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History of the development of veterinary medicine in traditional Chinese medicine
传统中医兽医发展的历史

Yang Zhiqiang
杨志强

(Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China)
(中国农业科学院传统兽医研究所,中国兰州)

As we all know, China, ancient Babylon, ancient Egypt and ancient India are the four major ancient civilizations in the world, with a long history, splendid culture and advanced technology, and have made indelible contributions to the progress of human society. In these four ancient civilizations, the Chinese has not been interrupted, and only China has been inherited. Traditional Chinese medicine is the core carrier and cultural treasure of Chinese civilization, and its philosophical wisdom and health theory are deeply integrated into the cultural genes of the nation, which is not only an outstanding representative of traditional culture and ancient science and technology, but also the source of inheritance and innovation of modern civilization, and has played an important role in serving the health of human animals and the modernization of the country.
众所周知,中国、古代巴比伦、古代埃及和古代印度是世界四大古代文明,历史悠久、文化灿烂、技术先进,对人类社会的进步做出了不可磨灭的贡献。在这四大古代文明中,中华文明从未中断,只有中国得以传承。中医药是中国文明的核心载体和文化瑰宝,其哲学智慧和健康理论深深融入了中华民族的文化基因之中,不仅是传统文化和古代科技的杰出代表,也是现代文明传承与创新的源泉,在服务人畜健康和国家现代化方面发挥了重要作用。

As everyone knows,Ancient Babylon, Ancient Egypt,ancient India and Ancient China are the four great ancient civilizations in the world with a long history, splendid culture and advanced technology, and have made important contributions to the progress of human society. Traditional Chinese medicine is the core carrier and cultural treasure of Chinese civilization. Its philosophical wisdom and health theories are deeply integrated into the cultural genes of the nation. It is not only an outstanding representative of traditional culture and ancient science and technology, but also a source of inheritance and innovation of modern civilization, playing an important role in serving human and animal health and the modernization of the country
众所周知,古代巴比伦、古代埃及、古代印度和古代中国是世界四大古代文明,历史悠久、文化灿烂、技术先进,对人类社会进步做出了重要贡献。中医药是中国文明的核心载体和文化瑰宝,其哲学智慧和健康理论深深融入了中华民族的文化基因之中。它不仅是传统文化和古代科技的杰出代表,也是现代文明传承与创新的源泉,在服务人畜健康和国家现代化建设中发挥着重要作用。

Traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Chinese veterinary medicine are the best scientific and technological and cultural heritage of the Chinese people.
中医药和传统中医药(TCM)以及中兽医是中国人民最优秀的科技和文化遗产。

Traditional Chinese medicine and Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine are China's national medicine and the most outstanding scientific and technological heritage of the Chinese nation.
中医药和中兽医是中国国医,是中华民族最杰出的科技遗产。

Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine is a comprehensive science of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine, which is a comprehensive science with the prevention and treatment of animal and poultry diseases as the main content, also known as traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM).
中医兽医学是一门综合性的传统兽医学,主要内容包括动物和家禽疾病的预防和治疗,也称为传统兽医学(TCVM)。

Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM)is the techniques of principles, methods, prescriptions, medicines and acupuncture is a comprehensive discipline which mainly focuses on the prevention and treatment of diseases and syndromes of domestic animals.
传统兽医学(TCVM)是关于原则、方法、方剂、药物和针灸的综合性学科,主要关注家畜疾病的预防和治疗。

Chinese veterinary medicine is a summary of the experience of Chinese people in the struggle against livestock and poultry diseases, with a unique theoretical system and rich disease prevention and control technology. The basic theories of Chinese veterinary medicine are in the same vein as Chinese medicine.
中国兽医学是中国人民在防治畜禽疾病斗争中的经验总结,具有独特的理论体系和丰富的疾病防控技术。中国兽医学的基本理论与中医相同。

TCVM is a summary of Chinese people's experience in fighting against livestock and poultry diseases, with a unique theoretical system and rich disease prevention and treatment techniques. The basic theory of Chinese veterinary medicine is in line with that of TCM.
TCVM 是中国人民在防治畜禽疾病斗争中的经验总结,具有独特的理论体系和丰富的疾病防治技术。中国兽医学的基本理论与中医一致。

Based on the theory of yin and yang five behaviors, through the method of "looking, smelling, asking, and cutting", traditional Chinese veterinary medicine explores the etiology, pathology, location and pathogenesis, summarizes the syndrome type, and formulates treatment methods based on the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment, so that the animal body can achieve the balance of yin and yang and recover.
基于阴阳五行理论,通过"望闻问切"的方法,传统兽医探索病因、病理、部位和病机,总结证型,根据辨证论治原则制定治疗方法,使动物体达到阴阳平衡而康复。

Yin and Yang are the two sides of things, and the five elements are the five attributes of things.
阴阳是事物的两个方面,五行是事物的五种属性。

For example, where the sun shines is yang, and where the sun can't shine is yin. Everything that is athletic, extroverted, rising, warm, invisible, bright, excited, belongs to yang. Relatively static, inward, descending, cold, tangible, gray, inhibited, belong to yin. Yes, it's that simple. Yiyi is not separated, in fact, these come from the Book of Changes, easy is easy. The road is simple. You have read the I Ching and become a master of health preservation.
例如,阳光照射之处为阳,阳光照射不到之处为阴。所有运动、外向、上升、温热、无形、明亮、兴奋的属于阳。相对静止、内向、下降、寒冷、有形、灰暗、受抑制的属于阴。是的,就是这样简单。医易不分离,实际上这些来自《易经》,易学易用。道法自然。你读过《易经》,已成为养生大师。

The five elements refer to the attributes of things, including wood, fire, earth, metal, and water.
五行指的是事物的属性,包括木、火、土、金、水。

木曰曲直 生长、升发、条达。 酸青东生春肝胆目怒

火曰炎上 温热、上升、光明。 苦赤南长夏心小肠舌喜

Soil: Soil loves crops, biochemistry, bearing, and acceptance. Ganhuang Zhonghua long summer spleen appetite thinking.
土壤:土壤喜爱作物、生物化学、承载和接纳。甘黄中华长夏脾食欲思。

金曰从革 沉降、肃杀、收敛。 辛白西收秋肺大肠鼻悲

Water: Water is said to moisturize, moisturize, descend, and cold. Salty black northern Tibetan winter kidney, bladder, ear fear.
水:水被认为滋润、润泽、下降、寒凉。咸黑北方藏区冬肾膀胱耳畏。

There are two basic characteristics of the theory of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine, one is the overall concept, and the other is syndrome differentiation and treatment.
中医兽医学理论有两个基本特征,一是整体观念,二是辨证论治。

A holistic idea is an idea of unity and completeness. Traditional Chinese medicine attaches great importance to the unity and integrity of the human body itself and its interrelationship with the natural world, believing that the human body is an organic whole, and that the various components that make up the human body are structurally inseparable, functionally coordinated and complementary to each other, and pathologically affect each other.
整体观念是一种统一完整的思想。中医非常重视人体自身的统一完整及其与自然界的相互关系,认为人体是一个有机整体,构成人体的各个组成部分在结构上是不可分割的,功能上协调互补,病理上相互影响。

Syndrome differentiation and treatment, also known as syndrome differentiation and treatment, including the two processes of syndrome differentiation and treatment, is the basic principle of TCM to understand and treat diseases, and is a research and treatment method for TCM veterinarians.
证候辨治,又称辨证论治,包括辨证和论治两个过程,是中医认识和治疗疾病的基本原则,也是中医兽医进行研究和治疗的方法。

For thousands of years, TCM veterinary medicine has played an important role in ensuring the safety of China's livestock and poultry breeding and animal-derived food, and has also had a wide and positive impact on the development of veterinary medicine in the world. Now, I would like to introduce to you the development of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine from six aspects.
数千年以来,中兽医在保障中国畜禽养殖和动物源性食品安全方面发挥了重要作用,并对世界兽医医学的发展产生了广泛而积极的影响。现在,我想从六个方面向您介绍中兽医的发展。

1. Origin
1. 起源

The origins of veterinary medicine can be traced back to the time when humans domesticated wild animals and transformed them into domestic animals.
兽医的起源可以追溯到人类驯化野生动物并将其转变为家畜的时代。

The origin of TCVM can be traced back to the period when humans began to domesticate wild animals and transform them into domestic animals. 
TCVM 的起源可以追溯到人类开始驯化野生动物并将其转化为家畜的时期。

