Step3：逐句听译全文。（建议练习时长40-70分钟）
注意事项：
1.每句最多播放3遍（18分以下最多5遍）
2.简单总结句子的中文大意就好，特别细节的信息（如时间，地点）不用进行翻译。目标一定要放在大意理解上，而不是听到每一个词。
3.不用拘泥于原文的用词，用自己的语言去总结就好。（要是能用上些热词，新梗就再好不过了。）
为了方便大家进行听译，我把句子已经切割好了。大家逐句进行播放就好。如果觉得一句太短的同学，也可以播放2-3句再写大意。听不懂，听不全或者不太确定的句子记录一下句子编号，整篇听完之后再对照文本进行修整和补充。（25+的同学可以用原音频按段落听就好，难点或者错题对应的段落可以做一下听译）
恭喜大家又完成了最艰难的一步，再往下就是一片坦途了（bushi）。
Step4：对照文本进行修正和补充。还是要提醒一下，细枝末节不用特别纠结，特别是备考时间不充裕的同学。别忘了自己的目标只是大致理解，哪怕看文本也不需要去扣字眼，基本看懂了就好。
（建议练习时长20-30分钟）
文本及参考译文：
（句末的括号里面是一些随机的，针对文本的补充和评论。因为精细的练习是比较无聊的，希望能增加一点点趣味性，帮大家至少保持轻松的心态，毕竟心态轻松的时候学得会更快一些。）
1) OK, so how many species of dinosaur have been named so far?
好的，那么到目前为止，有多少种恐龙被命名？
2) Does anyone know? Would anyone like to take a guess? Richard?
有人知道吗？有谁愿意猜一猜？Richard？
3) A hundred and fifty?
一百五十个？
4) Well, actually, since we started naming dinosaur species back in the 1800s, well over a thousand species have been named based on the fossil record.
实际上，自从我们在19世纪开始命名恐龙物种以来，根据化石记录，已经有一千多个物种被命名。
5) Wow!
哇！（乖乖！）
6) [OK, but can you think of any reasons why we might have overestimated(高估) the number of species that we found? ]
好的，但是你能想到有什么原因使我们可能高估了我们发现的物种的数量吗？
7) Hmm, maybe some species were given more than one name.
呃，也许有些物种被取了不止一个名字。
8) That’s right. You see, nothing would please a paleontologist more than being credited with discovering a new dinosaur species.
没错。没有什么比发现一个新的恐龙物种更让古生物学家高兴的了。
9) So, what often happened is if a paleontologist found a dinosaur fossil that was a little different in some way, Eureka! They claim to have discovered a new species, especially back in the late 1800s. (2)
因此，经常发生的情况是，如果一个古生物学家发现了一个在某些方面稍微有点不同的恐龙化石，他会欢呼，声称发现了一个新物种，特别是在19世纪末。（分分钟发现新物种）
10) If a paleontologist found, say, a dinosaur tooth that looked a little different, based on that tooth alone, they proclaimed that they discovered a new species.
如果一个古生物学家发现，比如说，一个恐龙的牙齿看起来有点不同，仅根据这个牙齿，他们宣称他们发现了一个新物种。
11) And then another paleontologist would find, say, a dinosaur leg bone that looked a little different, and again, another new species would be named, amid great fanfare.
然后另一个古生物学家会发现，比如说，一个恐龙腿骨看起来有点不同，同样，另一个新物种会在大张旗鼓中被命名。（懂了懂了，抓紧说点新事儿吧。）
12) But later, upon closer examination, it’d turn out that that tooth and the leg bone were actually from the same species.
但后来，经过仔细检查，发现那颗牙齿和那块腿骨实际上是来自同一个物种。
13) These days, naming protocols are far more rigorous(严格的).
如今，命名协议要严格得多。（变化）
14) If you want to claim you discovered a new dinosaur species now, you’d better produce a pretty complete specimen(标本). (3)
如果你想声称发现了一个新的恐龙物种，你最好拿出一个相当完整的标本。
15) [Ah, but even if you are very careful, you can still get fooled.]
但是即使我们非常小心，还是有弄错的时候。
16) Take for example, Triceratops and Torosaurus.
以TR和TO为例。
17) Triceratops and Torosaurus are similar in many ways but there’re also some clear differences. So they were thought to be separate species.
