论文初稿-黄敏瑞.docx

As globalization continues to advance, countries around the world are becoming more and more connected, and cross-cultural exchange activities are becoming more frequent than ever. In this context, the Chinese government is deeply aware of the importance of foreign cultural exchanges to enhance the country's cultural soft power and enhance its international influence, so it has become more proactive and attaches great importance to foreign cultural exchanges.
随着全球化的不断发展，世界各国的联系越来越紧密，跨文化交流活动比以往任何时候都更加频繁。在此背景下，中国政府深刻认识到对外文化交流对提升国家文化软实力、提升国际影响力的重要性，因此更加积极主动，高度重视对外文化交流。

Documentaries, as an important carrier of cultural connotation, have become an extremely effective way of cultural expression with their unique image narrative and intuitive presentation. In the field of international communication, documentaries play a key role in influencing foreigners' perceptions and perceptions of China. Standardized and accurate documentary subtitle translation can overcome language barriers and help foreign audiences understand China's history, culture, social outlook and development achievements more quickly and accurately.
纪录片作为文化内涵的重要载体，以其独特的图像叙事和直观的呈现方式，成为一种极其有效的文化表达方式。在国际传播领域，纪录片在影响外国人的认知和对中国的认知方面发挥着关键作用。规范、准确的纪实字幕翻译可以克服语言障碍，帮助外国观众更快、更准确地了解中国的历史、文化、社会风貌和发展成就。

To enhance the breadth, depth, and effectiveness of China's international documentary dissemination, this study meticulously selects Taking Festive China: Stories of Chinese Festivals—a representative documentary with bilingual subtitles—as its research subject. From the perspective of the Three-dimensional Transformation Theory in Eco-translatology, it conducts an in-depth analysis and exploration of translation methods and strategies for culturally-loaded terms, idioms, and allusions in English subtitling. The findings aim to provide actionable insights for subtitling practices in China's international documentary publicity efforts.
为了提高中国国际纪录片传播的广度、深度和有效性，本研究精心选择了具有双语字幕的代表性纪录片《喜庆的中国：中国节日的故事》作为其研究主题。从生态翻译学中的三维转换理论的角度出发，对英文字幕中具有文化负载的术语、成语和典故的翻译方法和策略进行了深入的分析和探索。研究结果旨在为中国国际纪录片宣传中的字幕制作实践提供可作的见解。

Key words: Subtitling Translation, Cultural Communication, Three-dimensional Transformation Theory, Eco-translatology, Documentary Translation
关键词：字幕翻译，文化传播，三维转化理论，生态翻译，文献翻译

纪录片字幕翻译研究——以《话说中国节》为例

摘要

在全球化浪潮持续推进的当下，世界各国之间的联系愈发紧密，跨文化交流活动呈现出前所未有的频繁态势。在此背景下，中国政府深刻认识到对外文化交流对于提升国家文化软实力、增强国际影响力的重要意义，从而更加积极主动且高度重视对外文化交流工作。

纪录片，作为承载文化内涵的重要载体，以其独特的影像叙事和直观呈现方式，成为一种极为有效的文化表达方式。(张晓凡、徐晓飞, 2025：16)在国际传播领域，纪录片发挥着关键作用，在很大程度上左右着外国人对中国的认知与看法。规范、精准的纪录片字幕翻译，能够跨越语言障碍，助力国外观众更迅速、更准确地了解中国的历史文化、社会风貌与发展成就。

为了使中国外宣纪录片在国际舞台上有更为广泛、深入且有效的传播效果，本文精心选取《话说中国节》这一具有代表性的纪录片双语字幕作为深入研究对象，从生态翻译学的三维转换理论视角出发，深入剖析并探讨文化负载词、习语典故等在英语翻译中的方法与策略，以此给中国外宣纪录片字幕翻译提供借鉴。

关键词：字幕翻译、文化传播、生态翻译学、三维转换理论、纪录片翻译

1. Introduction
1. 引言

1.1 Research background
1.1 研究基地

Nowadays, an assortment of films and television programs could claim to be dazzling and are extensively adored by the audience at all levels. Amongst numerous forms of TV programs, documentaries achieve success owing to the unique significance and value they possess. And also, such sort of distinctiveness helps contribute to the most prominent characteristic, namely, authenticity. Documentaries take the real life as source material, and they record historical facts, natural environment, ethnic cultures, etc. In the global film and television circle, there is no such a substitute for documentaries on account of their multiple functions to some extent. Documentaries play the role of international publicity and global cultural communication. The ones that mirror the unique human and natural landscapes of a nation are especially beneficial for developing its tourism and creating a positive image for the whole world. What's more, shooting documentaries also serves as a means of recording and persevering human civilization at the age of information explosion. It is undeniable that documentaries have profound research values and educational functions.
如今，各种各样的电影和电视节目可以声称令人眼花缭乱，并受到各级观众的广泛喜爱。在众多形式的电视节目中，纪录片因其独特的意义和价值而获得成功。而且，这种独特性有助于促成最突出的特征，即真实性。纪录片以真实生活为素材，记录史实、自然环境、民族文化等。在全球影视圈，由于纪录片的多重功能，在某种程度上是没有这样一个替代品的。纪录片起着国际宣传和全球文化传播的作用。那些反映一个国家独特的人文和自然景观的那些特别有利于发展其旅游业并为全世界创造积极形象。更重要的是，拍摄纪录片也是在信息爆炸时代记录和坚持人类文明的一种手段。不可否认，纪录片具有深厚的研究价值和教育功能。

Taking Festive China: Stories of Chinese Festivals is a short video documentary carefully produced by China Daily, which adopts an innovative method of combining virtual and real, and introduces the profound cultural connotations contained in traditional Chinese festivals and solar terms in depth and comprehensively. In terms of presentation, this documentary skillfully combines creative animation with real live-action shooting, vividly showing the origin stories of many traditional festivals such as the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Chung Yeung Festival, as well as historical allusions that have been passed down through the ages, as well as unique festival customs in various places.
《喜庆中国：中国节日故事》是中国日报社精心制作的短视频纪录片，采用虚实结合的创新方式，深入全面地介绍了中国传统节日和节气所蕴含的深厚文化内涵。在呈现上，这部纪录片巧妙地将创意动画与真实的实景拍摄相结合，生动地展现了春节、端午节、中秋节、重阳节等众多传统节日的起源故事，以及历代相传的历史典故，以及各地独特的节日习俗。

Stories of Chinese Festivals excavates the cultural connotation of traditional Chinese festivals, and allows the audience to understand Chinese festivals in an all-round and in-depth way with the help of vivid and vivid narration methods and rich and diverse visual presentation methods. It not only clearly shows the long historical background behind each festival, but also shows the inheritance and innovative development of traditional festivals in contemporary social life. In particular, Stories of Chinese Festivals successfully and effectively conveys the unique connotation of Chinese culture to global audiences through accurate subtitle translation. Its subtitle translation uses the "three-dimensional" perspective of ecological translation, that is, the linguistic, cultural and communicative dimensions. At the linguistic level, the translator accurately grasps the grammatical structure and lexical characteristics of the source language and the target language to ensure that the translated text is fluent and natural. In terms of culture, the content containing profound Chinese cultural heritage is skillfully handled, which not only retains cultural characteristics, but also allows the target audience to understand. In terms of communication, the acceptance and communication needs of audiences in different cultural backgrounds are fully considered, and an excellent balance is achieved in these three dimensions, which provides a valuable reference example for the subtitling work of other propaganda documentaries.
《中国节日故事》挖掘了中国传统节日的文化内涵，借助生动生动的叙述方式和丰富多样的视觉呈现方式，让观众全面深入地了解中国节日。它不仅清晰地展示了每个节日背后悠久的历史背景，也展示了传统节日在当代社会生活中的传承和创新发展。特别是，《中国节日故事》通过精准的字幕翻译，成功有效地向全球观众传达了中国文化的独特内涵。其字幕翻译采用了生态翻译的“立体”视角，即语言、文化和交际维度。在语言层面，译者准确把握源语言和目标语言的语法结构和词汇特征，确保译文流畅自然。在文化方面，巧妙地处理了蕴含深厚中国文化底蕴的内容，既保留了文化特色，又让目标受众能够理解。在传播方面，充分考虑了不同文化背景观众的接纳和传播需求，在这三个维度上取得了极好的平衡，为其他宣传纪录片的字幕工作提供了有价值的参考范例。

