The Palace Leas Grassland Plots
皇宫里阿斯草原地块

The Palace Leas Plots is the world’s longest-running grazing and hay cutting experiment, and one of the world’s oldest fertilisation experiments. Palace Leas originated in 1896 as one of a group of long-term experiments at Newcastle University’s Cockle Park experimental farm. The management of Palace Leas has continued to the present with only minor modifications. The large unreplicated plots are treated with a variety of fertilisation treatments each year and the hay in each is cut and weighed annually. Livestock then grazes the aftermath regrowth.
宫殿地块（Palace Leas Plots）是世界上历史最悠久的放牧和割草实验，也是世界上历史最悠久的施肥实验之一。宫殿田园（Palace Leas）起源于 1896 年，是纽卡斯尔大学鸡冠公园实验农场的长期实验项目之一。Palace Leas 的管理一直延续至今，只做了些许修改。大面积的非重复地块每年都要进行各种施肥处理，每块地里的干草每年都要切割称重。然后，牲畜在收割后重新生长的草地上吃草。

The original objectives were to improve old grassland (Palace Leas was probably last ploughed during the Napoleonic Wars ending in 1815) at low cost and without resowing. This was to be achieved by the efficient use of combinations of liming materials, fertilisers and animal manures. Both increased yield of hay and aftermath regrowth were primary targets, though the latter has received little quantitative assessment, but the botanical composition of the sward was also of interest to the originators. Allied to this was testing of the digestibility and feeding value of the hay.
最初的目标是以低成本改良老草地（Palace Leas 最后一次犁地可能是在 1815 年结束的拿破仑战争期间），并且无需重新播种。要实现这一目标，必须有效地结合使用石灰材料、肥料和动物粪便。增加干草产量和草后再生都是主要目标，虽然后者很少得到量化评估，但草地的植物成分也是发起人感兴趣的。与此同时，还对干草的消化率和饲用价值进行了测试。

Subsequent research has ranged widely over the fauna, microbial population and soil properties. Changes to the soil organic matter content, form and distribution, as well as the effect of climate change (there is also a weather station at Cockle Park with a continuous record extending back into the 19th century) on hay yield, through to changes in objects buried in the soil on differently treated plots has also received detailed research. The last has been part of a range of assessment of diagenesis of archaeological material in different soil conditions; a use that the originators could never have envisaged.
随后的研究广泛涉及动物群、微生物群和土壤特性。从土壤有机质含量、形态和分布的变化，到气候变化（科克尔公园还有一个气象站，其连续记录可追溯到 19 世纪）对干草产量的影响，再到不同处理地块上埋藏在土壤中的物品的变化，都进行了详细的研究。最后一项研究是对考古材料在不同土壤条件下的成岩作用进行评估的一部分；这是最初的设计者从未想到过的用途。

The plots are in continuous use for research and are available to researchers from outside The School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development by arrangement with Dr Simon Peacock.
这些地块一直用于研究，农业、食品和农村发展学院以外的研究人员可通过西蒙-皮科克博士的安排使用这些地块。

The field at Palace Leas was described as old grassland in 1896 and had been previously manured more generously than many of the other fields on the farm due to its proximity to the farm buildings. It was decided to place the most extractive of the experiments on this site; the untreated control has had hay cut annually since 1896 with no manure or fertiliser applied, and continues to crop!
1896 年，Palace Leas 的田地被描述为老草地，由于靠近农场建筑，以前的肥料施用比农场的许多其他田地都要多。因此决定在这块田地上进行萃取性最强的试验；未经处理的对照组自 1896 年以来每年都要割一次干草，没有施用任何粪肥或化肥，而且一直在收割！

The field was laid out as a series of long parallelogram shaped plots parallel to the public road. The plots were subsequently shortened and other plots, below plot 14, were disestablished. 13 of the original plots remain and the treatments applied to these consist of 5 receiving farmyard manure, either with or without fertiliser, and 8 forming a $2^3$$2^3$2^(3)2^{3} factorial of all combinations of plus/minus nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers. A 14th plot was established in 1976 with inputs of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium comparable with that of one of the plots treated with farmyard manure.
这块田地由一系列平行于公共道路的长条形地块组成。后来，这些地块被缩短，14 号地块以下的其他地块也被取消。最初的 13 个地块保留了下来，这些地块的处理方法包括 5 个地块施用农家肥，施肥或不施肥；8 个地块施用氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的所有加/减组合，形成 $2^3$$2^3$2^(3)2^{3} 因子。第 14 块地于 1976 年建成，氮、磷、钾的投入量与其中一块施用农家肥的地块相当。

