The Labrador Retriever   拉布拉多猎犬

The Labrador Retriever is a working dog bred to perform retrieving tasks in any kind of weather or environment. It possesses the physical characteristics and temperament that allow it to adapt to many parts of the world and to a variety of work beyond the shooting field.
拉布拉多猎犬是一种工作犬，饲养用于在任何天气或环境中执行检索任务。它拥有的身体特性和气质，使其能够适应世界许多地方以及射击场以外的各种工作。

Recent books written about the Labrador Retriever seem to have one thing in common; one chapter is devoted to the early history of the Labrador Re-triever-where did he come from?
最近写的关于拉布拉多猎犬的书籍似乎有一个共同点;一章专门介绍了拉布拉多猎犬的早期历史——他从哪里来？

There are many theories pertaining to his origin, however most everyone agrees that Newfoundland (not Labrador) is the “land from whence he came.” Unfortunately, no one really knows how he got there. In 1882 a native of St. John’s saw small water dogs that he described as "admirably trained as retrievers in fowling and otherwise useful. "Since game was abundant on the island and a good hunting dog could provide game to supplement the predominantly fish diet, it is believed the early settlers brought or imported good hunting stock from home. While the dogs were used for many purposes, because of their retrieving instinct, swimming ability and weather-resistant coat, their principal occupation soon became a “work mate” to the fisherman.
关于他的起源有很多理论，但大多数人都同意纽芬兰（不是拉布拉多）是“他来的土地”。不幸的是，没有人真正知道他是怎么到那里的。1882 年，一位圣约翰本地人看到了小型水犬，他将其描述为“受过令人钦佩的训练，是捕鸟和其他有用的猎犬。”由于岛上猎物丰富，而且一只好的猎犬可以提供猎物来补充以鱼为主的饮食，因此据信早期定居者从家乡带来或进口了优质的猎物。虽然这些狗被用于多种用途，但由于它们的取回本能、游泳能力和耐候性外套，它们的主要职业很快就成为渔民的“工作伙伴”。

From the time they were 10 months old, the Lab pups were assigned a permanent position as a member of the crew of one of the off-shore fishing schooners that was used to ply the Newfoundland waters in search for cod. The method employed to catch cod was by trawl or line. On stormy days, many fish broke off the hooks as the trawl was being brought in. The dogs were taught to jump in the cold, icy water and retrieve the fish. On a particularly rough day, a good dog could retrieve as much as 100 pounds of fish.
从它们 10 个月大开始，实验室幼犬就被分配了一个永久职位，作为一艘近海渔船的船员，该船用于在纽芬兰水域穿梭寻找鳕鱼。捕捉鳕鱼的方法是拖网或鱼线。在暴风雨的日子里，许多鱼在拖网被带进来时从鱼钩上折断。这些狗被教导在冰冷的水中跳跃并取回鱼。在特别艰难的日子里，一只好狗可以取回多达 100 磅的鱼。

The Labrador dogs’ highly developed retrieving instinct and willingness to please did not go unnoticed by the English sportsmen. When organized shooting of upland game became popular with the landed gentry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it became the custom to replace pointers and setters with retrievers. In the early days, a retriever was simply known as a “retriever” and the owners freely inter-bred short-coated, long-coated and curly-coated retrievers. Many dogs were imported from Newfoundland and their owners considered them vastly superior to any other breed.
拉布拉多犬高度发达的取回本能和取悦意愿并没有被英国运动员忽视。当有组织的高地狩猎在 18 世纪和 19 世纪在地主绅士中流行时，用猎犬代替指针和二传器成为一种习惯。在早期，猎犬被简单地称为“猎犬”，主人自由杂交短毛、长毛和卷毛猎犬。许多狗是从纽芬兰进口的，它们的主人认为它们比任何其他品种都优越得多。

Colonel Hawker, in 1830, referred to the “St. John’s” breed of water dogs as “by far the best for any kind of shooting. He is generally black and no bigger than a pointer, very fine in legs with short smooth hair and does not carry his tail so much curled.”
霍克上校在 1830 年将“圣约翰”水犬品种称为“迄今为止最适合任何类型的射击。他通常是黑色的，比指针大不了多少，腿非常细，有一头短而光滑的毛发，尾巴不会那么卷曲。

