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Wednesday, June 6, 2012  2012 年 6 月 6 日,星期三

Clinical stages in Removable partial denture construction
可摘局部义齿修复的临床阶段


This guide will assist you in clinical stages of removable partial denture construction. You will, benefit by following the approaches suggested in this document.   It must be  understood  however,  that  there  may  be  necessary  modification  required  through  situations which  are  without  your  control.   Such  modification  should  always  be  discussed  with  and  agreed by your clinical teacher.
本指南将协助您完成可摘局部义齿修复的临床阶段操作。遵循本文档建议的方法将使您获益。但需理解的是,在实际操作中可能因不可控因素而需进行必要调整。此类修改应始终与您的临床导师讨论并达成一致。

1st visit  第一次就诊
Preliminary Impressions   初印模

   Selection of stock tray. Modification  of  the  tray  with  impression  compound  or autopolymerising  acrylic  as appropriate.
选择成品托盘。根据需要,用印模膏或自凝丙烯酸树脂对托盘进行修改。

     Normally a high  viscosity alginate should be used as this will compensate for  the lack of  fit  of  the  stock  tray.   A  thin  layer  of  adhesive  should  be  applied  to  the  tray  before starting to mix the alginate. 
通常应使用高粘度藻酸盐,因其能弥补成品托盘贴合度不足的问题。在开始调和藻酸盐前,需先在托盘上涂一层薄薄的粘接剂。
Prescription   处方

It  is  essential  at  this  and  subsequent  stages  to  indicate  precisely  what  is  required  for  the  next  appointment. The prescription on the laboratory card must be clear and comprehensive. If there is
在此阶段及后续步骤中,必须明确指示下一次就诊所需的内容。实验室卡片上的处方必须清晰且全面。若有任何可能导致混淆的情况,务必亲自与相关技师讨论病例。此阶段所有模型应使用牙科石膏灌注,并注明个别托盘的类型和材料。
any  possibility  of  confusion  it  is    essential  to  discuss  the  case  personally  with  the  technician  involved.   All  casts  at  this  stage  should  be  poured  in  dental  stone and the type and material of  individual trays indicated.
任何可能的混淆点,都需与相关技师当面沟通确认。此阶段所有模型应使用牙科石膏灌注,并明确标注个别托盘的类型及材质要求。

If the laboratory card is not completed and dated, work will not be available for the next  appointment.
若实验室卡片未填写完整并标注日期,则无法为下次预约提供相应工作。

Design   设计

The  design  of  a  partial  denture  should  be  determined  before  master  impressions are recorded.In this respect casts where there are opposing natural teeth in contact, casts must be mounted on
局部义齿的设计应在获取主印模前确定。在这方面,若存在对颌天然牙接触的情况,模型必须被安装到
an  articulator  and  surveyed  to  produce  the  desired  design.      In  many  cases  where  there  are  sufficient teeth, casts can be placed in occlusion by hand prior to mounting.In other situations it  will be unnecessary to construct occlusal rims to register the jaw relationship of the patient. 
使用咬合器并进行测量以得出理想设计。在多数牙齿健全的情况下,模型可通过手工预先咬合后再上架。其他情况下则无需制作颌位记录用的咬合堤。


The sequence therefore is as follows:-
因此,操作顺序如下:-

     Pour preliminary casts.
• 灌注初模
     Survey initially to vertical path of insertion.
• 初步调查垂直就位道。
     In very few cases a second survey will be necessary to a modified path of insertion.
• 极少数情况下需二次观测,以确定修改后的就位道。
     Mount casts on articulator.
• 将模型上颌架。
     Produce design for removable partial denture.
• 设计可摘局部义齿方案。

The  provisional  design  produced  should  be  discussed  with  your  clinical  teacher  before  the patient's  next  appointment.   At  this  stage  a  decision  should  be  made on  the  need  for  possible  tooth preparation or modification.  This may indicate that the following may be necessary:-
临时设计方案应在患者下次就诊前与临床导师讨论。此阶段需决定是否需要进行牙齿预备或形态调整,可能包括以下必要步骤:-

