What is a Legume?什么是豆科植物？

A fruit which splits along both sides to release its seed e.g. a pea pod.果实两面开裂，释放种子，如豌豆荚。
果实两面开裂，释放种子，如豌豆荚。

Nodules on the root containing special types of bacteria (rhizobia) which can fix (convert) atmospheric air to N compounds.根部的结节含有特殊类型的细菌（根瘤菌），可以固定（转化）大气中的氮化合物。

The bacteria enter the plant through the root hairs from the surrounding soil.细菌通过根毛从周围土壤进入植物体内。

N Fixation固氮

A symbiotic relationship is formed between the legume and the bacteria豆科植物与细菌之间形成共生关系
豆科植物与细菌之间形成共生关系豆科植物与细菌之间形成共生关系

N can also be fixed by free living bacteria or algae自由生活的细菌或藻类也能固氮

Nodules are formed as long protrusions结节以长突起的形式形成

Nodules are normally pink in colour due to leghaemoglobin which is concerned with O2 concentrations豆荚通常呈粉红色，这是因为豆荚血红蛋白与氧气浓度有关

Simply
只是

Bacteria obtain carbohydrates from the plant and in return they supply nitrogen as ammonium compounds which are released into the soil OR directly into the host plant as soluble nitrates.细菌从植物体内获取碳水化合物，并以铵盐化合物的形式提供氮，这些铵盐化合物会释放到土壤中，或以可溶性硝酸盐的形式直接进入寄主植物体内。

Ammonium in the soil changes to nitrates and is taken up by neighbouring plants e.g. grasses in a grass clover sward or by the following crop.土壤中的铵会转化为硝酸盐，并被邻近的植物吸收，如苜蓿草丛中的禾本科植物或下茬作物。

Why grow legume crops?为什么种豆科植物？

Pulses provide a disease break for cereals and oilseed rape.豆类为谷物和油菜提供了抗病能力。

• They require no nitrogen fertiliser as sufficient nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by naturally occurring Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules.它们不需要氮肥，因为根瘤中的天然根瘤菌可以从大气中固定足够的氮。
• 它们不需要氮肥，因为根瘤中的天然根瘤菌从大气中固定了足够的氮。

• Pulses leave a residue of between 25 –50kg N per hectare which is utilised by a following winter wheat crop.豆类作物每公顷的氮素残留量在 25-50 千克之间，可被随后的冬小麦作物利用。

• European research shows that winter wheat yields increase by 0.84 t/ha after peas compared to wheat.欧洲的研究表明，种植豌豆后，冬小麦产量比种植小麦每公顷增加 0.84 吨。

• Choice of spring or autumn planted - pulse crops can spread the workload.选择春播或秋播--豌豆作物可以分散工作量。

• Peas are suited to medium to light soil types and beans to medium to heavier soils, giving a choice of pulse crops for most situations.豌豆适合中度至轻度土壤类型，蚕豆适合中度至重度土壤类型，因此在大多数情况下都可以选择种植豆类作物。

• Spring beans or peas can follow overwintered stubble allowing adequate time to control problem grass weeds such as blackgrass.春豆或豌豆可在越冬茬后种植，以便有足够的时间控制黑草等问题杂草。

• Winter beans are suited to heavier soil types where spring planting may be impractical.冬豆适合较重的土壤类型，春季种植可能不切实际。

• Most pulses are harvested before or after the cereal crop.4.为什么要种植豆类作物？大多数豆类在谷类作物之前或之后收获。

Main Leguminous Crops in Temperate conditions温带条件下的主要豆科作物

Spring Peas (Pisum sativum):Spring Beans
春豌豆（Pisum sativum）：春豆

Winter Beans (Vicia faba):Lupins (Lupinus family)
冬豆（Vicia faba）：羽扇豆（羽扇豆科）

Other Pulses:Soybeans/Navy Beans – raw material for baked beans/Growing Beans
其他豆类：大豆/海军豆 – 烤豆/种植豆的原料

Used for:Human Consumption/Animal feeds
用途：人类消费/动物饲料

Export:Green manures/crop residues/ground cover
出口：绿肥/农作物残茬/地被植物

Why Beans?为什么种植豆类？

Useful break crop to reduce cereal pests and diseases减少谷物病虫害的有效休息作物

Home grown protein source家庭种植的蛋白质来源

Fix atmospheric nitrogen固定大气中的氮

Weed control opportunities除草机会
杂草控制机会除草机会

Peas are Grown For豌豆的种植用途：

The animal feed market (75%)/For human consumption动物饲料市场（75%）/供人类食用

Lentils小扁豆

Lentils can be cultivated from the temperate zone to the tropics, so long as there is a growing season of 4 months or more with a fairly dry period as the seed is ripening. 从温带到热带地区都可以种植扁豆，只要有4个月或更长的生长期，种子成熟时有一段相当干燥的时期。

In the tropics it can be grown at elevations up to 3,800 metres. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 15 - 29°c, but can tolerate 5 - 32°c. 在热带地区，小扁豆可以在海拔高达 3,800 米的地方种植。它最适宜生长在年白天温度在 15 - 29 摄氏度范围内的地区，但也能忍受 5 - 32 摄氏度的温度。

The plants are much hardier than is commonly supposed and there is at least one cultivar, called 'WH2040', that can withstand temperatures as low as -23°c in the seedling stage.这种植物比人们通常认为的要耐寒得多，至少有一种名为 "WH2040 "的栽培品种在幼苗阶段可以承受零下 23 摄氏度的低温。

The plant prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 600 - 1,000mm, but tolerates 250 - 2,500mm.这种植物喜欢年平均降雨量在 600-1000 毫米之间，但也能承受 250-2500 毫米的降雨量。

Dry conditions must prevail just prior to, and at, harvest time.收获前和收获时必须保持干燥

Growing Field Beans Used for种植大田豆用于

Animal feeds动物饲料

Export出口

Human Consumption人类食用

Pigeon feed鸽子饲料

Why Beans?为什么种大豆？

Useful break crop to reduce cereal pests and diseases是减少谷物病虫害的好帮手

Good opportunity to control grass weeds in an arable rotation在轮作中控制禾本科杂草的好机会

Home grown protein source家庭种植的蛋白质来源

Fix atmospheric nitrogen固定大气中的氮

Winter or Spring Beans?春大豆还是冬大豆？

Choosing a Bean Variety选择豆类品种

Have good standing power站立能力强
有良好的站立能力站立能力强

Short strawed秸秆短

Early maturing早熟

Resistant to disease抗病

High yielding高产

Winter Beans冬豆

No vernilisation requirement but are more winter hardy无腐烂要求，但更耐寒
No vernilisation requirements but are more winter hardy无腐烂要求，但更耐寒

Tend to have a greater TSW (>560g)TSW往往更大（>560 克）
Tend to have a greater TSW （>560g）TSW往往更大（>560 克）

Tend to be sold for animal feed往往作为动物饲料出售

(1)Cultivations种植

Beans can be broadcast and ploughed in on heavy land.豆子可以在重地播种和犁耕。

Beans tolerate clods but weed control may be poor.豆子耐碎土，但杂草控制能力可能较差。

Beans do not like compacted soil.豆类不喜欢紧实的土壤。

(2)Seed Quality种子质量

All seed should be tested for Ascochyta (seed borne leaf and pod spot) and for the presence of stem nematodes所有种子都应进行Ascochyta（种子生叶斑病和豆荚病）和茎线虫检测。
所有种子都应进行Ascochyta（种子传播的叶和豆荚斑点）和茎线虫的存在测试，所有种子都应进行Ascochyta（种子生叶斑病和豆荚病）和茎线虫检测。

Certified seed will have a minimum germination of 85%认证种子的发芽率至少为 85%
认证种子的最低发芽率为85%认证种子的发芽率至少为 85%

C2 seed should have a max of 1% Ascochyta when seed fungicide treatment is not used (thiabendazole and or thiram)在未使用种子杀菌剂（噻菌灵和噻菌灵）处理的情况下，C2 种子的灰霉病菌最高含量应为 1%

(3)Sowing 播种

Need to be fairly deep to avoid birds feeding需要播得相当深，以避免鸟类觅食

Big seed sometimes to big for some drill so often broadcast on and ploughed in大粒种子有时对某些耧车来说太大，因此通常采用播种和犁耕的方式

Sow mid Oct-Nov10 月中旬至 11 月播种

Do not sow too early as greater risk of disease and frost damage不要播种过早，否则会增加病害和冻害的风险

Target plant population depends on variety目标植株数量取决于品种

Spring Beans
春豆

(1)Sowing播种

Normally drilled.通常钻种。

Sow as early as possible, beginning of Feb – mid March尽早播种，2 月初至 3 月中旬
Sow as early as exception， start of Feb – mid March尽早播种，2 月初至 3 月中旬

Target around 40 plants/m2目标约为 40 株/平方米

Characteristic
特征

Small seed种子较小

Premium markets available for good quality sample (must have smooth, pale skin and pale hilum)优质样品（必须具有光滑、苍白的表皮和苍白的种脐）可进入优质市场

Sample must be clean and have low level of Bruchid Beetle damage样品必须干净，虫害程度低

Pigeon beans should be small, round and have consistent colour鸽豆应小、圆、颜色一致
Pigeon beans 应该是小的、圆的，并具有一致的颜色鸽豆应小、圆、颜色一致

Fertiliser
化肥

Weed Control
杂草控制

Weed reduce yield and climbing species can cause lodging e.g. black bindweed and cleavers
杂草会降低产量，攀缘物种会导致倒伏，例如黑草和切肉刀

Most broadleaf weeds are controlled by a pre-emergence dose of stomp (pendamethlin) (expensive)
大多数阔叶杂草由出苗前剂量的踩踏（戊甲菊酯）（昂贵）控制