TR和TO在很多方面都很相似，但也有一些明显的区别。所以它们被认为是独立的物种。
18) But not too long ago, a team of researchers found some pretty compelling evidence suggesting that Triceratops and Torosaurus were individuals of the same species that the former was actually a juvenile(未成年的) version of the latter. (4)
但不久前，一个研究小组发现了一些相当有说服力的证据，表明TR和TO属于同一个物种，前者实际上是后者的未成年的版本。
19) After studying skulls from these two types of dinosaurs, researchers concluded that Triceratops underwent some striking anatomical(身体结构的) changes as it became a fully mature adult.
在研究了这两种恐龙的头骨后，研究人员得出结论，三角龙在成为一个完全成熟的成年时经历了一些惊人的身体结构上变化。
20) Specifically, the angles of its three facial horns shifted and the structure at the back of its skull thinned out.
具体来说，它的三个面部角的角度发生了变化，其头骨后面的结构也变薄了。
21) Now, this research finding isn’t universally accepted.
（但是）这一研究结果并不被普遍接受。
22) But you can see that you’ll have to be careful about making assumptions.
但你可以看到，你做出假设的时候必须非常谨慎。
23) [OK, now,] imagine that at some point in the future, all the existing dinosaur fossils have been discovered, carefully analyzed and properly named.
让我们畅想一下，在未来的某个时候，所有现存的恐龙化石都被发现并进行了仔细分析和正确的命名。
24) Would we then know how many species of dinosaur existed?
这样我们就知道曾经存在过多少种恐龙吗？
25) OK, let’s review the fossilization(化石化) process.
好吧，让我们回顾一下化石化的过程。（学生没理解，只好退一步解释了。）
26) What conditions are necessary for fossilization to occur? Carol?
化石化发生的必要条件是什么？Carol？
27) Based on our reading assignment, it’s pretty rare actually.
根据我们的课后阅读的内容，化石化其实是很罕见的。
28) Most of the time when animals die, they’re either eaten by other animals or they just decay.
大多数情况下，当动物死亡时，它们要么被其他动物吃掉，要么就会腐烂。
29) That’s right, so conditions have to be just right for fossils to form.
没错，所以条件必须恰到好处，才能形成化石。
30) How does this affect the fossil record?
这对化石记录有什么影响？
31) There must have been some dinosaur species that never got fossilized.
一定有一些恐龙物种从未被化石化。
32) Probably.
很有可能。
33) So I guess we’ll never know for sure just how many kinds of dinosaur there were. (5)
所以我想我们永远不会知道到底有多少种恐龙。
34) Exactly! [But, back to identifying dinosaurs that we do have fossil evidence of, ]one question that often comes up is can we determine the species by analyzing its DNA?
完全正确! 但是，我们回到识别那些我们确实有化石证据的恐龙这个话题，经常被提出的一个问题是我们可以通过分析它的DNA来确定物种吗？
35) And that’s a good question because a lot of times if we have just a bit of tissue from some unidentified animal, we can analyze its DNA and determine what species that tissue came from.
这是一个很好的问题，因为很多时候，如果我们有一些不明动物的组织，我们可以分析它的DNA并确定该组织来自哪个物种。
36) The problem with dinosaurs is DNA degrades over time.
恐龙的问题是DNA会随着时间的推移而分解。
37) Now, if you’re looking at the remains of an organism that died even a few thousand years ago, that’s not a problem.
如果你看的是几千年前死亡的生物体的遗骸，分解还不会导致问题。
38) But, say you’re looking at a fossil from something that existed hundreds of millions of years ago, during the time dinosaurs roamed Earth, it’s extremely unlikely that you’re going to get any intact(完好无损的) DNA from fossils that old, despite some recent claims to the contrary. (6)
但是，如果你看的是几亿年前的化石，恐龙存在的那个年代，你几乎不可能从那么老的化石中得到任何完整的DNA，尽管最近有人提出反对意见。（最后半句是陷阱，其实还是不可能。）
Listen to part of a discussion in a Paleontology class. The class has been discussing dinosaurs.
OK, so how many species of dinosaur have been named so far? Does anyone know? Would anyone like to take a guess? Richard?
A hundred and fifty?
Well, actually, since we started naming dinosaur species back in the 1800s, well over a thousand species have been named based on the fossil record.
Wow!
[OK, but can you think of any reasons why we might have overestimated(高估) the number of species that we found? ]
Hmm, maybe some species were given more than one name.