•     Rest  seat  preparation    to  provide  sufficient  space  and  a  horizontal  surface  for  any  support component.
• 支托凹预备——为任何支撑组件提供足够空间及水平承托面。
•     Modification of tooth contour, by grinding or the addition of light-cured composite resin, to improve the action of clasp arms or the occlusal relationship.
• 通过磨改或添加光固化复合树脂调整牙体外形,以改善卡环臂作用或咬合关系。

The  proposed  design  should   be  drawn  on  the  laboratory  card  and also transferred to the study cast which should be retained for reference until the trial stage has been completed.   The design prescription must be clear and comprehensive.
设计方案应绘制在实验室卡片上,并同时转移到研究模型上,该模型需保留至试戴阶段完成以供参考。设计处方必须清晰且全面。

If  surgical,  conservative  or  periodontal    treatment  is  indicated  this  must  be  completed    before recording  master  impressions   This  is  because  the  type  of  denture  required  may  influence  the overall  treatment  plan,  e.g.  rest  seats  incorporated  into  Class  II  restorations,  full  veneer  crowns contoured to provide undercut areas for retention, or tooth extraction as a result of over eruption.
若需进行外科、保守或牙周治疗,则必须在制取主模型印模前完成。这是因为所需义齿的类型可能影响整体治疗计划,例如将支托凹整合到 II 类修复体中、全冠修整以提供倒凹区增强固位,或因过度萌出而需拔牙等情况。

2nd Visit  第二次就诊
Normally the second visit will be for master impressions if the preliminary casts have already been mounted and a design determined.   In cases where the preliminary casts could not be mounted however,  the  second  visit  will  be  devoted  to  recording the jaw relationship of the patient prior to mounting casts on the articulator and developing a design.
通常情况下,第二次就诊将用于制取主模型印模,前提是初步模型已上架并确定了设计方案。然而,在初步模型无法上架的情况下,第二次就诊将专注于记录患者的颌位关系,之后再将模型上架到咬合架上并制定设计方案。

Recording Jaw Relationships
记录颌位关系

If an occlusal stop is present in the mouth you must determine whether the associated intercuspal position is acceptable.   If there is horizontal (antero-posterior or lateral) deviation of the mandible after the initial occlusal contact, it may be necessary to correct the deflective occlusal contact by tooth   modification,   extraction   or   (rarely)   orthodontic   treatment.     If   there   is   loss   of   vertical dimension of   occlusion (OVD) the appropriate increase will have to be determined by adjusting
如果口腔中存在咬合止点,必须判断其相关的牙尖交错位是否可接受。若初始咬合接触后下颌出现水平(前后或侧向)偏移,则可能需要通过牙齿修整、拔牙或(较少采用)正畸治疗来矫正偏斜的咬合接触。若存在咬合垂直高度(OVD)丧失,则需通过调整确定适当的增加量。
occlusal rims in relation to the rest  vertical dimension (RVD).
与垂直距离休息位(RVD)相关的咬合堤。


For the purpose of jaw relationships and their registration partially dentate patients can be divided into two categories:-
就颌骨关系及其登记而言,部分缺牙患者可分为两类
·         Patients without an occlusal stop to indicate the correct intercuspal position or vertical dimension of occlusion.
· 没有咬合止点以指示正确牙尖交错位或垂直咬合高度的患者。
·         Patients with occlusal contact in the intercuspal position. 
· 在牙尖交错位有咬合接触的患者。


First Category   第一类

In the first category the OVD is determined by establishing   the RVD and modifying the occlusal rims  until  the  OVD  is    some  2-4mm  short  of  the  RVD,  this  distance  indicating  the  amount  of interocclusal clearance.   The horizontal jaw relationship recorded should be the retruded contact position.
在第一类情况下,通过确定相对垂直距离(RVD)并调整咬合堤直至咬合垂直距离(OVD)比 RVD 短约 2-4 毫米来确定 OVD,这一距离即为颌间间隙量。记录的水平颌位关系应为后退接触位。

