University of Newcastle
纽卡斯尔大学

ECON3003: Global Trade and Finance
ECON 3003：全球贸易和金融

Discussion Questions 5
讨论问题5

(1) For each of the following examples, explain whether it is a case of external or internal economies of scale:
(1)对于以下每一个例子，解释它是外部还是内部规模经济的情况：

Almost all Hermes products are manufactured in France.
几乎所有的爱马仕产品都在法国制造。

Apple has its displays mainly made in Japan and some made in Korea.
苹果的显示器主要在日本制造，部分在韩国制造。

All Toyota Land Cruiser and Prius sold in the United States market are assembled in Japan.
在美国市场销售的所有丰田陆地巡洋舰和普锐斯都在日本组装。

Gerber used to be an American-owned company, now a subsidiary of the Nestlé Group, headquartered in Fremont, Michigan.
格柏曾经是一家美国公司，现在是雀巢集团的子公司，总部设在密歇根州弗里蒙特。

(2) Evaluate the relative importance of economies of scale and comparative advantage in causing the following:
（2）评价规模经济和比较优势在造成下列情况方面的相对重要性：

Most of the world’s gold is produced in South Africa.
世界上大部分黄金产自南非。

Most beef meat comes from either Australia or Argentina.
大多数牛肉来自澳大利亚或阿根廷。

Most Champagne comes from France.
大多数香槟产自法国。

Much of the world’s coffee beans comes from Brazil.
世界上大部分的咖啡豆来自巴西。

(3) It is fairly common for an industrial cluster to break up and for production to move to locations with lower wages when the technology of the industry is no longer rapidly improving — when it is no longer essential to have the absolutely most modern machinery, when the need for highly skilled workers has declined, and when being at the cutting edge of innovation conveys only a small advantage. Explain this tendency of industrial clusters to break up in terms of the theory of external economies.
(3)当产业技术不再迅速改进时，当拥有绝对最现代化的机器不再必要时，当对高技能工人的需求下降时，当处于创新的前沿只带来很小的优势时，产业集群解体并将生产转移到工资较低的地方是相当常见的。用外部经济理论解释产业集群的这种分裂倾向。

(4) Recently, a growing labour shortage has been causing Chinese wages to rise. If this trend continues, what would you expect to see happen to external economy industries currently dominated by China?
（4）最近，日益严重的劳动力短缺导致中国工资上涨。如果这一趋势继续下去，你认为目前由中国主导的外部经济行业会发生什么变化？