By Ambassador Sarah Bianchi
作者：Sarah Bianchi 大使
The COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s unjust invasion of Ukraine have created significant disruptions to global supply chains and trade. These stresses put a spotlight on pre-existing weaknesses in many supply chains, including in the United States, and the disruptions have led to higher costs for manufacturers, farmers, businesses, and families. The Biden-Harris Administration is focused on addressing these bottlenecks, securing our critical supply chains, lowering prices and revitalizing American manufacturing.
COVID-19 大流行和俄羅斯對烏克蘭的不公正入侵對全球供應鏈和貿易造成了重大破壞。這些壓力凸顯了包括美國在內的許多供應鏈中既存在的弱點，而中斷導致製造商、農民、企業和家庭的成本更高。拜登-哈裡斯政府專注於解決這些瓶頸，保護我們的關鍵供應鏈，降低價格並振興美國製造業。
In February 2021, President Biden issued Executive Order 14017, “Securing America’s Supply Chains,” which directed a whole-of-government review of key sectors and major industrial bases. The goal of the review was to identify supply chain vulnerabilities and recommend a full range of policies and actions to reduce risks and prepare for future disruptions. The extensive interagency effort under this Executive Order resulted in comprehensive supply chain assessments released last June. It focused on four key sectors: semiconductor manufacturing and advanced packaging; large capacity batteries; critical minerals and materials; and pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
2021 年 2 月，拜登總統發佈了「 保護美國供應鏈 」的第 14017 號行政命令，指示對關鍵部門和主要工業基地進行全政府審查。審查的目標是識別供應鏈的脆弱性，並推薦一系列政策和行動，以降低風險併為未來的中斷做好準備。根據該行政命令開展的廣泛機構間努力導致去年 6 月發布了全面的供應鏈評估 。它側重於四個關鍵領域：半導體製造和先進封裝;大容量電池;關鍵礦物和材料;以及藥品和活性藥物成分 （API）。
At USTR, we are working closely with trading partners and stakeholders through our many bilateral and multilateral venues, including the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), U.S.-European Union Trade and Technology Council, U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), Japan Comprehensive Partnership, U.S.-United Kingdom Trade Dialogue, as well as multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Forum (APEC), and Organization for Economic and Commercial Development (OECD). Our main focus has been on areas related to pandemic-related supplies, advanced batteries, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals/active pharmaceutical ingredients, and critical materials and permanent magnets. Some examples of our ongoing work include:
在美國貿易代表辦公室，我們通過我們的許多雙邊和多邊管道與貿易夥伴和利益相關者密切合作，包括美國-墨西哥-加拿大協定 （USMCA）、美國-歐盟貿易和技術委員會、美國-韓國自由貿易協定 （KORUS）、日本全面夥伴關係、美國-英國貿易對話以及世界貿易組織 （WTO） 等多邊組織。 亞太經濟論壇 （APEC） 和經濟與商業發展組織 （OECD）。我們的主要關注領域與疫情相關的用品、先進電池、半導體、藥品/活性藥物成分以及關鍵材料和永磁體 。我們正在進行的工作包括：
- Working with other WTO members to identify best practices in the implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement to expedite the export and import of COVID-19 products and review trade facilitating measures in the context of current and future pandemics.
與其他世貿組織成員合作，確定實施世貿組織貿易便利化協定的最佳實踐，以加快 COVID-19 產品的進出口，並在當前和未來大流行病的背景下審查貿易便利化措施。
- Looking at how we can use our FTAs, such as USMCA, to strengthen collaboration with partners and allies on supply chain challenges, including making sure that our supply chains embody strong environmental and labor standards and working with key partners and allies.
研究如何利用我們的自由貿易協定（如 USMCA）加強與合作夥伴和盟友的合作，以應對供應鏈挑戰，包括確保我們的供應鏈體現強有力的環境和勞工標準，並與主要合作夥伴和盟友合作。
- Working with like-minded producing countries and key industry stakeholders to identify bottlenecks and chokepoints in the semiconductor supply chain.
與志同道合的生產國和主要行業利益相關者合作，確定半導體供應鏈中的瓶頸和瓶頸。
The Supply Chain Trade Task Force is also tracking efforts across other U.S. government agencies. Last month, agencies issued detailed reviews covering six industrial base supply chains: defense, transportation, energy, information and communications technology, public health, and agriculture and food production. Agencies are also looking at new policies and investments across a number of sectors to address the supply chain vulnerabilities that come from geographically concentrated sourcing and to spur the transition to a low carbon economy. And the U.S. government continues to make key strategic investments that increase the resilience of our industrial base and modernize our infrastructure. Some of the recommendations from these detailed reviews included increasing public investments in R&D and commercialization of key products, such as next generation batteries, creating modern standards for the extraction and processing of critical minerals, and leveraging the U.S. Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and other financing tools to support supply chain resilience and expand production capability for critical products.
供應鏈貿易工作組 （Supply Chain Trade Task Force） 也在跟蹤其他美國政府機構的工作。上個月，各機構發佈了涵蓋六個工業基礎供應鏈的詳細審查 ：國防、運輸、能源、資訊和通信技術、公共衛生以及農業和食品生產。各機構還在考慮在多個領域制定新政策和投資，以解決地理集中採購帶來的供應鏈脆弱性，並刺激向低碳經濟過渡。美國政府繼續進行關鍵的戰略投資，以提高我們工業基礎的復原力並實現我們的基礎設施現代化。這些詳細審查的一些建議包括增加對關鍵產品（如下一代電池）的研發和商業化的公共投資，為關鍵礦物的開採和加工制定現代標準，以及利用美國發展金融公司 （DFC） 和其他融資工具來支持供應鏈彈性並擴大關鍵產品的生產能力。
The Administration is also working with Congress to quickly pass the Bipartisan Innovation Act, which will help us maintain our global competitiveness and ensure the long-term resilience of our supply chains through investments in domestic manufacturing and R&D. Among other things, the Act seeks to increase programs that help U.S. manufacturers access suppliers in the United States, fund semiconductor production here at home, and strengthen American supply chains. At the same time, we must also continue to enhance our trade and investment partnerships with allies and trusted trading partners as part of our overall strategy for increasing supply chain resilience. This work is all the more critical in light of non-market practices and economic coercion of some countries that has been highly disruptive to supply chains.
本屆政府還與國會合作，迅速通過《兩黨創新法案》（Bipartisan Innovation Act），這將幫助我們保持全球競爭力，並通過投資國內製造和研發來確保我們供應鏈的長期彈性。除其他外，該法案旨在增加幫助美國製造商獲得美國供應商的計劃，為國內的半導體生產提供資金，並加強美國供應鏈。 與此同時，我們還必須繼續加強與盟友和值得信賴的貿易夥伴的貿易和投資夥伴關係，作為我們提高供應鏈韌性總體戰略的一部分。鑒於一些國家/地區的非市場做法和經濟脅迫對供應鏈造成了嚴重破壞，這項工作變得更加重要。
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