Pollination
授粉

Some people like to put 1 hive of bees per ha of beans but competition for resources is more likely to mean low pod set rather than pollination.
有些人喜欢每公顷豆子放 1 个蜂巢，但对资源的竞争更有可能意味着低豆荚集数而不是授粉。

Pea and Bean Weevil
豌豆象鼻虫

take U shaped notches out of the leaves.
从叶子上取出 U 形缺口。

Main damage done by the larvae feeding on the root nodules.
幼虫以根瘤为食造成的主要损害。

Spray when damage seen and repeat 7-10 days after on spring beans.
看到损坏时喷洒，并在春豆上重复 7-10 天。

Winter beans tend to be more advanced so are less at risk.
冬豆往往更高级，因此风险较小。

Black Bean Aphid
黑豆蚜虫

Spring beans more prone than winter.
春豆比冬豆更容易生长。

Damage done just prior to flowering.
开花前造成的损害。

They form smothering colonies on upper stems.
它们在上部茎上形成令人窒息的菌落。

The pea aphid also transmits yield effecting viruses.
豌豆蚜虫还会传播影响产量的病毒。

Aphids can be controlled with pirimicad when 5% of the plant is colonised.
当 5% 的植物定植时，可以用 pirimicad 控制蚜虫。

Stem Nematode
茎线虫

Seed borne pest but can infest soil.
种子传播的害虫，但可以侵扰土壤。

Test for in seed stock.
在种子库存中测试。

Bean Seed Beetle (Bruchus rufimanus)
豆籽甲虫（Bruchus rufimanus）

Adults emerge from seed leaving a hole.
成虫从种子中出来，留下一个洞。

Adults lay eggs in developing pods.
成虫在发育中的豆荚中产卵。

Larvae bore in and feed.
幼虫钻入并觅食。

Control by Delta methrin or lambda cyhalothrin during flowering, this should be repeated 7 days later (but almost impossible to control due to long attack period and thick crop to penetrate)
在开花期间用 Delta 番菊酯或 lambda 氯氟氰菊酯控制，这应该在 7 天后重复（但由于攻击期长且作物厚实，几乎无法控制）

Diseases
疾病

Ascochyta fabae – Seed borne, spread by rain splash and not totally controlled by fungicide.
蚕豆 – 种子传播，通过雨水飞溅传播，不能完全由杀菌剂控制。

Seed should contain no more than 1% infection.
种子应含有不超过 1% 的感染。

Chocolate Spot – Caused by Botrytis.
巧克力斑 – 由灰霉病引起。

Likes cool damp weather.
喜欢凉爽潮湿的天气。

Biggest problem in thick winter beans.
厚厚的冬豆最大的问题。

If infected when buds form it should be sprayed and treated again 3-4 weeks later.
如果在芽形成时感染，则应喷洒并在 3-4 周后再次治疗。

Downy Mildew and Brown Rust- A problem if occurs at flowering and pod set.
霜霉病和褐锈病 - 如果在开花和豆荚结实时发生问题。

Sclerotina – Causes a soft stem rot in dense stands under wet and mild conditions, normally the crop can cope with this.
菌核病 – 在潮湿和温和的条件下，在茂密的林分中导致软茎腐烂，通常作物可以应对这种情况。

Beans are a host for peas, some veg crops and linseed where it is a big problem.
豆类是豌豆、一些蔬菜作物和亚麻籽的宿主，这是一个大问题。

Harvest
收获

The pods and stems blacken & dry out but stems remain green, this can cause a problem with combine blockage.
豆荚和茎变黑和变干，但茎保持绿色，这可能会导致联合收割机堵塞的问题。

Beans are normally sold at 14% moisture content, 2% max impurities.
豆类通常以 14% 的水分含量、2% 的最大杂质含量出售。

Drying difficulties as low resistance to air flow so gentle drying with ambient air is best.
干燥困难，因为对气流的阻力低，因此最好用环境空气温和干燥。

High temperatures in continuous driers can cause cracking.
连续干燥机中的高温会导致开裂。

Rotation
旋转

Peas (& any other legume) should only be grown 1 year in 5.
豌豆（和任何其他豆类）只能在5年内种植1年。

The break is required to control Pea Cyst, nematodes, fusarium, & phoma.
需要休息来控制豌豆囊肿，线虫，镰刀菌和phoma。

OSR & linseed can increase stem rot problems caused by sclerotinia.
OSR和亚麻籽可以增加由菌核病引起的茎腐病问题。

Drilling Peas
钻豌豆

Land is often winter ploughed & weathered.
土地经常被冬季犁耕和风化。

Yield losses of ~125kg/ha occur for each weeks delay in drilling after 1st March.
3 月 1 日之后，钻井每延迟几周，产量损失 ~125 公斤/公顷。

Row width should be no wider than 20cm.
行宽不应超过 20 厘米。

Low plant populations can cause late harvest, more difficulties in harvesting & more prone to bird damage.
植物种群数量少会导致收获较晚，收获更加困难，更容易受到鸟类的伤害。

The calculation is also used for peas, and optimum plant populations are as follows: Marrowfats: 65 plants per square m
; Large blues and whites; 70 plants per square m
; Small blues: 70 plants per square m; Zero 4 (small blue): 110 plants per square m.
该计算也用于豌豆，最佳植物种群如下： 骨髓脂肪：每平方米 65 株;大蓝色和白色;每平方米 70 株;小蓝：每平方米 70 株;零 4（小蓝色）：每平方米 110 株。

Seed should be tested for germination (min 80%), Ascochyta & bacterial blights.
应测试种子的发芽（至少80%），子囊菌和细菌性枯萎病。

Most seed is treated with Thiram to avoid damping off diseases.
大多数种子都用 Thiram 处理以避免抑制疾病。

Seed Rates
种子率

Field losses will be higher on heavy poorly drained soils.
在排水不良的重质土壤上，田间损失会更高。

Seed rates usually 200-225kg/ha.
播种率通常为200-225公斤/公顷。

A normal seed drill is used and seed should be covered by 3cm soil after rolling.
使用普通的播种机，种子在滚动后应被 3 厘米的土壤覆盖。

Weed Control
杂草控制

Weeds need to be controlled as they hinder combining and prevent good crop drying as well as reducing yield.
杂草需要加以控制，因为它们会阻碍结合并阻止作物干燥并降低产量。

Most weeds are controlled using a pre-emergence herbicide
大多数杂草使用出苗前除草剂进行控制

If there is known to be bad couch in a field it is best not to grow peas.
如果知道田地里有坏沙发，最好不要种豌豆。

Roundup is often applied 7 days pre-harvest (peas must be 30%mc).
农达通常在收获前 7 天施用（豌豆必须为 30%mc）。

Insect Pests
害虫

Pea Weevil causes U shaped notches, but the main damage is done by the larvae feeding on the root nodules.
豌豆象鼻虫会造成U形缺口，但主要损害是由以根瘤为食的幼虫造成的。

Pea Aphid can result in yield loss and should be sprayed with a pyrethroid when 15% of plants have colonies.
豌豆蚜虫会导致产量损失，当 15% 的植物有菌落时，应喷洒拟除虫菊酯。

Pea Moth Larvae feed on developing seed and reduce yield and value (especially for human consumption). Pheromone traps can be used to help decide when to spray.
豌豆蛾幼虫以发育中的种子为食，降低产量和价值（尤其是供人类食用）。信息素诱捕器可用于帮助决定何时喷洒。

Diseases
疾病

Varietal resistance is very important to help reduce disease (esp. pea wilt & downy mildew).
品种抗性对于帮助减少疾病（特别是豌豆枯萎病和霜霉病）非常重要。

Botrytis can be a problem at flowering and may need a fungicide.
灰霉病在开花时可能是一个问题，可能需要杀菌剂。

Harvest
收获

Late July-early Aug.
7月下旬至8月上旬

Great care is required for human consumption peas and these should be harvested earlier at between 15-20%mc.
人类食用的豌豆需要格外小心，这些豌豆应在 15-20%mc 之间提前收获。

Peas for animal feed are normally harvested at 16%mc.
用于动物饲料的豌豆通常以 16%mc 的浓度收获。

A desicant (Reglone) may be needed in weedy or uneven crops.
杂草丛生或不均匀的作物可能需要干燥剂（Reglone）。

Lifters will be needed on the combine if the peas are lodged.
如果豌豆被卡住，联合收割机上将需要升降机。

Really bad lodging may require harvesting in only 1 direction.
真正糟糕的倒伏可能只需要在 1 个方向上收获。

Yields are normally 3.75-4.75 t/ha
单产通常为3.75-4.75吨/公顷

Lupins
羽扇豆

30,000t of lupins are imported into the UK annually.
每年有 30,000 吨羽扇豆进口到英国。

Approx 4,500ha of lupins was grown in 2006, a few ha’s in 2020.
2006 年种植了大约 4,500 公顷的羽扇豆，2020 年种植了几公顷。

Lupins are a desirable crop for the UK to grow as they have a protein content of 30-40% and 12% oil content so they would compete with soya.
羽扇豆是英国种植的理想作物，因为它们的蛋白质含量为 30-40%，含油量为 12%，因此它们可以与大豆竞争。

Lupins have a yield range of 1-5t/ha (av 3.75t/ha).
羽扇豆的产量范围为1-5吨/公顷（平均3.75吨/公顷）。

Lupins Cont.
羽扇豆续

They require a soil pH<7 and inoculated seed with rhizobium.
它们需要土壤 pH<7 和接种根瘤菌的种子。

No N requirements and only a little P&K (50-55kg/ha).
没有氮要求，只有一点P&K（50-55公斤/公顷）。

Rust can be controlled with fungicide.
锈病可以用杀菌剂控制。

Spring sown lupins are more reliable but lower yielding, better disease resistance.
春播羽扇豆更可靠，但产量较低，抗病性更好。