Both the Shaanxi Banpo site and the Jiang kiln site were found to be surrounded by wooden sticks, and thick animal manure was piled up. About 10,000 years ago, in order to protect the domestic animals they raised, humans began to take measures to prevent and control their diseases, which contributed to the germination of veterinary knowledge.
发现陕西半坡遗址和江西窑址周围都有木棍,堆积着厚厚的动物粪便。大约在 1 万年前,为了保护他们饲养的家畜,人类开始采取措施预防和控制疾病,这促进了兽医知识的萌芽。

The earliest weapons of conquest of nature, such as fire, stone tools, and stone tools, were used to defeat diseases in humans and animals, and this became the origin of thermotherapy or acupuncture, as well as other external treatments.
最早的征服自然的武器,如火、石器和骨器,被用来战胜人类和动物的疾病,这成为热疗或针灸以及其他外治法的起源。

The earliest weapons used to conquer nature, such as fire, stone tools and bone tools, were used to fight diseases of humans and animals, and this became the origin of thermo therapy or acupuncture and other external treatments. 
最早的征服自然的武器,如火、石器和骨器,被用来对抗人类和动物的疾病,这成为热疗或针灸以及其他外治法的起源。

In the Yangshao site (mid-Neolithic period) in Henan, China, many domestic animal skeletons have been excavated, as well as stone knives, needles and pottery.
在中国河南省的仰韶遗址(中石器时代),出土了许多家畜骨骼,以及石刀、针和陶器。

The Yangshao site (middle Neolithic Age) in Henan Province, contains many domestic animal bones, stone knives, bone needles, and pottery.
位于河南省的仰韶遗址(中石器时代)包含许多家畜骨骼、石刀、骨针和陶器。

The Neolithic (8,000 to 4,000 years ago) site of Toudaowa in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China, has been identified as having two properties: cutting abscesses and acupuncture, which is the earliest direct evidence of the origin of acupuncture.
中国内蒙古自治区多伦县的陶道洼新石器时代遗址(公元前 8000 年至公元前 4000 年),被认定为具有两种用途:切开脓肿和针灸,这是针灸起源最早的直接证据。

"Stone Needle" was excavated from toudaowa Neolithic site in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. It was identified as having two properties of cutting abscesses and acupuncture, which is the earliest direct evidence of the origin of acupuncture.
"石针"是从中国内蒙古自治区多伦县陶道洼新石器时代遗址出土的。它被认定为具有切开脓肿和针灸两种用途,这是针灸起源最早的直接证据。

The earliest veterinary drugs were used on the basis of human drugs and direct observation of animals.
最早的兽医药物是基于人类药物和直接观察动物而使用的。

Most of the earliest medicines in China were plant-based, so they were called "Materia Medica". Up to now, there are more than 12,800 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine resources in China, of which 8.7% (111,400 species) are plant-based traditional Chinese medicines, 12% (1,580 species) are animal-based traditional Chinese medicines, and about 1% (about 80 species) are mineral-based traditional Chinese medicines.
中国最早的药物大多是植物-based 的,因此被称为"本草"。到目前为止,中国有超过 12,800 种传统中药资源,其中 8.7%(111,400 种)是植物-based 的传统中药,12%(1,580 种)是动物-based 的传统中药,大约 1%(大约 80 种)是矿物-based 的传统中药。

Most of the earliest medicines in China were plants, so they were called "bencao".
中国最早的药物大多是植物,因此被称为"本草"。

Second, the early stage of development
其次,发展阶段早期

In the 16th century BC ~ 11th century BC, horses have been used for pulling carts and riding archery, so people attach great importance to horse diseases. There is a record of "Zhenduo Maia" in the first text, and there is a theory of epidemic, and there is a common name for human and animal diseases.
在公元前 16 世纪~公元前 11 世纪,马被用于拉车和骑射,因此人们非常重视马病。第一段文字中有"针马医"的记载,还有疫病的理论,以及人畜共患病的通用名称。

From the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, horses were used to pull carts , Riding and shooting, so people attached great importance to equine disease. There are records of "Zhendomaya" in oracle bone script, and there are inscriptions of diseases on horses and common names of diseases for both human and livestock.
从公元前 16 世纪到公元前 11 世纪,马被用于拉车、骑射和射击,因此人们非常重视马病。甲骨文中记载有"针马医",还有关于马病的刻辞,以及人畜共患病的通用名称。

In the Shang Dynasty ruins of Gaocheng, Hebei, China, there are medicines such as Yu Li Ren and Tao Ren unearthed. The advent of the copper knife and the copper needle further developed the acupuncture technique, and castration began to be used. There are hieroglyphic records of castration in the Jiawen script, indicating that castration existed in China before the 11th century.
在中国河北省高城商代遗址中,出土了玉理仁和桃仁等药物。铜刀和铜针的出现进一步发展了针灸技术,阉割开始被使用。甲骨文中记载有阉割的象形文字,表明在中国在公元前 11 世纪之前就已存在阉割。

At the Shang Dynasty ruins in Gaocheng, Hebei Province, unearthed bunge cherry seed, peach kernel and other medicines were unearthed . With the advent of bronze knives and needles, acupuncture and moxibustion techniques were further developed and castration began to be used. There are hieroglyphic records of castration in oracle bones, indicating that castration was practiced in China before the 11th century.
在河北省高城商朝遗址中,出土了黄连、桃仁等药材。随着青铜刀和针的出现,针灸技术得到进一步发展,阉割开始被使用。甲骨文中有关于阉割的刻字记录,表明中国早在 11 世纪前就已实行阉割。

During this period, China's animal husbandry industry has developed to a certain level, and attaches great importance to the breeding of livestock, with pigsties, cowsheds, sheep pens, stables, etc.
在这一时期,中国的畜牧业发展到一定水平,非常重视牲畜的饲养,设有猪圈、牛棚、羊圈、马厩等。

During this period, China's animal husbandry had developed to a certain level, attaching great importance to the raising of livestock, with pigpens, cattle sheds, sheep pens and stables.
在这一时期,中国的畜牧业发展到一定水平,非常重视牲畜的饲养,设有猪圈、牛棚、羊圈和马厩。

In the 11th century B.C. ~ 476 B.C., there were full-time veterinarians in the Western and Zhou dynasties to diagnose and treat "veterinary diseases" and "ulcers" (collectively referred to as carbuncles, gangrene, sores, scabies, ringworms, and ulcers on the surface of the body), and adopted comprehensive medical measures such as irrigation, surgery, and nursing.
公元前 11 世纪~公元前 476 年,西周和春秋时期有专职兽医,负责诊断和治疗“兽医疾病”和“溃疡”(统称为疔疮、痈疽、疮疡、疥癣、癣疮和身体表面的溃疡),并采用冲洗、手术和护理等综合医疗措施。

From the 11th century BC to 476 BC, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were dedicated veterinarians to diagnose and treat "animal diseases", adopting comprehensive veterinary medical measures such as irrigation, operation and nursing.
从公元前 11 世纪到公元前 476 年,在西周时期,有专门的兽医来诊断和治疗"动物疾病",采用包括灌溉、手术和护理在内的综合兽医医疗措施。

It is recorded in "Zhou Li Heavenly Palace": "Veterinarians treat veterinary diseases and animal ulcers." Whoever treats animal diseases and pours them out, they do it with moderation, with their energy, and they are nourished by observing their hair. Whoever heals the beast's ulcers and scrapes them to cause their evil, and then medicines, raises them, and eats them. ”
《周礼·天官》中记载:"兽医治疗兽医疾病和动物疮疡。"治疗动物疾病的人,将它们倾倒出来,他们以适度、精力充沛的方式,通过观察它们的毛发来滋养它们。治疗野兽疮疡的人,刮掉它们的恶疮,然后用药物,提升它们,吃掉它们。”

" Zhouli · Tiangong" records: "Veterinarians treat livestock diseases and sores. When treating animal diseases, the first medicine to make it walk, to determine the speed of its walking, in order to activate its pulse and qi, judge the disease and treatment. In the treatment of livestock sores, the festering, blood and rotting flesh are first filled with medicine and then scrape away the pus, blood and carrion, so as to remove the necrotic part of the affected area, and then the application of medicine, rest and feed."
《周礼·天官》记载:"兽医治疗牲畜疾病和疮疡。治疗动物疾病时,首先要用药使其行走,确定其行走速度,以激发其脉搏和气,判断疾病和治疗。治疗牲畜疮疡时,先用药填充溃烂处,然后刮除脓液、血液和腐肉,以去除患处坏死部分,然后用药,休息和喂养。"

