This paper proposes the design of an injection mould for a lightning frame. A challenging area in the field of the injection moulding process is undoubtedly the correct design of the injection mould. The injection moulding method has received much attention in recent years due to the mass production of plastic components with complex shapes and exacting dimensional specifications. Advantageous features of injection moulding are high repeatability and precision paired with speed, a cheap cost per item, and a wide variety of plastics. The software program used to design the injection mould and simulate its functionality was Autodesk Inventor. The result of this paper is to extend our knowledge of injection mould construction. 本文提出了用于避雷框架的注塑模具的设计。注塑工艺领域的一个挑战领域无疑是注塑模具的正确设计。近年来，由于大规模生产具有复杂形状和严格尺寸规格的塑料部件，注塑成型方法受到了广泛关注。注塑成型的优点是高重复性和精度以及速度、低廉的单件成本以及种类繁多的塑料。用于设计注塑模具和模拟其功能的软件程序是 Autodesk Inventor。本文的结果是扩展了我们在注塑模具制造方面的知识。
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) 这是一篇在 CC BY-NC-ND 许可 （https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0） 下的开放获取文章
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the TRANSCOM 2023: 15th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and Safe Transport 由 TRANSCOM 2023 科学委员会负责的同行评审：第 15 届可持续、现代和安全交通国际科学会议
In modern society, traditional materials such as metal, glass, wood, and paper are utilised in the production of numerous products. However, the majority of these traditional materials can be replaced by plastics. (Crawford, 1987; Tang et al., 2006; www.naturpack.sk) It is mainly due to their favourable properties, such as strength, lightweight, chemical resistance, and ability to insulate the heat and electric current (Běhálek, 2016; www.ksp.tul.cz). Therefore, plastics are now widely used in various engineering industries (Lenfeld, 2009). Alongside the development of plastic properties, processing methods have also begun to evolve. These methods include injection moulding, extrusion, blow moulding, and compression moulding. The leading plastics processing technology today is injection moulding which is characterised by its high productivity and precision of production 在现代社会，许多产品都使用金属、玻璃、木材和纸张等传统材料。然而，这些传统材料中的大多数都可以被塑料取代。（克劳福德，1987 年;Tang et al.， 2006;www.naturpack.sk）这主要是由于它们的有利特性，例如强度、重量轻、耐化学性以及绝缘热和电流的能力（Běhálek，2016 年;www.ksp.tul.cz）。因此，塑料现在广泛用于各种工程行业（Lenfeld，2009 年）。随着塑料性能的发展，加工方法也开始发展。这些方法包括注塑成型、挤出成型、吹塑成型和压缩成型。当今领先的塑料加工技术是注塑成型，其特点是生产率高、生产精度高
(Nee, 1986; Lenfeld, 2009; Arora, et al., 2022). This allows manufacturers to produce complex-shaped products that do not require post-treatment (Min, 2003) The downside can be high initial costs, therefore, injection moulding is only used for large-scale production. （Nee，1986 年;Lenfeld，2009 年;Arora 等人，2022 年）。这使得制造商能够生产不需要后处理的复杂形状的产品（Min，2003 年）缺点可能是初始成本高，因此，注塑成型仅用于大规模生产。
In addition to plastic and processing method development, software development has not been left out. These programs can create full 3D models of moulds but also run simulations that remove any product defects resulting from poor design before mould production. (www.protolabs.co.uk) Therefore, several businesses provide modular systems with standardized components to adapt the mould rather than produce it. As a result, production time and expenses decrease thanks to these developments (Greškovič, 2010). In this paper, we design an injection mould for a lighting frame with the 3D modelling software Autodesk Inventor. 除了塑料和加工方法开发外，软件开发也没有被排除在外。这些程序可以创建完整的模具 3D 模型，还可以运行模拟，在模具生产之前消除因设计不佳而导致的任何产品缺陷。（www.protolabs.co.uk）因此，一些企业提供带有标准化组件的模块化系统来适应模具而不是生产模具。因此，由于这些发展，生产时间和费用减少了（Greškovič，2010 年）。在本文中，我们使用 3D 建模软件 Autodesk Inventor 设计了一个用于灯框的注塑模具。