1.2 Research significance
1.2 研究意义

Although the periodicals and theses on subtitle translation have been gradually increasing in recent years, the researches on documentary subtitle translation are far from enough in scale and depth. Compared with films and TV series, documentaries receive less attention and a comparatively small range of audience groups. In addition, the language of documentaries tends to be formal and professional, which directly leads to the complexity of translation activities and makes it more challenging to produce vivid and lively documentary subtitles. Therefore, it is imminent to strengthen the theoretical research of subtitle translation for it can provide a new theoretical perspective and guide specific translation activities. Eco-translatology is a burgeoning translation theory proposed by Hu in 2001. Its emergence presents a brand-new viewpoint for translation studies. To some degree, it may help fill in the blank of Chinese original translation theories(Zhou Y&Zhang R,2019：1304). Stories of Chinese Festivals is a short video that focuses on China's traditional festivals and celebrations, as well as the cultural connotations, developments, and changes of these traditional festivals and their manifestations in contemporary China. It mainly introduces the Twenty-four Solar Terms and highly representative traditional festivals. In the form of a documentary, it disseminates China's intangible cultural heritage to foreign audiences through vivid images and accurate subtitle translations.
虽然近年来关于字幕翻译的期刊和论文逐渐增加，但关于文献字幕翻译的研究在规模和深度上还远远不够。与电影和电视剧相比，纪录片受到的关注较少，观众群体也相对较小。此外，纪录片的语言趋于正式和专业，这直接导致了翻译活动的复杂性，使得制作生动活泼的纪录片字幕更具挑战性。因此，加强字幕翻译的理论研究迫在眉睫，因为它可以提供新的理论视角，指导具体的翻译活动。生态翻译学是胡先生于 2001 年提出的一种新兴的翻译理论。它的出现为翻译研究提供了一个全新的视角。在某种程度上，它可能有助于填补中文原译理论的空白（周 Y&Zhang R，2019：1304）。《中国节日的故事》是一部短片，重点介绍中国的传统节日和庆典，以及这些传统节日的文化内涵、发展和变化及其在当代中国的表现形式。主要介绍二十四节气和极具代表性的传统节日。它以纪录片的形式，通过生动的影像和准确的字幕翻译，向外国观众传播中国的非物质文化遗产。

In December, 2001, Prof. Hu for the first time reported his paper An Initial Exploration on Approach to Translation as Adaptation and Selection. This paper laid a foundation for the comprehensive construction of eco-translatology. He claimed that eco-translatology could be explained as“an ecological approach to translation studies", or "translation studies from an ecological perspective”(胡庚申,2008: 29). Spanning at least Ecology and Translatology, it's also a multidisciplinary research in translation theory. Initially enlightened by Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution, Prof. Hu inherited part of the theory and employed them in translation field. Hence, a series of terminologies about eco-translatology came into view, such as translational eco-environment, adaptation and selection, three-dimensional transformation, etc. Since this theory sprouted, it has stood forth to public view. When it has been gaining its popularity day by day, related literature has mushroomed simultaneously, giving impetus to the development of the theory.
2001 年 12 月，胡教授首次发表了他的论文《关于翻译作为适应和选择的方法的初步探索》。本文为生态翻译学的全面建设奠定了基础。他声称生态翻译学可以解释为 “ 翻译研究的生态方法”，或“从生态学角度的翻译研究 ”（胡庚申，2008：29）。它至少跨越了生态学和翻译学，也是翻译理论的多学科研究。胡教授最初受到查尔斯·达尔文的进化论的启发，继承了该理论的一部分并将其应用于翻译领域。因此，一系列关于生态翻译学的术语进入了人们的视野，如平移生态环境、适应与选择、三维转换等。自从这个理论萌芽以来，它就一直出现在公众视野中。当它日益流行时，相关文献同时如雨后春笋般涌现，推动了该理论的发展。

Recently many journals and articles have begun to lay more emphasis on subtitle translation, but only a few study documentary subtitle translation under eco-translatology. Therefore, the author attempts to present a new viewpoint for subtitle translation and further guide the translation activities in movies. In the meantime, it might be helpful to broaden the application field and research perspective of the theory, with an aim to enrich the theoretical system of eco-translatology.
近年来，许多期刊和文章开始更加重视字幕翻译，但只有少数期刊和文章在生态翻译学下研究文献字幕翻译。因此，笔者试图为字幕翻译提出新的视角，并进一步指导电影中的翻译活动。同时，拓宽该理论的应用领域和研究视野，以丰富生态翻译学的理论体系。

1.3 Research status at home and abroad
1.3 国内外研究现状

Since 1960, human society has witnessed the transformation from industrial civilization to ecological civilization. In 1972, the United Nations issued the declaration of the human environment. The declaration raised the concerns for the protection of natural environment to a high level of all mankind. China, then, began to lay emphasis on the ecological and environmental issues. This transformation of human society, reflected in the study of translatology, thereupon formed the theory of eco-translatology. In the next place, the ecological trend of thought has swept many disciplines,and various disciplines with ecological nature have emerged, such as ecological criticism, ecological aesthetics, etc. Coupled with the rich ancient ecological wisdom in China, they jointly hasten the birth of eco-translatology and endow it with vigorous vitality（胡庚申,2011:32).
1960 年以来，人类社会见证了从工业文明向生态文明的转变。1972 年，联合国发布了人类环境宣言。该宣言将保护自然环境的关注提高到全人类的高度。于是，中国开始重视生态和环境问题。人类社会的这种转变，反映在翻译学的研究中，从而形成了生态翻译学理论。其次，生态学思潮席卷了许多学科，出现了各种具有生态性质的学科，如生态批评、生态美学等。再加上中国丰富的古代生态智慧，他们共同加速了生态翻译学的诞生，并赋予了它旺盛的生命力（胡庚申，2011：32）。

The first sprout of eco-translatology originated from Theory of Evolution. In 1859, Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), a British naturalist,published the monumental work, On the Origin of Species, which expounded the biological evolution. Later, the core ideas of Darwin's evolutionism were accepted by some western thinkers, who inferred that the development of human society was also a process of continuous evolution. And the process followed the development principle of natural selection. Initially enlightened by the principle, Hu Gengshen attempted to make an analogy between evolution and translation.
生态翻译学的第一个萌芽起源于进化论。1859 年，英国博物学家查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文（Charles Robert Darwin，1809-1882 年）出版了不朽著作《物种起源》，阐述了生物进化论。后来，达尔文进化论的核心思想被一些西方思想家接受了，他们推断人类社会的发展也是一个不断进化的过程。而这个过程遵循了自然选择的发展原则。最初受到这一原理的启发，胡庚深试图在进化和翻译之间做一个类比。