In terms of medicines, more than 100 kinds of drugs commonly used by humans and animals are recorded in the "Zhou Li", "Book of Songs" and "Classic of Mountains and Seas", and "flowing ochre (ochre, a mineral with yellow color, iron oxide) is also proposed to coat cattle and horses without disease". In the Book of Rites, there is also "Mengxia Moon,...... The record of "Gathering Animals and Hundred Medicines" shows that there is already knowledge of summer medicine collection. It has been documented for more serious diseases that affect livestock, such as rabies and scabies.
关于药物,周礼、诗经和山海经中记载了人类和动物常用的 100 多种药物,并且还提出"流动赭石(赭石,一种黄色矿物,氧化铁)可以用来涂抹牛马,使其不生病"。礼记中也有"孟夏月......《采集动物和百药》的记载表明,当时已经具备夏季采集药物的知识。对于影响牲畜的严重疾病,如狂犬病和疥疮,已有记载。

In terms of medicine, in the "zhouli" "shijing" "shanhaijing" recorded in the general use of more than 100 kinds of medicine, but also put forward "There are a lot of sulfur and ochre in the water, put them on the cattle and horse, the cattle and horse will not get sick." and so on. In the Book of LIJI also records "Meng xia zhi yue... ju chu bai yao", It shows that we have the knowledge of summer medicine collection. More serious diseases affecting domestic animals, such as rabies and scabies, have been documented.
在医药方面,周礼、诗经、山海经中记载了人类和动物常用的 100 多种药物,但也提出了"水中有很多硫磺和赭石,把它们涂在牛马身上,牛马就不会生病"等。礼记中也记载了"孟夏之月......《采集动物和百药》",这表明我们已具备夏季采集药物的知识。对于影响家畜的严重疾病,如狂犬病和疥疮,已有记载。

3. The formation stage of academic ideology
3. 学术思想的形成阶段

. 475 B.C~265 A.D. was an important stage for the further development and laying of the foundation for Chinese veterinary medicine. In 475~221 B.C., there were "horse doctors" who specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of horse diseases, and there were also "cattle doctors". In terms of livestock diseases, there have been records of "cow ulcers", "elbow ulcers", "horse knee breaking", and "horsefly"(a blood-sucking insect in which females suck the blood of humans and animals).
公元前 475 年至公元 265 年是中国兽医学进一步发展和奠定基础的重要阶段。公元前 475 年至公元前 221 年,出现了专门诊治马病的"马医"和诊治牛病的"牛医"。在牲畜疾病方面,有记载的包括"牛溃疡"、"肘部溃疡"、"马膝骨折"以及"马蝇"(一种吸食人类和动物血液的昆虫)。

The period 475 BC to AD 265 was an important stage for the further development and foundation of TCVM. From 475 to 221 BC, there were "equine doctors" specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of equine diseases. In livestock diseases, there have been records of "cattle sores", "horse elbow ulcer", "Horse knee fracture", "horsefly" and so on.
公元前 475 年至公元 265 年是中国传统兽医学(TCVM)进一步发展和奠定基础的重要阶段。公元前 475 年至公元前 221 年,出现了专门诊治马病的"马医"。在牲畜疾病方面,有记载的包括"牛疮"、"马肘部溃疡"、"马膝骨折"、"马蝇"等。

The Inner Classic of the Emperor, which condenses the valuable experience and theoretical knowledge of ancient Chinese people in the struggle against diseases, is the earliest existing medical classic in China, which lays the foundation for the formation of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, and also provides basic theories and guiding principles for traditional Chinese veterinary medicine.
《黄帝内经》浓缩了古代中国人民在与疾病斗争中的宝贵经验和理论知识,是中国现存最早的医学经典,为中医理论体系的形成奠定了基础,也为中兽医提供了基本理论和指导原则。

《黄帝内经》 is a collection of valuable experience and theoretical knowledge of ancient Chinese people's struggle against diseases, which is the earliest medical classic in China, which laid the foundation for the formation of the theoretical system of TCM and TCVM.  
《黄帝内经》是一部汇集了古代中国人民与疾病斗争的宝贵经验和理论知识,是中国最早的医学经典,为中医和中医兽医理论体系的形成奠定了基础。

"The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" is the earliest existing medical classic in China. According to research, it is believed to be the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" is composed of two parts, "Su Wen" and "Lingshu", each with 81 articles in 9 volumes, and a total of 162 articles in the two parts.
《黄帝内经》是中国现存最早的医学经典。据研究,它被认为创作于春秋时期和战国时期。《黄帝内经》由《素问》和《灵枢》两部分组成,每部分有 9 卷,共 81 篇,两部分共有 162 篇。

is a must-read classical medical book for those TheYellowEmperor's Neijing Su Wen is rich in content,including yin and yang, Tibetan elephants, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, health preservation, and the application of the doctrine of man and nature, yin and yang, and the five elements in medicine. The book systematically reflects the medical achievements of China before the Qin and Han dynasties,and summarizes the basic theories and clinical practice experience of traditional Chinese medicine. Chinese culture is broad and profound, like a big tree with flourishing branches. The Yellow Emperor's Neijing is the root and foundation of Chinese culture. Mr. Nan Huaijin once commented that "The Yellow Emperor's Neijing" is not only a medical book, but also the ancestor of medicine. The Yellow Emperor's Neijingwho study Chinese medicineand Chinese veterinary medicine.
《黄帝内经》是一部必读的经典医学著作,对于学习和研究中医、中兽医学的人来说尤为重要。黄帝内经内容丰富,包括阴阳、藏象、病因、病机、诊断、治疗、预防、养生以及人与自然、阴阳五行在医学中的应用。该书系统地反映了秦汉以前的中医药学成就,总结了中医药的基本理论和临床实践经验。中华文化博大精深,如同枝繁叶茂的大树。黄帝内经是中华文化的根基。南怀瑾先生曾评论道:“黄帝内经不仅是一部医学著作,更是医学的始祖。”对于学习和研究中医、中兽医学的人来说,《黄帝内经》是必读之书。

In ~ 221265 A.D., there was a new development in Chinese veterinary medicine, and the Qin Dynasty formulated the "Stable Yuan Law"(the law governing the livestock sheds),which was the earliest animal husbandry and veterinary law in China, and the Han Dynasty changed it to "Stable Law".
公元前 221 年至 265 年期间,中国兽医学有了新的发展,秦朝制定了《厩苑律》(管理牲畜棚舍的法律),这是中国最早的畜牧业和兽医法律,汉朝将其改为《厩律》。

The Han Dynasty's Shennong's Materia Medica is the earliest pharmaceutical monograph in China, containing 365 kinds of drugs (252 kinds of botanical medicines, 67 kinds of animal medicines, and 46 kinds of mineral medicines), which records the origin, collection time, collection method and identification of drugs, and also divides drugs into upper grades, middle grades and lower grades, summarizes the theories of four qi and five flavors of drugs, and lays the foundation for the formation and development of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. In the book, "Niu Bian(perennial herb, a kind of traditional Chinese medicine)kills cattle lice insects", "Scabies scabs of willow leaves", "Tung flower scabs" and so on.
汉朝神农的《神农本草经》是中国最早的药物学专著,记载了 365 种药物(其中植物药 252 种,动物药 67 种,矿物药 46 种),记录了药物的来源、采集时间、采集方法和鉴定方法,还将药物分为上品、中品和下品,总结了药物的气与五味理论,为中医理论体系的形成和发展奠定了基础。书中记载了“牛蒡(一种多年生草本植物,传统中药)杀牛虱虫”、“柳叶疥疮”、“桐花疥疮”等。

The four qi of traditional Chinese medicine refer to the four medicinal effects of cold, heat, warm and cool, and the five flavors refer to the five medicinal tastes of pungent, sweet, sour, bitter and salty. The four qi and five flavors of each herb are different, so they have different therapeutic effects.
中医的“四气”是指药物的寒、热、温、凉四种药效,而“五味”是指药物的辛、甘、酸、苦、咸五种药味。每种药物的气与味不同,因此具有不同的治疗效果。

Four Qi: In traditional Chinese medicine, the so-called four qi refers to the four different medicinal properties of medicine: cold, hot, warm and cold, also known as the four natures. The four qi are summarized according to the reaction of the drug to the human body. Cold and warm are two opposite types of medicinal properties, most of the cold Chinese medicine has the functions of clearing heat and expelling fire, detoxification, etc., and the warm Chinese medicine usually has the functions of returning to the yang to save the adversity, helping the yang, and dissipating the cold in the warmth.
四气:在中医药学中,所谓四气是指药物的四种不同药性:寒、热、温、凉,也称为四性。四气是根据药物对人体反应的总结。寒与温是两种相对的药性类型,大多数寒性中药具有清热解毒等功能,而温性中药通常具有回阳救逆、助阳和温中散寒等功能。

