母”Sarah Josepha Hale was a 19th-century writer who was nicknamed the Mother (or Godmother) of Thanksgiving.
莎拉·约瑟法·黑尔 (Sarah Josepha Hale) 是一位 19 世纪作家，被昵称为“感恩节之母”（或“教母”）。Sarah Josepha Hale is famously known for writing "Mary Had a Little Lamb", an English language nursery rhyme of 19th-century American origin.
莎拉·约瑟法·黑尔因创作《玛丽有只小羊羔》而闻名，这是一首源自 19 世纪美国的英语童谣。Mary had a little lamb, Its fleece was white as snow, And everywhere that Mary went
玛丽有一只小羊羔，它的羊毛像雪一样白，玛丽走到哪里，就到哪里。The lamb was sure to go;
小羊羔肯定会走；He followed her to school one day -That was against the rule,
有一天他跟着她去学校——这是违反学校规定的，It made the children laugh and play,
它让孩子们欢笑玩耍，To see a lamb at school.
在学校看到一只小羊羔。She wrote a letter to President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 calling for the declaration of Thanksgiving as a national holiday.
1863 年，她写信给亚伯拉罕·林肯 (Abraham Lincoln) 总统，呼吁将感恩节宣布为国定节日。In 1863 President Lincoln proclaimed a national day of Thanksgiving to be celebrated on the last Thursday in November. America was in the middle of its bloody Civil War at the time and Lincoln hoped the new holiday would unify the divided country.
1863 年，林肯总统宣布将每年 11 月的最后一个星期四定为全国感恩节。当时，美国正处于血腥的内战之中，林肯希望这个新节日能使分裂的国家团结起来。Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the USA, proclaimed Thanksgiving a national holiday in 1863. It is still celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November.
美国第 16 任总统亚伯拉罕·林肯于 1863 年宣布感恩节为国定假日。现在，人们仍在每年 11 月的第四个星期四庆祝感恩节。Thanksgiving dinner
感恩节晚餐The main part of Thanksgiving celebrations is Thanksgiving dinner. The dinner traditionally consists of foods and dishes indigenous to the Americas: turkey, potatoes, squash (кабачки), corn, green beans, cranberries (typically in sauce form), and pumpkin pie.Over 95% of Americans eat turkey on Thanksgiving. Americans eat over 46 million turkeys every Thanksgiving.
感恩节庆祝活动的主要部分是感恩节晚餐。晚餐传统上包括美洲本土的食物和菜肴：火鸡、土豆、南瓜（кабачки）、玉米、青豆、蔓越莓（通常以酱汁形式）和南瓜饼。超过 95% 的美国人在感恩节吃火鸡。美国人每年感恩节都会吃掉超过 4600 万只火鸡。Every Thanksgiving, the current U.S. president pardons a turkey.
每年感恩节，现任美国总统都会赦免一只火鸡。A ceremony known as "The National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation" is conducted at The White House a few days before Thanksgiving. The President is presented with a live domestic turkey by the National Turkey Federation.
感恩节前几天，白宫举行了一场名为“全国感恩节火鸡赠送仪式”的仪式。全国火鸡联合会向总统赠送了一只活的家养火鸡。The President does not eat the turkey. Instead, he "pardons" the bird and spares it from being slaughtered. After being pardoned, the turkey lives out its days on a farm.
总统并没有吃掉这只火鸡。相反，他“赦免”了这只火鸡，让它免于被屠宰。被赦免后，这只火鸡在农场里度过了余生。President George W. Bush was the first to do so in 1989.
乔治·W·布什总统于 1989 年首次这样做。MEMORIAL DAY
纪念日REMEMBER AND HONOR
铭记并尊重Memorial Day is a federal holiday in the United States for honoring the military personnel who have died while serving in the United States Armed Forces.
阵亡将士纪念日是美国的一个联邦假日，旨在纪念在美国武装部队服役期间牺牲的军人。It is celebrated on the 4th Monday of May.
该节日是五月的第四个星期一。Many people visit cemeteries and memorials on Memorial Day to honor and mourn those who died while serving in the U.S. Military.