In 1971, Einar Haugen, an American linguist and professor of Standford University, first proposed the concept of "language ecology". In 1988, Peter Newmark, a prominent British translator, proposed the concept of"translation ecology". David Katan (1999), professor in University of Salento,classified the ecological culture of translation in more details. He held that translational eco-environment should contain physical environment, climate,etc. Thereafter, the international translation community had turned the spotlight on translation from an ecological perspective.
1971 年，美国语言学家、斯坦福大学教授 Einar Haugen 首次提出了“语言生态学”的概念。1988 年，英国著名翻译家彼得·纽马克（Peter Newmark）提出了 “翻译生态学”的概念。萨伦托大学教授 David Katan （1999）对翻译的生态文化进行了更详细的分类。他认为平移生态环境应包含物理环境、气候等。此后，国际翻译界从生态角度开始关注翻译。

In October 2001, Hu proposed the idea of constructing an approach to translation as adaptation and selection. It follows the guidance of natural selection theory. In December of the same year, Hu published a paper entitled An Initial Exploration on Approach to Translation as Adaptation and Selection. Starting from a brand new angle of adaptation and selection, the paper redefined the translation activity. It set forth the process and method of translation in a different way (Yao Y&Li Y,2024:7).
2001 年 10 月，胡提出了构建一种翻译方法作为适应和选择的想法。它遵循自然选择理论的指导。同年 12 月，胡发表了一篇题为《关于翻译作为适应和选择的方法的初步探索》的论文。该论文从一个全新的适应和选择角度出发，重新定义了翻译活动。它以不同的方式提出了翻译的过程和方法（Yao Y&Li Y，2024：7）。

Prof. Hu then composed a train of monographs on eco-translatology. In 2004, he published An Approach to Translation as Adaptation and Selection The book explored the relationship and laws between translators' adaptation and selection. After its publication, the book had received plenty of attention and comments from scholars throughout the world. Relevant articles and researches had been springing up at the same time. In 2008, a paper named Interpretation of Eco-translatology composed by Hu elaborated the theory in more details. It includes the background, the present situation and so on. In 2011, another article named Eco-translatology: Research Foci and Theoretical Tenets composed by Hu provided a minute explication of eco-translatology, identifying the core ideology that included researches into the ecological paradigm of translation, the sequence chain, and post-event penalty. These foci further improved the theoretical framework of eco-translatology.
随后，胡教授撰写了一系列关于生态翻译学的专著。2004 年，他出版了《作为改编和选择的翻译方法》该书探讨了译者改编和选择之间的关系和规律。这本书出版后，受到了世界各地学者的大量关注和评论。与此同时，相关的文章和研究如雨后春笋般涌现。2008 年，胡撰写的一篇名为《生态翻译解读》的论文更详细地阐述了这一理论。它包括背景、现状等。2011 年，胡撰写的另一篇名为《生态翻译学：研究焦点与理论原则》的文章对生态翻译进行了详细的阐述，确定了核心意识形态，其中包括对翻译的生态范式、序列链和事后惩罚的研究。这些重点进一步完善了生态翻译学的理论框架。

In April 2010, researchers on eco-translatology initiated the establishment of International Association of Eco-Translatology Research(IAETR). Before long, the first seminar on eco-translatology was staged in Macao, China in November of the same year. More than 50 experts and scholars from all over the world gathered to attend the conference(傅丽婷,2022:60). Numerous participating scholars highly appreciated the creation and innovation of eco-translatology, which flagged the theory's steady steps towards internationalization. Meanwhile, the establishment of the international association led by Chinese translation scholars would also have a certain significance to enhance the international image and academic status of Chinese translation.
2010 年 4 月，生态翻译学研究人员发起成立了国际生态翻译学研究协会（IAETR）。不久，同年 11 月，首届生态翻译研讨会在中国澳门举行。来自世界各地的 50 多位专家学者齐聚一堂参加会议（傅丽婷，2022：60）。众多与会学者高度评价生态翻译学的创造和创新，这标志着该理论稳步迈向国际化。同时，成立由中国翻译学者领导的国际协会，对提升中国翻译的国际形象和学术地位也具有一定的意义。

2. Review of documentary subtitle translation
2. 纪实字幕翻译审核

With the deepening of globalization, some high-quality movies and TV series broadcast on media platforms of many countries. The translator builds a bridge between cultures and the subtitle translation becomes the carrier for target language audience to understand the connotation of source language.
随着全球化的深入，一些高质量的电影和电视剧在许多国家的媒体平台上播出。译者在文化之间架起了一座桥梁，字幕翻译成为目标语言受众理解源语言内涵的载体。

2.1 Definition of documentary subtitle translation
2.1 纪录片字幕翻译的定义

During the 1920s and the 1930s, a brand new style of films came into being - documentaries, a type that combined the characteristics of art, news and education. In 1946, John Grierson (1898-1972), an English documentary director and producer, released Drifters - the first documentary with its own distinctive characteristics. The public regarded this period and this work as a sign and symbol for the birth of documentaries. In accordance with their diverse functions, Nie Xinru (2010), professor of East China Normal University, approximately classified documentaries into four categories:record of actual events, publicity, entertainment and practical ones.
在 1920 年代和 1930 年代，一种全新的电影风格应运而生——纪录片，一种结合了艺术、新闻和教育特点的类型。1946 年，英国纪录片导演兼制片人约翰·格里尔森（John Grierson，1898-1972 年）发行了《漂泊者》——第一部具有自己独特特色的纪录片。公众将这一时期和这部作品视为纪录片诞生的标志和符号。华东师范大学教授聂欣儒（2010）根据其功能的不同，将纪录片大致分为四大类：真实事件记录、宣传、娱乐和实用。

Subtitle is a text processed in the post-production of films. It is presented at the multimedia screen's bottom side. It is synchronized with the dialogues or narrations so as to aid the audience to comprehend the program. With the integration of cultures around the world, subtitle translation is gaining popularity day by day, aiming to enable the audience who do not understand foreign languages to not only hear the original voice but also understand the plot of the movies. What's more, bilingual subtitles offer foreign audience with channels and materials to study language. By watching alien TV works,they can experience the authentic native expressions of the language foreign to them. And likewise, they can learn and analyze the source language and the target language from multiple levels and perspectives.
字幕是在电影后期制作中处理的文本。它显示在多媒体屏幕的底部。它与对话或旁白同步，以帮助观众理解节目。随着世界各地文化的融合，字幕翻译越来越受欢迎，旨在让不懂外语的观众不仅能听到原声，也能理解电影的情节。此外，双语字幕为外国观众提供了学习语言的渠道和素材。通过观看外星人电视作品，他们可以体验到对他们来说陌生的语言的真实母语表达。同样，他们可以从多个层次和角度学习和分析源语言和目标语言。

2.2 Characteristics of documentary subtitle translation
2.2 纪实字幕翻译的特点

Subtitle translation is covered by Multimedia Translation, also known as Audiovisual Translation (AVT). Subtitle translation is one of the most common models in this field. And nowadays, documentary subtitle translation is an indispensable part in film translation. It's crucial for the development of the film industry. A well-made documentary could possibly change people's core values and the way of dealing with things, influencing their life and thoughts. Documentaries functions as a carrier in the frequent cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. They undertake the sacred mission of promoting the long-standing history and splendid treasures of Chinese civilization to foreign countries. (王雨,2021:87)Therefore, the quality of the translated subtitle will affect the result of cultural communication. Judging from this, documentary subtitle translation should be in compliance with the following strict principles:
字幕翻译包含在多媒体翻译中，也称为视听翻译（AVT）。字幕翻译是该领域最常见的模型之一。而如今，纪录片字幕翻译是电影翻译中不可或缺的一部分。这对电影业的发展至关重要。一部制作精良的纪录片可能会改变人们的核心价值观和处事方式，影响他们的生活和思想。纪录片是中外频繁文化交流的载体。他们肩负着向外国推广中华文明源远流长的历史和灿烂瑰宝的神圣使命。（王雨，2021：87）所以，翻译字幕的好坏会影响文化传播的结果。由此来看，跟单字幕翻译应严格遵循以下原则：