Five flavors: Five flavors refer to the five different medicinal flavors of the drug: sour, bitter, sweet, pungent and salty, which have a specific role according to the theory of the five elements, and the sour taste has the effect of astringency and astringency, such as chili, ginger, green onion, etc.; Bitterness has the effect of drying and dampness, such as sweet potato, corn, wheat, etc.; Bitterness has the effect of drying dampness and purging fire, such as bitter gourd, lotus heart, wild chrysanthemum, etc.; The spicy taste has the effect of diverging, promoting qi and invigorating blood, such as citrus, lemon, etc.; The salty flavor has the effect of soft and hard laxative, such as kelp, shrimp, turtle plate, etc.
五种味道:五种味道是指药物的五味不同药性:酸、苦、甘、辛、咸,根据五行学说各有特定作用,其中酸味具有收敛作用,如辣椒、生姜、葱等;苦味具有燥湿作用,如红薯、玉米、小麦等;苦味具有燥湿泻火作用,如苦瓜、莲子心、野菊花等;辛味具有发散、行气活血作用,如柑橘、柠檬等;咸味具有软坚散结作用,如海带、虾、龟板等。

About 150~219 A.D., Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Han Dynasty of China, wrote "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", which enriched and developed the laws and principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment of predecessors, which was a symbol of the establishment of the clinical medical theory system of traditional Chinese medicine, and has been used as a reference for veterinary clinical syndrome.
约公元 150~219 年,汉代名医张仲景撰写了《伤寒杂病论》,丰富了和发展了前人辨证论治的规律和原则,标志着中医临床医学理论体系的建立,至今仍作为兽医临床辨证的参考依据。

Zhang Zhongjing was born in the first year of the peace of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty (150) and died in the twenty-fourth year of Emperor Jian'an of the Han Dynasty (219).
张仲景生于汉桓帝和平元年(150 年),卒于汉建安二十四(219 年)。

This period was an extremely turbulent era in Chinese history, as the Yellow Turban Rebellion shook the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Millions of people have been displaced to escape the war.
这段时期是中国历史上极为动荡的时期,黄巾起义动摇了东汉的统治。数百万人流离失所,以躲避战乱。

At that time, infectious diseases were widely prevalent, and Cao Cao's son Cao Zhi wrote an article "Speaking of Epidemic Qi" vividly describing the tragic scene at that time: "In the twenty-second year of Jian'an, the epidemic of war. There is the pain of zombies in every house, and there is the sorrow of crying in the room".
当时传染病广泛流行,曹操之子曹植写了一篇文章《说疫气》,生动地描述了当时的悲惨景象:"建安二十二年,疫气流行。家家有丧,室室有哭"。

Zhang Zhongjing's family is a big family, more than 200 people, less than ten years, two-thirds of them died of the plague. So Zhang Zhongjing "felt the loss of the past, and the wounded and died could not be saved, but diligently sought ancient teachings and learned from all sides." Combined with his own experience in curing diseases, he wrote an immortal masterpiece "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", a total of 16 volumes. It establishes the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment, which has become the basic principle of traditional Chinese medicine and the soul of traditional Chinese medicine.
张仲景的家族是一个大家庭,超过 200 人,不到十年,有三分之二的人死于瘟疫。所以张仲景"感伤过去的损失,受伤和死去的人无法挽救,但勤奋寻求古代教诲,向各方学习。"结合他自己的治病经验,他写了一部不朽的杰作《伤寒杂病论》,共 16 卷。它确立了辨证论治的原则,成为中医的基本原则和中医的灵魂。

In the Jin Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing's original works were scattered, and later generations compiled his typhoid part as "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", and the miscellaneous part as "Jin Kui Yaolu".
在晋朝,张仲景的原著散失,后代将他的伤寒部分编为《伤寒论》,杂病部分编为《金匮要略》。

Typhoid fever (or paratyphoid fever) mentioned by modern medicine refers to intestinal infectious diseases caused by bacteria, and the "typhoid fever" in "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" is based on the "Yellow Emperor's Neijing" in "The people who are sick with fever today are all typhoid fever and the like", which generally refers to the febrile disease caused by feeling the cold evil. Zhang Zhongjing divided the disease syndrome into six categories: sun, yangming, shaoyang, taiyin, yin, and shaoyin, that is, the so-called "six meridian syndromes".
伤寒(或副伤寒)在现代医学中指的是由细菌引起的肠道传染病,而《伤寒杂病论》中的“伤寒”是基于《黄帝内经》中“今之得病者,皆伤寒之类也”的论述,一般是指感受寒邪所致的发热病证。张仲景将病证分为太阳、阳明、少阳、太阴、少阴、厥阴六类,即所谓“六经辨证”。

According to the strength of human and animal disease resistance, the advance and retreat of the disease and other factors, the various symptoms manifested in the evolution of external diseases are summarized into the characteristics of the symptoms, the location of the lesions, the damage to the internal organs, as well as the tendency of cold and heat, the rise and fall of evil and righteousness, etc., as the basis for diagnosis and treatment.
根据人体和动物疾病抵抗力的强弱、疾病的进退及其他因素,将外感病在发展过程中所表现出的各种症状,总结为症状的特点、病位的所在、对内脏的损害,以及寒热趋势、邪正消长等,作为诊断和治疗的基础。

For example, the three yang disease syndromes all have fever symptoms, and the sun disease fever manifests as "chills and fever"; The fever of Yangming disease is manifested as "strong fever", that is, only fever and not chills; The fever of young yang disease is manifested as "cold and heat exchange", that is, a burst of fever and a burst of chills.
例如,三种阳病证候都有发热症状,太阳病发热表现为"恶寒发热";阳明病发热表现为"大热",即只有发热而无恶寒;少阳病发热表现为"寒热往来",即一阵发热一阵恶寒。

It not only puts forward the syndrome differentiation program and treatment methods for the diagnosis and treatment of exogenous diseases, but also provides a standard for dialectical treatment in various clinical departments of traditional Chinese medicine.
它不仅提出了外感病的辨证纲领和治疗方药,也为中医各临床科室的辨证治疗提供了标准。

The "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" not only puts forward the method of differentiating the syndrome of the Six Classics, but also lists the prescriptions for treatment, of which 113 prescriptions are contained in the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", and 262 prescriptions are contained in the "Jin Kui Yaolu", and 269 prescriptions are actually collected in the two books.
《温疫论》不仅提出了六经辨证的方法,还列出了治疗方剂,其中《温疫论》包含 113 个方剂,《金匮要略》包含 262 个方剂,两书实际收集的方剂为 269 个。

Dosage forms include decoctions, pills, powders, ointments, liquors, lotions, baths, fumigants, ear drops, nasal irrigues, nasal blowings, enemas, vaginal suppositories, anal suppositories, etc., and the methods of taking various dosage forms are explained in detail. Most of these formulas are still in use today and are clinically proven to be very effective.
剂型包括汤剂、丸剂、散剂、软膏剂、酊剂、洗剂、浴剂、熏剂、耳滴剂、鼻冲洗剂、鼻吹剂、灌肠剂、阴道栓剂、肛门栓剂等,各种剂型的服用方法都有详细说明。这些方剂中的大多数至今仍在使用,并且经过临床验证非常有效。

The influence of "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" on traditional Chinese medicine is huge, and the Qing Dynasty physician Zhang Zhicong said in his annotation of "Treatise on Typhoid Fever": "Those who do not know the four books cannot be regarded as Confucianism, and those who do not know the ontology (referring to the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases") cannot be used as a doctor. Most of the "Kampo granules" used by Japanese "Kampo doctors" are made with the prescription of "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases".
《温疫论》对中医的影响巨大,清朝医师张仲景在《温疫论》的注解中说:“不读四书者,不可为儒;不读《温疫论》者,不可为医。”日本“汉方医”所使用的“汉方颗粒”大多是以《温疫论》的处方制成的。

"Juyan Han Jian", "Quicksand Falling Jian" and "Wuwei Han Jian" all recorded veterinary prescriptions, and began to make the medicine into pills for internal consumption. In terms of acupuncture and moxibustion techniques, the Han Dynasty already had iron nine needles, gold needles and silver needles, as well as acupuncture and medicine combined to treat veterinary diseases.
《聚元汉建》、《流沙坠简》和《无为汉建》均记载了兽医处方,并开始将药物制成药丸内服。在针灸技术方面,汉代已拥有铁九针、金针和银针,以及针灸与药物结合治疗兽医疾病。

