Wk 2 Synthesis Task Practice – Texts
第 2 周综合任务练习 - 课文

Text 1: (Spangenberg, 2002) OR Spangenberg (2002)
案文 1（斯潘根贝格，2002 年） 或斯潘根贝格 （2002 年）

Text 2: (Oni, 2017) OR Oni (2017)
文本 2（Oni，2017） 或 Oni（2017）

Text 3: (Visbeck, 2016) OR Visbeck (2016)
文本 3（维斯贝克，2016） 或维斯贝克 （2016）

TEXT 1
文本 1

Edited extract from: Spangenberg, J.H. (2002). Sustainability science: Which science and technology for sustainable development? INES Newsletter, 38.
编辑摘录自： 斯潘根贝格，J.H. （2002 年）的报告。 可持续发展科学： 哪些科学和技术促进可持续发展？我内斯通讯，38.

The concept of sustainable development has emerged as a new paradigm. The definition most frequently referred to is the one provided by the Brundtland Commission's (officially the WCED World Commission on Environment and Development), characterising it as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" , p. 43). This definition has been publicly criticised as vague, imprecise and not operational. However, it has helped to put sustainable development on the international policy agenda, making the concept a vision so impossible to ignore that all kinds of interest groups are actively battling to define what sustainable development means. It is no surprise then, that the approaches suggested by these groups lack any common definition or operational principle: a common definition of sustainable development needs to cover a broad range of interests which have no easily identifiable common basis.
可持续发展的概念已成为一种新的模式。最常提到的定义是布伦特兰委员会（正式名称为世界环境与发展委员会）提出的定义，将其定性为“满足当代人需要而又不损害后代人满足其需要的能力的发展”，第 43 页）。这一定义被公开批评为模糊、不准确和不可操作。 然而，它有助于将可持续发展列入国际政策议程，使这一概念成为一个不容忽视的愿景， 以至于各种利益集团都在积极争取界定可持续发展的含义。因此，毫不奇怪，这些团体提出的办法缺乏任何共同的定义或业务原则：可持续发展的共同定义需要涵盖范围广泛的利益，而这些利益没有容易确定的共同基础。

What is widely recognised, however, is that the economy is a driving force behind most of the problems, as well as a potential force for the better, contributing to the solution of problems by creating enough wealth to solve them. In a similar fashion, science and technology are increasingly recognised as central causes of the sustainability challenges, and central to successfully dealing with them.
然而， 人们普遍认为 ， 经济是大多数问题背后的驱动力， 也是一种潜在的改善力量， 通过创造足够的财富来解决问题，从而有助于解决问题。与此类似，科学和技术越来越被视为可持续性挑战的核心原因，也是成功应对这些挑战的核心。

The Challenge to Science and Engineering
科学与工程的挑战

Facing the "triple P sustainability challenge" of poverty, pollution and political participation means that science must work hard to understand both the natural and the cultural world and the way they interact in order to help find ways out of the sustainability crisis. This includes helping to map out the choices society faces and their consequences, while not confusing means and ends, i.e. being clear about the fact that the choices we face are societal choices, not scientific or technical ones.
面对贫困、污染和政治参与的“三重可持续性挑战”，科学必须努力了解自然和文化世界及其相互作用的方式，以帮助找到摆脱可持续性危机的方法。 这包括帮助绘制出社会面临的选择及其后果， 同时不要混淆手段和目的，即明确我们面临的选择是社会选择，而不是科学选择。 技术性的。

As a concept including social, economic, environmental and institutional objectives, sustainable development is perhaps the most fundamental challenge to the concept and institutional system of modern science that has emerged since the Romantic period. The scientific community has been accustomed to setting its own agenda, irrespective of the problems concerning society at large (except those articulated by granting public or private research funds, of course), and steadily developing into a collection of more and more specialised, rather unconnected disciplines and schools of thought. However, the sustainability discourse offers many opportunities to reconnect science to society and to build a new basis of public support for research and development as a key foundation for both science and society to flourish.
作为一个包含社会、经济、环境和制度目标的概念，可持续发展也许是对浪漫主义时期以来出现的现代科学概念和制度体系的最根本挑战 。 科学界已经习惯于制定自己的议程，而不管涉及整个社会的问题（当然，除了那些通过授予公共或私人研究基金所阐明的问题），并稳步发展成为越来越专业化的集合，而不是相互关联的学科和思想流派。 然而，关于可持续性的讨论提供了许多机会，可以将科学与社会重新联系起来，并建立一个新的基础，使公众支持研究和开发，作为科学和社会繁荣的关键基础。