  • Occlusal rims (and wax trial dentures) should only be placed in the mouth long enough to carry out a particular clinical procedure.    On removal they should be chilled in a bowl of cold water to avoid distortion 
    咬合堤(以及蜡试义齿)在口腔中的放置时间应仅足够完成特定的临床操作。取出后应立即浸入冷水中冷却,以防止变形。
  • In  the  mouth  the  fit  and  extension  of  the  rim  should  be  checked  and  modified  if necessary to produce acceptable stability. 
    在口腔中,应检查并调整牙合堤的贴合度和延伸度,以确保其稳定性达到可接受水平。
  • The  upper  occlusal  rim  should  be  adjusted    so  that  the  occlusal  plane  is  correct  in relation to the remaining upper natural teeth. If there is an anterior saddle the rim must indicate  the  correct  incisal  level  and  degree  of  lip  support.  Removal  of  wax  from  the palatal  aspect  of  this  rim  might  be  necessary  in  order  to  allow  closure  of  the  mandible into the tooth position whilst retaining the incisal level. 
    上颌咬合堤应调整至咬合平面与剩余上颌天然牙的关系正确。若存在前牙鞍基,咬合堤必须显示正确的切缘高度及唇侧支撑度。必要时需从此堤的腭侧去除蜡材,以便下颌能闭合至牙位,同时保持切缘高度。
  • Any occlusal contact (e.g. with an opposing tooth) should be checked when the patient closes with the upper rim in place.   If the occlusion   shows a premature contact between a  tooth  and  the  opposing  occlusal  rim,  the  rim  should  be  adjusted  accordingly  until  the occlusal contact is re-established.
    当患者戴有上颌蜡堤闭口时,需检查所有咬合接触(如与对颌牙的接触)。若发现牙齿与对颌蜡堤间存在早接触,应相应调整蜡堤直至恢复咬合接触。
  • The lower rim should then be adjusted to produce even contact. 
    下缘应调整至均匀接触。
  • The  lower  rim   should  then  be  modified  so  that  there  is  a  small  space  (about  2-3mm) between the occlusal surface of the rim and the opposing teeth or rim with the mandible in the rest position. 
    随后应调整下颌蜡堤,使下颌处于休息位时,蜡堤的咬合面与对颌牙或对颌蜡堤之间留有约 2-3 毫米的小间隙。
  • The  retruded  contact  position  should  be  recorded  using  wax  or  an  occlusal  registration material  such  as  Bite  Registration  Paste.   Petroleum  jelly  should  be  spread  thinly  over the opposing wax rim to act as a separating medium. 
    应使用蜡或咬合记录材料(如咬合记录膏)记录后退接触位。需在対颌蜡堤表面薄涂一层凡士林作为分离介质。
  • The  casts  should  be  placed  in  occlusion  using  the  occlusal  rims  and     checked  to determine that the tooth relationship on the casts is the same as in the mouth.  If there is a  premature  contact  between  the  heels  of  a  cast  and  the  opposing  block  or  cast,  this should be eliminated prior to mounting.Correct if necessary.
    应使用蜡堤将模型置于咬合状态并检查,确保模型上的牙齿关系与口腔内一致。若发现模型底座与对颌蜡块或模型间存在早接触,需在模型上架前消除该干扰,必要时进行校正。