古籍中记载针灸的针有九种,包括大针、长针、毫针、锋针、圆针、鑱针、鍉针、铍针、圆利针。但经过医学技术的不断发展,临床主要使用的针灸针为新九针,包括毫针、火针、梅花针、圆利针、磁圆梅针、锋勾针、铍针、鑱针、鍉针。上述针灸针的形状、锋利程度不同,因此治疗适应证也不尽相同。

在⻢蹄病⽅⾯,开始⽤⾰制的⻢鞋护蹄,⻢已开始削蹄。

公元 2651368 年,中兽医学形成了较完整的学术思想体系。公元 265960 年是中国兽医迅速发展的阶段。

名医葛洪(公元 281340 年)著《肘后备急⽅》, 其中有“治六畜诸病⽅”,对⻢驴⽜等的 16 种病提出了治疗⽅法,其中有⽤⻩丹(一氧化铅,唐代由波斯传入中国)治疗“⻢脊疮”,⽤炙熨术治“⻢羯⻣胀”,⽤“直肠⼊⼿”技术治“驴⻢胞转”(负重趋急,乘热过饮冷水而成的尿闭)等,并指出疥癣⾥有⾍;同时试图⽤狂⽝的脑组织服敷咬处,以防治狂⽝病。

公元 502 年,陶弘景著《本草经集注》,记载药物 730 种,按药物⾃然属性分为七类,成为中国第⼀部中药⼤典。

公元 533544 年,贾思勰著《⻬⺠要术》,其中畜牧兽医专卷记载家畜 (牛、马、羊、驴、骡、猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、鱼)26 种疾病的 48 种疗法,还包括掏结术、削蹄术、阉割术以及家畜群发病的防治隔离措施等,反映了当时(公元6世纪)的中兽医技术已有了较⾼的⽔平。

公元502557 年,《伯乐疗⻢经》的出现。

中国传说中天上管理马匹的神仙叫伯乐。人们把精于鉴别马匹优劣的人,也称为伯乐。第一个被称作伯乐的人孙阳,他是春秋时代的人,著名的畜牧兽医专家。

由于他对马的研究非常出色,人们便忘记了他本来的名字,干脆称他为伯乐。有一次,伯乐受楚王的委托,购买能日行千里的骏马。

伯乐向楚王说明,千里马很稀有,找起来不容易,需要到各地巡访,但请楚王不必着急,他尽力将事情办好。

伯乐跑了好几个国家,连素以盛产名马的燕赵(包括现在的北京、天津、辽宁、山西、河南北部、内蒙古南部等)一带,都仔细寻访,辛苦倍至,还是没发现中意的良马。

一天,伯乐从齐国返回,在路上,看到一匹马拉着盐车,很吃力地在陡坡上行进。马累得呼呼喘气,每迈一步都十分艰难。

伯乐对马向来亲近,不由走到跟前。马见伯乐走近,突然昂起头来瞪大眼睛,大声嘶鸣,好像要对伯乐倾诉什么。

伯乐立即从声音中判断出这是一匹难得的骏马。伯乐对驾车的人说:“这匹马在疆场上驰骋,任何马都比不过它,但用来拉车,它却不如普通的马。你把它卖给我吧。”

驾车人认为伯乐是个大傻瓜,他觉得这匹马太普通了,拉车没气力,吃得太多,骨瘦如柴,毫不犹豫地同意了。

伯乐牵走千里马,直奔楚国。伯乐牵马来到楚王宫,拍拍马的脖颈说:“我给你找到了好主人。”

千里马像明白伯乐的意思,抬起前蹄把地面震得咯咯作响,引颈长嘶,声音洪亮,如大钟石磐,直上云霄。

楚王听到马嘶声,走出宫外。伯乐指着马说:“大王,我把千里马给您带来了,请仔细观看。”

楚王一见伯乐牵的马瘦得不成样子,认为伯乐愚弄他,有点不高兴,说:“我相信你会看马,才让你买马,可你买的是什么马呀,这马连走路都很困难,能上战场吗?”

伯乐说:“这确实是匹千里马,不过拉了一段车,又喂养不精心,所以看起来很瘦。只要精心喂养,不出半个月,一定会恢复体力。”

楚王一听,有点将信将疑,便命马夫尽心尽力把马喂好,果然,马变得精壮神骏。楚王跨马扬鞭,但觉两耳生风,只是喘息的功夫,已跑出百里之外。后来千里马为楚王驰骋沙场,立下不少功劳。楚王对伯乐更加敬重。

据《隋书经籍志》记载,当时出现有《疗⻢⽅》《治⻢经图》《⻢经孔⽳图》等,其中《⻢经孔⽳图》是中国最早的兽医针灸著作。

唐代李⽯(公元783~845),甘肃陇西人,唐室宗亲。他不仅考中进士,而且做到宰相,足以在历史上留下印迹。“不为良相,变为良医。”李石不仅是良相,也是良医,而是是一位伟大的兽医。高贵的血统,也要配就生命的底色。他最大光环是编纂了《司牧安骥集》。著作分医三卷和药一卷,医卷涉及内科、外科和瘟病,药卷包括良方2 5类1 4 3个,对中兽医学的理论及诊疗技术有了⽐较系统的论述,按脏腑和病证分为 25 类,是中国现存最早的⼀部兽医专著,对中兽医的发展有极其深远的影响。

为了保障畜牧业的发展,唐代制定有畜牧兽医法。公元 659 年,《新修本草》(⼜称唐本草)收载药物 844 种,其中涵盖了兽医所⽤药物,并收载了外来药物如印度传⼊的⾖蔻、丁⾹和波斯传⼊的⻘黛,是中国古代较完备的⼀部⼈畜通⽤药典,也是世界上第⼀部颁布的国家药典。

公元 9601368 年中国兽医学有了进⼀步的发展。

公元 1007 年设置了“牧养上下监,以养疗京城诸坊、监病⻢”。

牧养上、下监,掌治疗马病。

北宋时隶太仆寺。南渡后,太仆寺并入兵部。清周城《宋东京考》卷三《外诸司》:“上下监掌治疗马病。”《宋史·职官志》四:“牧养上、下监,掌治疗病马及申驹数,有耗失则送皮剥所。”宋代设立剥皮所,是中国最早的家畜尸体剖解机构。

公元 1036 年规定“凡收养病⻢……,取病浅者送上监,深者送下监, 分⼗槽医疗之”。这是中国最早兽医院。

宋代还出现中国最早的药房。

古代征服天下的利器之一就是战马。马的健康离不开兽医精堪的技术,于是一大批杰出兽医就拌随时代的发展而腾空出世,推动兽医学的发展。公元 12711368 年兽医卞宝,他对兽医学最大的贡献是深入研究了马疝痛,并编《痊骥通⽞论》和马跛行判断(即后世的“点痛论”),对于脏腑病理及腹痛、结症、跛⾏⼀些常⻅多发病的诊疗进⾏了论述,收载中药 250 种,药⽅ 112 个。卞宝还提出了“脾胃不和,百病因生”的病因学观点,强调脾胃健康对马匹整体状况的重要性。

在中国历史上唯一被封候的兽医在宋代。宋金交战,马患族蠡(li,疥螨)丧失战斗力,久攻不下,并显败局。山西阳城县民间兽医常顺(公元1061~1137)用狼毒等中药采用河水药浴方法治疗马病,病马迅速痊瘉后即取得大战的胜利。常顺因此荣获战功,一个“文不能治国,武不能安邦”的乡村兽医在公元1120年被宋徽宗皇帝钦封广禅侯。药浴法屡试不爽。。为了纪念这位兽医,后来有了小说《兽医广禅候》,详细讲述了常顺平凡而伟大的常顺事迹。

公元 1368 ⾄ 1644 年,朝廷规定培训基层兽医。要求每群⻓(管⻢ 25 匹)下, 选⼦弟⼆三⼈学习兽医,看治⻢病。

中国著名兽医俞本元、俞本亨编著《元亨疗⻢集》(附⽜驼经),刊⾏于 1608 年,书中理法⽅药具备,列兽⽤中药 200 多种, 400 多个经验良⽅涉及药物 400 多种,还记述了 72 证。此书成为世界流传最⼴的⼀部中兽医学典籍。