Sown mid March-late April.
3月中旬至4月下旬播种。

Harvest mid August.
8月中旬收获。

Explain the unique features of a leguminous crop.
解释豆科作物的独特特征。

Legumes bear pods containing one or many seeds that are released from the pod as it ruptures.
豆科植物的豆荚含有一个或多个种子，当豆荚破裂时，这些种子会从豆荚中释放出来。

Leguminous plant roots host nodule-forming bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available nitrogen.
豆科植物根系宿主形成根瘤的细菌，可以将大气中的氮固定成植物可用的氮。

Whether used as a forage or a seed, legumes are a source of protein-rich food.
无论是用作饲料还是种子，豆类都是富含蛋白质的食物来源。

Legumes are useful cover and green manure crops, improve soil structure, and improve forage quality when seeded with grasses.
豆类是有用的覆盖和绿肥作物，可以改善土壤结构，并在播种草时提高牧草质量。

Legumes have a narrower range of soil suitability conditions than grasses, in part because of the conditions required by the nodule-forming bacteria.
豆科植物的土壤适宜性条件范围比禾本科植物窄，部分原因是形成根瘤的细菌所需的条件。

As with grasses, legumes are grouped into cool-season and warm-season types based on their optimal growth temperature.
与禾本科植物一样，豆科植物根据其最佳生长温度分为冷季和暖季类型。

Name TWO benefits of growing legume crops in an arable rotation in the UK.
列举在英国轮作种植豆类作物的两个好处。

Legume cover crops are used to:
豆科覆盖作物用于：

Fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) for use by subsequent crops 
固定大气中的氮（N）以供后续作物使用

Reduce or prevent erosion
减少或防止侵蚀

Produce biomass and add organic matter to the soil
生产生物质并向土壤中添加有机物

Attract beneficial insects
吸引益虫

Simply describe the process of nitrogen fixation.
简单地描述固氮的过程。

Nitrogen fixation is essential for the creation of fundamental building components of plants, animals, and other living forms, such as nucleotides for DNA and RNA and amino acids for proteins and other biological substances. Despite the fact that nitrogen is the most prevalent gas in our environment, most organisms cannot directly utilise this gas in its molecular state.
固氮对于植物、动物和其他生物形式的基本建筑成分的产生至关重要，例如DNA和RNA的核苷酸以及蛋白质和其他生物物质的氨基酸。尽管氮气是我们环境中最普遍的气体，但大多数生物体不能直接利用这种分子状态的气体。

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which atmospheric nitrogen or molecular nitrogen is converted into related nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, nitrites and nitrates in the soil or aquatic systems. In a simpler way, nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen gas is converted into inorganic nitrogen compounds. It is one of the important steps of the nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle is a crucial nutrient cycle of the ecosystem. Following are some important pointers related to nitrogen fixation:
固氮是将大气中的氮或分子氮转化为土壤或水生系统中相关的含氮化合物（如氨、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐）的过程。简单来说，固氮是将氮气转化为无机氮化合物的过程。这是氮循环的重要步骤之一。氮循环是生态系统的关键养分循环。以下是与固氮相关的一些重要提示：

The process of nitrogen fixation is very important as the molecular form of nitrogen is of no use to plants and animals. 
固氮的过程非常重要，因为氮的分子形式对植物和动物没有用处。

It is beneficial for all living matter only when it is converted into a form which can be easily absorbed by the plants.
只有当它被转化为一种容易被植物吸收的形式时，它才对所有生物有益。

Nitrogen fixation occurs with the help of microorganisms as a part of the nitrogen cycle either by natural means or via industrial methods.
固氮是在微生物的帮助下通过自然方式或工业方法作为氮循环的一部分而发生的。

A very small amount of nitrogen is fixed by lightning or ultraviolet radiation, which reacts with the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to produce nitric oxide.
极少量的氮气被闪电或紫外线辐射固定，与大气中的氮气反应产生一氧化氮。

Usually, nitrogen fixation takes in the root nodules of leguminous plants which inhabit certain bacteria (Rhizobium). Rhizobium facilitates the process of nitrogen fixation; these nitrogen-fixing bacterias live in symbiotic association with the plants.
通常，固氮吸收栖息在某些细菌（根瘤菌）中的豆科植物的根瘤。根瘤菌促进固氮过程;这些固氮细菌与植物共生。

History of Nitrogen Fixation
固氮的历史

The process of biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck and German agronomist Hermann Hellreigel.
生物固氮的过程是由荷兰微生物学家Martinus Beijerinck和德国农学家Hermann Hellreigel发现的。

In ancient times, during Roman civilisation, people had known that if the legumes were grown along with the non-leguminous plants, the growth is much higher than the usual growth. That is when crop rotation came into existence. But no one had known the factor that had brought about the increase in growth.
在古代，在罗马文明时期，人们已经知道，如果豆科植物与非豆科植物一起种植，其生长速度比通常的生长速度要高得多。这就是作物轮作应运而生的时候。但没有人知道导致增长增长的因素是什么。

Hermann, for the first time, discovered that the roots of leguminous plants were the sites of nitrogen fixation where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonium.
赫尔曼首次发现豆科植物的根部是固氮的场所，大气中的氮被转化为铵。

Later, Beijerinck discovered that there were certain bacteria that were responsible for fixing nitrogen and are known as nitrogen-fixing bacterias. He named them ‘rhizobia’. He also discovered the symbiotic relationship between the root nodules of leguminous plants and the bacteria.
后来，贝杰林克发现，有某些细菌负责固氮，被称为固氮细菌。他将它们命名为“根瘤菌”。他还发现了豆科植物根瘤与细菌之间的共生关系。

What are the Types of Nitrogen Fixation?
固氮有哪些类型？

Nitrogen fixation is carried by physicochemical and biological means. Only 10% of natural nitrogen fixation takes place by physicochemical means, whereas 90% is carried out by biological means. Thus, we can classify nitrogen fixation in following two types:
固氮是通过物理化学和生物手段进行的。只有10%的天然固氮是通过物理化学手段进行的，而90%是通过生物手段进行的。因此，我们可以将固氮分为以下两种类型：

Non-biological or Physical nitrogen fixation
非生物或物理固氮

Biological nitrogen fixation
生物固氮

Non-biological or Physical Nitrogen Fixation
非生物或物理固氮

Generally, physical nitrogen fixation takes place in the rainy season during lightning, thunderstorm and atmospheric pollution. This type of fixation can be discussed in further two divisions mentioned below:
一般来说，物理固氮发生在雨季的雷电、雷暴和大气污染期间。这种类型的固定可以在下面提到的另外两个部分中讨论：

Natural Nitrogen Fixation: Due to the influence of lightning (electrical discharge in the clouds) and thunder, the N2 and O2 in the atmosphere react to form nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide then oxidises again to form nitrogen peroxide (NO2).
天然固氮：由于闪电（云层放电）和雷声的影响，大气中的N2和O2反应形成一氧化氮（NO）。然后一氧化氮再次氧化形成过氧化氮 （NO2）。
The reactions involved are:
涉及的反应是：

N2+O2(Lightning)→2NO(NitricOxide)N2+O2(Lightning)→2NO(NitricOxide)
N2+O2（闪电）→2NO（一氧化氮）N2+O2（闪电）→2NO（一氧化氮）

2NO+O2→2NO2 Oxidation(Nitrogenperoxide)2NO+O2→2NO2 Oxidation(Nitrogenperoxide)
2NO+O2→2NO2 氧化（过氧化氮）2NO+O2→2NO2 氧化（过氧化氮）

During rainfall, NO2 in the atmosphere reacts with the rain water to form nitrous acid HNO3 and nitric acid HNO2. When this acid rain falls in the ground, it is leached into the soil and reacts with alkaline radicals to form nitrates (NO3–) and nitrites (NO2–) which is directly used by the plants. Following the chemical reaction involved in the process:
降雨时，大气中的NO2与雨水反应生成亚硝酸HNO3和硝酸HNO2。当这种酸雨落在地下时，它会浸入土壤并与碱性自由基反应形成硝酸盐（NO3-）和亚硝酸盐（NO2-），直接被植物利用。在过程中涉及的化学反应之后：

2NO2+H2O→HNO2+HNO3

HNO3+Ca or K salts→Ca or Knitrates
HNO3+Ca 或 K 盐→Ca 或针织物

Industrial Nitrogen Fixation: In the industrial process, ammonia is produced by the reaction of nitrogen which is produced as a result of certain reactions, with the hydrogen of water. The ammonia produced in this process is later used in the preparation of fertilisers.
工业固氮：在工业过程中，氨是通过某些反应产生的氮与水的氢反应产生的。在此过程中产生的氨后来用于制备肥料。

Biological Nitrogen Fixation  
生物固氮

The process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae is known as Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) or diazotrophy. Some prokaryotes such as bacteria and cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen are called nitrogen fixers or diazotrophs.
细菌、真菌和藻类等微生物将大气中的氮转化为含氮化合物的过程称为生物固氮 （BNF） 或重氮营养。一些可以固定大气氮的原核生物，如细菌和蓝藻，被称为固氮剂或重氮菌。

The atmospheric nitrogen is reduced to ammonia in the presence of a catalyst known as nitrogenase. This enzyme is found naturally in certain microorganisms like symbiotic (Rhizobium and Frankia) and non-symbiotic or free-living (Azospirillum, Azotobacter and BGA).
在称为固氮酶的催化剂存在下，大气中的氮被还原为氨。这种酶天然存在于某些微生物中，如共生微生物（根瘤菌和弗兰克氏菌）和非共生或自由生活（偶氮螺杆菌、固氮杆菌和 BGA）。

Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by two types of microorganisms, those which live in close symbiotic association with other plants and ones that are non-symbiotic or free living. Hence, biological nitrogen fixation can be classified into two types based on the type of microorganism involved in the process. 
生物固氮是由两种类型的微生物进行的，一种是与其他植物密切共生的微生物，另一种是非共生或自由生活的微生物。因此，生物固氮可以根据过程中涉及的微生物类型分为两种类型。

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
共生固氮

Non-symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
非共生固氮

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
共生固氮

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an example of a mutualistic relationship between plants and microbes. Here, plants provide a niche and fixed carbon to microbes, and microbial partners fix atmospheric nitrogen. Such a relationship between microbe and host is mutually beneficial to both organisms.
共生固氮是植物和微生物之间互惠关系的一个例子。在这里，植物为微生物提供了生态位和固定碳，而微生物伙伴则固定了大气中的氮。微生物和宿主之间的这种关系对两种生物体都是互惠互利的。

The various types of biological symbiotic nitrogen fixation can be grouped under the following three categories: 
各种类型的生物共生固氮可分为以下三类：

Nitrogen Fixation through Nodule formation 
通过结核形成固氮

Nitrogen Fixation through Non-nodulation
通过非结瘤固氮

A. Nitrogen Fixation through Nodule Formation 
A. 通过结核形成固氮

Let us first discuss nitrogen fixation through nodule formation in leguminous plants:
让我们首先讨论豆科植物通过根瘤形成的固氮：

1. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers are found in a large number of legume plants, mainly the genus Rhizobium. 
1.共生固氮剂存在于大量的豆科植物中，主要是根瘤菌属。

2. They settle themselves inside specialised structures in the roots of the plants called root nodules. 
2. 它们将自己安顿在植物根部称为根瘤的特殊结构中。

3. These bacterias can fix nitrogen only when they are present inside the nodules. 
3. 这些细菌只有在结节内存在时才能固氮。

4. Such association is regarded as symbiotic as the host plant supplies the nodule bacteria with the required organic carbon (carbohydrates). In return, microorganisms provide fixed nitrogen to the host plant.
4. 这种结合被认为是共生的，因为寄主植物为根瘤细菌提供所需的有机碳（碳水化合物）。作为回报，微生物为寄主植物提供固定的氮。

5.Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a slow-growing symbiont of Soybeans. Azorhizobium caulinodans is a stem nodule
5.缓根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium japonicum）是大豆生长缓慢的共生体。Azorhizobium caulinodans 是一种茎结瘤

Describe THREE factors which may reduce/eliminate nitrogen fixation in a legume crop.
描述可能减少/消除豆科作物固氮的三个因素。

A delayed nodule formation
延迟结节形成

B insufficient nodule mass
B 结节质量不足

C ineffectiveness of nodules formed on root system 
C 根系上形成的根瘤无效

Outline THREE important decision factors involved in selecting a suitable variety of spring beans to grow.
概述选择合适的春豆品种种植所涉及的三个重要决策因素。

Disease resistance
抗病性

Yield and quality
产量和质量

Pod characteristics
豆荚特性

Describe TWO reasons a farmer may consider growing lupins on their farm.
描述农民可能考虑在他们的农场种植羽扇豆的两个原因。

1 Drought resistance
1 抗旱性

2 Improve soil nutrient
2 改善土壤养分

Outline 2 challenges of growing lupins within the UK.
概述在英国种植羽扇豆的 2 个挑战。

Drought and weed infestation
干旱和杂草侵扰

Outline important aspects in crop scheduling for growing vining peas in the UK.
概述在英国种植葡萄豌豆的作物调度的重要方面。

1 Planting density
1 种植密度

2 Irrigation timing
2 灌溉时间

3 Time of sowing
3 播种时间

Markets for Potatoes
马铃薯市场

The main divisions are:
主要部门是：

Ware – fresh tubers to the end consumer
器皿 – 向最终消费者提供新鲜块茎

Processing – fresh tubers to crisp, snack and frozen chip manufacturers
加工 – 新鲜块茎到脆片、零食和冷冻薯片制造商

Seed – specialist growers produce clean tubers for other growers
种子 – 专业种植者为其他种植者生产干净的块茎

Industrial – small market for starch
工业 – 淀粉市场小

Animal feed – waste or surplus tubers
动物饲料 – 废物或剩余块茎

Big 5 supermarkets have the highest quality requirements:
五大超市的质量要求最高：

“supermarket pre-packs”
“超市预包装”

Skin and flesh colour
皮肤和肉色

Cooking quality and taste
烹饪质量和味道

Cleanliness
清洁

Uniformity of size and shape
尺寸和形状的均匀性

Variety specific
特定品种

Speciality products for supermarkets:
超市特色产品：

Babies
婴儿

Bakers
面包 师

Skinless salad potatoes
去皮沙拉土豆

Salad potatoes with thin skin
皮薄的沙拉土豆

Old style e.g King Edwards
旧式，例如King Edwards

Part of ready meals, potato salad etc.
部分即食食品、土豆沙拉等。

Two main processing markets:
两个主要加工市场：

Crisps and snacks
薯片和零食

Frozen chips, French fries, curly fries, waffles etc.
冷冻薯条、炸薯条、卷曲薯条、华夫饼等。

Also some minor markets:
还有一些小市场：

Canning
罐头

Dehydrating
脱水

Processing Quality
加工品质

Crisps:
薯 片：

High dry matter >20%
高干物质 >20%

Low reducing sugar <0.25%
低还原糖<0.25%

Uniform shape and size 5 – 6 cm
均匀的形状和尺寸 5 – 6 厘米

Frozen Chips:
冷冻薯片：

DM >20%

Sugar<0.4%
糖<0.4%

Size 5 – 7 cm
尺寸 5 – 7 cm

Reducing Sugar is most important
减糖是最重要的

Regulates “fry colour”
调节“油炸颜色”

Higher the sugar the browner the crisp or chip as sugars caramelise
糖分越高，糖分越黄，酥脆或薯片越焦糖

Sugars are increased by harvesting too early, excess N, not enough P & K or by sprouting in store
糖分因收获过早、氮肥过多、磷和钾不足或在储存中发芽而增加

Sugar levels can be manipulated in store by temperature.
糖分水平可以通过温度在商店中操纵。

Agronomy & Quality
农艺与质量

Texture
质地

Varietal – some are floury, some are waxy
品种 – 有些是面粉状的，有些是蜡状的

Closely spaced tubers are more floury
紧密间隔的块茎更面粉

Over-mature potatoes are more floury
过熟的马铃薯面粉含量更高

Floury potatoes means they break down especially when cooked
面粉土豆意味着它们会分解，尤其是在煮熟时

So you get potato soup instead of boiled potatoes!
所以你得到的是土豆汤而不是煮土豆！

But perfectly OK for baking
但完全可以烘烤

Colour:
颜色：

Varietal – yellow, white or coloured fleshed
品种 – 黄色、白色或彩色肉质

Flesh turns brown when cut – some varieties worse than others. K fertiliser can influence browning rate, as can rainfall
切开肉后会变成棕色——有些品种比其他品种更糟糕。钾肥可以影响褐变率，降雨量也会影响褐变率

Flesh turns black when cooked – varietal but also agronomic. High N:K ratio encourages, as does cool, wet growing season. Both inhibit citric acid production which stops blackening.
煮熟后果肉会变黑——既有品种，也有农艺。高氮钾比鼓励凉爽、潮湿的生长季节。两者都抑制柠檬酸的产生，从而阻止变黑。

Shape:
形状：

Varieties differ in shape. Some are round or oval, others banana shaped. Some are quite uneven.
品种的形状各不相同。有些是圆形或椭圆形，有些是香蕉形的。有些是相当不均匀的。

Cloddy seedbeds and stones will cause misshapen tubers
笨拙的苗床和石头会导致块茎畸形

Poor irrigation regime can cause outgrowths and chain tuberisation
不良的灌溉制度会导致生长和链块茎形成

Skin Thickness:
表皮厚度：

Varietal
品种

High N levels give thin skins
高氮含量使皮肤变薄

High P gives thicker skins
高 P 使皮肤更厚

Irrigation gives thicker skins
灌溉使皮肤更厚

Burn-off and harvest date have a big effect on skin thickness
烧焦和收获日期对皮肤厚度有很大影响

Types and Varieties
种类和品种

First classification is by sowing and harvest date:
第一种分类是按播种和收获日期：

1st earlies – sown Jan/Feb, harvested May/June
第一穗 – 1月/2月播种，5月/6月收获

2nd earlies – sown March, harvested June/July
2 次播种 – 3 月播种，6 月/7 月收获

Maincrop – sown April, harvested August/September
主要作物 – 4 月播种，8/9 月收获

1st Earlies
第一厄利斯

High value/ high risk. Low yield (10 – 12t/ha) and unpredictable weather make for an exciting few weeks. Possible to make a lot of money or lose it if you get it wrong.
高价值/高风险。低产量（10-12吨/公顷）和不可预测的天气使这几周令人兴奋。如果你弄错了，可能会赚很多钱或赔钱。

Maincrops
主要作物

Stable, high (50t/ha) yields and decent weather mean less excitement but also less money per tonne. Much goes into store for sale later in year.
稳定、高产量（50吨/公顷）和宜人的天气意味着更少的兴奋，但每吨的收益也更少。今年晚些时候会有很多东西在商店出售。

Some examples:
一些例子：

1st Earlies –Premiere, Maris Bard, Accord
第一届 Earlies – Premiere， Maris Bard， Accord

2nd Earlies –Estima, Marfona, Saxon, Charlotte
第二厄利斯 – Estima、Marfona、Saxon、Charlotte

Maincrop – Maris Piper, Markies, Harmony, Melody, Desiree, Lady Rosetta (crisps), Hermes (crisps)
主作物 – Maris Piper、Markies、Harmony、Melody、Desiree、Lady Rosetta（薯片）、Hermes（薯片）