The field was cultivated at one time, probably during the Napoleonic wars of 1795-1815 and the ridge and furrow cultivation strips can still be seen as the stripes running across the plots at an acute angle to the public road. The variation in vegetation within the plots is also clearly visible.
这片田地曾经被开垦过，可能是在 1795-1815 年的拿破仑战争期间，现在仍然可以看到田埂和犁沟的耕作条纹，这些条纹以锐角横穿地块与公共道路。地块内植被的变化也清晰可见。

The treatments used were based on what was considered forward-thinking best practice in 1896 and represent a range of the materials and application rates in use at that time. Hence the nitrogen fertilisers are ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate (Chile nitre). There has only been one change in the applied treatments. In 1976, it was considered that the phosphate-containing basic slag was becoming too variable so it was replaced by triple superphosphate supplying the same amount of phosphorus.
所使用的处理方法是基于 1896 年被认为具有前瞻性的最佳做法，代表了当时使用的各种材料和施肥量。因此，氮肥是硫酸铵和硝酸钠（智利硝酸盐）。施用的处理方法只发生过一次变化。1976 年，人们认为含磷酸盐的碱渣变化太大，因此用提供相同磷含量的三过磷酸钙取代。

The organic manure is straw-based farmyard manure from the cattle operation at Cockle Park. Its composition may have changed with changing animal diets over the century; the manured plots do not all receive manure annually; there is a sequence of annual, biennial and quadrennial application with various or no fertilisers used in the other years.
有机肥是鸡冠公园养牛场的秸秆农家肥。有机肥料的成分可能随着一个世纪以来动物饮食的变化而改变；施肥地块并非每年都施肥；施肥顺序为一年、两年和四年，其他年份使用各种肥料或不使用肥料。

Table 1. Fertiliser and manure applied to each of the plots
表 1.每块地施用的肥料和粪肥

The grass is cut each year, usually at the end of June, and hay is made on the plots. Samples are taken for dry matter determination and the yield calculated; this is currently based on 4 samples per plot, each of $10{\mathrm{m}}^2$$10{\mathrm{m}}^2$10m^(2)10 \mathrm{~m}^{2}. Although there are trends in the long-term yield which differ between treatments, the relative order of treatments has remained constant throughout. Note the instantaneous effect of manure and complete fertiliser, which increased yield by about $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% in the first year of treatment, while the phosphate-only fertiliser increased yield by only $9\mathrm{\%}$$9\mathrm{\%}$9%9 \%. The cumulative effect of the manure become clear with it quickly giving a larger yield than the compound fertiliser as nitrogen residues accumulate in the soil
每年通常在 6 月底割草，并在地块上制作干草。取样测定干物质并计算产量；目前的计算方法是每个地块取样 4 次，每次 $10{\mathrm{m}}^2$$10{\mathrm{m}}^2$10m^(2)10 \mathrm{~m}^{2} 。虽然不同处理的长期产量趋势不同，但处理的相对顺序始终保持不变。请注意粪肥和全套肥料的瞬时效应，在处理的第一年，粪肥和全套肥料的产量增加了约 $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% ，而仅使用磷肥的产量只增加了 $9\mathrm{\%}$$9\mathrm{\%}$9%9 \% 。肥料的累积效应非常明显，随着氮残留物在土壤中的积累，肥料的产量很快就超过了复合肥。

There is clearly a very large variation in yield from year to year. The hay yield is closely related to the input of nitrogen, and as a result the farmyard manure plots have consistently given the best yields (Table 2).
显然，每年的产量差异很大。干草产量与氮的投入密切相关，因此农家肥地块的产量一直最高（表 2）。

Table 2. The effect of manurial treatment on hay yield (average of 1897-1984).
表 2.粪肥处理对干草产量的影响（1897-1984 年平均值）。

The yields can be seen to fall into three groups - farmyard manure plots 1-5 plus plot 13, which have a large yield, plots 8,10 and 12 , which have a moderate yield and plots $6,7,9$$6,7,9$6,7,96,7,9 and 11 , which have low yield. Plot 13 receives all three major plant nutrients while plots 8 , 10 and 12 only receive phosphorus plus nitrogen (plot 12) or potassium (plot 10); clearly the lack of balance in nutrients is reducing the yield of these plots. None of the low yielding plots receive phosphorus and this can be seen as a major limitation to growth - even the same amount of nitrogen as plot 13 but without phosphorus clearly has a severe constraint on yield. This discovery led to Gilchrist’s promotion of basic slag (Pawson, 1960) as the key fertiliser to improving grassland - he linked the effect of the phosphorus to the increase in nitrogen fixation by clovers; basic slag also raised the pH of more-acid soils.
产量可以分为三组：1-5 号农家肥地块和 13 号地块产量较高，8、10 和 12 号地块产量中等， $6,7,9$$6,7,9$6,7,96,7,9 和 11 号地块产量较低。13 号地块获得了所有三种主要植物养分，而 8 号、10 号和 12 号地块只获得了磷加氮（12 号地块）或钾（10 号地块）；显然，养分不平衡降低了这些地块的产量。低产地块都没有得到磷，这可以看作是生长的一个主要限制因素--即使与 13 号地块相同数量的氮，但没有磷，显然也会严重限制产量。这一发现促使吉尔克里斯特将碱性矿渣（Pawson，1960 年）作为改良草地的关键肥料加以推广--他将磷的作用与三叶草固氮作用的增加联系起来；碱性矿渣还能提高酸性土壤的 pH 值。