Second Category   第二类

  • The rims should be trimmed  until the natural occlusal contact is observed.  
    需修整蜡堤直至观察到自然牙的咬合接触。
  • The occlusal contact should be checked with the natural teeth when the patient occludes with the upper rim in place.   If the vertical dimension of occlusion has been increased as a  result  of  a  premature  contact  between  a  lower  tooth  and  the  occlusal  rim,  the  rim should be reduced until the occlusal contact is re-established.
    当患者戴上上颌蜡堤进行咬合时,应检查其与自然牙的咬合接触。若因下颌牙齿与蜡堤间早接触导致垂直咬合高度增加,需修整蜡堤直至恢复原有咬合接触。
  • The   lower   rim     should   be   adjusted   until   there   is   an   even   occlusion   at   the   OVD determined by the intercuspal position. 
    应调整下颌蜡堤,直至在牙尖交错位确定的垂直咬合高度上达到均匀咬合。
  • Locating notches should be cut in the upper rim, petroleum jelly applied as a separating medium  and  the  intercuspal  position  recorded  with  the  rims  in  place  using    wax  or registration paste. 
    需在上颌蜡堤刻出定位凹槽,涂抹凡士林作为分离介质,并在蜡堤就位状态下使用蜡或印模膏记录牙尖交错位。
  • The  casts  are  placed  in  occlusion  using  the  occlusal  rims  and  checked  to  ensure  that there is no premature contact between the heels of a cast and the opposing rim or cast.
    将模型通过咬合蜡堤置于咬合状态,检查确保模型底座与对颌蜡堤或模型间无早接触。

Laboratory Prescription   技工室处方

  • Shade, material and mould of artificial teeth should be specified.
    人工牙的色泽、材质和模具应予以明确。
  • If  the  next  stage  is  the  try-in of a metal framework, the design should be drawn on the laboratory  card  and  full  instructions  given.     This  should  be  signed  by  your  clinical teacher.  The study casts should be retained as a guide for the technician.
    如果下一阶段是金属支架的试戴,应在实验室卡片上绘制设计图并提供完整说明。这需要由您的临床导师签字确认。研究模型应保留作为技工的参考。
  • If the metal denture is restoring lower free-end saddles consider the need for the altered cast technique. If the technique is to be employed request the addition of acrylic trays to the framework in the saddle areas.
    如果金属义齿用于修复下颌游离端鞍基,需考虑采用改良印模技术。若采用该技术,需在鞍基区域的支架上添加丙烯酸树脂托盘。
  • If the anterior teeth require metal backings, a wax trial denture should be requested for the next stage so that the appearance and position of the teeth can be approved  before the metal framework is constructed.
    若前牙需要金属背衬,应在下一阶段要求制作蜡型试戴牙,以便在金属支架制作前确认牙齿的外观和位置。
Master Impressions   主模型印模

·         Wax stops should be placed on the fitting surface of the individual trays before modifying the peripheral extension if necessary.
在必要时修改边缘延伸前,应在个别托盘的贴合面上放置蜡止点。
·         Any over-extension of the tray should be corrected using a blue stone.
· 任何托盘过度延伸的部分都应使用蓝石进行修正。
·         Any  under-extension   should  be  corrected  with  the  addition  of  self  curing  acrylic  resin (Total).    When  mandibular  free-end  saddle  areas  are  present,  border  moulding  of  the tray in the retro-mylohyoid areas should be undertaken routinely. 
任何延伸不足的部分都应通过添加自凝丙烯酸树脂(Total)进行修正。当下颌游离端鞍区存在时,应常规对托盘在颌舌骨后区进行边缘整塑。


Recording the Impression   制取印模

·         The tray is dried and a thin layer of adhesive is applied to the whole of the inner surfaces of the tray and to an area extending 3mm beyond the periphery of the tray.
· 托盘干燥后,在其内表面及边缘向外延伸 3mm 的区域内均匀涂抹薄层粘接剂。
·         A low viscosity alginate is used to record the impression.   In some cases silicone based or rubber based materials may be used.
· 使用低粘度藻酸盐记录印模。在某些情况下,可能会使用硅基或橡胶基材料。
·         If the impression is satisfactory a cast should be poured in  either dental stone (for acrylic dentures) or improved dental stone (for cobalt chromium chromium dentures) as soon as possible.
· 若印模满意,应尽快用牙科石膏(用于丙烯酸树脂义齿)或改良牙科石膏(用于钴铬合金义齿)灌注模型。
·         All individual trays must be retained until treatment is completed. 
· 所有个别托盘必须保留至治疗结束。

