Many researchers have utilised X to measure …
许多研究人员利用 X 来测量……
One of the most well-known tools for assessing …
最著名的评估工具之一……
Traditionally, X has been assessed by measuring …
传统上，X 是通过测量……来评估的。
A number of techniques have been developed to …
已经开发了许多技术来……
Different methods have been proposed to classify …
人们提出了不同的方法来分类……
X is the main non-invasive method used to determine …
X 是用于确定……的主要非侵入性方法。
Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.
不同的作者以多种方式测量 X。
Several methods currently exist for the measurement of X.
目前存在多种测量 X 的方法。
Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on …
之前的研究将他们的选择标准建立在……
X is one of the most common procedures for determining …
X 是确定……的最常见程序之一。
There are three main types of study design used to identify …
研究设计主要分为三种类型，用于识别……
The use of life story data has a relatively long tradition within X.
使用生活故事数据在 X 内部有着相对悠久的传统。
Recent advances in X methods have facilitated investigation of …
X 方法的最新进展促进了……的研究
There are a number of instruments available for measuring the …
有许多仪器可用于测量……
X and Y are currently the most popular methods for investigating …
X 和 Y 是目前最流行的调查方法......
Recently, simpler and more rapid tests of X have been developed.
最近，更简单、更快速的 X 测试已经开发出来。
In most recent studies, X has been measured in four different ways.
在最近的大多数研究中，X 通过四种不同的方式进行测量。
The use of qualitative case studies is a well-established approach in …
使用定性案例研究是……的一种行之有效的方法。
Xs have been used in the past to investigate the mechanical properties of …
Xs 过去曾被用来研究……的机械性能。

The present study utilises X to analyse …
本研究利用 X 来分析……
The current study adopts a case study approach.
本研究采用案例研究的方法。
A qualitative methodology is employed in this study.
本研究采用定性方法。
A mixed methods approach is employed in this research.
本研究采用混合方法。
This investigation utilises X analysis and statistical methods to …
这项调查利用 X 分析和统计方法来……
A participatory qualitative research approach is employed in this study.
本研究采用参与式定性研究方法。
The current investigation utilises an array of assessment techniques to …
当前的调查利用了一系列评估技术……
The current study uses qualitative analysis in order to gain insights into …
当前的研究使用定性分析来深入了解……
It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation was to …
决定本次调查采用的最佳方法是……

A major advantage of X is that …
X 的一个主要优点是……
The benefit of this approach is that …
这种方法的好处是……
X based methods provide a means of …
基于 X 的方法提供了一种方法……
X was selected for its reliability and validity.
选择 X 是因为其可靠性和有效性。
A case study approach was used to allow a …
使用案例研究方法来允许……
This method is particularly useful in studying …
这种方法在研究……时特别有用。
A quantitative approach was employed since …
自……以来采用了定量方法。
Qualitative methods offer an effective way of …
定性方法提供了一种有效的方法……
The design of the questionnaires was based on …
调查问卷的设计基于……
The X method is one of the more practical ways of …
X 方法是更实用的方法之一……

The semi-structured approach was chosen because …
选择半结构化方法是因为……
The X approach has a number of attractive features: …
X 方法有许多吸引人的特点：……
The advantages of Xs are that they are simple to deliver.
X 的优点是易于交付。
The second advantage of using the multivariate method is …
使用多元方法的第二个优点是……
The study uses qualitative analysis in order to gain insights into …
该研究使用定性分析来深入了解……
One advantage of the X analysis is that it avoids the problem of …
X 分析的优点之一是它避免了……的问题。
Another advantage of using computer simulations is that it allows …
使用计算机模拟的另一个优点是它允许……
Continuous sampling methods have a number of advantages over …
连续采样方法比……有许多优点。
The collaborative nature of the focus group offers another advantage …
焦点小组的协作性质提供了另一个优势……
Qualitative methods can be more useful for identifying and characterising … 
定性方法对于识别和表征……更有用。

The limitation of this approach is that …
这种方法的局限性在于……
A disadvantage of many cohort studies is that …
许多队列研究的缺点是……
A major problem with the experimental method is that
实验方法的一个主要问题是
The main disadvantage of the experimental method is that
实验方法的主要缺点是
The principal limitation of the experimental approach is that …
实验方法的主要局限性是……
However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the use of
然而，使用与使用相关的某些缺点
The disadvantage of this method is its reliance on the availability of …
这种方法的缺点是它依赖于......的可用性
However, this method clearly is not valid for analysing long-term trends in …
然而，这种方法显然不适用于分析……的长期趋势。
There are obvious difficulties in accepting the reliability of self-report information.
接受自我报告信息的可靠性显然存在困难。
There are certain problems with the use of focus groups. One of these is that there is less …
焦点小组的使用存在某些问题。其中之一是，数量较少……