阵亡将士纪念日当天，许多人都会前往墓地和纪念馆，纪念和哀悼那些在美国军队服役期间牺牲的人们。Many volunteers place an American flag on graves of military personnel in national cemeteries.
许多志愿者在国家公墓的军人坟墓上放置美国国旗。The practice of decorating soldiers' graves is an old custom. Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before and during the American Civil War.
装饰士兵坟墓的做法是一项古老的习俗。美国在南北战争之前和期间都会装饰士兵的坟墓。Memorial Day is also considered the unofficial start of summer in the United States.
阵亡将士纪念日也被认为是美国夏季的非正式开始。Veterans Day
退伍军人节Veterans Day is a federal holiday in the United States observed on November 11, for honoring military veterans.
退伍军人节是美国的一个联邦假日，于 11 月 11 日庆祝，以纪念退伍军人。Because it is a federal holiday, some American workers and many students have Veterans Day off from work or school. Non-essential federal government offices are closed. No mail is delivered.
由于这是联邦假日，一些美国工人和许多学生在退伍军人节这天不用上班或上学。非必要的联邦政府办公室关闭。邮件也不投递。Veterans Day is distinct from Memorial Day.
退伍军人节与阵亡将士纪念日不同。Memorial Day honors those who had died while in military service, while Veterans Day celebrates the service of all U.S. military veterans.
阵亡将士纪念日是为了纪念那些在军队服役期间牺牲的人们，而退伍军人节则是庆祝所有美国退伍军人的服役。History
历史On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 (World War I) an armistice (перемирие) between Germany and the Allied nations came into effect.
1918 年（第一次世界大战）11 月 11 日 11 时，德国与同盟国之间的停战协定（перемирие）生效。On November 11, 1919, Armistice Day was commemorated for the first time.
1919年11月11日，首次纪念停战纪念日。In 1926, the United States Congress declared that the anniversary of the armistice should be commemorated with prayer and thanksgiving.
1926年，美国国会宣布应以祈祷和感恩的方式纪念停战周年。In 1938, November 11 was made a legal holiday in the USA, known as Armistice Day. This day was originally intended to honor veterans of World War I.
1938年，11月11日被美国定为法定假日，称为休战纪念日。这一天最初是为了纪念第一次世界大战的老兵。President Franklin Roosevelt on Armistice Day November 11, 1938:
富兰克林·罗斯福总统于 1938 年 11 月 11 日休战纪念日发表讲话：In 1945 Raymond Weeks, a World War II veteran from Alabama, came up with the idea to use this day to honor all veterans.
1945 年，来自阿拉巴马州的二战老兵雷蒙德·威克斯 (Raymond Weeks) 提出用这一天来纪念所有退伍军人的想法。President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the law establishing the holiday on May 26, 1954.
1954 年 5 月 26 日，德怀特·艾森豪威尔总统签署法律，确立了这个节日。A wreath (венок) is laid on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier during a ceremony. It is laid by the president or by a high-ranking member of the government.
仪式期间，人们会在无名烈士墓前敬献花圈（венок）。花圈由总统或政府高级官员敬献。There are a number of parades held across the United States, as well as many speeches given.
美国各地举行了许多游行，还发表了许多演讲。Spelling of Veterans Day
退伍军人节的拼写While the holiday is commonly printed as Veteran's Day or Veterans' Day in calendars, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs website states that the attributive (no apostrophe) rather than the possessive case (притяжательный падеж) is the official spelling "because it is not a day that 'belongs' to veterans, it is a day for honoring all veterans.
虽然这个节日在日历上通常被印为“退伍军人节”或“退伍军人节”，但美国退伍军人事务部网站指出，官方拼写应为定语（没有撇号），而不是所有格（притяжательный падеж），“因为这一天不是‘属于’退伍军人的一天，而是向所有退伍军人致敬的一天。Washington's Birthday (Presidents' Day)
华盛顿诞辰（总统日）Washington's Birthday is a federal holiday in the United States celebrated on the third Monday of February.
华盛顿诞辰是美国的一个联邦假日，在二月的第三个星期一庆祝。Washington's Birthday officially honors the life and work of George Washington, the first president of the United States.
华盛顿诞辰日正式纪念了美国第一任总统乔治华盛顿的一生和工作。George Washington (1732-1799) was born on February 22, 1732, in Alexandria, Virginia.