Laboratory Prescription   技工室处方
The  laboratory  prescription  should  indicate  the  material  to  be  used  for  cast  pouring. Bearing  in mind  that  the  occlusion  has  already  been  determined  naturally  or  by  occlusal  rims  prior  to establishing a design, the subsequent stage should be either trial dentures or the production of a metal casting.  In the former situation a shade and mould of teeth must be selected.
实验室处方应注明用于模型灌注的材料。需注意的是,在确定设计方案前,咬合关系已通过自然状态或咬合堤确定,后续阶段应为试戴义齿或金属铸件制作。在前一种情况下,必须选择牙齿的颜色和形态。

3rd visit  第 3 次复诊
In cases where registration was undertaken at the SECOND VISIT, this attendance will be for master impressions.
在第二次就诊时进行登记的情况下,此次就诊将用于制取主模型印模。

The Metal Framework   金属支架

·         The framework must conform to the original design.
支架必须符合原始设计方案。
·         The framework must fit the master cast. If the fit is unsatisfactory on the cast it will also be unsatisfactory in the mouth.
支架必须与主模型贴合。若在模型上贴合不理想,则在口腔内同样无法达到满意效果。
·         All  components  which  are  designed  to  be  clear  of  the  gingival  margin  area  should  be checked to ensure that the clearance is adequate.
· 所有设计为避开牙龈边缘区域的组件都应检查以确保间隙足够。
·         In the mouth, these aspects should be checked again,   remembering that the likelihood of  some  instability in free end saddle cases   may be due to spacing beneath the mesh retention.
在口腔内,需再次检查这些方面,需注意游离端鞍基病例可能出现的不稳定情况可能是由于网状固位体下方的间隙所致。
·         The  occlusion  is  examined  to  ensure  that  there  are  no  premature  contacts  caused  by support units.  This should be done by visual examination, from comments by the patient and with the use of articulating paper or disclosing wax.   Any premature contact should normally be removed at this stage.
检查咬合关系以确保没有因支持单元导致的早接触。这应通过视觉检查、患者主诉以及使用咬合纸或显示蜡来完成。任何早接触通常应在此阶段予以消除。

Accordingly  the  casts  must  be  remounted  to  this  relationship  and  the  teeth  set  for  asecond trial.
因此,必须将模型重新安装到这一关系上,并进行第二次试戴的牙齿排列。



The Trial Denture   试戴义齿

(This may be at the third visit or the fourth visit according to clinical requirements).
(根据临床需求,可能在第三次或第四次就诊时进行)。
This is the last stage at which modifications can be made before the wax is replaced by acrylic.  A careful  routine  must  be  followed  to  prevent  any  mistakes  continuing  through  to  the  finished dentures.
这是在蜡被丙烯酸树脂替换前可以进行修改的最后阶段。必须遵循细致的常规流程,以防止任何错误延续到最终完成的义齿中。

The dentures should firstly be examined on the mounted casts in respect of :-
首先应在模型上检查义齿的以下方面:-

   Adaptation of dentures on the casts.
• 义齿在模型上的适配性。
   Occlusion   • 咬合关系
   Position of artificial teeth with regard to adjacent natural ones.
• 人工牙相对于邻近天然牙的位置。
   The arrangement of anterior teeth.
• 前牙的排列。
   Extension and contouring of wax flanges.
• 蜡翼板的延伸与塑形。

In the mouth the trial dentures should be examined in respect of:-
在口腔内应检查试验义齿的以下方面:-