First and foremost, authenticity. Since documentaries are based on the real life, the terms of subtitle translation must be true and reliable. Subtitle producers should not add or omit the content according to personal feelings, let alone fabricate randomly and mislead the audience. Then, accuracy. Cultural variations exist between any two languages. The connotations of specific things in different cultures may be disparate. Therefore, the translation of subtitles should correspond with the logical thinking and living habits of the native people. Thirdly, uniformity. The subtitles should be consistent with the sound and scenes for any small advance or delay will bring difficulties for the audience to understand. Last but not least, subtitle translation has to be smooth and concise. Only by doing so can we accomplish our goal of cultural exchanges.
首先也是最重要的，真实性。由于纪录片是根据现实生活改编的，因此字幕翻译的条款必须真实可靠。字幕制作者不能根据个人感觉增删内容，更不能随意捏造、误导观众。然后是准确性。任何两种语言之间都存在文化差异。在不同文化中，特定事物的内涵可能不同。所以，字幕的翻译要符合当地人的逻辑思维和生活习惯。第三，统一性。字幕应与声音和场景一致，任何微小的提前或延迟都会给观众带来难以理解的困难。最后但并非最不重要的一点是，字幕翻译必须流畅简洁。只有这样，我们才能实现文化交流的目标。

3. Theoretical basis: eco-translatology
3. 理论 basis： eco-t ranslatology

Eco-translatology is an interdisciplinary study of translatology and ecology. In 2001,Professor Hu Gengshen proposed the new translation theory "Eco-translatology" at the third Asian translation forum. Eco-translatology applies the basic rules of "survival of the fittest" in nature to translation which based on the theory of translation adaptation and studies the activities of transformation of human language from an ecological perspective. The research objects of Eco-translatology are"translation environment”,"translation text”and“translator”(胡庚申,2017:5). As a new theory applied to study translation, its main principle is "the multi-dimensional adaptation and adaptive selection”(宋丽萍,2024:94).According to the Eco-translatology, translators should "adapt" and "select" the "translational eco-environment". The translation is mainly to conform to the principle of "multidimensional adaptation and adaptive selection", that is, to adopt appropriate translation methods to realize the "three-dimensional" transformation of the target text in the linguistic dimension, cultural dimension and the communicative dimension.
生态翻译学是翻译学和生态学的跨学科研究。2001 年，胡庚深教授在第三届亚洲翻译论坛上提出了新的翻译理论“生态翻译学 ”。生态翻译学将自然界中“优胜劣汰”的基本规则应用于翻译，以翻译适应理论为基础，从生态学的角度研究人类语言的转换活动。生态翻译学的研究对象是“翻译环境 ”、“ 翻译文本 ” 和 “ 译者 ”（胡庚申，2017：5）。作为一种应用于研究翻译的新理论，其主要原理是“多维适应和适应性选择 ”（宋丽萍，2024：94）。根据生态翻译学，译者应该 “适应” 和 “选择” “翻译生态环境”。翻译主要是遵循“多维适应、自适应选择”的原则，即采用适当的翻译方法，实现目标文本在语言维度、文化维度和交际维度的“立体”转换。

3.1 Origin and development of eco-translatology
3.1 生态翻译学的起源和发展

Translational eco-environment is one of the key terminologies in eco-translatology. It is also one of the crucial perspectives of systematic eco-translatology to explain translation phenomena. Professor Hu believes that translation, a dynamic transformation process, is actually a selective activity. Its ultimate goal is to enable the translation and the original text to reach the maximum degree of equivalence in language, culture and communication. Thus, it can achieve the best ecological effects of language.
转化生态环境是生态转化学中的关键术语之一。它也是系统生态翻译学解释翻译现象的重要视角之一。胡教授认为，翻译是一个动态的转换过程，实际上是一种选择性的活动。其最终目标是使翻译和原文在语言、文化和交流方面达到最大程度的等效性。因此，它可以达到语言的最佳生态效果。

According to Prof. Hu, translational eco-environment means "the world presented by the original text, the source language and the target language"(胡庚申,2010: 65). Clarifying the ecological environment of translation is vital for translators to make wise adaptive selections. Fang Mengzhi,professor of Shanghai University, defined the translation eco-environment as the sum of all external conditions that affect the survival and development of translation subjects in his paper On Translation Eco-Environment (仇志洁、杨玉,2024: 33). The translation subjects mentioned above are generalized, namely, they are all the living organisms related to the translation activities. They are comprised of the original author, translator, reader, etc. In fact, whether it is the macro and micro ecology that have influences on the translation process, or the external conditions that affect all the motile life bodies in the process, it emphasizes the coordination and interaction of multiple participants in translation practice under the conditions of multi-level language, culture and social context.
根据胡教授的说法，翻译生态环境是指“由原文、源语言和目标语言呈现的世界”（胡庚申，2010：65）。厘清翻译的生态环境，对于译者做出明智的适应性选择至关重要。上海大学教授方孟志在其论文《仇志洁、杨玉，2024：33》中将翻译生态环境定义为影响翻译主体生存和发展的所有外部条件的总和。上面提到的翻译主题是概括的，即它们都是与翻译活动相关的生物体。他们由原作者、译者、读者等组成。事实上，无论是影响翻译过程的宏观和微观生态，还是影响翻译过程中所有运动生命体的外部条件，都强调在多层次的语言、文化和社会语境条件下，翻译实践中多个参与者的协调与互动。

There are two reasons for Hu to replace context with translational eco-environment. One of the reasons is that the concept can match with the Darwinian evolution. The other is that translational eco-environment differentiates from context in the aspects of the concept, scope and perspective. Context takes language as a reference. It does not contain the language itself and its use. While translational eco-environment means an interrelated whole. It contains language, communication, society and so on. Therefore, the concept of translational eco-environment is more extensive, and it is one of the components that influence translators' adaptation and selection, which directly affects translation quality. Translational eco-environment, as one of the core concepts of eco-translatology, deserves more attentions.
胡用转化生态环境取代语境有两个原因。原因之一是这个概念可以与达尔文的进化论相匹配。另一个是转化生态环境在概念、范围和视角方面与语境不同。Context 以语言为参考。它不包含语言本身及其用法。而转化生态环境意味着一个相互关联的整体。它包含语言、交流、社会等等。因此，翻译生态环境的概念更加广泛，是影响译者适应和选择的组成部分之一，直接影响翻译质量。转化生态环境作为生态转化学的核心概念之一，值得更多关注。