The sustainability paradigm identifies four key societal challenges:
可持续发展范式确定了四个关键的社会挑战：

the environmental challenge: the global degradation of the natural basis of human life,
环境挑战： 人类生活的自然基础的全球退化

the first social challenge: the increasingly unequal distribution of income and assets in and between countries,
第一个社会挑战： 国家内部和国家之间收入和资产分配越来越不平等

the second social challenge: the high number of people living in poverty, and
第二个社会挑战： 生活在贫困中的人数很多 ，

the institutional challenge: the resulting threats to peace and security.
体制挑战： 由此对和平与安全造成的威胁。

These challenges are neither based on one core problem nor independent but interlinked. They have to be dealt with together rather than separately due to the very urgency of the problems. This means that sustainability must be managed across the four dimensions (social, environmental, economic and institutional) of sustainable development. Sustainability research in science thus has to contribute to the integration of economic, social, environmental and institutional research issues into a coherent framework of interacting complex systems. The scientific research perspective must be integrated with relevant research topics in economics, ecology, sociology, political sciences, trade, development and other research. The scientific research perspective must also be extended to include distant regions and future generations, and it must also better monitor and assess the long-term impacts of our interventions into natural and social systems. In many cases, we do not adequately understand the natural and social systems that we try to manage and thus we do not understand the long-term consequences of our interventions into these
这些挑战既不是基于一个核心问题，也不是独立的，而是相互关联的。 由于这些问题的紧迫性，它们必须一起处理，而不是分开处理。这意味着必须在可持续发展的四个层面（社会、环境、经济和体制）管理可持续性 。因此，科学中的可持续性研究必须有助于将经济、 社会、 环境和体制研究问题纳入相互作用的复杂系统的连贯框架。 科学研究视角必须与经济学、 生态学、 社会学、 政治学、 贸易、 发展等研究领域的相关研究课题相结合。 科学研究的视角还必须扩大 ，以包括遥远的地区和子孙后代， 还必须更好地监测和评估我们对自然和社会系统的干预措施的长期影响。 在许多情况下，我们并不充分了解我们试图管理的自然和社会系统， 因此我们不了解我们干预这些系统的长期后果 。

systems. We must learn to ‘look further’. These conditions call for greater cooperation and interdisciplinary
系统. 我们必须学会 “看得更远”。 这些条件要求加强合作和跨学科

research.

Science for sustainability is science which meets these criteria while contributing to solutions for the most urgent sustainability problems as defined by society, not by science. It represents an effort to empower all members of society to make informed decisions, thus representing an idea of the "knowledge society" going far beyond technical means of communication. Sustainability science needs to include and build upon natural, technical, social and economic sciences, but has to integrate and reshape them to accommodate the needs of the sustainability paradigm.
科学促进可持续发展是符合这些标准的科学， 同时有助于解决社会而不是科学定义的最紧迫的可持续发展问题 。它代表着一种努力 ，使所有社会成员都能作出知情的决定， 从而代表着一种远远超出技术通信手段的 “知识社会” 的理念 。 可持续性科学需要包括自然、 技术、 社会和经济科学并以此为基础， 但必须整合和重塑这些科学， 以适应可持续性范式的需要。

Glossary
术语表

Romantic Period: a time of artistic and intellectual change around the early 1800s
浪漫主义时期：1800 年代初左右的艺术和思想变革时期

TEXT 2

Edited extract from: Oni , T. (2017, August 19). How scientists can help make the sustainable development goals a reality. https://theconversation.com/how-scientists-can-help-make-the-sustainable-development- goals-a-reality-81488
编辑摘录自：OniT。（2017 年 8 月 19 日）。 科学家如何帮助实现可持续发展目标 https://theconversation.com/how-scientists-can-help-make-the-sustainable-development-goals-a-reality-81488

The United Nations set 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for countries to reach by 2030. Achieving them requires political will and investment, but also policies that are informed by evidence. This is where academics and researchers have an important role to play.
联合国为各国设定了到 2030 年实现的 17 个可持续发展目标 （SDG）。实现这些目标需要政治意愿和投资，但也需要以证据为依据的政策。这就是学者和研究人员可以发挥重要作用的地方。

Policies and strategies are more likely to succeed if they are based on science so policymakers and researchers will have to work together. This requires trade-offs. For scientists to be involved in the process they need new skills. They will have to learn to conduct research in communities, connect with policymakers and tackle complex issues from different perspectives. If this integration between scientific research and policy-making takes place, the strategies and policies that are adopted to implement the SDGs will be informed by evidence and will have results that improve people’s lives.
政策和战略如果以科学为基础，就更有可能取得成功，因此政策制定者和研究人员必须共同努力。这需要权衡取舍。要让科学家参与这一进程，他们需要新的技能。他们必须学会在社区进行研究，与政策制定者建立联系，并从不同的角度解决复杂的问题。如果科学研究和政策制定之间的这种融合得以实现， 为实施可持续发展目标而采取的战略和政策将得到证据的支持，并将产生改善人民生活的结果。

