June 2024 Diploma Macro Exam:
2024 年 6 月文凭宏观考试：

Exam date: 10^th June (12:30-2:30pm – 2 hours)
考试日期： ^th 6月10日（中午12：30-2：30 – 2小时）

Physical exam: Venue – Marina Square
体检：地点 – 滨海广场

Format: Answer ANY 4 out of 5 essay questions (25 marks each) – Closed book (cannot bring in notes but bring along PSB approved calculator (attached PSB sticker on the calculator)
格式：回答 5 个作文问题中的任何 4 个（每个 25 分）——封闭式书本（不能带笔记，但带上 PSB 批准的计算器（计算器上附有 PSB 贴纸）

All 9 topics will be tested
所有 9 个主题都将进行测试

Diploma Macro Revision Exam June 2024 Focus Area
2024 年 6 月文凭宏观复习考试重点领域

Topic 1: GDP
主题1：GDP

Calculation of GDP using income approach and expenditure approach
采用收入法和支出法计算国内生产总值

Calculation of GDP growth rate
GDP增长率的计算

3-4 factors of limitation/shortcomings of using GDP to measure standard of living/quality of life
3-4 使用GDP衡量生活水平/生活质量的局限性/缺点

Topic 2: AE model
主题 2：AE 模型

Factors affecting C, I, G, X and M
影响 C、I、G、X 和 M 的因素

AE diagram: How changes in factors affecting C, I, G, X and M will shift the AE curve upward or downward and how it will affect real GDP.
AE图：影响C、I、G、X和M的因素变化将如何使AE曲线向上或向下移动，以及它将如何影响实际GDP。

Calculation of expenditure multiplier and the change in real GDP
支出乘数的计算和实际GDP的变化

Topic 3:AD-AS model
主题 3：AD-AS 模型

Factors affecting AD = C, I, G, X – M and how will shift AD curve to the right or left
影响 AD = C、I、G、X – M 的因素以及 AD 曲线如何向右或向左移动

2 Factors shifting SAS: 1. Changes in input prices (wages, rent, price of raw materials and price of oil) and 2. Natural disasters
2 改变 SAS 的因素：1. 投入价格（工资、租金、原材料价格和石油价格）的变化和 2.自然灾害

3 factors shifting LAS: 1. Changes in quantity of labor, changes in quantity of capital and improvement in technology
改变LAS的3个因素：1.劳动力数量的变化，资本数量的变化和技术的进步

Diagrams: Full employment (LR macroeconomic equilibrium), recessionary gap or inflationary gap. Explain and illustrate how changes in factors affecting AD, SAS and LAS will shift respective curve and how it will affect the price level and real GDP eventually
图表：充分就业（LR宏观经济均衡）、衰退缺口或通胀缺口。解释并说明影响AD、SAS和LAS的因素的变化将如何改变各自的曲线，以及它最终将如何影响价格水平和实际GDP

Topic 4: Macroeconomic Issues: Unemployment and Inflation
主题4：宏观经济问题：失业和通货膨胀

Calculation of Labor force and unemployment rate
劳动力和失业率的计算

3 types of unemployment
3种失业类型

Calculation of inflation rate
通货膨胀率的计算

Diagram (starting with initial full-employment diagram): Factors causing demand-pull inflation (any factors affecting C, I, G, X and M and how it will increase AD and shift the AD curve to the right)
图表（从最初的充分就业图开始）：导致需求拉动型通货膨胀的因素（影响 C、I、G、X 和 M 的任何因素，以及它将如何增加 AD 并使 AD 曲线向右移动）

Diagram (starting with initial full-employment diagram): Factors causing cost-push inflation (any factors increasing wages, rent, price of raw materials and price of oil or natural disasters which will reduce SAS and shifts the SAS curve to the left)
图（从最初的充分就业图开始）：导致成本推动型通货膨胀的因素（任何增加工资、租金、原材料价格和石油价格的因素或自然灾害，这些因素将降低SAS并使SAS曲线向左移动）

Topic 5: Fiscal policy
议题5：财政政策

Recessionary gap diagram: Illustrate and explain how government could use expansionary fiscal policy to reduce unemployment.
衰退缺口图：说明并解释政府如何利用扩张性财政政策来降低失业率。

Inflationary gap diagram: Illustrate and explain how government could use contractionary fiscal policy to reduce inflation.
通胀缺口图：说明并解释政府如何利用紧缩性财政政策来降低通胀。

Topic 6: Money and Banking
主题6：货币与银行业务

Calculation of money multiplier and the amount of new money created.
货币乘数和创造的新货币数量的计算。

3 factors shifting demand for money curve: 1. Changes in real GDP, 2. Changes in price level and 3. Financial innovation
货币需求曲线变化的 3 个因素：1.实际 GDP 的变化，2.物价水平的变化和 3.金融创新

3 factors shifting supply of money curve: 3 monetary tools: 1. Central bank buys/sells bonds, 2. Changes in required reserve ratio and 3. Changes in discount rate
货币供应量曲线变化的 3 个因素： 3 种货币工具： 1. 中央银行买卖债券， 2. 所需准备金率的变化和 3.贴现率的变化

Money market diagram: illustrate and explain how shifting in demand for money curve (Md) or supply of money curve (Ms) will affect interest rates.
货币市场图：说明和解释货币需求曲线（Md）或货币供给曲线（Ms）的变化将如何影响利率。

Topic 7: Monetary policy
议题7：货币政策

Understand how changes in 3 monetary tools will affect and shift the supply of money curve (Ms): 1. 1. Central bank buys/sells bonds, 2. Changes in required reserve ratio and 3. Changes in discount rate
了解 3 种货币工具的变化将如何影响和改变货币供应曲线 （Ms）： 1. 1.中央银行买卖债券， 2.法定准备金率的变化和 3.贴现率的变化

Recessionary gap diagram: Illustrate and explain how central bank could use expansionary monetary policy to reduce unemployment.
衰退缺口图：说明并解释央行如何利用扩张性货币政策来降低失业率。

Inflationary gap diagram: Illustrate and explain how central could use contractionary monetary policy to reduce inflation.
通胀缺口图：说明并解释中央如何利用紧缩性货币政策来降低通胀。

Topic 8: International Trade
主题8：国际贸易

3-4 benefits/advantages of international trade
3-4 国际贸易的好处/优势

Diagrams: Illustrate and distinguish between import tariffs and import quota
图表：说明和区分进口关税和进口配额

Topic 9: Exchange rate
主题9：汇率

Flexible exchange rate: Diagram – Illustrate and explain how changes in factors affecting demand of supply of S$ will affect the value of S$.
灵活汇率：图表 – 说明并解释影响新元供应需求的因素变化将如何影响新元的价值。

That is, explain how any of 3 factors affecting and shifting demand/supply of S$: 1. Changes in relative real GDP, 2 Changes in relative price level and 3. Changes in relative interest rates will cause S$ to depreciate or appreciate.
也就是说，解释 3 个因素中的任何一个如何影响和改变 S$ 的需求/供应：1. 相对实际 GDP 的变化，2 相对价格水平的变化和 3.相对利率的变化将导致新元贬值或升值。