There are many more. There is also some crossover.
还有很多。也有一些交叉。

Seed Rates
种子率

Seed rate calculators or tables are frequently used
种子率计算器或表格是经常使用的

These take into account seed costs, tuber size, the variety and the expected yield based on soil potential
这些考虑了种子成本、块茎大小、品种和基于土壤潜力的预期产量

Seed rates can differ dramatically:
种子率可能会有很大差异：

e.g Expensive, large Maris Piper – 2.2t/ha seed rate
例如，昂贵的大型 Maris Piper – 2.2 吨/公顷的播种率

Cheap, small Desiree – 4.6t/ha
便宜的小型 Desiree – 4.6 吨/公顷

Both rates assume row widths of 90cm
两种费率都假设行宽为 90 厘米

Seed Manipulation
种子操作

Seed in store can be “physiologically aged” by the addition of heat units
储存的种子可以通过添加热量单位进行“生理老化”

Ageing makes earlies earlier and increases yield of maincrops
老龄化使早产更早，并增加主要作物的产量

You are actually making the crop “grow” in the shed before it reaches the field
你实际上是在让作物在到达田间之前在棚子里“生长”

Chitting or sprouting will occur if heat is added
如果加热，会出现咔嚓咔嚓或发芽的情况

Need light to keep chits strong and green
需要光线来保持 chits 的强壮和绿色

Chitting trays or bulk boxes used
使用的切碎托盘或散装箱

Seed Management
种子管理

Seed arrives from seed producer (Scotland, N. Ireland etc.) in December
种子于12月从种子生产商（苏格兰、北爱尔兰等）运抵

Offloaded and a sample examined for disease, damage, frosting and size
卸载并检查样品是否有疾病、损坏、结霜和尺寸

Put into chitting boxes or kept in bags if chitting not required
放入叽叽喳喳的盒子里，如果不需要叽叽喳喳，则放在袋子里

Seed monitored over winter. Kept at 4oC for no chitting, 8 – 10oC otherwise
种子在冬季进行监测。保持在 4oC 不吵闹，否则 8 – 10oC

Temp adjusted to soil temp before planting in March/April
3月/4月播种前温度调整为土壤温度

Crop Nutrition
作物营养

Potatoes are a hungry crop
马铃薯是一种饥饿的作物

Fresh dressings of N,P and K needed each year unless indices are very high
除非指数非常高，否则每年都需要新鲜的 N、P 和 K 敷料

Organic potatoes need lots of FYM or slurry
有机马铃薯需要大量的FYM或浆料

Fertiliser can be broadcast or placed
肥料可以播种或放置

Some trace elements may also be needed
可能还需要一些微量元素

Recommendations depend on soil type, variety, potential yield and soil or SNS index
建议取决于土壤类型、品种、潜在产量和土壤或SNS指数

Nitrogen
氮

Varieties are grouped into four:
品种分为四类：

Short, medium, long and very long haulm longevity
短、中、长和超长寿命

There are four different growing season groups:
有四个不同的生长季节组：

<60,60-90,90-120 and >120 days
<60、60-90、90-120 和 >120 天

N requirement decreases with haulm longevity and increases with length of growing season
氮需量随着秧秆寿命的增加而减少，随着生长季节的延长而增加

Nitrogen increases yield by prolonging haulm life. It is not needed when haulm life is naturally long.
氮通过延长秸秆寿命来提高产量。当秸秆寿命自然很长时，就不需要它了。

Take into account SNS index and recommendations can differ considerably e.g.
考虑到SNS指数和建议可能会有很大差异，例如：

Estima (short haulm), short growing season, SNS index 4 – recommendation 100kg/ha of N
Estima （短距离），短生长季节，SNS 指数 4 – 建议 100 公斤/公顷氮

Nadine (medium haulm), long growing season, SNS index 1 – recommendation 225kg/ha of N
Nadine（中等秸秆），生长季节长，SNS指数1 - 建议225公斤/公顷的氮

N should be applied into the seedbed unless very light land. Then 2/3 in seed bed and the rest at tuber initiation.
除非土地非常轻，否则应将氮施用于苗床。然后 2/3 在种子床上，其余的在块茎开始时。

P, K and Mg
P、K 和 Mg

Rates can be found in The Nutrient management Guide (RB209)
费率可在营养管理指南（RB209）中找到

Dependent on soil index and yield
取决于土壤指数和产量

e.g. maincrops (50t/ha) grown at index 1 for P, K and Mg need: 230kg.ha P, 325kg/ha K and 75kg/ha Mg
例如，在指数 1 种植的主要作物（50 吨/公顷）对磷、钾和镁的需求：230 公斤/公顷磷、325 公斤/公顷钾和 75 公斤/公顷镁

All P and Mg can be applied in the seedbed, K should be split half in autumn and half in seed bed
所有的P和Mg都可以在苗床上施用，K应该在秋天分成一半，一半在苗床中

Rates can be slightly reduced for placement instead of broadcasting
放置而不是广播的速率可以略微降低

Crop Protection
作物保护

Weed Control
杂草控制

Early potatoes are often ridged up every week which controls weeds
早熟的马铃薯通常每周都会起垄，以控制杂草

Maincrops need a combination of contact and residual herbicides
主要作物需要接触和残留除草剂的组合

Contact material gets rid of first flush of weeds
接触材料去除杂草的第一次冲洗

Residual keeps on working until 100% ground cover achieved
残余物继续工作，直到达到 100% 的地面覆盖

Disease Control
病害防治

Many diseases that affect potatoes, both on the haulm and in the tubers
许多影响马铃薯的疾病，包括秸秆和块茎

Fungi, bacteria and viruses
真菌、细菌和病毒

Pesticides mainly targets fungal diseases
杀虫剂主要针对真菌病害

Crops may need spraying in the field AND in store
农作物可能需要在田间和商店喷洒

Prevention is better than cure, especially with tuber diseases. Once disease is present it’s too late!
预防胜于治疗，尤其是块茎病。一旦疾病出现，为时已晚！

Blackleg, gangrene, scurfs and scabs to name a few
黑腿病、坏疽、坏疽和结痂等等

Most important is late blight (Phytophthera infestans)
最重要的是晚疫病（疫霉）

Affects both leaves and tubers
影响叶子和块茎

Spreads rapidly in favourable weather conditions
在有利的天气条件下迅速传播

Likes a warm, humid micro-climate with some wind to disperse spores
喜欢温暖潮湿的微气候，有一些风来驱散孢子

Difficult to control once present
一旦出现就难以控制

Potato Blight
马铃薯枯萎病

Control and Prevention
控制与预防

Eliminate sources of infection e.g. dumps, volunteers (groundkeepers)
消除感染源，例如垃圾场、志愿者（地勤人员）

Take notice of blight warnings
注意枯萎病警告

Start control once irrigation starts
灌溉开始后开始控制

Use new active ingredients
使用新的活性成分

Use a mix of active ingredients (resistance)
使用活性成分的混合物（抗性）

Spray every 7-10 days once started
开始后每 7-10 天喷洒一次

Sprays should be protective and systemic
喷雾剂应具有保护性和全身性

Haulm should be burnt off if blighted heavily
如果枯萎严重，则应将其烧掉

Tubers should be well covered in soil
块茎应充分覆盖在土壤中

Tubers should be inspected in store and any showing symptoms should be removed
块茎应在商店中检查，并应清除任何出现的症状

Pest Control
害虫防治

Three main types:
三种主要类型：

Long Term – e.g. potato cyst nematode
长期 – 例如马铃薯孢囊线虫

Short Term – e.g. slugs, wireworms
短期 – 例如蛞蝓、线虫

Vectors – aphids carrying virus
媒介 – 携带病毒的蚜虫

Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN)
马铃薯孢囊线虫（PCN）

Mostly a problem of rotation i.e. too many crops of potatoes close together
主要是轮作问题，即太多的马铃薯作物靠得很近

Some varietal tolerance
一些品种耐受性

Testing service available
提供测试服务

5 years between main crops suggested; not a problem in earlies as they aren’t in the ground long enough for a build up
建议主要作物间隔 5 年;在早期不是问题，因为它们在地下的时间不够长，无法堆积

Aphids
蚜虫

Act as vectors for viruses
充当病毒的载体

Main viruses are Virus Y and Leaf Roll
主要病毒是 Y 病毒和 Leaf Roll 病毒

Potentially very damaging in ware crops as they reduce green leaf area
对器皿作物可能非常有害，因为它们会减少绿叶面积

Devastating in seed crops as they can lead to rejection
对种子作物具有破坏性，因为它们会导致排斥反应

Seed crop grown at altitude and sprayed, maincrops sprayed for aphids when thresholds reached
在高海拔地区种植并喷洒种子作物，当达到阈值时，主要作物喷洒蚜虫

Irrigation
灌溉

One of the few arable crops to justify irrigation
为数不多的可耕种作物之一

Important to schedule properly
正确安排很重要

Use water balance sheet – manual or online
使用水平衡表 - 手动或在线

Start at tuber initiation
从块茎开始

Apply 25-30mm every 14 days
每 14 天涂抹 25-30 毫米

Use rain guns for ease and speed
使用雨枪轻松快速

Use sprinklers for accuracy
使用洒水器提高准确性

Use drip or trickle for minimum water loss
使用滴水或涓涓细流将水分损失降至最低

Harvesting
收获

Earlies harvested while still growing, often by hand
在生长时收获的早熟，通常是手工收获的

Maincrops harvested by machine
机器收割的主要作物

Skins should be set, haulm often burnt off
皮应定型，秸秆经常被烧掉

Damage avoidance is of paramount importance
避免损坏至关重要

Ridges should be free of stones and clods
山脊应该没有石头和土块

Potatoes either bagged or elevated into trailers
马铃薯要么装袋，要么装进拖车

Some harvesters allow manual selection and cleaning
一些收割机允许手动选择和清洁

Grading and Storage
分级和储存

Grading can be done going in and/or coming out of store
分级可以在进店和/或出店时完成

Potatoes are put over a grading line
将马铃薯放在分级线上

Can be separated into size categories
可分为尺寸类别

Damaged and diseased tubers removed
去除受损和患病的块茎

Stones, clods, green material etc. can be removed from the sample
可以从样品中去除石头、土块、绿色材料等