2. Injection moulded product 2. 注塑产品
The injection moulded product is a lighting frame, see Fig. 1. Its function is to protect and secure the shape of the LED strip which is inserted into the frame. The injected product has a specific shape, and its main dimensions are 644.49mmxx103.78mmxx24.78mm644.49 \mathrm{~mm} \times 103.78 \mathrm{~mm} \times 24.78 \mathrm{~mm}. The outer wall has a curved shape. Therefore, the product does not have the same wall thickness throughout the profile. The frame contains a cavity for subsequent insertion of the LED light strip and holes for fixing with screws. The chosen material was polyamide PA6-GF30 with 30%30 \% glass fibre content. As it is used for tough and high-strength products applied in the automotive, electrical, mechanical, and consumer industries. Its characteristics are non-toxic and lightweight properties, excellent mechanical strength, wear resistance and good dimensional stability (www.ky-plastics.com). 注塑产品是照明框架，见图 1。它的功能是保护和固定插入框架的 LED 灯条的形状。注射的产品具有特定的形状，其主要尺寸为 644.49mmxx103.78mmxx24.78mm644.49 \mathrm{~mm} \times 103.78 \mathrm{~mm} \times 24.78 \mathrm{~mm} 。外墙呈弯曲形状。因此，该产品在整个型材中具有不同的壁厚。框架包含一个用于随后插入 LED 灯条的空腔和用于用螺钉固定的孔。选择的材料是含有 30%30 \% 玻璃纤维的聚酰胺 PA6-GF30。因为它用于汽车、电气、机械和消费行业的坚韧和高强度产品。其特点是无毒、轻质、优异的机械强度、耐磨性和良好的尺寸稳定性 （www.ky-plastics.com）。
Fig. 1. Lighting frame model. 图 1.照明框架模型。
3. Design of the injection mould 3. 注塑模具的设计
To create the mould design, we decided to use the standard parts, and the frame was selected as a two-plate system. The quantity of the moulds, the moulding technique, and particularly the size of the product all had an impact on the choice of plate dimensions. The different elements of the mould frame can be seen in Fig. 2. 为了创建模具设计，我们决定使用标准件，框架被选为两板系统。模具的数量、成型技术，尤其是产品的尺寸，都会影响板材尺寸的选择。模架的不同元件如图 2 所示。
Fig. 2. Mould frame model. 图 2.模架模型。
3.1. Location of moulded product 3.1. 成型产品的位置
The lighting frame will take its shape due to the mould inserts, the core and the cavity will be moulded using a single parting plane. In the design of the mould, the parts of the cavity and core which give the product shape were enlarged by the shrinkage value of the material. 照明框架将由于模具嵌件而成型，型芯和型腔将使用单个分型面进行成型。在模具的设计中，赋予产品形状的型腔和型芯部分被材料的收缩值放大。
The cavity, see Fig. 3., must withstand high temperatures and pressures in the injection moulding process, which also influences the choice of material. When selecting the semi-finished product for the mould, tool steel STN 19520 was chosen, which is supplied pre-hardened ( 33 HRC) and usually does not need additional heat treatment. The shaped cavity, the sprue and distribution channels, the sprues, the sprue bush hole, the cooling channels, the holes for the guide pillars with centring collars, the holes for centring, the ejectors, the fittings, the holes for fixing the clamp plate were all made. 见图 3.，型腔必须承受注塑过程中的高温和高压，这也会影响材料的选择。在为模具选择半成品时，选择了工具钢 STN 19520，该钢以预硬化 （33 HRC） 形式提供，通常不需要额外的热处理。成型型腔、浇口和分配通道、浇口、浇口衬套孔、冷却通道、带定心环的导柱孔、定心孔、顶出器、配件、固定夹板的孔都制成了。