喻仁、喻杰兄弟二人合撰。喻氏兄弟是明代安徽庐州府六安州的名兽医,兄弟本元,弟字本亨,因此他们的兽医著作《疗马集》便被习惯地称为《元亨疗马集》,被后人尊称为中国兽医学鼻祖。

本书始刻于万历三十六年(公元1608),书前有丁宾的序文。因为出自兽医名家之手,剪裁精当,内容完备,加入了作者自己的兽医经验,实用价值很高,历来书商一再翻刻,内容时有增删。

书的内容包括《元亨疗马集》、《元亨疗牛集》和《驼经》三部分。

大致马有三十六起卧、七十二症,牛有五十六病,驼有四十八病,各有“证论”、“图”、“方”,内容广泛、医理精深。

《疗马集》是全书精华,明刊本的内容分为春、夏、秋、冬四卷;春卷是“直讲十二论”,一至二论讲的是疾病诊断和针灸治马病方法,三至九论讲的是七类觉病的区别诊断、发病机理和治疗方法。

后三论选录了有关马的外形鉴别和牧养须知方面的材料。夏卷论述“七十二大病”,对每种病的病因、病理、症候、疗法和护理,均有明确的论述。秋卷包括“评讲八证论”和“东溪素问碎金四十七论”。

“八证论”原为中兽医的诊断学,始见于《马书》,喻氏兄弟以“评讲”形式对原有纲要作了阐发;“碎金四十七论”以“东溪问曲川答”的方式,对马病诊疗中的四十七个问题作了解答。

冬卷包括“喂饮须知”、“五经治疗经性须知”、“陈反畏忌禁药须知”、“引经淀火疗病须知”、“君臣佐使用药须知”和“经验良方”。其编撰体例是各种病症大都有“论”说明病因,有“因”表示症状,有“方”说明针灸法、外治法、内服药方等治疗方法。

然后又将主要内容编成歌诀便于群众记诵。该书问世后,成为兽医经典,其它同类著作在很大程度上被取代了,三百多年来一直被作为民间兽医传习的范本。据丁序本中《疗马集》分春、夏、秋、冬四卷,112图,3赋,150歌,300余方;马有三十六起卧,七十二症。

《疗牛集》分上、下两卷,牛有五十六病。附《驼经》一卷,驼有四十八病。全书叙说详尽,尤以马经为最。

内容以临症诊疗为核心,用问答、歌诀、证论及图示等方式论述马、牛、驼的饲养管理,牛马相法,脏腑生理病理,疾病诊断,针烙手术,去势术,防治法则,经验良方和药性须知等。

其中如“脉色论”、“八证论”、“疮癀论”及“起卧入手论”等篇,有独到的医理见解;针药方剂,都出于实践;至于“七十二症”更是作者详引经典并结合自己的经验体会,阐明各症的病因、症状,指出诊疗和调理方法,为防治马病的经验结晶。

此书实用性很强,对每种疾病除以“论”说明病因、以“因”描述症状、以“方”对症治疗外,又将大部分主要内容编成“歌”或“颂”,便于农民记忆、掌握和运用,因而流传极广,成为民间习见的一部中兽医书籍,仍有很高的参考价值,对中兽医的发展产生了重大影响,是中国兽医发展历史上一个重要里程碑。

公元 1469 年《类⽅⻢经》六卷出现。公元 1594 年,杨时乔主编《⻢书》内容丰富。赵浚、⾦⼠衡等编写《新编集成⻢医⽅⽜医⽅》。

中国明代药物学家李时珍(公元 15181593 年)。

在中华民族五千年的文化长河中,诞生了许多伟大的中医药学家,李时珍就是其中之一。四百多年前,正是李时珍的出现让传统中医药学的发展攀上了一个高峰,因为其卓越贡献,李时珍及其成就被视为中华民族的骄傲。李时珍被后人尊称为药圣,对于中华民族来说,李时珍在传统中医药学领域里无疑是伟大的,其代表作《本草纲目》,凝聚了李时珍毕生医药实践经验,是祖国五千年光辉灿烂文化中最宝贵的文化遗产。

李时珍生于明正德十三(1518)年,卒于万历二十一(1593)年,字东璧,号濒湖,湖广蓟州(今天的湖北省蓟春县)人。在李时珍生活的那个年代,封建社会已经不复大唐盛世的繁华,国家经常遭受内部动乱和外族侵扰,人民生活痛苦不堪,整个封建社会正日益走向衰落。

封建社会虽然正趋于没落,但传统的封建伦理纲常日益巩固,医生在当时被认为是三教九流中的”中九流”,社会地位很低,在这种社会背景下,李时珍虽然出生在一个世代行医的家庭,其父李言闻,号月池,也是一位在地方上享有很高口碑的乡间医生,医术高明,受到当地父老乡亲的敬重,但李时珍的父亲并不希望李时珍继承衣钵,而是鼓励李时珍走升官扬名的科举道路,以摆脱家族没有功名的处境,从而光大门庭。

李时珍少年时听从父亲教诲专心于考取功名之路,但到1551年,李时珍三十三岁时,他告别科举道路,决心学医。这期间,李时珍一边为百姓治病,一边不断学习,结合实践提高自己的医术。对于李寸珍的刻苦好学,后人说他“读书十年,不出户庭”。意思是他十来年除埋头钻研医药书籍,给父老乡亲医病外,没有离开过家乡。正是这期间的学习与实践,为他以后修撰《本草纲目》打好了基础。

《本草纲目》毫无疑问是李时珍在浩瀚的医药学典籍之海中刻苦钻研,在进行广泛的社会调查的基础上,运用自己的创造性思维,探索思考而取得的卓越科学成果。这一段撰写历程,共计一十七年之长。李时珍将毕生的所思、所学、所行都凝聚在《本草纲目》之中。

这样一本凝聚了当时最伟大的医药学家生所学之精华的医学巨著,其内容不可谓不浩瀚,是中国16世纪的药学成就之大成,在历史、语言文字、植物、动物、地理、冶金、矿物等方面都有突出贡献

观其内容,《本草纲目》作为一本药学巨典,全书共记述了1892种药物,其中374种是李时珍新增加的药物,这些药物又被分成60类。另有绘图1100多幅,并附有11000多个药方。其中,关于中药,又划分了植物药、动物药、矿物药三大类,在论述动植物药时,涉及动植物药的生态、生长环境、培植繁育方法等;在论述矿物药时涉及矿物药的特性及采制手段等,还包括大量有关矿冶学知识、生物学,以及农、林、牧、渔等生产技术知识。如此丰富的记载,给我们留下了大量珍贵的药物学知识,除了药物记载,李时珍结合其行医实践,在记录药物学的同时,又处处结合医论,因此,《本草纲目》作为一部医学著作,成为历代走向中医学、中药学研究之路的必读书。

李时珍著的医学著作远不只有《本草纲目》这一部。但其他的著作多数没能完整地流传至今,比如《奇经八脉考》《名门考》等。当然也有能够保存下来的,如《濒湖集简方》,汇集了李时珍多年寻方问药而收集起来的民间单方、验方,并作为《本草纲目》的“附方”部分保存下来。

在中国传统医药学方面做出卓越贡献的李时珍,当代著名科学史家英国李约瑟博评价道,“李时珍达到了与伽利略、维萨里(1514~1564,著名医生,近代人体解剖学创始人)的科学活动所隔绝的、任何科学家所不能达到的最高水平”。在他的巨《中国科学技术史》中称赞说,“毫无疑问,明代的伟大的科学成就是李时珍那部攀登到本草著作之顶峰的《本草纲目》。”

李时珍及其心血之作《本草纲目》,不但给中留下了医药学方面的珍贵知识,更给当今的医学界人士以启示:对于传统的中医药学,应该批判地继承其精髓,汲取其精华,打开中国医学发展的新局面。这是时代赋予我们的历史责任。

“岁历三⼗稔,书考⼋百余家”(其中参考有畜牧兽医古书),编著了举世闻名的《本草纲⽬》,共 52 卷,200 万字,收载药物 1892 种和⽅剂 11096 个,绘制了 1160 幅药物标本图,⼈畜通⽤,其中兽医⽅⾯的内容多达 229 条,兽⽤药物 60 余种。该著作综合了 16 世纪以前动物学、植物学、矿物学等多学科知识,其影响远远超过了本草学的范围,被誉为“16 世纪中国的百科全书”。公元 1596 年刊⾏后不久即传往国外,被译成⽇、法、德、俄等国⽂字,对世界医药学的发展作出了杰出的贡献。