Tubers then bulk loaded into store
然后将块茎散装到商店中

Storage regimes:
储存方式：

Wound healing after harvest – 13 to 16oC for 10 days
收获后伤口愈合 – 13 至 16oC，持续 10 天

Long term storage –  Ware: 4 to 5oC
长期储存 – 器皿：4 至 5oC

    Processing 7 to 10oC
处理温度：7 至 10oC

(processing tubers will increase sugar content at low temps)
（加工块茎在低温下会增加含糖量）

Unloading – take temp up to 12oC over three weeks to avoid bruising
卸货 – 在三周内将温度提高到 12oC，以避免瘀伤

Storage
存储

Sprouting and disease control also important in store
发芽和疾病控制在商店中也很重要

Sprout suppressants may be needed especially in processing potatoes (stored at higher temperatures)
可能需要豆芽抑制剂，特别是在加工马铃薯（在较高温度下储存）时

Also fumigation of store or treatment of tubers with fungicides
也用杀菌剂熏蒸储存或处理块茎

Possible problems include bacterial soft rots, gangrene, skin spot and silver scurf
可能的问题包括细菌性软腐病、坏疽、皮肤斑和银疣

Tubers should be regularly monitored in store
块茎应定期在店内监测

Intended learning outcomes
预期的学习成果

Analysis different types of grassland
分析不同类型的草原

Appreciate the key properties of different grassland specie
欣赏不同草地物种的主要特性

Determine the role of diversity within grassland systems
确定多样性在草原系统中的作用

Appreciate techniques for weed control in grassland
了解草原杂草防治技术

Determine the reasons and techniques for grassland conservation
确定草原保护的原因和技术

Permanent Pasture
永久牧场

More than 5 years old
5岁以上

Not normally included in an arable rotation
通常不包括在耕地轮作中

Normally fenced and managed
通常有围栏和管理

Can be species rich e.g. SSSI
可以是物种丰富的，例如SSSI

Land often not suitable/inappropriate for cultivation
土地通常不适合/不适合耕种

Leys
莱斯

Sown to grass for a period of up to 5 years
播种到草地上长达 5 年

Often part of an arable rotation
通常是耕地轮作的一部分

Provides opportunity to restore fertility of arable land
为恢复耕地肥力提供机会

Opportunities for weed, pest and disease control
杂草、病虫害防治的机会

Help to provide ‘clean’ (parasite free) grazing
帮助提供“干净”（无寄生虫）放牧

Rough Grazing
粗放牧

Accounts for 47% of total grassland in UK
占英国草原总面积的47%

Consists of:
包括：

Rough mountain and hill grazing
崎岖的山地和丘陵放牧

Lowland heath
低地荒原

Calcareous downland
钙质低地

Wetland and fen areas
湿地和沼泽地区

Maritime swamps
海上沼泽

Benefits of Grass
草的好处

Prevents soil erosion
防止水土流失

Takes up nutrients from the soil rather than being leached
从土壤中吸收养分，而不是被浸出

Can be a high nutritious food
可以成为高营养食品

A valuable habitat and great species diversity
宝贵的栖息地和丰富的物种多样性

But: Requires good management to be provide a worthwhile income stream for agriculture
但是：需要良好的管理才能为农业提供有价值的收入来源

The Value of Grass
草的价值

Cheapest source of energy and protein for farm animals
农场动物最便宜的能量和蛋白质来源

The species and maturity of the grass greatly effects the nutritional value of the grass
草的种类和成熟度极大地影响了草的营养价值

More mature plants have higher fibre and lignin content and are therefore less digestible (they are more stemmy)
更成熟的植物具有更高的纤维和木质素含量，因此不易消化（它们更茎）

Younger grasses are lower yielding but normally more palatable (they are more leafy)
年轻的草产量较低，但通常更可口（它们更绿叶）

Main Grass Species
主要草种

Chosen to suit the needs of the sward
根据需求进行选择

Grazing
放牧

Sheep
羊

Cattle
牛

Horses
马

Sports turfs
运动草坪

Silage making
青贮饲料制作

A mix of grazing or silage
放牧或青贮饲料的混合物

Organic
有机

High input
高输入

Droughty land
干旱土地

Other plants to grow with the grass
其他与草一起生长的植物

Perennial ryegrass
多年生黑麦草

In most long leys and permanent pasture
在大多数长田和永久牧场中

Classified as:
分类为：

Early varieties
早熟品种

Grow early in the season
在季节早期生长

Less dense, taller crop ‘hay type’
密度较低、较高的作物“干草型”

Late varieties
晚熟品种

Dense tillering plants
密集的分蘖植物

More suited to grazing
更适合放牧

Prostrate growth habit
匍匐生长习性

Intermediate varieties
中间品种

Benefits of early and late
早期和晚期的好处

Haploid (Normal, 1 set of chromosomes)
单倍体（正常，1组染色体）

Diploids (2 sets of chromosomes)
二倍体（2组染色体）

Tetraploids (4 sets of chromosomes)
四倍体（4组染色体）

better yields
更高的产量

higher sugars
高糖

Highly palatable
非常可口

quicker regrowth after cutting or grazing;
砍伐或放牧后再生更快;

but have lower dry matter %s
但干物质 %s 较低

less persistent
持久性较差

Seed is more expensive
种子更贵

Italian Ryegrass
意大利黑麦草

For short duration leys (normally persist for up to 2 years)
对于短期的 leys（通常持续长达 2 年）

High yielding
高产

Prefers fertile situations
喜欢肥沃的环境

Stemmy, but palatable and highly digestible
茎状，但可口且易于消化

Has rolled leaves in stem (unlike perennial which has flat or folded stem)
茎上有卷曲的叶子（不像多年生植物有扁平或折叠的茎）

Hybrid Ryegrass
杂交黑麦草

A combination of perennial and Italian ryegrass
多年生黑麦草和意大利黑麦草的组合

Increased longevity over Italian ryegrass
比意大利黑麦草更长寿

But lower yields than Italian ryegrass
但产量低于意大利黑麦草

Good disease resistance
良好的抗病性

Timothy (Phleum pratense)
蒂莫西 （Phleum pratense）

Less productive
生产力较低

Highly palatable
非常可口

Lower digestibility
消化率较低

Suited to lower input systems
适用于低输入系统

Good for hay making
适合制作干草

Adds species diversity to a ley
增加物种多样性

Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)
鸡足（Dactylis glomerata）

Less palatable
不太可口

Very drought resistant
非常耐旱

Can form clumps (these are good for over-wintering of insects)
可以形成团块（这些有利于昆虫越冬）

Often used in grass margins
常用于草缘

Other Grasses
其他草

Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)
草甸羊茅（Festuca pratensis）

less competitive
竞争力较弱

good companion for legumes
豆类的好伴侣

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）

persistent and winter hardy
持久且耐寒

drought resistant grass
抗旱草

Festulolium
Festulolium（羊皮草）

crosses between tall or meadow fescues and Italian ryegrass - offer the combined advantages of both species
高羊茅或草甸羊茅与意大利黑麦草之间的杂交 - 提供了这两个物种的综合优势

Other Forage Sources
其他饲草来源

LEGUMES*
豆类*

Red clover
红三叶草

White clover
白三叶草

Sweet clover
草木樨

Vetch
野豌豆

Lucerne
苜蓿

Sainfoin
沙芬

Birdsfoot trefoil
鸟足三叶草

NON-LEGUMINOUS
非豆科

Maize
玉米

Stubble turnips
茬萝卜

Kale
甘蓝

Mustard
芥末

Swedes
瑞典

Forage rye
牧草黑麦

Chicory
菊苣

Fodder beet
饲料甜菜

White Clover (Trifolium repens)
白三叶草（Trifolium repens）

Prostrate growth habit
匍匐生长习性

Persistent
持续

Spreads by stolons
匍匐茎的传播

Some types indigenous to the UK
一些英国本土的类型

Need soil temperatures of 8oc to grow
需要 8°C 的土壤温度才能生长

Types of white clover
白三叶草的种类

Small leaf
小叶子

Highly suited to sheep grazing
非常适合放牧绵羊

Slow to establish but can become dominant
建立缓慢，但可以成为主导

Large leaf
大叶子

Most suited to dairy cow grazing and cutting
最适合奶牛放牧和切割

More tolerant of nitrogen fertilizers
对氮肥的耐受性更强

Medium leaf
中叶

Suited to a variety of managements
适用于各种管理

Quite early growing
相当早的成长

Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
红三叶草（Trifolium pratense）

Erect growth habit
勃起生长习性

grows from a crown
从皇冠上长出来

Develops a strong taproot
发展强壮的主根

Clover rot and stem eelworm can cause losses
三叶草腐烂病和茎鳗虫会造成损失

Normally in short term leys for cutting for hay or silage
通常在短期内用于切割干草或青贮饲料

Normally mixed with Italian ryegrass
通常与意大利黑麦草混合

Can have problems due to levels of oestrogen affecting fertility of ewes
由于雌激素水平影响母羊的生育能力，可能会出现问题