That’s right. You see, nothing would please a paleontologist more than being credited with discovering a new dinosaur species. So, what often happened is if a paleontologist found a dinosaur fossil that was a little different in some way, Eureka! They claim to have discovered a new species, especially back in the late 1800s. (2) If a paleontologist found, say, a dinosaur tooth that looked a little different, based on that tooth alone, they proclaimed that they discovered a new species. And then another paleontologist would find, say, a dinosaur leg bone that looked a little different, and again, another new species would be named, amid great fanfare. But later, upon closer examination, it’d turn out that that tooth and the leg bone were actually from the same species. These days, naming protocols are far more rigorous(严格的). If you want to claim you discovered a new dinosaur species now, you’d better produce a pretty complete specimen(标本). (3)
[Ah, but even if you are very careful, you can still get fooled.] Take for example, Triceratops and Torosaurus. Triceratops and Torosaurus are similar in many ways but there’re also some clear differences. So they were thought to be separate species. But not too long ago, a team of researchers found some pretty compelling evidence suggesting that Triceratops and Torosaurus were individuals of the same species that the former was actually a juvenile(未成年的) version of the latter. (4) After studying skulls from these two types of dinosaurs, researchers concluded that Triceratops underwent some striking anatomical(身体结构的) changes as it became a fully mature adult. Specifically, the angles of its three facial horns shifted and the structure at the back of its skull thinned out. Now, this research finding isn’t universally accepted. But you can see that you’ll have to be careful about making assumptions.
[OK, now,] imagine that at some point in the future, all the existing dinosaur fossils have been discovered, carefully analyzed and properly named. Would we then know how many species of dinosaur existed? OK, let’s review the fossilization(化石化) process. What conditions are necessary for fossilization to occur? Carol?
Based on our reading assignment, it’s pretty rare actually. Most of the time when animals die, they’re either eaten by other animals or they just decay.
That’s right, so conditions have to be just right for fossils to form. How does this affect the fossil record?
There must have been some dinosaur species that never got fossilized, probably? So I guess we’ll never know for sure just how many kinds of dinosaur there were. (5)
Exactly! [But, back to identifying dinosaurs that we do have fossil evidence of, ]one question that often comes up is can we determine the species by analyzing its DNA? And that’s a good question because a lot of times if we have just a bit of tissue from some unidentified animal, we can analyze its DNA and determine what species that tissue came from. The problem with dinosaurs is DNA degrades over time. Now, if you’re looking at the remains of an organism that died even a few thousand years ago, that’s not a problem. But, say you’re looking at a fossil from something that existed hundreds of millions of years ago, during the time dinosaurs roamed Earth, it’s extremely unlikely that you’re going to get any intact(完好无损的) DNA from fossils that old, despite some recent claims to the contrary. (6)
Step5：播放一句音频，跟读一句。对照文本跟读问题句至少5遍，如果时间比较充裕可以多读几遍。（18分以下同学建议全文跟读，问题句再加读5遍。25+同学可以跳过这一步）
（建议练习时长40-80分钟）
注意事项：
1.跟读的主要目的是为了强化大家对句子的熟练程度。听力对熟练度的要求比阅读要高很多，看懂了文本，甚至现在可以听懂句子了都还不够。还需要多次重复，不断加深记忆，才有可能在新文章中听出类似的句子和出现过句子中的词汇。（所以虽然辛苦，还是建议大家好好做这个步骤。）
2.不要纠结于连读，失爆等语音现象的模仿哈，如果有困难完全可以放弃。（练习口语的时候去模仿就好）因为这些问题导致严重的理解问题的同学基本没有，所以咱们尽量把时间用到最有效果的地方。把单个单词尽量读准，特别是重音读准就好。另外句子的语调和重音可以尽量模仿，因为这两个点是可以对我们判断信息有提示作用的。当然最重要的还是完成前面第一个目标。
大家读的时候尽量想着句子的（中文）意思哈，千万不要变成了只练嘴皮子。Ok，深吸一口气，我们开始吧。
OK, so how many species of dinosaur have been named so far?
Does anyone know? Would anyone like to take a guess? Richard?
A hundred and fifty?
Well, actually, since we started naming dinosaur species back in the 1800s, well over a thousand species have been named based on the fossil record.
Wow!
[OK, but can you think of any reasons why we might have overestimated(高估) the number of species that we found? ]
Hmm, maybe some species were given more than one name.
That’s right. You see, nothing would please a paleontologist more than being credited with discovering a new dinosaur species.
So, what often happened is if a paleontologist found a dinosaur fossil that was a little different in some way, Eureka! They claim to have discovered a new species, especially back in the late 1800s. (2)
If a paleontologist found, say, a dinosaur tooth that looked a little different, based on that tooth alone, they proclaimed that they discovered a new species.