It is also salutary to note the large variability of yield from year to year (measured as the coefficient of variation (CV%) which is inversely related to the yield - this is dealt with more fully in the section on the effect of weather variation on yield.
同样值得注意的是，年与年之间的产量变化很大（以变异系数（CV%）来衡量），而变异系数与产量成反比，这一点将在 "天气变化对产量的影响 "一节中详细论述。

There have been few measurements of the aftermath growth (based on the use of exclosure cages), but where these are available (Shiel & Batten, 1988) they show that the farmyard manure treatment produced the greatest regrowth and that the stock were very selective as to which herbage they ate (Table 3). The species-rich plots, which are fertilised with phosphorus, are grazed more efficiently than any others.
对牧草生长（以围栏为基础）的测量结果很少，但从已有的测量结果（Shiel 和 Batten，1988 年）来看，农家肥处理的牧草生长量最大，而且牧草的选择性很强（表 3）。物种丰富、施磷肥的地块比其他地块的放牧效率更高。

Table 3. Aftermath regrowth and consumption by stock
表 3.按存量分列的善后再生和消耗量

Plant species composition
植物物种组成
There have been 15 botanical surveys of the Palace Leas plots, spread unevenly over the life of the experiment. There was, unfortunately, a long gap between 1907 and 1947, in which no full analysis was undertaken, though the plots were assessed visually. A variety of methods of assessment have been used and not on all occasions have all the plots been analysed.
宫殿绿地共进行过 15 次植物学调查，这些调查分布在实验的不同时期。遗憾的是，从 1907 年到 1947 年之间有很长一段时间没有进行全面分析，尽管对地块进行了目测评估。使用了多种评估方法，但并非所有地块都进行了分析。

The reason for the loss of interest after 1907 was undoubtedly due in part to the lack of change that had occurred over the 10 years from the initial analysis. When analysis recommenced there was a noticeable patterning in the plant composition and this has been maintained over the period to the present. The botanical diversity has evolved strongly, with the greatest diversity now being found on the farmyard manure and phosphatetreated plots. These plots also have the largest number of broadleaf species (and the acid plots ( 7 and 11 ) the fewest). The differences in the mineral content of the broadleaf and grass species may help to explain the differences noted in the willingness of the stock to eat the herbage.
1907 年之后，人们对该地区失去了兴趣，部分原因无疑是由于自最初分析以来的 10 年间没有发生变化。当重新开始分析时，植物组成出现了明显的模式化，这种模式化一直保持到现在。植物多样性发生了很大变化，目前在农家肥和磷酸盐处理过的地块上发现的植物多样性最多。这些地块上的阔叶树种数量也最多（而酸性地块（7 号和 11 号）上的阔叶树种数量最少）。阔叶和禾本科物种矿物质含量的差异可能有助于解释牲畜吃草意愿的差异。

The soil is a clay loam over clay (Hallsworth Series, pelo stagnogley (typic ochraqualf)). As a result of the use of ammonium sulphate, the pH of several of the plots have decreased to low values, farmyard manure has tended to maintain pH , as did the basic slag applied until 1976 (Table 4). All of the nutrients vary strongly between plots and the extractable contents are closely related to the balance between long term application and offtake.
土壤为粘土上的粘壤土（Hallsworth 系列，pelo stagnogley (typic ochraqualf)）。由于使用了硫酸铵，一些地块的 pH 值下降到了很低的水平，而农家肥则倾向于保持 pH 值，1976 年之前使用的碱渣也是如此（表 4）。所有养分在不同地块之间差异很大，可提取的含量与长期施用和吸收之间的平衡密切相关。