3.2 Three-dimensional transformations
3.2 三维变换

The basic theory of Eco-translatology summarizes translation methods as“three-dimensional” transformation, that is, the adaptive selection transformation focuses on the linguistic dimension, cultural dimension, and communicative dimension under the principle of“multi-dimensional adaptation and adaptive selection” (胡庚申,2020: 46). Actually, the key problem during translation activities lies in how to adapt to different environment and choose proper translational strategies and methods, which can be concluded as “three-dimensional transformations”, in the process of translation. For the application of theory, the translation method of Eco-translatology is“three-dimensional transformation.” First, from a theoretical standpoint, linguistic, cultural, and communicative approaches to translation are founded on a thorough examination of translation practice. At the same time, translation theorists have always focused on langue, culture, and communication. Second, from a practical point of view, language, culture and communication have always been the foothold for scholars to study translation, and they usually need to be converted in the process of translation. Third, translation is the transformation of language, language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the precipitation of communication. As a result, language, culture, and communication have an internal logical connection that reflects the fundamental content of translation transformation (庄梦怡, 2024: 53).
生态翻译学的基本理论将翻译方法总结为“三维”转换，即在“多维适应和适应性选择”的原则下，适应性选择转换侧重于语言维度、文化维度和交际维度（胡庚申，2020：46）。其实，翻译活动中的关键问题在于在翻译过程中如何适应不同的环境，选择合适的翻译策略和方法，可以概括为“三维转换”。对于理论的应用，生态翻译学的翻译方法是“三维转换”。首先，从理论的角度来看，翻译的语言、文化和交际方法建立在对翻译实践的彻底考察之上。与此同时，翻译理论家一直关注语言、文化和交流。其次，从实践的角度来看，语言、文化和传播一直是学者研究翻译的落脚点，通常需要在翻译过程中进行转换。第三，翻译是语言的转化，语言是文化的载体，文化是传播的沉淀。因此，语言、文化和交流具有反映翻译转型基本内容的内在逻辑联系（庄梦怡，2024：53）。

3.2.1 Linguistic dimension
3.2.1 语言维度

The adaptive selection transformation from linguistic dimension means that translator adapts and selects linguistic forms during the translation process. The transformation occurs in various aspects and at various levels (宋丹丹、王芳, 2024: 2). In terms of linguistic dimension, if the source language is transplanted into the translation produced by the target language during translation, it may cause the translation to be difficult to understand or not conform to the language specification of the target language. As a result, the source and target languages must maintain a dynamic balance in terms of lexical level, syntactical level, and so on. Translators must make appropriate adjustments based on the translation ecological environment of the source and target languages in order to successfully complete the conversion of linguistic dimensions.
从语言维度的自适应选择转换意味着翻译者在翻译过程中适应和选择语言形式。这种转变发生在各个方面和各个层面（宋丹丹、王芳，2024：2）。在语言维度上，如果在翻译过程中将源语言移植到目标语言产生的翻译中，可能会导致翻译难以理解或不符合目标语言的语言规范。因此，源语言和目标语言必须在词汇级别、语法级别等方面保持动态平衡。译者必须根据源语言和目标语言的翻译生态环境进行适当的调整，才能顺利完成语言维度的转换。

3.2.2 Cultural dimensions
3.2.2 文化维度

The adaptive selection transformation of the cultural dimension means that the translator needs to pay attention to the transmission and interpretation of the bilingual cultural connotation during the translation process. For the transformation of cultural dimension, in order to avoid distorting the original text from the perspective of the target language culture, the translator should pay attention to the differences in the nature and content of the source language culture and the target language culture. The translator should pay attention to adapting to the whole cultural system of the language while conducting the conversion of the source language (胡庚申, 2011: 32).It is because the cultural ecology of the source language and the cultural ecology of the target language are different in nature and content. To avoid misinterpreting the original text from the target language’s cultural point of view, the translator must not only pay attention to the source language’s language conversion, but also adapt to the entire cultural system to which the language belongs, known as the cultural ecology, and pay attention to the transmission of bilingual cultural connotations during the translation process (李梦璞、李庆云, 2025: 168).Translation is a kind of cross-language and cross-cultural communication, so translators should have cultural awareness in the process of translation. At the same time, translators should overcome the obstacles caused by cultural differences and protect the ecological balance of the two languages in order to ensure the smooth realization of information exchange.
文化维度的适应性选择转换意味着译者在翻译过程中需要注意双语文化内涵的传递和解读。对于文化维度的转化，为了避免从目标语言文化的角度扭曲原文，译者应注意源语言文化和目标语言文化在性质和内容上的差异。译者在进行源语言的转换时，应注意对语言的整个文化系统的适应（胡庚申，2011：32）。这是因为源语言的文化生态和目标语言的文化生态在性质和内容上是不同的。为避免从目标语言的文化角度误读原文，译者不仅要注意源语言的语言转换，还要适应该语言所属的整个文化体系，即所谓的文化生态，并注意翻译过程中双语文化内涵的传递（李梦璞、李庆云 , 2025: 168).翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际，所以翻译人员在翻译过程中要有文化意识。同时，翻译人员应克服文化差异造成的障碍，保护两种语言的生态平衡，以确保信息交流的顺利实现。

3.2.3 Communication dimensions
3.2.3 通信维度

The adaption transformation of communicative dimension refers to the transformation made by the translator to achieve bilingual communicative intention during the translation process. For this kind of adaptive selection transformation, the translator should not only pay attention to the translation of information and the transmission of cultural connotations, but also focus on the communicative level, and pay attention to whether the communicative intention of the original text can be reflected in the translation (Zhang T, 2021: 141). In general, the transformation of the communicative dimension in translation aims to achieve the best balance between the communicative ecology of the original text and the translated text. The “degree of holistic adaptation and selection” is the evaluation standard of the three-dimensional transformation. It refers to the sum of the degree of “adaptive selection” in terms of linguistic dimension, cultural dimension and communicative dimension and other aspects when producing the translation. The “degree of holistic adaptation and selection” of the translation is primarily determined by three factors: the degree of multi-dimensional transformation, reader feedback, and translator quality.
交际维度的适应转化是指译者在翻译过程中为实现双语交际意图而进行的转化。对于这种适应性选择转换，译者不仅要关注信息的翻译和文化内涵的传递，还要注重交际层面，关注原文的交际意图是否能在翻译中得到体现（Zhang T， 2021： 141）。一般来说，翻译中交际维度的转换旨在实现原文和译文的交际生态之间的最佳平衡。“ 整体适应和选择程度 ” 是三维转化的评价标准。它是指在制作翻译时，从语言维度、文化维度和交际维度等方面的“ 适应性选择 ” 程度之和。译文的“ 整体适应和选择程度 ” 主要由三个因素决定：多维转换的程度、读者反馈和译者素质。

4. Analysis of Taking Festive China:Stories of Chinese Festival from three-dimensional transformations
4. 从三维变换看中国节日的中国故事

According to the theory of eco-translatology described above, taking the foreign publicity documentary Taking Festive China:Stories of Chinese Festival as an example, the following text will analyze the subtitles of the documentary from the "three-dimensional" transformation of subtitle translation, namely the linguistic dimension, the cultural dimension, and the communicative dimension.
根据上述生态翻译理论，以国外宣传纪录片《以节日中国：中国节日的故事》为例，以下文字将从字幕翻译的“立体”转换中分析纪录片的字幕，即语言维度、文化维度和交际维度。

4.1 Adaptive transformation of linguistic dimension
41 linguistic dimension 的适应性 transformation

Linguistic dimension transformation can be defined as "a series of adaptive selections and transformation strategies employed by translators to address formal discrepancies between the source and target languages during the translation process. This procedure transcends superficial literal translation, delving into multiple linguistic dimensions and strata, including but not limited to lexical selection, syntactic restructuring, textual organization, stylistic alignment, and the appropriate rendering of culturally-loaded terms." Guided by Hu Gengshen’s theoretical proposition that "translation is adaptation and selection," the linguistic dimension highlights the most conspicuous divergences between English and Chinese, particularly manifested in their lexical systems and syntactic structures.(郑泽彦、周洁,2024:26)
语言维度转换可以定义为“翻译人员在翻译过程中为解决源语言和目标语言之间的形式差异而采用的一系列自适应选择和转换策略。这个过程超越了肤浅的直译，深入研究了多个语言维度和层次，包括但不限于词汇选择、句法重组、文本组织、文体对齐以及文化术语的适当翻译。在胡庚申 “ 翻译是适应和选择”的理论主张的指导下，语言学维度突出了英汉之间最明显的差异，尤其表现在它们的词汇系统和句法结构上。郑泽彦、周洁，2024：26）