在中国明代,不仅对⻢、⽜、⽺、猪、⽝、鸡的阉割术有了进⼀步的记述,还有阉⺟猪的记载。

公元 1736 年,李⽟书对《元亨疗⻢集》进⾏了改编,增加⼀部分内容。1785 年郭怀⻄(安徽六安人)著《新刻注释⽜⻢驼经⼤全集》,丰富和发展了中兽医诊断学和治疗学的内容。

公元 17741861 年河南孟津兽医李春松著《⽜⻢捷径》。公元 1800 年傅述凤(己8 0岁高龄)编著《养耕集》,对⽜病诊疗、针灸均有记述,收载药⽅ 100 多个,兽⽤药物 135 种。他最大贡献是推进了牛病针炙技术的发展。

期间还有《⽜医⾦鉴》《⽜经备安医⽅》《相传⽜经⼤全》《抱犊集》等兽医著作问世。

《抱犊集》是在五十年代中期从江西省新建县发掘的一部国内罕见的有指导作用的治疗牛病的经典著作。书中“兽医药方篇”和“牛病症候篇”共载经验良方165个。

近代发展

1840 ⾄ 1949 年期间⺠间对中兽医技术有所整理和总结。1873 年李南晖(公元1709~1784,甘肃通渭人)等编著《活兽慈⾈》,这是⼀部综合的兽医专著,对⻩⽜、⽔⽜、猪、⻢、⽺、⽝、猫等家畜的 240 余种病证均有论述,收载⽅剂 700 多个,方剂具有明显利用当地药物资源的色彩,促进了中兽医药的发展。同时也是中国最早记载⽝猫疾病的书籍。

1891 年,《猪经⼤全》问世,对 48 种猪病提出了治疗⽅法,列验⽅ 63 个,并附有病形图,体现了“治病必求其本”思想。它是传统兽医学中唯⼀被保存下来的猪病学专著。

《猪经大全》系1956年在贵州省发掘的一部中兽医古籍,由遵义市枫香区中兽医诊所兽医彭遂才献出,以后又陆续在桐梓县杨绍钦处发现合川云门镇刘双合书店印的《增补猪经大全》、瓮安县中兽医张显芳珍藏本,经贵州省兽医实验室整理点校以手抄本形式于1960年影印出版,1959年10月现代著名中兽医学家、北京农业大学于船教授为该书作序。

这⼀时期,还有《疗⻢集》《校正驹病集》《医⽜宝书》《⽜经要切》等专著刊印。

中兽医在上述不同历史时期都有其成就,代代相传,渐渐繁富。浩瀚的⽂献记录了中华⺠族的医圣药圣们在中兽医药⽅⾯的杰出贡献,丰富的临床经验和博⼤的基础理论构建了中国医药的伟⼤宝库。

正是“中兽医药起源于尝百草实践,兴于大唐盛世,盛于宋元明清”。

20 世纪初的 1904 年(距今仅121年),北洋政府在保定建⽴北洋⻢医学堂,⻄⽅兽医学传⼊中国,此后中国出现了两种不同学术体系的兽医学,因⽽有了中、⻄兽医之分。

中、⻄两种兽医学是在不同历史条件下形成,各有所⻓,各有特⾊,各成体系。

这⼀时期,驹⼉编全卷》(1909)、治⻢驹良⽅》(1933)、兽医实验国药⼿册》(1940)等中兽医著作出版。

发展新阶段

1949 年中华⼈⺠共和国成⽴后,中兽医得到了重视,中国政府强调中兽医的继承、整理与发扬,中兽医进⼊了⼀个蓬勃发展的新阶段。

国家倡导中⻄兽医并存并重,古为今⽤,洋为中⽤。

1956 年 1 ⽉中国国务院颁布《关于加强⺠间兽医⼯作的指示》,同年 9 ⽉在中国北京召开了第⼀届“全国⺠间兽医座谈会”,中兽医得以迅速发展,先后建⽴了中兽医研究、教育机构和学术组织。

1958 年 7 ⽉,农业部在中国兰州成⽴中国农业科学院中兽医研究所,同年在中国河北定县创办中兽医学校。

1959 农林部开展全国中兽医师资培训⼯作,全国农业院校和中等农业学校畜牧兽医专业相继开设中兽医学课程。1965年北京农业大学(今中国农业大学)成立中兽医学专业,开始了中国高等中兽医教育,五年学制,培养高级中兽医人才。1980年代后,四川、河南、广东相关学校设立中兽医学专业班,培养了中兽医学本科、专科毕业生5 0 0余名,为促进中兽医学术的发展作出了贡献。目前,中兽医专业由国家教育部定为兽医学科中的一个重要专业,每年从国家高考中录取一定数量的高中应届毕业生进行有计划培养,毕业生授予学士学位。之后,国家又开展中兽医硕士、博士学位教育,中国农业科学院中兽医研究所、中国农业大学、浙江大学、河北农业大学、西南大学、南京农业大学、西北农林科技大学等有中兽医硕士、博士学位授权点,独立招收硕士、博士和博士后。中等中兽医专教育先后也培养了一大批中级中兽医专业人才,在畜牧兽医领域中发挥了重要的作用。

1956 年,刘寿⼭著《兽医常⽤中药》,1957 年郑藻杰著《兽医国药及处⽅》。

1959 年,中国农业科学院中兽医研究所著《兽医中药学》,收载中药 328 种。

1963年成立江西省中兽医研究所。

1965 年,农业部制定兽医药品规范》(草案)1978 年由农林部将兽医中药部分修订为兽药规范⼆部》, 兽⽤中药有了较为系统的兽药国家标准。

1980 年代后,冯法钱著⺠间兽医草本》,瞿⾃明等编著兽医中草药⼤全》等陆续出版。

从上世纪 50 年代开始到 60 年代搜集整理了中兽医经验资料或专著,总结提⾼了⼀部分病证防治技术,调查整理 了不同家畜的针灸⽳位及阉割技术以及⼤量的⽅药。

中国⼴⼤兽医⼈员⼤⼒开展 调查研究和总结提⾼中兽医学术⼯作,不断取得新的成就。家畜针刺麻醉的试验 成功,引起了国内外的重视;对家畜结症、胃扩张、⻣折、仔畜下痢、腰肢病、胎产病、脑炎等部分常⻅病、多发病提出了⾏之有效的诊疗⽅法;在针灸及中药 的运⽤⽅⾯总结出了⼀些新⽅法或新⽅剂。

1978 年⾄上世纪末,中兽医的科学研究⼯作获得了较快的发展。激光针灸、微波针灸、磁疗、应⽤电⼦计算机进⾏辨 证和选针取⽳、中药添加剂的筛选、电⼦捻针机的应⽤、应⽤电镜对针灸⽳位组 织学的观察以及中草药有效成分提取等研究都取得了许多重⼤成果。

1980年江西省中兽医研究所创办《中兽医学杂志》(季刊),前身为1957年创办的《民间兽医通讯》。

1982年中国农业科学院中兽医研究所创办《中兽医药杂志》(双月刋),今年已经整整4 3周年了。

1990 年,农牧渔业部制定颁布的中华⼈⺠共和国兽药典(收载中药 396 种,成⽅制剂 81 个)及其后来修订的 5 个版本的⼆部都收载了兽医中药的国家兽药法典。

1991年,由29位中兽医专家(我所5位专家参与)编写了一百万字的《中国农业百科全书——中兽医卷》正式出版。目前,由南京农业大学大学教授胡元亮先生等编写新版《中国农业百科全书——中兽医卷》也即将付梓。

进⼊21 世纪,中国政府继续⼤⼒⽀持中兽医药的发展,把中兽医药传承创新列⼊国家科技发展规划,组织专题研究。

2020年版《中华人民共和国兽药典》收载成方制剂或单味制剂1148种(包括饮片39种)。

近年来,中国政府进⼀步采取措施,⼤⼒⽀持中医药和中兽医药的传承创新,建⽴符合中兽医药特点的标准和管理体系,充分发挥中兽医药在现代畜禽养殖中的独特作⽤,高效优质,绿色养殖,饲料端禁抗,中药替抗,不断壮⼤中兽药产业和中兽医专业队伍,切实把中兽医继承好、发展好、利⽤好。

应⽤芯⽚技术、基因组技术、AI技术先进的理论和方法\进⾏中药药效学评价、动物病理模型创建、新型中兽药的创制、药⻝同源中药的动物健康养殖、中药替抗或减少饲料中抗⽣素和化学药物的添加等,都取得了重⼤进展。中兽医药⼯业化⽔平不断提⾼,取得了前所未有的成就,展现出广阔的市场前景。