  • Adaptation of the dentures.
    义齿的适配。
  • Occlusion including the vertical dimension of occlusion.
    包括垂直咬合维度的咬合关系。
·       Contouring  of  wax  flanges  with  regard  to  peripheral  extension,  shaping  of  polished surfaces, coverage of gingival margins. Appearance.   Modify  positions  of  teeth  and  incisal  edges  of  anterior  teeth  to  achieve  a pleasing result. Ask  for  patient's  comments on appearance. Show the patient the dentures in the mirror and ensure that they are satisfied.
· 对蜡质凸缘进行轮廓修整,包括边缘延伸、抛光面塑形及牙龈边缘覆盖。外观方面,调整牙齿位置及前牙切缘以达到美观效果。征求患者对外观的意见。让患者通过镜子查看义齿并确保其满意。
·         If,  at  this  stage,  the  occlusion  is  incorrect,  modifications  must  be  carried  out  before continuing  with  the  next  stages.    An  increase  in  occlusal  height  may  be  achieved  by adding  pink  wax  to  the  occlusal  surfaces  of  posterior  teeth  on  one  of  the  dentures.  A reduction in occlusal height is achieved by replacing the posterior teeth on one denture with  wax  rims  and  adjusting  these  to  occlude  evenly  at  the  correct  vertical  dimension. Wax or bite registration paste may be used for the final recording.
· 若此阶段咬合不正确,必须在继续后续步骤前进行修正。可通过在某一义齿的后牙咬合面添加粉红蜡来增加咬合高度。降低咬合高度则需将一侧义齿的后牙替换为蜡堤,并调整至正确垂直距离下的均匀咬合。最终记录可使用蜡或咬合记录膏完成。
 If  the  occlusion  has  been  re-recorded this will indicate a change in the jaw relationship. Accordingly  the  casts  must  be  remounted  to  this  relationship  and  the  teeth  set  for  asecond trial.
如果咬合关系已重新记录,这表明颌骨关系发生了变化。因此,必须将模型重新安装至这一关系,并排列牙齿进行二次试戴。


Laboratory Prescription   技工室处方

Carefully list and describe any modifications you wish the technician to carry out before finishing
请仔细列出并描述您希望技师在完成前进行的任何修改
the dentures.   假牙。

To  ensure  that  interference  with  insertion  of  the  finished  denture  will  not  occur  as  a  result  of
确保不会由于以下原因而影响义齿成品的安装
inadequately  blocked  out  tooth  undercuts  the  following  instructions  and  procedure  must  be
未充分填倒凹的牙齿,以下指示和步骤必须
followed:-   后续步骤:-

•   Undercuts  are  blocked  out  in  wax  on  the  master  cast,  in  respect  of  vertical  path  of
• 在主模型上,根据垂直就位道的方向,用蜡填倒凹。
insertion.   戴入。
•   The master cast  should be duplicated.
• 应复制主模型。
•   The denture should be processed on the duplicate cast.
• 义齿应在复制模型上进行加工。
•   The processed denture should be fitted back on master cast.
• 加工完成的义齿应重新适配到主模型上。

Final visit  最终复查

Denture Insertion   义齿戴入

   Examine  the  dentures  and  check  there  are  no  sharp  edges  or  acrylic  'pearls'  on  the fitting  surface of the saddle areas.
• 检查义齿,确保鞍状区域的贴合面没有尖锐边缘或树脂“珠状”突起。
   Insert  denture  into  the  mouth.    Occasionally  the  denture  cannot  be  seated  because acrylic has been processed into an undercut area on the cast;   this is due to inadequate blocking  out  of  the  undercuts.  If  the  area  of  acrylic  to  be  removed  is  not  immediately apparent, use pressure relief cream.   Always remove the acrylic by approaching with the bur from the fitting surface.  
• 将义齿放入口中。有时义齿无法就位,因为树脂在模型上的倒凹区域进行了处理;这是由于倒凹区域未充分填补所致。如果需要去除的树脂区域不明显,可使用压力释放膏。始终从贴合面方向用钻头去除树脂。
 The seal between denture and tooth in the non-undercut area should never be touched. 
义齿与牙齿在非倒凹区域的密封部分绝不应触碰。