The solution was then assayed for X using the Y method.
然后使用 Y 方法测定溶液的 X。
X was prepared according to the procedure used by Jones et al. (1957).
X 是根据 Jones 等人使用的程序制备的。 （1957）。
The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).
X的合成是根据Smith (1973)的程序进行的。
X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using …
X 的合成方法与 Y 的详细方法相同，使用……
Samples were analysed for X as previously reported by Smith et al. (2012).
如 Smith 等人之前报道的那样，对样品进行了 X 分析。 （2012）。
Analysis was based on the conceptual framework proposed by Smith et al. (2002).
分析基于 Smith 等人提出的概念框架。 （2002）。
This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Jones et al. (1990)…
该化合物是通过采用 Jones 等人使用的程序来制备的。 (1990)…

The cohort was divided into two groups according to …
该队列根据……被分为两组
A random sample of patients with … was recruited from …
患有……的患者的随机样本是从……招募的
Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2014.
文章检索时间为 1965 年 1 月至 2014 年 4 月。
The sample was representative with respect to gender and …
该样本在性别方面具有代表性，并且……
Forty-seven students studying X were recruited for this study.
这项研究招募了 47 名学习 X 的学生。
A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that …
对以下研究进行了系统的文献综述……
Just over half the sample (53%) was female, of whom 69% were …
超过一半的样本 (53%) 是女性，其中 69% 是……
Of the initial cohort of 123 students, 66 were female and 57 male.
在最初的 123 名学生中，有 66 名女性和 57 名男性。
Eligible women who matched the selection criteria were identified by …
符合选择标准的合格女性是通过……确定的。
Only children aged between 10 and 15 years were included in the study.
该研究仅纳入 10 至 15 岁的儿童。
The participants were divided into two groups based on their performance on …
参与者根据他们的表现分为两组......
Two groups of subjects were interviewed, namely X and Y. The first group were …
两组受试者接受采访，即 X 和 Y。第一组是……
The project used a convenience sample of 32 first year modern languages students.
该项目使用了 32 名一年级现代语言学生的方便样本。
All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study…
研究开始时所有参与者的年龄都在 18 至 19 岁之间……
All studies described as using some sort of X procedure were included in the analysis.
所有描述为使用某种 X 程序的研究都包含在分析中。
Participants were recruited from 15 clinics across …, covering urban and rural areas …
参与者是从…的 15 个诊所招募的，覆盖城市和农村地区…
The initial sample consisted of 200 students, 75 of whom belonged to minority groups.
最初的样本包括 200 名学生，其中 75 名属于少数族裔。
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 male offenders with a mean age of 38 years.
对 17 名平均年龄 38 岁的男性罪犯进行了半结构化访谈。

Criteria for selecting the subjects were as follows:
选择科目的标准如下：
Publications were only included in the analysis if…
出版物仅包含在分析中，如果......
The participants in this study were recruited from …
这项研究的参与者是从……招募的
To identify X, the following parameters were used: …
为了识别 X，使用了以下参数：……
The area of study was chosen for its relatively small …
选择该研究领域是因为其相对较小……
Primary inclusion criteria for the X participants were …
X 参与者的主要纳入标准是……
Eligibility criteria required individuals to have received …
资格标准要求个人已获得……
Five individuals were excluded from the study on the basis of …
五个人被排除在研究之外，原因是……
A small sample was chosen because of the expected difficulty in obtaining …
选择了一个小样本，因为预计很难获得……
The subjects were selected on the basis of the degree of homogeneity of their …
受试者的选择是基于他们的同质性程度......
A comparison group of 12 male subjects without any history of X was drawn from a pool of …
对照组由 12 名没有任何 X 病史的男性受试者组成，他们是从……

In order to identify X, the participants were asked to …
为了识别 X，参与者被要求……
In order to determine whether …, the cells were incubated for …
为了确定是否……，将细胞孵育……
In order to assess whether and how Xs are produced and received, we measured …
为了评估 X 是否以及如何产生和接收，我们测量了……
In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.
为了了解 X 如何调节 Y，进行了一系列转染。