乔治·华盛顿（1732-1799）于 1732 年 2 月 22 日出生于弗吉尼亚州亚历山大。In the 1700s, George Washington's birthday was celebrated while he was still alive, and many in the U.S. took part in the festivities.
18 世纪，人们在乔治·华盛顿在世时庆祝他的生日，美国许多人参加了庆祝活动。Colloquially, the day is also now widely known as Presidents' Day and is often an occasion to remember all the presidents.
通俗地说，这一天现在也被广泛称为“总统日”，通常作为缅怀历任总统的日子。On Presidents' Day most businesses remain open.
总统日当天大多数商店仍照常营业。Some spell it President's Day and some spell it Presidents' Day. Presidents' Day refers to more than one president while President's Day refers to one President. The difference in spelling may be because some celebrate George Washington alone on this day and others celebrate George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, while some may be celebrating all presidents.
有些人将其拼写为 President's Day，有些人将其拼写为 Presidents' Day。Presidents' Day 指的是多位总统，而 President's Day 指的是一位总统。拼写上的差异可能是因为有些人在这一天只庆祝乔治·华盛顿，而其他人则庆祝乔治·华盛顿和亚伯拉罕·林肯，而有些人可能庆祝所有总统。Abraham Lincoln's birthday falls closely to George Washington but his is not a federal holiday. Many states celebrate his birthday along with George Washington's.
亚伯拉罕·林肯的生日与乔治·华盛顿的生日相近，但林肯的生日不是联邦假日。许多州都会与乔治·华盛顿一起庆祝林肯的生日。Cherries are very popular when making desserts (d1 231] for celebrating George Washington's birthday.
在制作庆祝乔治·华盛顿生日的甜点 (d1 231] 时，樱桃非常受欢迎。The reason for the popularity of cherries relates directly to a story about young George Washington.
樱桃受欢迎的原因与年轻的乔治·华盛顿的故事直接相关。When George was about six years old, he received a hatchet (топорик) as a gift. Playing with his hatchet he cut down his father's favorite cherry tree.
乔治六岁左右时，收到一把斧头（топорик）作为礼物。他用斧头砍倒了父亲最喜欢的樱桃树。His father discovered what had happened to his tree. He came into the house in anger, and demanded to know who had cut down the tree. Nobody could tell him anything about it.
他的父亲发现了他的树发生了什么事。他怒气冲冲地走进屋子，质问是谁砍倒了这棵树。没人能告诉他这件事。Then George came into the room. "George," said his father, "do you know who has killed my beautiful little cherry tree in the garden?" This was a hard question to answer. However, brave George cried: "I cannot tell a lie, father, you know I cannot tell a lie! I did cut it with my little hatchet."
然后乔治走进房间。“乔治，”他的父亲说，“你知道是谁把我花园里那棵美丽的小樱桃树砍死了吗？”这个问题很难回答。然而，勇敢的乔治喊道：“我不能撒谎，爸爸，你知道我不能撒谎！我确实用我的小斧头砍了它。”Taking the boy in his arms, his father said: "My son, that you should not be afraid to tell the truth is more to me than a thousand trees!"
父亲把孩子抱在怀里，说道：“儿子，你不要害怕说出真相，这对我来说比一千棵树还要宝贵！”In the days leading up to the holiday, schools often organize events and lessons for students about the presidents of the United States and George Washington in particular.
在假期前几天，学校通常会为学生组织有关美国总统（尤其是乔治·华盛顿）的活动和课程。Since 1862 there has been a tradition in the United States Senate that George Washington's Farewell Address is read on his birthday.
自 1862 年以来，美国参议院就有在乔治·华盛顿生日那天宣读他的告别演说的传统。George Washington's farewell address is a letter written by President George Washington to "friends and fellow-citizens" after 20 years of public service to the United States.
乔治·华盛顿告别演说是乔治·华盛顿总统为美国公共服务20年后写给“朋友和同胞”的一封信。He wrote it near the end of his second term of presidency before retiring to his home at Mount Vernon in Virginia.
这本书是他在第二总统任期即将结束时写的，之后他退休回到了弗吉尼亚州弗农山的家中。