Table 4. The extractable phosphorus (Olsen method, $\mathrm{mg}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$$\mathrm{mg}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$mgkg^(-1)\mathrm{mg} \mathrm{kg}^{-1} ), extractable cation content (ammonium acetate extractable $\mathrm{Ca},\mathrm{Mg},\mathrm{K},\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{mol}}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$$\mathrm{Ca},\mathrm{Mg},\mathrm{K},\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{mol}}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$Ca,Mg,K,mmol_(c)kg^(-1)\mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{Mg}, \mathrm{K}, \mathrm{m} \mathrm{mol}_{\mathrm{c}} \mathrm{kg}^{-1} ) and pH (measured in water).
表 4.可萃取磷（奥尔森法， $\mathrm{mg}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$$\mathrm{mg}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$mgkg^(-1)\mathrm{mg} \mathrm{kg}^{-1} ）、可萃取阳离子含量（乙酸铵可萃取 $\mathrm{Ca},\mathrm{Mg},\mathrm{K},\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{mol}}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$$\mathrm{Ca},\mathrm{Mg},\mathrm{K},\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{mol}}_{\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{kg}}^{-1}$Ca,Mg,K,mmol_(c)kg^(-1)\mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{Mg}, \mathrm{K}, \mathrm{m} \mathrm{mol}_{\mathrm{c}} \mathrm{kg}^{-1} ）和 pH 值（在水中测量）。

There is a strong variation in the organic matter content and distribution between the plots (Table 5) that can be related to the effects of pH changes on the microbial activity and earthworm population (Shiel & Rimmer, 1984). Much of the change has occurred in the coarser organic matter fraction (Shiel, 1986) which has accumulated near the surface of the more acid plots (Plot 7) while the carbon content at depth on plot 7 has decreased - the upper 6 cm of plot 7 in Table 1 is an organic matter mat and is above the original surface level, so that plot 8 at $12-15\mathrm{cm}$$12-15\mathrm{cm}$12-15cm12-15 \mathrm{~cm} is equivalent to plot 7 at $18-21\mathrm{cm}$$18-21\mathrm{cm}$18-21cm18-21 \mathrm{~cm}. This surface mat was visible 50 years ago (Pawson, 1960) and now is apparent both to human and bovine visitors: the cattle prefer to lie on the plots with the thick surface organic mats.
不同地块之间的有机物含量和分布差异很大（表 5），这可能与 pH 值变化对微生物活动和蚯蚓数量的影响有关（Shiel 和 Rimmer，1984 年）。大部分变化发生在较粗的有机质部分（Shiel，1986 年），这些有机质在酸性较强的地块（第 7 号地块）表面附近积累，而第 7 号地块深处的碳含量则有所下降--表 1 中第 7 号地块的上部 6 厘米是有机质垫层，高于原来的地表水平，因此 $12-15\mathrm{cm}$$12-15\mathrm{cm}$12-15cm12-15 \mathrm{~cm} 处的第 8 号地块相当于 $18-21\mathrm{cm}$$18-21\mathrm{cm}$18-21cm18-21 \mathrm{~cm} 处的第 7 号地块。这种表面垫层在 50 年前就可见（Pawson，1960 年），现在人和牛都能明显看到：牛更喜欢躺在表面有厚厚有机物垫层的地块上。

Table 5. Effect of treatment on the volumetric carbon content $\left(\mathrm{mgC}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}\right)$$\left(\mathrm{mgC}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}\right)$(mgCcm^(-3))\left(\mathrm{mgC} \mathrm{cm}^{-3}\right) by depth and the total carbon content ( ${\mathrm{mg}}^{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$${\mathrm{mg}}^{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$mg^(C)cm^(-2)\mathrm{mg}^{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{cm}^{-2} ) to 27 cm .
表 5.处理对不同深度体积碳含量 $\left(\mathrm{mgC}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}\right)$$\left(\mathrm{mgC}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}\right)$(mgCcm^(-3))\left(\mathrm{mgC} \mathrm{cm}^{-3}\right) 和 27 厘米总碳含量 ( ${\mathrm{mg}}^{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$${\mathrm{mg}}^{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$mg^(C)cm^(-2)\mathrm{mg}^{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{cm}^{-2} ) 的影响。

Both organic nitrogen and carbon have been affected. The change in organic matter with treatment is associated with a considerable change in soil bulk density and in the breakdown and accumulation rate of carbon in the soil (Table 6); this variation in breakdown suggests major variations in microbial activity (Shiel & Rimmer, 1984).
有机氮和碳都受到了影响。有机物随处理方法的变化与土壤容重以及土壤中碳的分解和积累率的巨大变化有关（表 6）；分解的变化表明微生物活动存在重大变化（Shiel 和 Rimmer，1984 年）。

Table 6. The breakdown rate of endogenous and exogenous C , the change in C relative to plot 6 and the change in bulk density (BD) with depth.
表 6.内源和外源 C 的分解率、相对于 6 号地块的 C 变化以及容重（BD）随深度的变化。

The different chemical and physical condition of the soil on different plots has led to substantial changes in the population and activity of micro-organisms that transform carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus compounds. These microbial changes have themselves led to differences in the soils’ chemical properties and to the growth and chemical composition of the herbage on the plots. Some of these changes are outlined below.
不同地块土壤的化学和物理条件不同，导致转化碳、氮、硫和磷化合物的微生物数量和活动发生了巨大变化。这些微生物的变化本身也导致了土壤化学性质的不同，以及地块上草本植物生长和化学成分的不同。下文概述了其中的一些变化。