中国现有生G M P兽药生产企业1770家,其中生产中兽药的企业近千家,年产值近70亿元人民币,占兽药总产值的百分之十。由于中兽医药独特优势及畜牧业发展的新趋势,全国兽药企业、科研所、高校每年都有不少新型中兽药问世。迄今为止,全国先后经国家批准的新中兽药近200个,包括注射剂、口服剂、片剂、粉剂、颗粒剂、胶囊剂、灌注剂、涂抹剂等,并广泛应用于食品动物和宠物,显示其独特的作用。

近年来,成立近7 0年的中国农业科学院中兽医研究所创新能力得到充分体现,拥有国家新药重点实验室和技术中心,有一流的研究人材,成为中国中兽医药的发源地和创新平台。中国农业科学院中兽医研究所以中兽医学为主体,发扬中兽医学术思想,大力开展中兽医学、兽用针灸、中兽药应用技术及作用机理研究,取得重大科研成果百余项,培养硕士博士近百名,主办《中兽医医药杂志》,编写出版了《元亨疗马集选释》《中兽医诊断学》《中兽医治疗学》《中兽医治疗学》《兽医中药学》《新编中兽医学》等40余学术著作,在国内国际刊物上发表中兽医药方面的学术论文近千篇。

⽬前,中国政府采取进⼀步措施,⼤⼒⽀持中国传统医药的发展,将中兽医药做为国家创新体系的重要内容,全力推动建⽴符合中兽医特点的标准和管理体系,坚持中⻄兽医结合,实现中兽医药现代化与产业化,为动物绿⾊健康养殖和畜牧业⾼质量发展做出新的更⼤的贡献。

六、中兽医向世界的传播

中兽医是中国的,也是世界的。

As early as more than 1,400 years ago, traditional Chinese veterinary technology was introduced to Korea and Japan. In 595 A.D., the Korean Hye-c-ci went to Japan to teach Chinese veterinarians the techniques of horse healing. In 804 A.D., the Japanese Hei Zhongguo came to China to study veterinary medicine, and after he returned to China, he trained a large number of disciples, forming a school of veterinary medicine.
早在 1400 多年前,中国传统兽医技术就传入韩国和日本。公元 595 年,韩国的慧支前往日本教授中国兽医治疗马匹的技术。公元 804 年,日本人和平中来到中国学习兽医学,回国后他培养了众多弟子,形成了一支兽医学派。

The main contents of the Japanese "Ma Yi Daigo" (1551, Daigo is the name of traditional Chinese medicine, which clears away heat, benefits the lungs and stops bleeding, and quenches thirst and moistens dryness), "The Illustrated Narrative of Healing Horses" (1573), "Kana Anjiji" (1604), and the "New Compilation of Adult Horse Medicine Prescription Niu Yifang" compiled by Joseon in 1399 are all derived from ancient Chinese veterinary books.
日本《马医大膏》(1551 年,膏为传统中药名,能清热、益肺止血、止渴润燥),《疗马图说》(1573 年)、《堪阿尼集》(1604 年)以及朝鲜 1399 年编纂的《新编成人马医方牛医方》等主要内容均源自中国古代兽医书籍。

"Yuan Heng Healing Collection" has been transmitted to Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Europe and the United States.
《元亨疗愈集》已流传至日本、韩国、越南、欧洲和美国。

Since the 18th century, Britain, Germany, France and other countries have successively published articles on the application of veterinary therapy to achieve results.
自 18 世纪以来,英国、德国、法国等国相继发表文章,探讨将兽医疗法应用于实践并取得成果。

The Veterinary Pharmacology, published in Germany in 1801, contains the content of veterinary Chinese medicine.
1801 年在德国出版的《兽医药理学》包含了兽医中药的内容。

At present, the successful trial of acupuncture anesthesia by Chinese veterinarians, especially Chinese veterinarians, has had a great impact on the world and has been widely disseminated to the world.
目前,中国兽医,尤其是中国兽医成功进行的针刺麻醉试验,对世界产生了巨大影响,并已广泛传播至全球。

In 1973, the "National Veterinary Acupuncture Society" was established in the United States, and in 1974, the "International Veterinary Acupuncture Association" was established in the United States.
1973 年,美国成立了“国家兽医针灸学会”,1974 年,美国成立了“国际兽医针灸协会”。

In 1978, the "Veterinary Acupuncture Research Association" was established in Japan, and in the same year, the "Veterinary Acupuncture Association" was established in Mirin, France. These academic organizations not only discuss Chinese veterinary acupuncture techniques, but also compile and publish relevant professional books and periodicals.
1978 年,日本成立"兽医针灸研究会",同年法国米林成立"兽医针灸协会"。这些学术组织不仅讨论中国兽医针灸技术,还编译出版相关专业书籍和期刊。

In 1981, a veterinary acupuncture school was founded in Belgium; In the same year, the United Nations University (UNU) shared a project on traditional techniques and included Chinese veterinary acupuncture techniques as an integral part of it.
1981 年,比利时成立兽医针灸学校;同年,联合国大学(UNU)共享传统技术项目,并将中国兽医针灸技术作为其重要组成部分。

In 1987, Japan published the book "Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Acupuncture", which systematically discussed the theory, method, prescription, medicine and acupuncture techniques of Chinese veterinarians. In recent years, many countries have sent people to China to study and research veterinary Chinese medicine and acupuncture techniques, and many Chinese experts have been invited to foreign countries for academic exchanges and lectures.
1987 年,日本出版了《中国兽医医学与畜禽针灸》一书,系统地讨论了中国兽医的理论、方法、处方、药物和针灸技术。近年来,许多国家派遣人员到中国学习和研究中国兽医医学与针灸技术,同时许多中国专家也被邀请到国外进行学术交流与讲座。

In May 1987, the "International Symposium on Veterinary Acupuncture" was held in Beijing, China. In September 2010, the first International Symposium on Chinese Veterinary Medicine was successfully held in Lanzhou, China. In recent years, Chinese veterinary academic seminars and training sessions have been successfully held in China, Japan, South Korea, Israel and other countries, and Chinese veterinary drug products have been sold to Europe, America, Southeast Asia, West Asia and other countries through trade.
1987 年 5 月,中国北京举办了“国际兽医针灸研讨会”。2010 年 9 月,中国兰州成功举办了首届“国际中国兽医医学研讨会”。近年来,中国兽医学术研讨会和培训班已在中国、日本、韩国、以色列等国成功举办,中国兽医药品产品也通过贸易销售到欧洲、美洲、东南亚、西亚等国家和地区。

Here, I would like to emphasize that the communication between Chinese medicine and the world is a two-way street. There are also many drugs in Chinese veterinary medicine that are imported from foreign countries and then become part of traditional Chinese medicine through domestication, cultivation and application. Saffron was introduced from the Mediterranean Sea and Iran, cloves were introduced from the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, strychnine was introduced from India and Southeast Asia, licorice was introduced from Central Asia, and American ginseng, Yanhuso, myrrh, etc. were also introduced from abroad. There are also many traditional Chinese medicines in China that have been introduced from abroad, such as Astragalus membranaceus and Polygonum multiflorum are cultivated in Japan, South Korea, North Korea, etc.
在此,我想强调中医药与世界之间的交流是双向的。中国兽药中也有许多药物是从国外引进的,通过本土化、栽培和应用,最终成为传统中医药的一部分。藏红花是从地中海和伊朗引进的,丁香是从印度尼西亚的马鲁古群岛引进的,马钱子是从印度和东南亚引进的,甘草是从中亚引进的,而美洲人参、延胡索、没药等也是从国外引进的。中国也有许多传统中药是从国外引进的,例如黄芪和何首乌在日本、韩国、朝鲜等国进行栽培。

Through international academic exchanges and product trade, it has effectively promoted the spread of Chinese veterinary medicine in the world, and its own has been improved and developed.
通过国际学术交流与产品贸易,它有效地推动了中兽药在全球的传播,同时也促进了自身的发展与进步。

The history of the development of Chinese veterinary medicine is a history of inheritance and innovation. Inheritance, innovation and utilization are the inexhaustible driving forces to promote the development of Chinese veterinary medicine.
中国兽医医学的发展史是继承与创新的史。继承、创新和利用是中国兽医医学发展的不竭动力。

One World, One Health. The veterinarian is a great treasure trove. Let us work together to contribute wisdom and strength to the continuous innovation and continuous development of Chinese veterinarians in international exchanges!
同一世界,同一健康。兽医是伟大的宝库。让我们携手为国际交流中中国兽医的持续创新和不断发展贡献智慧和力量!