   In the mouth, check:-
• 在口腔内检查:-
  • Adaptation of components   组件的适配
  • Retention and stability   固位与稳定性
  • Occlusion   咬合
•   Occlusal  contact  is  checked  by  asking  for  the  patient's  comments,  by  visual  inspection, and by the use of articulating paper.  Articulating paper should be inserted bilaterally and not unilaterally.  In the latter instance, the patient may tend to deviate the mandible to the side on which the paper is placed.
• 通过询问患者感受、视觉检查及使用咬合纸来验证咬合接触。咬合纸应双侧同时放置,而非单侧。若仅单侧放置,患者可能会不自主地将下颌偏向放置咬合纸的一侧。
•   Occlusal  adjustment  should  be  continued  until  both  the  patient's  comments  and  visual inspection  confirm  that  even  contact  has  been  achieved  in  the  chosen  jaw  position. Attention should be given to occlusal contacts in lateral and protrusive positions. In many cases  the  dentures  will  be  adjusted  so  that  they  conform  to  the  occlusal  guidance provided by the remaining natural teeth.
• 咬合调整应持续进行,直至患者主诉和视觉检查均确认所选颌位达到均匀接触。需特别注意侧方及前伸位时的咬合接触。多数情况下,义齿需调整至与余留天然牙提供的咬合引导相协调。

Advice to the Patient   给患者的建议


   Insertion and removal of denture.   The patient must be taught the correct way to handle the denture. Vulnerable components must be pointed out.
• 义齿的摘戴方法。必须教会患者正确操作义齿,并指出易损部件。
   A  printed  sheet  of  instructions  is  provided  for  the  patient.  This  will  mention  in particular aspects  such  as  cleaning/eating/wearing  at  night/pain/need  for  regular  recall  - including recall with the hygienist.
• 向患者提供书面指导说明,特别强调清洁/进食/夜间佩戴/疼痛感/定期复查(包括与洁牙师的复查预约)等事项。
   It is important to  discuss these points verbally with the patient first of all.  The purpose of the sheet is simply to act as an aide-memoir.
• 首先需与患者口头沟通这些要点。书面说明仅作为备忘辅助使用。
   Finally you should ensure that  the patient knows who to contact (i.e. you) in the event of problems arising with the denture.   You are responsible for the prosthetic care of the patient  which  does  not  end  with  the  insertion  of  a  denture.   Where problems arise, an appointment MUST be made to see the patient at your next available opportunity.
• 最后,您应确保患者知道在义齿出现问题时联系谁(即您本人)。您对患者的修复治疗责任并不随着义齿的戴入而结束。若出现问题,必须安排患者尽快在您下一次可预约时间就诊。

Review appointment   复查预约

The patient should be asked for comments on the first week or fortnight of wearing the dentures.
应询问患者对佩戴义齿最初一周或两周的反馈意见。
A   history   must   be   taken   of   any   complaint.     Subsequent  examination  must  be  directed  to diagnosing the cause of the complaint before making any adjustments.   Whether or not there are any  problems  reported  by  the  patient,  the  denture-bearing  tissues  must  be  examined  and  the occlusion must be checked.  At times a patient may claim to be perfectly comfortable even though extensive ulceration is present.
必须详细记录任何主诉病史。随后的检查需在调整前明确诊断主诉原因。无论患者是否报告问题,都必须检查义齿承托区组织并验证咬合情况。有时患者可能声称完全舒适,但实际上存在大面积溃疡。


Any  inflammation  of  the  denture-bearing  tissues,  which  is  not  related  to  the  peripheral  area,  is most  likely  due  to  occlusal  causes.    Therefore  a  careful  inspection  must  be  made  of  occlusal contact in tooth position and excursive movements, and the necessary adjustments made.   The impression  surface  of  the  denture  must  not  be  'eased'  empirically.    Should  attention  of  the
任何与边缘区域无关的义齿承托组织炎症,很可能是由咬合问题引起的。因此,必须仔细检查牙齿位置和运动过程中的咬合接触,并进行必要的调整。切勿凭经验随意调整义齿的印模表面。若需关注
impression surface be required, a disclosing material such as pressure indicator paste should be used.
如果需要印模表面,应使用压力指示膏等显示材料。
A  check  must  be  made  on  the  patient's  oral  and  denture  hygiene  with  the  use  of  disclosing Solution. Steps to reinforce plaque control must taken if appropriate
必须使用显色液检查患者的口腔和义齿卫生情况。如有必要,应采取加强菌斑控制的措施。

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