4.1.1 Lexical items
41.1 词汇项目

The precision of lexical selection constitutes a critical dimension in linguistic-level transformation when translating culturally-loaded terms into English. As the foundational building blocks of English sentences, the accurate choice of vocabulary serves not only as a fundamental criterion for evaluating translational fidelity but also as a decisive factor in ensuring textual quality and expressive exactitude. In the translation process, the judicious application of lexicon carries paramount significance in conveying original intent, preserving cultural contextual appropriateness, and achieving effective communication.
在将具有文化负载的术语翻译成英语时，词汇选择的精确性构成了语言层面转换的关键维度。作为英语句子的基础组成部分，词汇的准确选择不仅是评估翻译保真度的基本标准，也是确保文本质量和表达准确性的决定性因素。在翻译过程中，明智地应用词典对于传达原意、保持文化语境的适当性和实现有效的沟通具有至关重要的意义。

Given that English belongs to the Indo-European language family while Chinese originates from the Sino-Tibetan family, substantial systemic divergences inherently exist between the two. This necessitates translators’ acute awareness of their ontological distinctions when rendering culturally-loaded terms. Only through meticulous lexical selection and syntactical crafting can translations attain linguistic precision and idiomatic authenticity. Failure to do so risks generating disjointed target texts, obscuring audience comprehension, and potentially inducing imbalance within the translation ecosystem. Such outcomes may ultimately undermine or even obstruct the intended cross-cultural communication objectives.
鉴于英语属于印欧语系，而汉语起源于汉藏语系，两者之间本质上存在着实质性的系统性差异。这需要 translators 在翻译带有文化负载的术语时敏锐地意识到他们的本体论区别。只有通过细致的词汇选择和句法制作，翻译才能达到语言的精确性和地道的真实性。如果不这样做，可能会生成脱节的目标文本，模糊受众的理解，并可能在翻译生态系统中引起不平衡。这样的结果最终可能会破坏甚至阻碍预期的跨文化交际目标。

原文：踏青

译文：spring outings

"Spring outings" has a special meaning in Chinese culture. "The five colors refer to green, red, yellow, white and black, corresponding to the five directions."(李梦璞、李庆云,2025:168) Green is a color between blue and green. As a word uniquely used in China to describe color, it is difficult to find an exact equivalent in English translation. The Chinese character "踏 (ta)", as a verb, has ten meanings in online Chinese dictionaries. In this sentence, it takes on the meaning of "sightseeing and enjoying", which, in combination with the context, means "going on an outing and taking a walk", rather than its common meaning of "putting one's foot on the ground; stepping on". The translation uses "spring outings" to translate "踏青". It changes the original verb form of "踏" into a noun, that is, "outing". In the Collins Dictionary, "outing" has multiple meanings. In this sentence, its meaning should be "a short enjoyable trip, usually with a group of people, away from your home, school, or place of work", that is, "(usually a group activity) a hike or a short trip", which also conveys to the target language audience that "spring outings" is a group activity, reflecting the social phenomenon in China that values teamwork and interpersonal communication. At the same time, it also changes the word "青", which originally represents a color, into the season "spring" in the translation, avoiding a literal translation and enabling the target language audience to understand it well. In combination with the context, its meaning is "going on an outing and taking a walk together in spring, and going on a hike in the countryside", that is, "spring outings", which exactly conforms to the meaning expressed in the original text.
“春游”在中国文化中有着特殊的含义。“五色是指绿、红、黄、白、黑，对应五个方向。”（李梦璞、李庆云，2025：168）绿色是介于蓝色和绿色之间的颜色。作为中国唯一用来描述颜色的词，在英文翻译中很难找到确切的对应词。汉字“ 踏（ta）”作为动词，在在线汉语词典中有十种含义。在这句话中，它具有“观光和享受”的意思，结合上下文，意思是“去郊游和散步”，而不是它通常的“把脚放在地上;踩上去”。翻译使用“spring outings”来翻译“ 踏青 ”。它将原来的动词形式 “ 踏 ” 改为名词，即 “outing”。在柯林斯词典中，“outing”有多种含义。在这句话中，它的含义应该是“一次短暂愉快的旅行，通常与一群人一起，远离你的家、学校或工作地点”，即“（通常是集体活动）一次远足或短途旅行”，这也向目标语言受众传达了“春游”是一种群体活动，反映了中国重视团队合作和人际沟通的社会现象。同时，还将原本代表一种颜色的“青”字，在翻译中改为季节“春天”，避免了直译，使目标语言受众能够很好地理解。结合上下文，其含义为“春日一起郊游，乡间远足”，即“春游”，与原文所表达的意思完全一致。

4.1.2 Syntactic patterns of subtitles in linguistic dimensions
4.1.2 语言维度中字幕的句法模式

As the structural framework of English discourse, the appropriate selection of syntactic patterns serves not only as a fundamental criterion for assessing translational coherence but also as a pivotal determinant in ensuring logical flow and clarity of meaning in the target text. During the translation process, the strategic arrangement of sentence structures plays an immeasurable role in conveying the hierarchical organization of the source text, maintaining stylistic and contextual appropriateness, and achieving in-depth communication.
作为英语话语的结构框架，句法模式的适当选择不仅是评估翻译连贯性的基本标准，也是确保目标文本逻辑流畅和含义清晰的关键决定因素。在翻译过程中，句子结构的策略性安排对于传达源文本的层次组织、保持文体和上下文的适当性、实现深度交流起着不可估量的作用。

原文：后来，为了纪念这位爱国诗人，五月初五“龙舟竞渡”“角黍投江”等习俗流传至今，由此得名端午节。

译文:Later, to commemorate this patriotic poet,the customs of holding dragon boat races and throwing jiaoshu into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month were passed down giving rise to the name Dragon Boat Festival.
译文：后来，为了纪念这位爱国诗人，将农历五月初五举行龙舟赛和投煜树的习俗传承下来，因此得名端午节。

A fundamental contrast exists between English and Chinese in syntactic organization: English prioritizes hypotaxis while Chinese emphasizes parataxis. The source text exhibits characteristic syntactic fragmentation, with clauses connected through implicit semantic coherence rather than overt relational markers—a hallmark of Chinese discourse. In contrast, as a form-focused grammatical language, English systematically employs connectives (conjunctions, relative pronouns), subordinate clauses, and phrasal links to establish explicit cohesion and logical relations.
英文和汉文在句法组织上存在着根本的对比：英文优先考虑 hypotaxis，而中文强调 parataxis。源文本表现出典型的句法碎片化，从句通过隐含的语义连贯性而不是明显的关系标记连接起来 —— 这是中国话语的标志。相比之下，作为一种以形式为中心的语法语言，英语系统地使用连接词（连词、关系代词）、从句和短语链接来建立明确的衔接和逻辑关系。

This contrastive analysis validates Wang Li's seminal observation: "Regarding syntactic architecture, Western languages are rule-governed whereas Chinese is context-governed."(赵子萱,2023:114)
这种对比分析验证了王力的开创性观察：“关于句法结构，西方语言是受规则支配的，而汉语是受语境支配的。（赵子萱，2023：114）