To establish whether …, 确定是否……，
To measure X, a question asking … was used.
为了测量 X，使用了提问……的问题。
To rule out the possibility that X, the participants were …
为了排除 X 的可能性，参与者是……
To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.
为了控制偏差，测量由另一个人进行。
To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and …
为了查看这两种方法是否给出相同的测量结果，绘制了数据并......
To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with …
为了使受试者能够清楚地看到计算机屏幕，笔记本电脑配置了……
To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was used
为了比较初次筛选后三周的分数，使用了全局方差分析 F 检验

The vials were capped with … to prevent …
小瓶上盖有……以防止……
The process was repeated several times in order to remove …
这个过程重复了几次，以去除……
In an attempt to make each interviewee feel as comfortable as possible, the interviewer …
为了让每位受访者感到尽可能舒适，采访者......
Each X was tested twice with a 4-minute break between to increase the reliability of the measures.
每个 X 测试两次，中间休息 4 分钟，以提高测量的可靠性。

For the attitude questions, a Likert scale was used.
对于态度问题，使用了李克特量表。
For the purpose of height measurement, subjects were asked to stand …
为了测量身高，受试者被要求站立……
For the purpose of analysis, two segments were extracted from each …
为了分析的目的，从每个…中提取了两个片段。
For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 µL of protein sample was mixed with …
为了估计蛋白质浓度，将 100 µL 蛋白质样品与……混合

All participants were sent …
所有参与者都被发送...
The data were normalised using …
使用…对数据进行标准化
Ethical approval was obtained from …
获得了道德批准……
Drugs were administered by icv injection …
药物通过静脉注射给药……
Descriptive data were generated for all variables.
为所有变量生成描述性数据。
The procedures of this study were approved by …
这项研究的程序得到了……的批准。
Prompts were used as an aid to question two so that …
提示被用来辅助回答第二个问题，以便……
Data were collected using semi-structured interviews in …
数据是通过半结构化访谈收集的……
Participants were thanked for their time and effort and for …
感谢参与者付出的时间和努力以及……
The experiments were run using custom software written in…
实验是使用以下语言编写的定制软件进行的：

Two sets of anonymised questionnaires were completed by …
两组匿名调查问卷由……完成
A total of 256 samples were taken from 52 boreholes (Figure 11).
从 52 个钻孔中总共采集了 256 个样本（图 11）。
The solution was washed three times with deionized water and …
将溶液用去离子水洗涤3次，然后...
Significance levels were set at the 1% level using the student t-test.
使用学生 t 检验将显着性水平设置为 1%。
Data management and analysis were performed using SPSS 16.0 (2010).
使用SPSS 16.0（2010）进行数据管理和分析。
Published studies were identified using a search strategy developed in …
已发表的研究是使用在……中开发的搜索策略来确定的。
Data were gathered from multiple sources at various time points during …
数据是在……期间的不同时间点从多个来源收集的。
Injection solutions were coded by a colleague to reduce experimenter bias.
注射溶液由同事编码，以减少实验者的偏差。
The pilot interviews were conducted informally by the trained interviewer …
试点访谈是由经过培训的访谈员非正式地进行的……
Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications…
进一步搜索文章参考文献以获取其他相关出版物......

To begin this process, …
为了开始这个过程，...
The first step in this process was to …
这个过程的第一步是……
The second method used to identify X involved …
用于识别 X 的第二种方法涉及……

The soil was then weighed again, and this weight was recorded as …
然后再次称重土壤，并将该重量记录为……
The participants were then shown a film individually and were asked to …
然后，参与者单独观看了一部电影，并被要求……
The results were corrected for the background readings and then averaged before …
结果根据背景读数进行校正，然后在之前取平均值……
These ratings were then made for the ten stimuli to which the subject had been exposed …
然后针对受试者所接触的十种刺激进行这些评级……
The analysis was checked when initially performed and then checked again at the end of …
最初执行时检查分析，然后在……结束时再次检查。

Finally, questions were asked as to the role of …
最后，有人就……的作用提出了问题。
In the follow-up phase of the study, participants were asked …
在研究的后续阶段，参与者被要求……
The final stage of the study comprised a semi-structured interview with participants who …
研究的最后阶段包括对参与者的半结构化访谈，他们……

The medium was then aseptically transferred to a conical flask.
然后将培养基无菌转移至锥形瓶中。
A sample of the concentrate was then carefully injected into …
然后将浓缩物样品小心地注入……
The tubes were accurately reweighed to six decimal places using …
使用……将管子准确地重新称重到小数点后六位。
The soil was then placed in a furnace and gradually heated up to …
然后将土壤放入炉子中并逐渐加热至……
The vials were shaken manually to allow the soil to mix well with the water.
手动摇动小瓶，使土壤与水充分混合。
The resulting solution was gently mixed at room temperature for ten minutes and …
将所得溶液在室温下轻轻混合十分钟，然后……

