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DOI: 10.26855/ea.2023.08.015
DOI： 10.26855/ea.2023.08.015
Received: July 15, 2023  收稿日期： 2023-07-15
Accepted: August 12, 2023
录用日期： 2023-08-12
Published: September 8, 2023
发布时间：2023 年 9 月 8 日
*Corresponding author: Zhongnuo Li, Shandong Public Construction Group Co. Ltd., Jining, Shandong, China.
*通讯作者：李忠诺，山东省济宁市公建集团有限公司，中国山东省济宁市。

Municipal engineering, safety hazards, hidden danger investigation, system construction
市政工程、安全隐患排查、系统建设

Safety hazards are regarded as the cause of many accidents in construction projects, and the prior investigation of safety hazards can be effective for a rainy day. Safe and civilized construction is a key part of municipal construction projects and the level of management ability and professionalism of the construction unit is able to be reflected by the on-site construction situation therefore, construction enterprises want a good image; they should carry out safe construction [1]. Construction management should be fully integrated with municipal construction, standardize the guidelines of engineering construction, ensure construction safety, and facilitate the maintenance of normal urban order.
安全隐患被认为是建筑工程中许多事故的原因，对安全隐患的事前排查可以有效应对雨天。安全文明施工是市政建设工程的关键环节，施工单位的管理能力和专业水平能够通过现场施工情况来体现，因此，施工企业要有良好的形象;他们应该进行安全施工 [1]。建设管理要与市政建设充分结合，规范工程建设指导方针，保障施工安全，为维护正常的城市秩序提供便利。
In recent years, China’s population urbanization form more and more aggravated, the urban population increases, the corresponding behind the living facilities will also increase. With the increasing number of urban population, the required supporting living facilities are also gradually improved, water, electricity, coal, natural gas, bridge and road construction, rail transit through, almost from a city life perspective throughout the future economic direction of the city. To ensure the safety of municipal engineering construction, then it is necessary to check its safety hazards in advance, which can not only improve the construction standard of our municipal engineering construction, but also help to reduce the occurrence of relevant safety accidents and improve the happiness index of urban residents [2]. In this paper, we start from the theoretical basis of safety hazards and build a system for the investigation and management of safety haz-
近年来，我国人口城市化形式越来越加剧，城市人口的增加，相应的生活配套也将随之增加。随着城市人口的增加，所需的配套生活设施也逐渐完善，水、电、煤、天然气、桥梁和道路建设、轨道交通贯穿其中，几乎从一个城市生活的角度贯穿城市未来经济方向。要保证市政工程施工的安全，就必须提前排查其安全隐患，这不仅可以提高我们市政工程建设的施工水平，还有助于减少相关安全事故的发生，提高城市居民的幸福指数 [2]。本文从安全隐患的理论基础出发，构建了安全隐患排查管理体系。
ards in municipal engineering. It is hoped that it can provide useful reference experience for the investigation and management of safety hazards in China.
市政工程中的 ARDS。希望能为我国安全隐患排查治理提供有益的参考经验。

Municipal engineering refers to the construction of municipal facilities, which covers a wide range of urban life, covering all aspects of the residents’ living and walking, the most representative is the rail transit, roads, bridges, etc., and with a variety of living pipeline network. For a complete city, the importance of municipal engineering safety construction is self-evident.
市政工程是指市政设施的建设，它涵盖了广泛的城市生活，涵盖了居民生活和行走的方方面面，最具代表性的是轨道交通、道路、桥梁等，并具有各种生活管网。对于一个完整的城市来说，市政工程安全建设的重要性不言而喻。
Municipal engineering construction has the characteristics of complex construction environment, high construction intensity, and more crossover operations. First of all, in the process of municipal engineering construction, most of the cases are open-air operations, weather and natural environmental factors can easily affect the efficiency and progress of construction, and municipal engineering construction is generally located in the densely populated urban areas, which needs to face the complex traffic situation; secondly, most of the municipal engineering construction is in the bustling town, large construction equipment is difficult to play a role in helping, and most of the construction personnel manually The construction time of municipal engineering is long, so the concentration of the construction personnel is particularly tested, so it is easy for the construction personnel to lose concentration due to physical and mental fatigue, which also brings greater safety risks to a certain extent; finally, the principle of municipal engineering construction is "underground first, then above ground Finally, the principle of municipal engineering construction is “underground first, then above ground”, to ensure the implementation of urban underground pipelines and road projects simultaneously [3], this construction method will lead to a large number of “cross work” situation, there is a high possibility of multiple teams working together, assuming the emergence of management loopholes, may have an impact on the surrounding buildings, residents’ lives, and even The normal operation of water, electricity and natural gas in the area will be affected.
市政工程建设具有施工环境复杂、施工强度高、交叉作业多等特点。首先，在市政工程施工过程中，大多数情况都是露天作业，天气和自然环境因素很容易影响施工的效率和进度，而市政工程建设一般位于人口密集的城市地区，需要面对复杂的交通情况;其次，市政工程建设大多在繁华的小镇上，大型施工设备很难起到帮忙的作用，而且大部分施工人员都是人工完成的，市政工程的施工时间长，所以施工人员的集中度特别受到考验，所以施工人员很容易因为身心疲劳而注意力不集中， 这也在一定程度上带来了更大的安全风险;最后，市政工程建设的原则是“先地下，后地上”最后，市政工程建设的原则是“先地下，后地上”，保证城市地下管线和道路工程同时实施 [3]，这种施工方式会导致大量的“交叉工作”情况，存在多方团队协同工作的可能性很高， 假设出现管理漏洞，可能会对周边建筑物、居民的生活，甚至影响该地区的水、电、天然气的正常运行。