Interlinked goals
关联的目标

The 17 goals address problems like hunger, poverty, education, gender equality and water and sanitation. Most of them are interrelated. To achieve one goal, others must be addressed. Take the relationship between goal 3 (health) and goal 11 (sustainable cities). Goal three can’t be achieved without making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. However, building such cities requires an efficient public health system. All the goals interact with others: clean water and adequate housing are linked to health, for example.
这 17 个目标涉及饥饿、贫困、教育、性别平等、水和卫生等问题。其中大多数是相互关联的。为了实现一个目标，必须处理其他目标。以目标 3（健康） 和目标 11（可持续城市）之间的关系为例。 如果不使城市具有包容性、安全性、复原力和可持续性，目标三就无法实现。然而，建设这样的城市需要一个有效的公共卫生系统。所有目标都与其他目标相互作用：例如，清洁饮水和适足住房与健康有关 。

Researchers and policymakers all need to work across sectors. So, for example, health scientists need to work with scientists in other areas, as well as with non-health policymakers. And health policymakers working in cities need to work with researchers and other policymakers in housing, transport, food and trade. Getting there will be hard because there are many barriers, such as completely separate data systems, to sharing knowledge between sectors in the academic, civil society and policymaking areas.
研究人员和政策制定者都需要跨部门工作。 因此， 例如， 卫生科学家需要与其他领域的科学家以及非卫生政策制定者合作。在城市工作的卫生政策制定者需要与住房、交通、食品和贸易领域的研究人员和其他政策制定者合作。实现这一目标将是困难的，因为在学术、民间社会和决策领域的部门之间共享知识存在许多障碍，例如完全独立的数据系统。

In the health sector there are signs that cross-pollination is starting to happen. A good example is the non- communicable disease toolkit which was developed by the UN Interagency Task Force for different policy sectors. The toolkit advises specific government ministries on how to tackle non-communicable diseases in their fields. It gives non-health sectors information that helps them understand the health implications of their actions. It also suggests strategies that could contribute to improving the health of populations.
在卫生部门 ， 有迹象表明，异花授粉正在开始发生。 一个很好的例子是联合国机构间工作队为不同政策部门开发的非传染性疾病工具包。 该工具包就如何在各自领域应对非传染性疾病向具体政府部委提供咨询意见。它向非卫生部门提供信息，帮助它们了解其行动对健康的影响。它还提出了有助于改善人口健康的战略。

Labour ministers, for example, are advised that non-communicable diseases reduce the labour force, productivity and economic growth. They can see how preventing noncommunicable diseases makes economic sense.
例如，劳工部长们被告知 ， 非传染性疾病减少了劳动力、生产力和经济增长。他们可以看到预防非传染性疾病如何具有经济意义。

Trade-offs and benefits
利弊权衡

An intersectoral approach delivers benefits but it also requires trade-offs from scientists and policymakers. Scientists should strive to conduct research that has an impact beyond the laboratory and can be useful to policymakers. Policymakers need to understand that gathering evidence can take time and won’t always match the pace of their plans. Unless these trade-offs are acknowledged there won’t be any meaningful engagement between the two sides and that will mean that the potential for science and evidence to inform policy will be lost.
跨部门办法带来了好处，但也要求科学家和决策者作出权衡。科学家应努力开展影响超出实验室范围、 对决策者有用的研究。政策制定者需要明白，收集证据可能需要时间，而且并不总是与他们的计划相匹配。除非这些权衡得到承认，否则双方之间不会有任何有意义的接触，这将意味着科学和证据为政策提供信息的潜力将丧失。

This approach is being taught in initiatives like the Global Young Academy, which aims to change the norms and expectations of scientists by steering training towards examining everyday issues, and by building capacity for engaging with policymakers. Initiatives like this are vital to ensure future scientists have the skills to engage beyond the lab. They also prepare science and policymakers to interact with each other.
全球青年学院等倡议正在教授这一方法 ， 其目的是通过将培训转向研究日常问题，并通过建设与决策者接触的能力，改变科学家的规范和期望。这样的举措对于确保未来的科学家拥有在实验室之外参与的技能至关重要。他们还准备科学和决策者相互互动。

Glossary
术语表

trade-off: exchange of one thing for another thing
交换： 用一种东西交换另一种东西

TEXT 3

Edited extract from: Visbeck, M. (2016). Benefits of international cooperation in science: The contribution of science in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. http://futureearth.org/sites/default/files/2016_report_contribution_science_sdgs.pdf
编辑摘录自： 维斯贝克，M。（2016 年）。 国际科学合作的益处 ： 科学在实现可持续发展目标中的贡献。http://futureearth.org/sites/default/files/2016_report_contribution_science_sdgs.pdf