Data were collected using two high spectral resolution Xs.
使用两个高光谱分辨率 X 收集数据。
Semi-automated genotyping was carried out using X software and …
使用 X 软件进行半自动基因分型......
Using the X-ray and looking at the actual X, it was possible to identify …
使用 X 射线并观察实际的 X，可以识别……
Comparisons between the two groups were made using unrelated t-tests.
使用不相关的 t 检验进行两组之间的比较。
The data were recorded on a digital audio recorder and transcribed using a …
数据记录在数字录音机上并使用……转录
Statistical significance was analysed using analysis of variance and t-tests as appropriate.
酌情使用方差分析和 t 检验来分析统计显着性。
Using an Anthos Micro plate Reader, we were able to separate single cells into different …
使用 Anthos Microplate Reader，我们能够将单个细胞分离成不同的……
15 subjects were recruited using email advertisements requesting healthy students from …
通过电子邮件广告招募了 15 名受试者，要求来自……的健康学生
All the work on the computer was carried out using Quattro Pro for Windows and …
计算机上的所有工作都是使用 Quattro Pro for Windows 进行的，并且……

The first question elicited information on …
第一个问题引出了有关……的信息。
Seven questions, adapted from X, assessed …
改编自 X 的七个问题，评估了……
All survey questions utilised a 5-point Likert scale.
所有调查问题均采用 5 点李克特量表。
Using a 5-point Likert scale, participants were asked …
使用 5 点李克特量表，参与者被要求……
A short questionnaire was designed to ascertain the participants’ …
设计了一份简短的调查问卷来确定参与者的……
The questionnaire was designed to measure the following constructs:
该问卷旨在衡量以下结构：
Participants were asked to respond using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from …
参与者被要求使用李克特 5 点量表进行回答，范围从……
The questions asked participants to rate how strongly they agreed with each statement.
这些问题要求参与者评价他们对每项陈述的同意程度。
The study began with two open-ended survey questions that asked participants to indicate …
该研究从两个开放式调查问题开始，要求参与者指出……
The questionnaire asked participants to complete three open-ended questions that asked about …
调查问卷要求参与者完成三个开放式问题，这些问题涉及……

The data were normalised using …
使用…对数据进行标准化
A p value <0.05 was considered significant.
p 值<0.05 被认为是显着的。
Descriptive data were generated for all variables.
为所有变量生成描述性数据。
Reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha.
使用 Cronbach’s alpha 计算可靠性。
All analyses were carried out using SPSS, version 26.
所有分析均使用 SPSS 26 版进行。
Non-parametric tests were used to compare the number of …
非参数检验用于比较……的数量。
Independent sample t-tests were carried out to assess whether …
进行了独立样本 t 检验以评估是否……
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 26).
使用SPSS软件（版本26）进行统计分析。
Significance levels were set at the 1% level using the student t-test.
使用学生 t 检验将显着性水平设置为 1%。
Data management and analysis were performed using SPSS 26.0 (2019).
使用SPSS 26.0（2019）进行数据管理和分析。
A Pearson correlation analysis was conducted in order to assess the strength of …
进行皮尔逊相关分析是为了评估……的强度
An independent t-test was carried out on each of the variables to determine whether …
对每个变量进行了独立的 t 检验，以确定是否……
The mean score for the two trials was subjected to multivariate analysis of variance to determine …
对两项试验的平均分进行多变量方差分析以确定……

Several issues arose when collecting the …
收集资料时出现了几个问题……
In particular, the analysis of X was problematic.
特别是，X 的分析是有问题的。
In observational studies, there is a potential for bias from …
在观察性研究中，可能存在来自……的偏见。
The small size of the dataset meant that it was not possible to …
数据集较小意味着不可能……
Further data collection is required to determine exactly how X affects Y.
需要进一步收集数据来准确确定 X 如何影响 Y。
Another major source of uncertainty is in the method used to calculate X.
不确定性的另一个主要来源是用于计算 X 的方法。
In this investigation there are several sources for error. The main error is …
在这项调查中，有几个错误来源。主要错误是……
It was not possible to investigate the significant relationships of X and Y further because…
不可能进一步研究 X 和 Y 的显着关系，因为……
The responses relating to X were subjective and were therefore susceptible to recall bias.
与 X 相关的回答是主观的，因此容易受到回忆偏差的影响。