4.2 Adaptive transformation of cultural dimensions
42 文化维度的适应性 transformation

The transformation at the cultural dimension means that during the translation process, translators not only need to focus on the precise conversion at the linguistic level but also attach great importance to and be committed to the effective transmission and in-depth interpretation of the cultural connotations of the two languages. Every language emerges based on its specific geographical and historical environment and carries the unique cultural values of its nation. This characteristic is particularly evident in the practical application of the language, manifested as the unique cultural imprints of the nation contained in lexical expressions. Translation thus becomes a bridge spanning the cultural divide. When carrying out translation practice, translators are required to implement the strategy of adaptive selection and transformation in the cultural dimension, take into account the differences in cultural connotations between the source language and the target language, and try their best to narrow and eliminate the misunderstandings caused by cultural differences, so as to accurately convey the textual information while taking into account the readability of the translated text and facilitate cross-cultural communication. (许奇聪、李思龙,2024:8)In the transformation at the cultural dimension, the translation treatment of culture-loaded words in Taking Festive China: Stories of Chinese Festivals is reflected in the use of various translation strategies and methods, such as literal translation and free translation.
文化维度的转化意味着，在翻译过程中，译者不仅需要注重语言层面的精准转换，而且高度重视并致力于两种语言文化内涵的有效传递和深入解读。每种语言都是根据其特定的地理和历史环境出现的，并带有其国家独特的文化价值观。这一特点在语言的实际应用中尤为明显，表现为词汇表达中包含的民族独特的文化印记。因此，翻译成为跨越文化鸿沟的桥梁。在进行翻译实践时，要求译者在文化维度上实施适应性选择和转化的策略，考虑到源语言和目标语言的文化内涵差异，尽量缩小和消除由文化差异引起的误解，从而在兼顾翻译文本可读性和便利性的同时准确传达文本信息跨文化交流。（许奇聪、李思龙，2024：8）在文化维度的转型中，文化承载词的翻译处理 Take Festive China： Stories of Chinese Festivals 体现在使用各种翻译策略和方法，例如直译和自由翻译。

4.2.1 Literal translation
42.1 直译

As the cornerstone of translation methodology, literal translation, when accurately applied, serves not only as a fundamental criterion for assessing the formal correspondence between the target text and the source text but also as a pivotal factor in ensuring translational fidelity and semantic precision. In the translation process, the judicious use of literal translation plays an immeasurable role in preserving the original structure, reflecting cultural specificity, and achieving exact semantic transfer.
作为翻译方法的基石，如果准确应用，直译不仅可以作为评估目标文本和源文本之间形式对应关系的基本标准，而且是确保翻译保真度和语义精度的关键因素。在翻译过程中，审慎地使用直译对于保留原始结构、体现文化特性和实现精确的语义传递起着不可估量的作用。

原文：吃春饼

译文：eating spring pancakes
译文：吃春煎饼

"Yaochun" (biting the spring), as a traditional custom during the Beginning of Spring, has endured for thousands of years and its origin can be traced back to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties period. This custom is not only a celebration of the arrival of spring, but also a manifestation of the profound understanding and compliance with the natural rhythm by people in ancient agrarian societies. When people eat spring pancakes, they can not only savor the taste of spring, but also resonate with the revival of nature in their hearts. In ancient times, people wrapped seasonal vegetables with dough skins, rolled them into rolls, and then steamed or deep-fried them, naming these "spring pancakes", which symbolize a bumper grain harvest and welcoming spring while embracing good fortune.(冷敏、李茸,2023:20) In the Collins Dictionary, the meaning of "pancake" is "a thin, flat, circular piece of cooked batter made from milk, flour, and eggs", which can well describe the Chinese thin pancakes. The translator fully understands its cultural connotations and directly translates "eating spring pancakes", retaining the cultural elements while also making it easy for the audience to understand.
“ 尧春 ”（咬春）作为立春的传统习俗，已经延续了数千年，其起源可以追溯到魏、晋、南、北朝时期。这种习俗不仅是对春天到来的庆祝，也是古代农业社会人们对自然节奏深刻理解和顺从的表现。人们吃到春天的煎饼，不仅可以品味到春天的味道，还可以与心中大自然的复兴产生共鸣。在古代，人们用面皮包裹时令蔬菜，卷成卷，然后蒸或油炸，将这些命名为“春煎饼”，象征着五谷丰成，在拥抱吉祥的同时迎接春天。（冷敏、李茸，2023：20）在柯林斯词典中，「煎饼」的意思是「一块薄而扁平的圆形熟面糊，由牛奶、面粉、和鸡蛋“，这可以很好地描述中国的薄煎饼。译者充分理解其文化内涵，直接翻译“吃春煎饼”，在保留文化元素的同时也让观众容易理解。

4.2.2 Idiomatic translation
4.2.2 惯用语翻译

As a dynamic equivalence strategy, free translation fundamentally determines a version's idiomaticity and coherence. Its nuanced implementation proves indispensable for achieving aesthetic equivalence, cultural naturalization, and affective impact in the target system.
作为一种动态对等策略，自由翻译从根本上决定了版本的地道性和连贯性。事实证明，其细致入微的实施对于在目标系统中实现审美对等、文化归化和情感影响是必不可少的。

原文：端午节

译文：The Dragon Boat Festival
端午节

A prerequisite for translation is a full understanding of the source text. The "Dragon Boat Festival" is one of China's traditional festivals, originating in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods and having a history of more than 2,000 years. The term "Duanwu" first appeared in Fengtuji written by Zhou Chu, a scholar in the Jin Dynasty: "In the midsummer of Duanwu, cook ducks and make zongzi (pyramid-shaped dumplings made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves)." The character "Duan" implies "beginning" or "start", so the term "Duanwu" originally referred to the fifth day of the lunar month. As May falls in the middle of summer, according to the lunar - month - naming method with Earthly Branches, this month is also called the "Wu" month. Later, "Duanwu" gradually evolved into "Duanwu Festival" (Dragon Boat Festival).((唐慧, 2021:151))
翻译的先决条件是对源文本的完全理解。“端午节”是中国的传统节日之一，起源于春秋战国时期，距今已有 2000 多年的历史。“ 端午 ”一词最早出现在晋代学者周楚所写的丰途集上：“端午盛夏，煮鸭做粽子（用竹子或芦苇叶包裹的糯米制成的金字塔形饺子）。「段」字的意思是「开始」或「开始」，因此「端午」一词原指农历月初五。由于五月正值盛夏，根据地支的农历-月-命名方法，这个月也被称为“乌”月。后来，“ 端午 ”逐渐演变成“ 端午节”（端午节）。（唐慧， 2021：151））

Based on a profound understanding of the culture, the translator's free translation of it as "the Dragon Boat Festival" is a form of recreation of the original text. "Re - creation" does not mean making things up randomly but is based on the translator's certain cultural background and professional qualities. Eco - translatology emphasizes the "translator - centered" concept, which means that the translator stands at the intersection of the source language and the target language and plays a crucial role in the translation process. After understanding the sociocultural connotations of this term, the translator should actively consider how to translate it into English to convey the cultural connotations of this festival to the target - language audience.(陈艳花、杨舒惠,2023:101)
基于对文化的深刻理解，译者将其自由翻译为“端午节”，是对原文的一种再现形式。“再创作”并不是随意编造的意思，而是根据译者一定的文化背景和专业素质。Eco - translatology 强调“以翻译为中心”的概念，这意味着翻译站在源语言和目标语言的交汇处，在翻译过程中起着至关重要的作用。在理解了这个词的社会文化内涵之后，译者应该积极考虑如何将其翻译成英文，将这个节日的文化内涵传达给目标语言观众。陈艳花、杨舒惠，2023：101）