The differences in soil carbon content and distribution could be due to differences in carbon addition associated with dry matter production and grazing or to differences in the rate of carbon breakdown and redistribution by micro-organisms or mesofauna, or to some combination of these. Glucose induced respiration ( ${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$V_(max)\mathrm{V}_{\max } ) was much smaller on the fertilisertreated plots, and particularly small on the acid plot 7 (Table 7). The glucose concentration at half ${\mathrm{V}}_{\text{max}}\left({\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)$${\mathrm{V}}_{\text{max }}\left({\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)$V_("max ")(K_(m))\mathrm{V}_{\text {max }}\left(\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{m}}\right) was also smaller on these same plots and this is reflected in the variation in biomass $C$$C$CC.
土壤碳含量和分布的差异可能是由于与干物质生产和放牧相关的碳添加量的差异，也可能是由于微生物或中生动物对碳的分解和再分配速率的差异，或者是这些因素的某种组合。在施肥处理的地块上，葡萄糖诱导的呼吸作用（ ${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$V_(max)\mathrm{V}_{\max } ）要小得多，尤其是在酸性地块 7 上（表 7）。在这些相同的地块上，葡萄糖半浓度 ${\mathrm{V}}_{\text{max}}\left({\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)$${\mathrm{V}}_{\text{max }}\left({\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)$V_("max ")(K_(m))\mathrm{V}_{\text {max }}\left(\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{m}}\right) 也较小，这反映在生物量 $C$$C$CC 的变化上。

The ratio of microbial to organic carbon was however only substantially depressed on plot 7 . When expressed on a gravimetric basis there is no clear pattern in the production of carbon dioxide per gram of soil, though that from plot 7 is very large. When the variation in carbon content is taken into account the specific respiration $\left({\mathrm{qCO}}_2\right)$$\left({\mathrm{qCO}}_2\right)$(qCO_(2))\left(\mathrm{qCO}_{2}\right) is much higher on this plot. It appears the micro-organisms on plot 7 are particularly stressed by their environment, for both $K_m$$K_m$K_(m)K_{m} and ${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$V_(max)\mathrm{V}_{\max } are much smaller than for the other plots. The biomass C and the ratio of biomass to soil carbon are both much smaller on plot 7 suggesting that the microbial population is being stressed by the environment on this plot; this reduced biological activity is responsible for the accumulation of C on plot 7 .
不过，只有第 7 号地块的微生物碳与有机碳的比例大幅下降。如果按重量计，每克土壤产生的二氧化碳量没有明显的规律，但 7 号地块的二氧化碳量非常大。如果考虑到碳含量的变化，该地块的特定呼吸 $\left({\mathrm{qCO}}_2\right)$$\left({\mathrm{qCO}}_2\right)$(qCO_(2))\left(\mathrm{qCO}_{2}\right) 要高得多。看来 7 号地块上的微生物受到环境的压力特别大，因为 $K_m$$K_m$K_(m)K_{m} 和 ${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$${\mathrm{V}}_{max}$V_(max)\mathrm{V}_{\max } 都比其他地块小得多。7 号地块上的生物量碳和生物量与土壤碳的比率都要小得多，这表明该地块上的微生物种群受到了环境的压力；生物活性的降低是 7 号地块上碳积累的原因。

Table 7. Measures of microbial activity on a selection of the plots.
表 7.部分地块上微生物活动的测量值。

The differences in aftermath growth also indicate that activity of nitrogen mineralisers varies between plots. The lack of significant difference in hay yield on biennially and quadrennially manured plots in the manuring and non-manuring years also indicates considerable excess nitrogen mineralisation on these plots compared to those not receiving manure, even in years when manure is not applied. The population of micro-organisms responsible for nitrogen transformation varies between plots and is closely related to the inputs of ammonium ions. The short term nitrifier (SNA) population is however strongly influenced by the pH of the plot and hence is low on plots 7 and 11 than 6 and 9 (Table 8).
茎后生长的差异还表明，不同地块的氮矿化器的活性不同。在施肥和不施肥的年份，施肥两年期和四年期的地块在干草产量上没有明显差异，这也表明与不施肥的地块相比，即使在不施肥的年份，这些地块上的氮矿化度也相当高。负责氮转化的微生物数量因地块而异，与铵离子的输入量密切相关。不过，短期硝化细菌（SNA）数量受地块 pH 值的影响很大，因此 7 号和 11 号地块的数量比 6 号和 9 号地块少（表 8）。