Problems in Grass and Forage
草和草料问题

Weed grasses
杂草草

Reduce productivity
降低生产力

Less palatable
不太可口

E.g.
例如：

Yorkshire fog
约克郡雾

Bromes
菠萝

Meadow grasses (Poas)
草甸草（Poas）

Bents
弯头

Poaching/soil damage
偷猎/土壤破坏

Weeds
杂草

Creeping thistle
匍匐蓟

Docks
码头

Buttercups
毛茛

Ragwort
豚草

Spear thistle
矛蓟

Stinging nettles
荨麻

Etc. Etc.
等等等等。

Weed Control in Grassland
草原杂草防治

Weed wipers
除草器

Spot spraying
点喷

Topping
一流

Harrowing
耙地

Fertilising Grazing Grassland
给放牧草原施肥

Influenced by clover
受三叶草影响

Nitrogen is normally the main limiting growth factor
氮通常是主要的限制生长因子

Much grassland also receives slurry and farm yard manure
许多草原也接受泥浆和农家肥

Use ‘The Nutrient Management Guide’ RB209 as a guide for rates
使用“营养管理指南”RB209作为费率指南

Feb/March (ToSum) or soil 5-6oC
2 月/3 月（ToSum）或土壤 5-6oC

60kg/N/ha
60公斤/N/公顷

April/May
4月/5月

Apply 60kg/N/ha at monthly intervals
每月施用60kg/N/ha

If set stocking apply weekly to 25% of the area
如果设置库存，则每周施用25%的区域

June/July/August
6月/7月/8月

Often extra grazing available after silage making
青贮饲料制作后通常可以进行额外的放牧

Stop fertilizing if very dry conditions
如果条件非常干燥，请停止施肥

Normally no fertilizer after mid August
通常8月中旬以后不施肥

Grazing Forage Crops
放牧饲料作物

Often strip grazed (with electric fences) to avoid wastage
经常带状放牧（用电围栏）以避免浪费

Need to light or free draining soils otherwise both stock and soil can suffer
需要光照或自由排水的土壤，否则库存和土壤都会受到影响

Need to provide dry lay back area for the animals
需要为动物提供干燥的躺椅区域

Can be very high yielding (35-75 t/ha at 15% DM or 5-11t DM/ha)
产量可能非常高（35-75 吨/公顷，15% DM 或 5-11 吨 DM/公顷）

On some crops can benefit from re-growth feeding
在一些作物上可以从重新生长的喂养中受益

Fertilizing Grassland for Silage
青贮饲料的草地施肥

Feb/March ToSum or soil temps 5-6oC
2 月/3 月 ToSum 或土壤温度 5-6oC

If early bite grazing apply 40-60kg/N/ha and then
如果早期叮咬放牧，施用 40-60kg/N/ha，然后

40kg/N/ha
40公斤/净重/公顷

April/May
4月/5月

Apply a balance to bring up to 120kg/N/ha
应用天平，使 120kg/N/ha

N MUST be applied 6 weeks before first cut silage
N 必须在第一次切割青贮饲料前 6 周施用

Apply 100kg/N/ha after clearing 1st cut silage for 2nd cut
清除第一次切割青贮饲料后施用 100kg/N/ha 进行第二次切割

June/July/August
6月/7月/8月

For 3rd and 4th cut silage apply 80kg/N/ha for each cut
对于第 3 次和第 4 次切割青贮饲料，每次切割施用 80 公斤/氮/公顷

Stop fertilizing if very dry conditions
如果条件非常干燥，请停止施肥

The Change from Hay to Silage
从干草到青贮饲料的转变

Farms got bigger making timeliness of haymaking harder
农场变大了，使干草制作的及时性变得更加困难

Machinery was developed which improved silage quality
开发了提高青贮饲料质量的机械

Increased use of fertilizer resulted in heavy crops which were:
化肥使用量的增加导致作物丰收，这些作物是：

Difficult to dry out
难以干燥

Lost nutritional value if waited
如果等待，营养价值就会丧失

for correct haymaking weather
正确的干草天气

Problems of silage
青贮饲料的问题

Can be very high losses due to wastage if poor quality silage is made
如果生产劣质青贮饲料，由于浪费，损失可能非常高

Silage effluent is VERY polluting (200x more polluting to water than raw sewage) due to high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
由于生物需氧量 （BOD） 高，青贮废水对水的污染非常严重（对水的污染是原始污水的 200 倍）

Can be prosecuted under the Control of Pollution Act 1992 if groundwater or watercourses are effected.
如果地下水或水道受到影响，可以根据1992年《污染控制法》进行起诉。

What is Ensiling?
什么是青贮？

Anaerobic fermentation from Lactobacillus and other bacteria
乳酸菌和其他细菌的厌氧发酵

Lactic acid and other organic acids accumulate and preserve the crop
乳酸和其他有机酸积累并保存作物

Carbohydrates and proteins in the crop are preserved
作物中的碳水化合物和蛋白质得以保存

A rapid fall in pH to about 4
pH值迅速下降到4左右

Results in a light brown colour, a sharp smell and an acid taste
产生浅棕色、刺鼻的气味和酸味

What causes bad silage?
什么原因导致青贮饲料变质？

Contamination from faecal material, soil or very wet grass causing Clostridia bacteria to dominate.
粪便、土壤或非常潮湿的草的污染导致梭状芽胞杆菌占主导地位。

Results in butric acid production and pH of 5
产生丁酸，pH 值为 5

Olive green silage with foul smell
橄榄绿青贮饲料有恶臭

Carbohydrates and proteins subsequently break down
碳水化合物和蛋白质随后分解

Low ammonia (3-5%) is a good indication of GOOD quality, high ammonia (20-30%) is POOR quality
低氨（3-5%）是质量好的良好指标，高氨（20-30%）是质量差的指标

Digestibility (‘D’ Value)
消化率（“D”值）

Dry matter increases as plants grow and this reduces D value
干物质随着植物的生长而增加，这会降低 D 值

The higher the D value the more digestible the grass is
D值越高，草越容易消化

Aim to cut silage at or before it reaches a D value of 67
目标是在青贮饲料达到 D 值 67 时或之前进行切割

White clover is highly digestible and has a D value of about 78
白三叶草高度易消化，D值约为78

Factors affecting silage fermentation
影响青贮饲料发酵的因素

Fertilizer
肥料

applied to soon to cutting reduces quality and raises ammonia in silage
应用于即将切割会降低青贮饲料的质量并增加氨

Weather
天气

Dry, sunny weather aids wilting and reduces soil contamination
干燥、阳光明媚的天气有助于枯萎并减少土壤污染

Grass cut in the afternoon has higher sugar levels
下午割草的糖分含量较高

Minimised Contamination
污染最小化

Mole control
痣控制

Spring rolling of fields
田地春碾

Slurry application
泥浆应用

Wilting
萎蔫

Often use ‘conditioners’ (physical damage with brushes, tines or rollers) to speed up the process
通常使用“护发素”（刷子、尖齿或滚筒的物理损坏）来加快该过程

Want to avoid aerobic fermentation in the swath (heating) as reduces quality
希望避免在带状物中进行好氧发酵（加热），以免降低质量

Looking for a dry matter of approx. 25%
寻找约 25% 的干物质

Harvesting
收获

Often chopped to 20-50mm lengths (maize 10-20mm) as this helps
通常切成 20-50 毫米的长度（玉米 10-20 毫米），因为这有助于

Consolidation in the clamp
夹具中的固结

Release of sugars for fermentation
释放糖分用于发酵

Maize grains need cracking to add fermentation and digestion
玉米粒需要裂解以增加发酵和消化

Silage Harvesting
青贮饲料收获

Baling
打包

Advantage of no clamping facilities required
无需夹紧设备的优点

Grass wilted to 40% DM to avoid effluent loss
草枯萎至40%DM，以避免废水流失

Needs wrapping straight away with several layers of polythene stretch film
需要立即用几层聚乙烯拉伸膜包裹

Must avoid puncturing the bag
必须避免刺破袋子

Clamping
夹 紧

Must be airtight (import that sleeper sides are lined)
必须是密闭的（进口枕木侧面是衬里的）

Must be firmly consolidated
必须牢牢巩固

Clamp should be filled as quickly as possible
夹子应尽快填充

Consolidating the Clamp
巩固夹具

Sheeting
薄板

Should not be opened until feeding starts
在喂食开始之前不应打开

At least 2 coverings of plastic (3 in some places) and weighed down
至少 2 个塑料覆盖物（某些地方为 3 个）并称重

Additives
添加剂

Improve fermentation
改善发酵

Can add sugars to the crop e.g. Molasses
可以向作物添加糖分，例如糖蜜

Can add high numbers of beneficial lactic acid producing bacteria (often 1million per g of grass)
可添加大量有益乳酸产生菌（通常每克草100万）

Often applied by the forage harvester
通常由牧草收割机使用。

Used more in late season silage or poor conditions
在晚季青贮饲料或恶劣条件下使用较多

Secondary fermentation
二次发酵

Aerobic spoilage
好氧腐败

Caused when large face is exposed for a prolonged period
长时间暴露大脸时引起

Leads to aerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds
导致需氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌

Cutters used on face can reduce area exposed
用于面部的刀具可以减少暴露面积

Maize silage particularly susceptible as high carbohydrate content
玉米青贮饲料特别容易受到碳水化合物含量高的影响

Problem in bale silage when punctured
捆扎青贮饲料被刺破时出现问题

Listeria bacteria family tend to colonise
李斯特菌家族倾向于定植

Can cause serious brain damage (listeriosis) when fed to stock
喂食时可导致严重的脑损伤（李斯特菌病）

What can be ensiled
什么可以青贮

Grass
草

Whole crop cereals
全作物谷物

Maize
玉米

Forage crops
饲料作物

‘Waste’ products with nutritional value at correct moisture
在适当水分下具有营养价值的“废物”产品

Nutritional, non-poisonous foodstuffs with sufficient moisture to allow fermentation
营养丰富、无毒的食品，具有足够的水分以允许发酵