The 3rd Earl of Malmesbury in a letter written to the 6th Duke of Buccleugh said, "We always call mine Labrador dogs, and I have kept the breed as pure as I could
第三代马姆斯伯里伯爵在写给第六代布克勒夫公爵的信中说：“我们总是称我的拉布拉多犬为拉布拉多犬，我尽可能保持这个品种的纯正

Munden Single, a Labrador Retriever from the early 1900s.
Munden Single，一只 1900 年代初期的拉布拉多猎犬。
from the first I had . . . the real breed may be known by their having a close coat which turns water off like oil, and, above all, a tail like an otter. "Many breeders, realizing the excellent qualities, crossed Labradors with other retrievers. Still, if a Labrador is crossed with some other strain, the Labrador type nearly always predominated and their descendants were most always called Labradors.
从我第一次就有......真正的品种可以通过它们的紧密外套来识别，可以像油一样去除水分，最重要的是，尾巴像水獭一样。“许多饲养员意识到拉布拉多犬的优良品质，将拉布拉多犬与其他猎犬杂交。尽管如此，如果拉布拉多犬与其他品系杂交，拉布拉多犬类型几乎总是占主导地位，它们的后代总是被称为拉布拉多犬。
“Stonehenge,” the respected 19th century sports writer, said:
“巨石阵”，这位受人尊敬的 19 世纪体育作家说：
“Symmetry and Temperament- the symmetry and elegance of this dog are considerable and should be valued highly. The evidences of a good temper must be regarded with great care since his utility depends on his disposition.”
“对称性和气质 - 这只狗的对称性和优雅是相当大的，应该受到高度重视。必须非常小心地对待好脾气的证据，因为他的效用取决于他的性格。

The greatest number of contemporary dogs are descended from the kennel of the Third Earl of Malmesbury. He gave the Sixth Duke of Buccleugh six dogs in 1870. A few years later the Earl of Malmesbury died and his kennel disappeared, but the pure line that he had pursued continued at the Buccleugh kennels. All Labradors today have lines that go back to those six dogs.
当代数量最多的狗来自马姆斯伯里第三伯爵的狗窝。1870 年，他送给第六任 Buccleugh 公爵六只狗。几年后，马姆斯伯里伯爵去世，他的狗窝消失了，但他所追求的纯洁血统在 Buccleugh 犬舍继续。今天所有的拉布拉多犬都有可以追溯到那六只狗的血统。

The Labrador Retriever was first recognized as a special breed by The Kennel Club (England) on 7 July 1903, and separate breed classes for Labradors were allowed at The Kennel Club Show. On November 3, 1903, Labradors were definitely recognized as a separate breed and on January 3, 1905, they were classified as a sub-variety of retrievers.
拉布拉多猎犬于 1903 年 7 月 7 日首次被养犬俱乐部（英格兰）认定为特殊品种，在养犬俱乐部展上允许为拉布拉多犬进行单独的品种类别。1903 年 11 月 3 日，拉布拉多犬被明确认定为一个单独的品种，1905 年 1 月 3 日，它们被归类为猎犬的子品种。

Head study of a  头部研究
Labrador from about 1920.
拉布拉多犬，大约从 1920 年开始。

The Labrador Retriever Club (England) was formed on April 5, 1916 to protect the development of the pure bred Labrador. Up until 1916 The Kennel Club permitted dogs of mixed retriever breeding to be registered under whatever breed the owner wished. This situation was obviously not satisfactory and led to problems, particularly in the show ring. The Kennel Club was petitioned to open a separate register for the inter-bred retrievers, thus leaving the way clear for the careful breeding of pure bred Labradors to continue unhindered. A Breed Standard, which remained unaltered until 1950, was drawn up in 1916.
拉布拉多猎犬俱乐部（英格兰）成立于 1916 年 4 月 5 日，旨在保护纯种拉布拉多犬的发展。直到 1916 年，养犬俱乐部都允许混合猎犬繁殖的狗在主人希望的任何品种下注册。这种情况显然不令人满意，并导致了问题，尤其是在表演圈中。养犬俱乐部被请求为杂交猎犬开设一个单独的登记册，从而为纯种拉布拉多犬的精心饲养铺平道路。1916 年制定了直到 1950 年才改变的品种标准。

Dual Champion Bramshaw Bob (Great Britain) whelped 12/11/29.
双料冠军 Bramshaw Bob （英国） 29 年 11 月 12 日分娩。