Table 8. ${\log }_{10}$${\log }_{10}$log_(10)\log _{10} of the most probable number ${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$g^(-1)\mathrm{g}^{-1} and short term nitrifier activity (SNA, $\mu \mathrm{g}$$\mu \mathrm{g}$mug\mu \mathrm{g} ${\mathrm{NO}}_2-{\mathrm{Ng}}^{-1}{\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$${\mathrm{NO}}_2-{\mathrm{Ng}}^{-1}{\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$NO_(2)-Ng^(-1)h^(-1)\mathrm{NO}_{2}-\mathrm{Ng}^{-1} \mathrm{~h}^{-1} )
表 8. ${\log }_{10}$${\log }_{10}$log_(10)\log _{10} 最可能的数量 ${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$${\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$g^(-1)\mathrm{g}^{-1} 和短期硝化细菌活性 (SNA, $\mu \mathrm{g}$$\mu \mathrm{g}$mug\mu \mathrm{g} ${\mathrm{NO}}_2-{\mathrm{Ng}}^{-1}{\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$${\mathrm{NO}}_2-{\mathrm{Ng}}^{-1}{\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$NO_(2)-Ng^(-1)h^(-1)\mathrm{NO}_{2}-\mathrm{Ng}^{-1} \mathrm{~h}^{-1} )

One might also expect that there are comparable differences in activity of micro-organisms involved in soil phosphorus and sulphur transformation, comparable to the changes described above for carbon and nitrogen. The modification to all of these could also have implications for loss of nutrients to the atmosphere (some in the form of greenhouse gases) or to ground water, where they may lead to eutrophication.
我们还可以预期，参与土壤磷和硫转化的微生物的活动也会出现类似的差异，与上述碳和氮的变化相当。所有这些变化还可能影响养分向大气（有些以温室气体的形式）或地下水的流失，从而导致富营养化。

The major study that has been completed involves the population of enchytraeidae. There have also been studies of ground beetles.
目前已完成的主要研究涉及啮齿目甲虫的数量。此外，还对地甲虫进行了研究。

Climate and Weather 气候和天气

Although the average maximum soil moisture deficit (SMD) at Cockle Park is small ( 80 mm ) its variation from year to year has a major impact on hay production. There is a significant negative correlation between maximum SMD and hay yield but the relation is strongest on the lower yielding plots, possibly because these have the poorest root growth and soil conditions. The plots can be separated into two groups - the higher yielding 1-5 and the lower yielding $6,7,9$$6,7,9$6,7,96,7,9 and 11 which have yields which inter-correlate well with others within the group but not with those in the other group. This indicates that good soil conditions and manuring mitigate the adverse impacts of extreme weather, including increased drought frequency, and have a clear relevance if the regional climate is to become drier in summer in the future. Counter-intuitively the lower yielding plots are more adversely affected by dry conditions. For more details see Coleman, Shiel and Evans (1987). In recent years the rainfall
虽然鸡冠花公园的平均最大土壤水分亏缺量（SMD）很小（80 毫米），但每年的变化对干草产量影响很大。最大土壤水分亏缺量与干草产量之间存在明显的负相关，但这种关系在产量较低的地块上最为明显，这可能是因为这些地块的根系生长和土壤条件最差。地块可分为两组--产量较高的 1-5 号地块和产量较低的 $6,7,9$$6,7,9$6,7,96,7,9 和 11 号地块，这两组地块的产量与组内其他地块的产量相互关系良好，但与另一组地块的产量相互关系不佳。这表明，良好的土壤条件和施肥减轻了极端天气的不利影响，包括干旱频率的增加，如果未来该地区的气候在夏季变得更加干旱，那么良好的土壤条件和施肥具有明显的相关性。与直觉相反的是，产量较低的地块受到干旱条件的不利影响更大。详见 Coleman、Shiel 和 Evans（1987 年）。近年来的降雨量
distribution has been advantageous for hay production, with relatively wet conditions occurring in May - the individual month whose water deficit is best related to hay yield.
五月是缺水与干草产量关系最密切的月份，相对湿润的气候条件有利于干草生产。

Much of the work at Palace Leas was published many years ago and as a result reprints are not available. There are some reprints of recent articles. The publication list must therefore be viewed as a bibliography that can be accessed through major libraries. Most of the early material can be made available to collaborators. Research thesis material is held in the Robinson Library at Newcastle University, and cannot be borrowed.
Palace Leas 的许多作品都是多年前出版的，因此没有重印本。但也有一些近期文章的重印本。因此，必须将出版物清单视为可通过主要图书馆查阅的书目。大部分早期资料可以提供给合作者。研究论文资料保存在纽卡斯尔大学的罗宾逊图书馆，不能外借。

ALLEN, E.A. (1985) The influence of sward composition on the development of an organic horizon on plot 7 of the Palace Leas meadow hay trial. BSc Dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
ALLEN, E.A. (1985) The influence of sward composition on the development of an organic horizon on plot 7 of the Palace Leas meadow hay trial.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学理学士学位论文。

ARNOLD, P.W., HUNTER, F. & GONZALES FERNANDEZ, P. (1976) Long-term grassland experiments at Cockle Park. Annales Agronomiques 27, 1027-1042.
ARNOLD, P.W., HUNTER, F. & GONZALES FERNANDEZ, P. (1976) Long-term grassland experiments at Cockle Park.Annales Agronomiques 27, 1027-1042.