Challenged to provide answers to some of the world’s biggest societal and environmental problems, the scientific community has consistently delivered exciting and solid information that is often used to assess the situation in many different parts of the world to document the environmental changes caused by human activity and to provide perspectives on possible development strategies. Looking towards the future, societies will face a growing number of challenges, which will include finding ways to address climate change, achieve food security, counteract the scarcity of raw materials and maintain and improve
科学界肩负着为世界上一些最大的社会和环境问题提供答案的使命， 不断提供令人振奋和可靠的信息 ，这些信息经常被用来评估世界许多不同地区的状况，记录人类活动造成的环境变化，并就可能的发展战略提供看法。 展望未来，各国社会将面临越来越多的挑战，其中包括设法应对气候变化、 实现粮食安全、 应对原材料短缺以及维持和改善粮食安全。

public health. Rapid growth of the world’s population, increasing affluence and an ageing population are all factors that contribute to these challenges. More science-based information ideally coordinated at the global scale is required to inform sustainable development strategies to counterbalance these developments, especially considering the increasing complexity of decision-making related to global and regional agreements.
公共卫生世界人口的迅速增长 、 日益富裕和人口老龄化都是促成这些挑战的因素。需要有更多在全球范围内得到理想协调的科学信息，为可持续发展战略提供信息，以平衡这些发展，特别是考虑到与全球和区域协定有关的决策日益复杂。

The new Paris Agreement on addressing climate change and the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development are providing high-level political frameworks for global transformation to a more sustainable society, and are expected to shape policies for the next decade. To successfully implement these global agreements, science can play a role by explaining the benefits and trade-offs of a range of development pathways that could lead to a more sustainable global society, contribute to achieving global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and help address climate change issues for a more positive outlook on the future. The scientific community will be called on to contribute more than ever before to provide innovative ideas and information in the context of global problem solving. In order to increase efficiency and impact it might be beneficial to explore new forms of scientific partnerships that can provide relevant information to support the needed transformation of global society.
关于应对气候变化的新的《巴黎协定》和 2030 年联合国可持续发展议程为全球向更可持续的社会转型提供了高级别的政治框架为了成功实施这些全球协议，科学可以发挥作用，解释一系列发展途径的利弊，这些途径可以导致一个更可持续的全球社会，有助于实现全球可持续发展目标（SDG），并帮助解决气候变化问题，以更积极地展望未来。科学界将被要求比以往任何时候都作出更大的贡献，在解决全球问题的范围内提供创新的想法和信息。 为了提高效率和影响力，探索新形式的科学伙伴关系可能是有益的，这种伙伴关系可以提供相关信息，支持全球社会所需的变革。

For example, international scientific cooperation in the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the newly launched Future Earth programme are aimed at providing the knowledge and support needed to speed up the transformation to a more sustainable world. These programmes focus on challenges that are too complex for a single nation or institution to deal with alone. Research in Future Earth is expected to create knowledge that will enable societies worldwide to deal effectively with the challenges of global environmental change. Future Earth supports solution-oriented research, as well as international engagement, all aimed at addressing sustainability challenges and generating new knowledge in partnership with society.
例如，在世界气候研究方案和新启动的未来地球方案中开展的国际科学合作旨在提供所需的知识和支持， 以加快向更可持续的世界转变。 这些方案侧重于过于复杂、单个国家或机构无法单独应对的挑战。未来地球的研究预计将创造知识，使世界各地的社会能够有效地应对全球环境变化的挑战。未来地球支持以解决方案为导向的研究，以及国际参与，所有这些都旨在应对可持续性挑战，并与社会合作产生新知识。

Organisations such as Future Earth and WCRP are expected to deliver the scientific basis needed to effectively reach the goals set out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. These organisations bring together the scientific community with other expert groups with the aim of defining, establishing and implementing new and innovative global sustainability research activities. For example, over recent decades, members of the German Committee Future Earth and the science community have played key roles in the effort to bring together research on global change, and have also identified the need for an integrated research approach. International collaboration between researchers is essential for creating global and regional knowledge in new and exciting ways. Research collaboration across nations, disciplines and knowledge domains can work extremely well to suggest possible pathways for enhancing global sustainability.
未来地球和 WCRP 等组织有望提供有效实现 2030 年可持续发展议程和气候变化巴黎协定所列目标所需的科学基础。这些组织将科学界与其他专家团体聚集在一起，旨在定义，建立和实施新的和创新的全球可持续性研究活动。例如，近几十年来，德国未来地球委员会和科学界的成员在汇集全球变化研究方面发挥了关键作用，并确定了采取综合研究办法的必要性。 研究人员之间的国际合作对于以令人兴奋的新方式创造全球和区域知识至关重要。跨国家、跨学科和跨知识领域的研究合作可以非常有效地提出加强全球可持续性的可能途径。