And then another paleontologist would find, say, a dinosaur leg bone that looked a little different, and again, another new species would be named, amid great fanfare.
But later, upon closer examination, it’d turn out that that tooth and the leg bone were actually from the same species.
These days, naming protocols are far more rigorous(严格的).
If you want to claim you discovered a new dinosaur species now, you’d better produce a pretty complete specimen(标本). (3)
[Ah, but even if you are very careful, you can still get fooled.]
Take for example, Triceratops and Torosaurus.
Triceratops and Torosaurus are similar in many ways but there’re also some clear differences. So they were thought to be separate species.
But not too long ago, a team of researchers found some pretty compelling evidence suggesting that Triceratops and Torosaurus were individuals of the same species that the former was actually a juvenile(未成年的) version of the latter. (4)
After studying skulls from these two types of dinosaurs, researchers concluded that Triceratops underwent some striking anatomical(身体结构的) changes as it became a fully mature adult.
Specifically, the angles of its three facial horns shifted and the structure at the back of its skull thinned out.
Now, this research finding isn’t universally accepted.
But you can see that you’ll have to be careful about making assumptions.
[OK, now,] imagine that at some point in the future, all the existing dinosaur fossils have been discovered, carefully analyzed and properly named.
Would we then know how many species of dinosaur existed?
OK, let’s review the fossilization(化石化) process.
What conditions are necessary for fossilization to occur? Carol?
Based on our reading assignment, it’s pretty rare actually.
Most of the time when animals die, they’re either eaten by other animals or they just decay.
That’s right, so conditions have to be just right for fossils to form.
How does this affect the fossil record?
There must have been some dinosaur species that never got fossilized.
Probably.
So I guess we’ll never know for sure just how many kinds of dinosaur there were. (5)
Exactly! [But, back to identifying dinosaurs that we do have fossil evidence of, ]one question that often comes up is can we determine the species by analyzing its DNA?
And that’s a good question because a lot of times if we have just a bit of tissue from some unidentified animal, we can analyze its DNA and determine what species that tissue came from.
The problem with dinosaurs is DNA degrades over time.
Now, if you’re looking at the remains of an organism that died even a few thousand years ago, that’s not a problem.
But, say you’re looking at a fossil from something that existed hundreds of millions of years ago, during the time dinosaurs roamed Earth, it’s extremely unlikely that you’re going to get any intact(完好无损的) DNA from fossils that old, despite some recent claims to the contrary. (6)
恭喜大家完成了最大的“体力活”，可以休息一会哈。接下来的任务真很简单了。
Step6：尝试不看文本和题目的情况下，简单写一下文章的大意/框架并观看文章框架讲解视频。（18分以下同学可以直接看视频）
（建议练习时长20分钟之内）
这个步骤的目的是为了让大家从细节理解回归到框架性的理解，从更高的视角来看文章。（其实也就是做题的最佳视角）
Step7：观看考点信号和重点词汇讲解视频。（25+的同学可以跳过，如果错题超过2题就看一下错题对应的部分）
这部分的目的主要是为了强化对考点信号的敏感度，顺便再复习一下文章。咱们不怕熟，越熟越好。
接下来只剩最后两步了，坚持就是胜利！（反正Keep是这么跟我说的。。。）
Step8：观看精讲和笔记示范视频。
为了帮助大家更好的理解和运用笔记符号和信息压缩的方法，今天和明天的课上文章增加了笔记精讲环节，一步一步带着大家做笔记。最后的笔记示范大家可以根据自己的需要选看或者作为最终结果的对照就好了。
Step9：重新做1-2遍笔记，尽量做到简洁且考点重点明确。
（建议练习时间20分钟左右）
笔记示范
有空余时间的同学可以看一下和今天文章高度相关的拓展视频：How Do Dinosaurs Get Their Names
Day6的课上分步骤练习就全部结束了。课后的文章内容大家有两个选择：20分以下的同学（包括分数更高，但是课后文章错题超过2题的同学）建议还是按照完整的精练步骤进行练习。20以上及只错0-2题的同学可以只做错题部分的听译和跟读。
备注：
1.课下练习全部为比较新TPO文章，难度和真题相当。
2.课下练习也有视频讲解。
3.为了区分课上课下内容，课后练习没有步骤引导，也没有进行句子切割和文本翻译。（但是会提供文本。）大家按照自己的详略需求进行练习就好。
Ok，休息一下，准备好了课后作业的练习了。