ASKEW, G.P. (1971) The soils of the Palace Leas plots at Cockle Park experimental farm: excursion guide. British Society of Soil Science, Guide to excursions, 18-25.
ASKEW, G.P. (1971) The soils of the Palace Leas plots at Cockle Park experimental farm: excursion guide.British Society of Soil Science, Guide to excursions, 18-25.

BARRATT, B.C. (1964) A classification of humus forms and micro-fabrics of temperate grasslands. Journal of Soil Science 15, 342-356.
BARRATT, B.C. (1964) A classification of humus forms and micro-fabrics of temperate grasslands.土壤科学杂志》第 15 期，342-356 页。

BARRATT, B.C. (1960) An investigation of the morphology of some grassland humus forms. Ph.D thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
BARRATT, B.C. (1960) An investigation of the morphology of some grassland humus forms.博士论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学。

BARRATT, B.C. (1967) Differences in humus forms and their micro-fabrics induced by longterm topdressings in hayfields. Geoderma 1, 209-227.
BARRATT, B.C. (1967) Differences in humus forms and their micro-fabrics induced by longterm topdressing in hayfields.Geoderma 1, 209-227.

BARRATT, B.C. (1968) Macro and micro morphological changes in topsoils under intensified grassland management. Transactions 9th International Congress of Soil Science, 211-219.
BARRATT, B.C. (1968)《草地强化管理下表土的宏观和微观形态变化》。Transactions 9th International Congress of Soil Science, 211-219.

BARRATT, B.C. (1970) Effect of long-term fertilizer topdressings in hayfields on humus forms and their micromorphology. AGRI Digest No 21, 11-17.
BARRATT, B.C.（1970 年）草场长期施肥对腐殖质形态及其微观形态的影响。AGRI Digest No 21, 11-17.

BATTEN, C.J. (1982) A study of the aftermath grazing period on the Palace Leas meadow. BSc dissertation. AES Dept. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
BATTEN, C.J. (1982) A study of the aftermath grazing period on the Palace Leas meadow.学士学位论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学 AES 系。

BIRCH, S.P. 1985. A botanical survey of the Palace Leas meadow hay trial and the effects of differential fertiliser treatments on the fourteen plots at the site. Unpublished thesis. 76pp.
BIRCH, S.P. 1985.对 Palace Leas 草地干草试验的植物学调查以及不同肥料处理对该试验场 14 块地的影响。未发表论文。76pp.

BIRCH, S.P., HUGHES, J.G. & HUNTLEY, B. The impact of fertiliser application upon hay meadow vegetation at Cockle Park, Northumberland. Unpublished manuscript. 85pp.
BIRCH, S.P., HUGHES, J.G. & HUNTLEY, B. The impact of fertilizer application upon hay meadow vegetation at Cockle Park, Northumberland.未发表手稿。85pp.

BLUCK, L.K. (1982) Carbon cycling in Palace Leas hay plots. B.Sc. Dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. AES Dept.
BLUCK, L.K. (1982) Carbon cycling in Palace Leas hay plots.B.Sc.论文，泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学。AES Dept.

BOL, R., WILSON, J.M., SHIEL, R.S., PETZKE, K.J., WATSON, A. & COCKBURN, J. (1998) Effects of long-term fertilizer and manure treatments on the distribution and ${}^{15}\mathrm{N}$${}^{15}\mathrm{N}$^(15)N{ }^{15} \mathrm{~N} natural abundance of amino acids in the Palace Leas meadow hay plots: a preliminary study. In: Stankiewicz, B.A. & van Bergen, P.F. (eds) Nitrogen-containing macromolecules in the bioand geosphere. ACS symposium 707. American Chemical Society. pp309-320.
BOL, R., WILSON, J.M., SHIEL, R.S., PETZKE, K.J., WATSON, A. & COCKBURN, J. (1998) Effects of long-term fertilizer and manure treatments on the distribution and ${}^{15}\mathrm{N}$${}^{15}\mathrm{N}$^(15)N{ }^{15} \mathrm{~N} natural abundance of amino acids in the Palace Leas meadow hay plots: a preliminary study.见Stankiewicz, B.A. & van Bergen, P.F. (eds) Nitrogen-containing macromolecules in the bioand geosphere.ACS symposium 707.pp309-320。

BRAGG, N.C. (1979) A study of soil profile characteristics of selected Palace Leas hay plots. MSc dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
BRAGG, N.C. (1979) A study of soil profile characteristics of selected Palace Leas hay plots.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学硕士论文。