Fish Silage
鱼青贮饲料

Common in Cuba
常见于古巴

Takes fish waste (heads and cuts)
处理鱼的废料（鱼头和鱼切）

Add molasses and lactobacillus culture
加入糖蜜和乳酸菌培养物

Preferably chopped
最好切碎

Considerations
考虑

With increasing world population and no more land available to cultivate, need to produce as much food as possible.
随着世界人口的增加，没有更多的土地可供耕种，需要生产尽可能多的粮食。

Grain fed to livestock is very inefficient way to feed humans
喂给牲畜的谷物是非常低效的养活人类的方式

Need to produce livestock from grass which cannot be cultivated
需要用无法耕种的草生产牲畜

Must utilise grass efficiently
必须有效利用草

Grass can act as a major carbon sink
草可以作为主要的碳汇

IFOAM organics International
国际有机农联合会有机物组织

Works on 4 key principles
遵循 4 个关键原则

Health
健康

Organic agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
有机农业应维持和增强土壤、植物、动物、人类和地球的健康，作为一个整体，不可分割。

Ecology
生态学

Organic agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.
有机农业应该以活生生的生态系统和循环为基础，与它们合作，效仿它们并帮助维持它们。

Fairness
公平

Organic agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.
有机农业应以预防性和负责任的方式进行管理，以保护当代和子孙后代的健康和福祉以及环境。

Care
关心

Organic agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.
有机农业应以预防性和负责任的方式进行管理，以保护当代和子孙后代的健康和福祉以及环境。

The Energy Case for Organics
有机物的能源案例

Intensive agriculture needs ten calories of energy to produce one calorie of food
集约化农业需要十卡路里的能量来生产一卡路里的食物

Globally the production and use of artificial fertilisers are the largest single source of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 310 times more damaging than carbon dioxide
在全球范围内，人造肥料的生产和使用是一氧化二氮的最大单一来源，一氧化二氮是一种温室气体，其危害性是二氧化碳的310倍

To make one tonne of artificial fertiliser takes 108 tonnes of water, emits 7 tonnes of carbon dioxide, and uses one tonne of oil
制造一吨人造肥料需要 108 吨水，排放 7 吨二氧化碳，并使用 1 吨石油

Globally, agriculture is responsible for between 17 – 32% of the world's total greenhouse gases
在全球范围内，农业占世界温室气体总量的17-32%

Organic farming typically uses 26% less energy to produce the same amount of food as non-organic farming.
与非有机农业相比，有机农业通常使用更少的能源来生产相同数量的食物。

What is Organic Food?
什么是有机食品？

The use of the term organic, when applied to food, has a legal meaning
当应用于食品时，有机一词的使用具有法律意义

It means the food has been grown and processed according to certain rules, known as standards, which are legally enforceable in the UK and across Europe.
这意味着食品是按照某些规则（称为标准）种植和加工的，这些规则在英国和整个欧洲都是合法的。

These standards cover every stage of organic food production, from farm to shop.
这些标准涵盖了有机食品生产的每个阶段，从农场到商店。

For more information on the Standards, see the DEFRA website:  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/organic-farming-how-to-get-certification-and-apply-for-funding
有关标准的更多信息，请参阅 DEFRA 网站：https://www.gov.uk/guidance/organic-farming-how-to-get-certification-and-apply-for-funding

How it is regulated
如何监管

EU reg 834/2007 covers organic food production and trading in the EU
欧盟法规 834/2007 涵盖欧盟的有机食品生产和贸易

The EU regulation has formed the basis of organic standards in the UK in the form of the implementation rules 889/2008
欧盟法规以实施规则 889/2008 的形式构成了英国有机标准的基础

All organic producers must be registered with a certifying body to sell their produce as organic
所有有机生产商必须在认证机构注册，才能将其产品作为有机产品出售

These regulation expired on 31/12/2020.
这些法规于 2020 年 12 月 31 日到期。

On the 1/1/2021 there will be a new regulation
2021 年 1 月 1 日将有一项新规定

Definition of Organic Farming
有机农业的定义

Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.
有机农业是一种维持土壤、生态系统和人类健康的生产系统。它依赖于适应当地条件的生态过程、生物多样性和循环，而不是使用具有不利影响的投入。有机农业结合了传统、创新和科学，以造福于共享环境，促进公平的关系和所有参与者的良好生活质量。

To be Organic a Farmer/Producer must:
要成为有机农民/生产者必须：

undergo a 24 month conversion period
经历 24 个月的转换期

keep accurate records
保持准确的记录

Will be inspected annually
将每年进行一次检查

Can be spot inspected with 24 hours notice
可在提前 24 小时通知的情况下进行现场检查

Need to keep up to date with standards
需要与标准保持同步

Strict rules on GM
对转基因的严格规定

Limited number of approved fertilizers and crop protection products
批准的肥料和作物保护产品数量有限

Some derogations can be given against standards
可以对标准进行一些减损

Principles of Organic Production
有机生产原理

Building soil fertility by natural means
通过自然方式提高土壤肥力

The careful use of crop rotations
谨慎使用作物轮作

Minimal use of non-renewable resources (e.g. no agro-chemicals)
尽量减少使用不可再生资源（例如不使用农用化学品）

Minimization of pollution and damage to the environment
尽量减少污染和对环境的破坏

Working with, not against natural systems
与自然系统合作，而不是与自然系统对抗

Attention to animal welfare
关注动物福利

Minimal use of additives and food processing
最少地使用添加剂和食品加工

A Simple Guide to the Standards
标准简易指南

Crops
甸

Growing different crops in the same area means that pests and diseases don't have a chance to build up from season to season (crop rotation)
在同一地区种植不同的作物意味着病虫害没有机会在季节之间积累（作物轮作）

Very few fertilisers are allowed
允许使用很少的肥料

Farmers build up their soil fertility by the use of clover and animal manures
农民通过使用三叶草和动物粪便来增加土壤肥力

Organic farmers are only permitted to use a small number of naturally occurring pesticides and even then only under certain conditions
有机农民只允许使用少量天然存在的杀虫剂，即使如此，也只允许在特定条件下使用

No herbicides are allowed on organic farms
有机农场不允许使用除草剂

Horticulture
园艺

The area of agriculture involving the science of growing and caring for plants. It includes fruits, nuts, vegetables, herbs, ornamental plants and flowers.
涉及植物种植和护理科学的农业领域。它包括水果、坚果、蔬菜、草药、观赏植物和花卉。

Introduction to British horticulture
英国园艺概论

British farmers produce 3.5 million tonnes of fruit and vegetables every year on 153,000 hectares of land.
英国农民每年在 153,000 公顷的土地上生产 350 万吨水果和蔬菜。

Farm gate value of UK fruit, vegetables, plants and flowers is around £3.5bn
英国水果、蔬菜、植物和花卉的农场门市价值约为 35 亿英镑

Employment permanent workers – 40,000; temporary workers - 70,000.
就业长期工人 – 40,000;临时工 - 70,000。

Self-sufficiency – 56% vegetables; 16% fruit
自给自足 – 56% 蔬菜;16% 水果

Innovation in horticulture
园艺创新

Glasshouse technology
温室技术

Plant breeding
植物育种

Polytunnels
多隧道

Environmental measures
环境措施

Sustainability
可持续性

Ornamental horticulture
观赏园艺

Total GDP footprint of the UK’s ornamental horticulture industries in 2017 - £24.2 billion
2017 年英国观赏园艺行业的 GDP 总足迹 - 242 亿英镑

Parks, gardens and green spaces provide a £131 billion aggregate boost 
公园、花园和绿地的总收入为1310亿英镑

2017 - 568,700 jobs (1.6% total UK employment)
2017 - 568,700 个工作岗位（占英国总就业人数的 1.6%）

Horticulture Statistics 2021
2021年园艺统计

The value of home-produced vegetables decreased by 0.1% to just under £1.7 billion in 2021, and the volume of home production decreased by 2% to 2.5 million tonnes. There was a decrease of 1.9% in the value of field vegetables, at £1.3 billion (£26 million decrease) whilst the value of protected vegetables increased by 6.9% to £374 million (£24 million increase).
2021年，国产蔬菜的价值下降了0.1%，略低于17亿英镑，国产蔬菜的产量下降了2%，至250万吨。大田蔬菜的价值下降了1.9%，为13亿英镑（减少了2600万英镑），而受保护蔬菜的价值增长了6.9%，达到3.74亿英镑（增加了2400万英镑）。

Home produced fruit has fallen in value to £917 million, a decrease of 12% compared to 2020, with production volumes falling 12% to 576 thousand tonnes).
国产水果的价值已降至9.17亿英镑，与2020年相比下降了12%，产量下降了12%，至57.6万吨。

UK ornamentals were worth £1.6 billion in 2021, an increase of 16% compared to 2020.
2021 年英国观赏植物价值 16 亿英镑，与 2020 年相比增长了 16%。

Facts about peas…..
关于豌豆的事实.....

Grown on a field scale and harvested by viners
在田间种植，由葡萄藤收获

35,000 hectares of peas (90% self-sufficient)
35,000公顷豌豆（90%自给自足）

160,000 t of frozen peas each year (majority field to freezer in 150 minutes)
每年 160,000 吨冷冻豌豆（大部分田间到 150 分钟冷冻）

Fits as part of an arable rotation
适合作为耕地轮作的一部分

Useful break crop
有用的断裂作物

Often grown by co-operatives
通常由合作社种植

Biotech for improved traits
改善性状的生物技术
 -Virus and disease
-病毒和疾病
 -Taste
-味道
*Improved water management
*改善水资源管理
*Improved growing environments
*改善生长环境
*Improved diagnostics for virus and disease
*改进了对病毒和疾病的诊断
*Enhanced integrated crop management
*加强作物综合管理
* etc etc etc…….
* 等等等等.......