Safety hazards refer to a potentially dangerous state of production sites, machinery and appliances, and personnel in daily human activities (generally referred to as production activities), and also refer to unsafe factors that can lead to safety threats to personnel and economic losses. The State Ministry of Emergency Management has pointed out that safety hazards are unsafe behaviors, unsafe factors and management defects that may cause safety accidents in its survival and operation activities due to the failure of the unit to strictly comply with the laws and regulations related to production safety management or other factors. Safety hazards can pose a serious threat to the relevant construction operations, the personal safety of production personnel, and the property safety of the enterprise and the state society. As a kind of disaster invisible to human eyes, safety hazards have hidden characteristics [3]. "Under a certain basis, safety hazards may be a stable and spontaneous state, which is easy to be ignored by relevant personnel. Based on the law of “quantitative change causes qualitative change”, safety hazards are also covered, and only by deploying all aspects of safety hazards in place can the safety of production and construction be greatly improved.
安全隐患是指生产场所、机器和器具以及人员在日常人类活动（一般称为生产活动）中具有潜在危险的状态，也是指能够对人员造成安全威胁和经济损失的不安全因素。国家应急管理部曾指出，安全隐患是指由于单位未严格遵守有关安全生产管理相关法律法规或其他因素，在其生存和经营活动中可能造成安全事故的不安全行为、不安全因素和管理缺陷。安全隐患会对相关施工作业、生产人员的人身安全以及企业和国家社会的财产安全构成严重威胁。安全隐患作为一种人眼看不见的灾害，具有隐藏的特点 [3]。“在一定基础下，安全隐患可能是一种稳定、自发的状态，很容易被相关人员忽视。”根据“量变引起质变”的规律，安全隐患也被覆盖，只有将安全隐患的各方面部署到位，才能大大提高生产建设的安全性。

In recent years, the rise of the construction industry is evident to the national, the reason behind it, the country’s need for talent, resulting in most young people choose to go to the city to develop and choose to settle in the city, thus making urban housing in short supply, driving the development of the construction industry. However, its quality is difficult to guarantee, and construction safety accidents are numerous. In order to implement safety management and improve the detection of hidden dangers, it is especially important to establish a reasonable set of organizations. A reasonable set of organization should be composed of three parts: site safety officer, project department safety supervision department, and the department responsible for hidden dangers. The site safety officer is responsible for pre-shift inspection of the working environment, inspection of hidden dangers during operation and inspection of safe and civilized construction at the end of shift; collecting and organizing relevant information, filling out the log of safe and civilized construction management; finding hidden dangers and rectifying them in time, and informing the successor of the hidden dangers that cannot be rectified [4]. The Safety Supervision Department of the project department is responsible for weekly safety inspection of the construction site; filling out the safety and civilized construction checklist and safety inspection record sheet; pointing out and urging rectification to the hidden-danger unit for problems; and inspecting the project and industry data every month. The department responsible for the hidden danger is responsible for rectifying the hidden danger of safety and civilized construction checked out and feeding back the rectification situation to the safety and
近年来，建筑业的崛起对国家来说是显而易见的，其背后的原因在于，国家对人才的需求，导致大多数年轻人选择去城市发展，选择在城市定居，从而使得城市住房供不应求，带动了建筑业的发展。但其质量难以保证，施工安全事故不胜枚举。为了实施安全管理，提高对隐患的检测能力，建立一套合理的组织尤为重要。一套合理的组织机构应由现场安全员、项目部安全监察部、隐患责任部门三部分组成。现场安全员负责班前工作环境检查、作业中隐患检查和班末安全文明施工检查;收集整理有关资料，填写安全文明施工管理日志;发现隐患并及时整改，并将无法整改的隐患告知继任者 [4]。项目部安全监察部负责施工现场的每周安全检查;填写《安全文明施工清单》和《安全检查记录表》;指出并督促向隐患单位整改问题;以及每月检查项目和行业数据。 由负责隐患的部门负责整改安全隐患和文明施工排查，并将整改情况反馈给安全隐患和
civilized construction inspection department.
文明施工检验部。
In order to implement good safety management, a set of scientific system is the key that can substantially improve the level of construction works. If it can be implemented well, firstly, it can reduce our annual economic loss of tens of billions of dollars and thousands of casualties; secondly, it can greatly reduce the safety hazard accidents in the construction industry and improve the safety factor of the whole industry.
要实施良好的安全管理，一套科学的制度是能大幅提升建筑工程水平的关键。如果能实施得当，首先可以减少我们每年数百亿美元的经济损失和数千人的伤亡;其次，它可以大大减少建筑行业的安全隐患事故，提高整个行业的安全系数。