When it comes to the Dragon Boat Festival, the first thing that comes to Chinese people's minds is dragon boat racing. Abroad, rowing is also a highly valued sport. Such a free - translation strategy not only exquisitely preserves the cultural essence of the Dragon Boat Festival but also enables the target - language audience to resonate while watching the documentary, effectively achieving the transformation and integration at the cultural dimension.
说到端午节，中国人首先想到的就是端午赛跑。在国外，赛艇也是一项备受重视的运动。这种自由翻译策略，不仅精妙地保留了端午节的文化精髓，而且使目标语言观众在观看纪录片时产生共鸣，有效地实现了文化维度的转换和融合。

4.3 Adaptive transformation of communication dimensions
43 通信维度的自适应转换

The transformation at the communicative dimension means that during the translation process, translators need to place great importance on the accurate transmission and adaptive transformation of the communicative intentions of the two languages. On the basis of meeting the requirements of the linguistic dimension and the cultural dimension, they should consider how to better convey the intentions of the source language, that is, while fulfilling the linguistic and cultural functions, they should also achieve the communicative function.
交际维度的转化意味着在翻译过程中，译者需要高度重视两种语言交际意图的准确传递和适应性转换。在满足语言维度和文化维度要求的基础上，他们应该考虑如何更好地传达源语言的意图，即在履行语言和文化功能的同时，也应该实现交际功能。

Taking the culture of the source text as the basis and subtitle translation as the means is a major characteristic of documentaries on traditional culture. For documentaries, subtitles impose certain restrictions on the translated text. Translators need to limit the translated text within the length of the screen, analyze, group, and reconstruct the source text. This requires translators to pay attention to the similarities and differences of different cultural backgrounds, overcome cultural differences, and enable the translated text to regain vitality in the new ecological environment, so as to arouse the interest and exploration of the target-language audience in the source-language culture.(沈姣、施瑾妍，2024:45)
以原文文化为基础，以字幕翻译为手段，是传统文化纪录片的一大特点。对于纪录片，字幕对翻译的文本施加了一定的限制。翻译人员需要将翻译后的文本限制在屏幕长度内，对源文本进行分析、分组和重构。这就要求译者关注不同文化背景的异同，克服文化差异，使译文在新的生态环境中重新焕发活力，从而引起目标语言受众对源语言文化的兴趣和探索。沈姣、施瑾妍，2024：45）

原文：小暑大暑，上蒸下煮

译文：Minor Heat ，Major Heat，drenched in sweat.
译文：Minor heat ，Major Heat，doaked in sweat.

The original text is from the "Summer" section of the documentary. "Minor Heat and Major Heat: People feel as if they are being steamed above and boiled below" means that when the solar terms of Minor Heat and Major Heat arrive, the weather is sweltering and humid, and people feel as if they are being cooked on a stove. If the words "蒸" (steam) and "煮" (boil) are literally translated as "steam" and "boil" here, it will completely lead to an ecological imbalance and the target-language audience will not be able to understand it well. Therefore, before translation, the translator should fully understand the cultural connotations of the original text and select the most appropriate words to correspond to the source text.
原文来自纪录片的“夏天”部分。“小热和大热：人们感觉好像在上面被蒸，下面被煮”的意思是，当小热和大热的节气到来时，天气闷热潮湿，人们感觉就像在炉子上被煮熟一样。如果把“ 蒸 ”（steam）和“ 煮 ”（boil）这两个词在这里直译成“蒸”和“煮”，那将完全导致生态失衡，目标语言的受众将无法很好地理解它。因此，在翻译之前，译者应充分理解原文的文化内涵，并选择最合适的词语与源文本相对应。

Here, the translator cleverly chooses free translation and translates "上蒸下煮" as "drenched in sweat", retaining the core information of the source language. In the Collins Dictionary, the definition of "drench" is "make them completely wet". Using "drenched in sweat" here is extremely appropriate, vividly and aptly depicting the sweltering and humid feeling during Minor Heat and Major Heat. Through the transformation at the communicative dimension, the translator has better achieved the communicative intention of the documentary.
在这里，译者巧妙地选择了自由翻译，将“ 上蒸下煮 ”翻译成“淋汗”，保留了源语言的核心信息。在柯林斯词典中，“淋湿”的定义是“使它们完全湿润”。这里用“淋汗”非常贴切，生动而恰当地描绘了小热和大热期间的闷热潮湿的感觉。通过交际维度的转换，译者更好地实现了纪录片的交际意图。

5. Conclusion
5.结论

In summary, this paper analyzes the subtitle translation of the documentary of Taking Festive China: Stories of Chinese Festivals from the perspective of Eco-translatology, which emphasizes the translation strategies of adapting the target text ecological environment, as well as the integration of the translation in the translation process.
综上所述，本文从生态翻译学的角度分析了纪录片《喜庆中国：中国节日故事》的字幕翻译，强调适应目标文本生态环境的翻译策略，以及翻译在翻译过程中的整合。

The documentary Taking Festive China: Stories of Chinese Festivals has impressed people not only with its content and beautiful pictures, but also the amazing subtitle translation in this film. From the perspective of ecological translation theory, the subtitle translation of Taking Festive China: Stories of Chinese Festivals realizes the three-dimensional transformations —linguistic, cultural and communicative transformations. The wonderful content is shocked by instant subtitles, thus maximizing the cultural value and art of the documentary. However, these three dimensions are not independent in the process of translation. In short, the translator should make the best adaptive selection in the translation process to realize the best three-dimensional transformations in the limited time and space, and to provide the most effective and expressive translation for the audience when subtitle translation is performed.
纪录片《夺取节日中国：中国节日的故事》不仅因其内容和精美的图片而给人们留下了深刻的印象，而且这部电影中令人惊叹的字幕翻译也给人留下了深刻的印象。《喜庆的中国：中国节日的故事》的副标题翻译从生态翻译理论的角度出发，实现了语言、文化和交际的三维转变。精彩的内容被即时字幕震撼，从而最大限度地发挥纪录片的文化价值和艺术性。但是，这三个维度在翻译过程中并不是独立的。简而言之，翻译人员在翻译过程中要做出最佳的自适应选择，在有限的时间和空间内实现最佳的三维转换，在进行字幕翻译时为受众提供最有效、最有表现力的翻译。

In China, there is relatively less study on the documentary subtitle translation. Hopefully, the documentary truly becomes a bridge between cultural communication and language communication between countries through helping the audiences of different countries cross the language, culture and communication barriers to better understand and appreciate different types of documentaries. So far, there is no complete system of translation theory based on film and television plays at home and abroad. The translation of documentary subtitles from the perspective of ecological translation theory aims to attract more experts and scholars to study and explore the theory of and the documentary subtitles translation, so as to further improve the quality of English documentary subtitle translation.
在中国，对纪录片字幕翻译的研究相对较少。希望这部纪录片能真正成为文化交际和国家间语言交际的桥梁，帮助不同国家的观众跨越语言、文化和交际的障碍，更好地理解和欣赏不同类型的纪录片。到目前为止，国内外还没有完整的以影视剧为基础的翻译理论体系。从生态翻译理论的角度对文献字幕进行翻译，旨在吸引更多的专家学者对文献字幕翻译的理论进行研究和探索，从而进一步提高英文文献字幕翻译的质量。