Intelligent safety hazard inspection is a more extensive and comprehensive inspection than traditional manual inspection, and is an important supplement to traditional manual inspection. It covers the relevant personnel, equipment and facilities, environmental changes and other aspects, and these potential safety hazards to monitor and comprehensive analysis. The current Internet of Things technology also establishes the basis for “monitoring and coordination”, such as the movement of personnel trajectory, equipment and facilities safety, environmental changes and other factors to monitor the implementation of the maximum extent of the hidden danger investigation, thereby reducing the possibility of accidents.
智能安全隐患巡检是比传统人工巡检更广泛、更全面的巡检，是对传统人工巡检的重要补充。它涵盖了相关人员、设备设施、环境变化等方面，以及这些安全隐患的监测和综合分析。目前的物联网技术也建立了“监控协调”的基础，如人员移动轨迹、设备设施安全、环境变化等因素，最大限度地实施监控隐患排查，从而降低事故发生的可能性。
(1) Human factors: location tracing (area access), video monitoring (behavior identification), safety reminders (notifications and alarms).
（1）人为因素：位置追踪（区域接入）、视频监控（行为识别）、安全提醒（通知和警报）。
(2) Physical factors: impact area detection, equipment status abnormality detection.
（2）物理因素：冲击区域检测、设备状态异常检测。
(3) Environmental factors: mobile video, online monitoring of environmental protection, six-factor weather station (temperature, humidity, air pressure, rainfall, wind direction, wind speed).
（3）环境因素：移动视频、环保在线监测、六因素气象站（温度、湿度、气压、降雨量、风向、风速）。

(1) The hidden danger management should meet a series of requirements issued by the relevant state departments, and ensure that the “five in place”, that is, the five aspects of the plan, responsibility, time limit, measures, funds.
（1）隐患管理应符合国家有关部门出台的一系列要求，并确保“五到位”，即计划、责任、时限、措施、资金五个方面。
(2) When the hidden danger work cannot be done without fail, all the people must be evacuated from the area, ensure the orderly evacuation, set up warning signs, and stop all the activities of the people concerned, so as to avoid casualties to the greatest extent possible. For mechanical equipment and facilities that may be involved in safety accidents, strict control and inspection must be carried out, and a special mechanical equipment failure investigation tea [5] must be set up to strictly investigate and report the equipment and facilities involved in accidents to prevent accidents from happening again.
（2） 当隐患工作无法顺利完成时，必须将所有人撤离该区域，确保有序撤离，设置警示标志，停止有关人员的一切活动，以最大程度避免人员伤亡。对于可能涉及安全事故的机械设备设施，必须进行严格的控制和检查，必须设立专门的机械设备故障调查茶[5]，对涉及事故的设备设施进行严格调查和报告，防止事故再次发生。
(3) For safety hazards that may cause accidents due to natural disasters, enterprises must do a good job of publicity on a daily basis and develop a good backup strategy in advance in case of mishaps in accordance with industry as well as national standards. When a serious natural disaster forecast is received [6] a notice must be issued to show the aler; in case of a natural disaster, measures such as stopping production and evacuating people must be invoked and reported in a timely manner.
（3）对于因自然灾害可能引发事故的安全隐患，企业必须按照行业和国家标准，做好日常宣传工作，提前制定良好的应急策略，以防事故发生。当收到严重的自然灾害预报时 [6]，必须发出通知以表明情况;发生自然灾害时，必须采取停产、疏散人员等措施，并及时报告。

The process of accidental hazard management is shown in Figure 1.
意外危害管理的过程如图 1 所示。

Figure 1. Accidental hidden danger management process.
图 1.意外隐患管理流程。

The evaluation of safety hazard management, that is, the results of safety hazard investigation, so as to make feedback, so that “if there is a correction, there is no correction”, and the evaluation includes the following specific points.
安全隐患管理的评价，即对安全隐患排查的结果，从而做出反馈，做到“有改就不改”，评价包括以下具体几点。
(1) Self-investigation rate of hidden danger: Calculate the ratio of the number of hidden danger of a sub-section to the overall number of hidden danger within the enterprise. Self-checking rate of hidden danger $=$$=$== the number of hidden danger of a sub-project / (the number of hidden danger of a sub-project + the number of all hidden danger of the enter-
（1）隐患自查率：计算一个细分类的隐患数量与企业内部隐患总数的比值。隐患 $=$$=$== 自查率 子项目隐患数量 / （子项目隐患数量 + 进入项目全部隐患数量