BUSHNELL, D.G. (1952) An investigation into the effects of a long term manurial policy on the quantity of hay from the Palace Leas meadow hay experiment. MSc. dissertation. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
BUSHNELL, D.G. (1952) An investigation into the effects of a long term manurial policy on the quantity of hay from the Palace Leas meadow hay experiment.硕士论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学。

CHOW, W.T. (1971) Mineralisable nitrogen in soils from Palace Leas plots. MSc dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
CHOW, W.T. (1971) Mineralisable nitrogen in soils from Palace Leas plots.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学硕士论文。

COLEMAN, S.Y. (1981) A study of the hay yield from Palace Leas. MSc. dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
COLEMAN, S.Y. (1981) A study of the hay yield from Palace Leas.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学硕士论文。

COLEMAN, S.Y., SHIEL, R.S & EVANS, D.A. (1987) The effect of weather and nutrition on the yield of hay from Palace Leas meadow hay plots, at Cockle Park Experimental Farm, over the period from 1897 to 1980. Grass and Forage Science 42, 353-358.
COLEMAN, S.Y., SHIEL, R.S & EVANS, D.A. (1987) The effect of weather and nutrition on the yield of hay from Palace Leas meadow hay plots, at Cockle Park Experimental Farm, over the period from 1897 to 1980.草料与饲草科学》第 42 期，353-358 页。

COLVAN, S.R., SYERS, J.K. & O’Donnell, A.G. (2001) Effects of long-term fertiliser use on acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase and phoshodiesterase activities in managed grassland. Biology and Fertility of Soils 34, 258-263.
COLVAN, S.R., SYERS, J.K. & O'Donnell, A.G. (2001) Effects of long-term fertilizer use on acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase and phoshodiesterase activities in managed grassland.Biology and Fertility of Soils 34, 258-263.

COOPER, P.J.M. (1968) Potassium fixation studies on silt and clay fractions, and complete soils from the Palace Leas plots. MSc. dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
COOPER, P.J.M. (1968) Potassium fixation studies on silt and clay fractions, and complete soils from the Palace Leas plots.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学硕士论文。

CORNFORTH, I.S. (1962) A study of certain soil physical properties of the Palace Leas meadow hay plots at Cockle Park. BSc dissertation. AES Dept. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
CORNFORTH, I.S. (1962) A study of certain soil physical properties of the Palace Leas meadow hay plots at Cockle Park.BSc dissertation.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学 AES 系。

CRUWYS, K. (1988) The characterisation and analysis of soil organic matter using soil lipids and multivariate statistics. BSc dissertation. AES Dept. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
CRUWYS, K. (1988) The characterisation and analysis of soil organic matter using soil lipids and multivariate statistics.学士学位论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学 AES 系。

DAINTREE, C. (1983) A micromorphological study of the soil macroporosity and component features of selected Palace Leas meadow hay plots. BSc dissertation. AES Dept. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
DAINTREE, C. (1983) A micromorphological study of the soil macroporosity and component features of selected Palace Leas meadow hay plots.学士学位论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学 AES 系。

DOUBLEDAY, G.P. (1965) A soil survey of Cockle Park. BSc dissertation. AES Dept. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
DOUBLEDAY, G.P. (1965) A soil survey of Cockle Park.学士学位论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学 AES 系。

ELLIOTT, F.J. & THOMAS, B. (1934) On the yield and composition of meadow hay from certain of the Palace Leas plots at Cockle Park. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 24, 379-389.
ELLIOTT, F.J. & THOMAS, B. (1934) On the yield and composition of meadow hay from certain of the Palace Leas plots at Cockle Park.农业科学杂志》，剑桥 24，379-389。

FLOATE, M.J.S. (1962) Pedogenic relationships concerning forms of soil phosphorus and soil organic matter. Ph.D Thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
FLOATE, M.J.S. (1962) Pedogenic relationships concerning forms of soil phosphorus and soil organic matter.Ph.D Thesis.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学。

GILCHRIST, D.A. (1916) Manuring and cropping in view of the enhanced returns from farm produce and of increased costs of labour and production. Professional Notes of the Surveyors’ Institution. pp.16. Nichols & Sons:London.
GILCHRIST, D.A. (1916) Manuring and croppping in view of the enhanced returns from farm produce and of increased costs of labour and production.pp.16.Nichols & Sons：伦敦。

GONZALEZ-FERNANDEZ, P. (1975) The phosphorus soil status of Palace Leas. MSc. dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
GONZALEZ-FERNANDEZ, P. (1975) The phosphorus soil status of Palace Leas.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学硕士论文。

GUIDE TO THE COCKLE PARK EXPERIMENTAL STATION. Guides were published annually except during the war years. County of Northumberland Education Committee/Universities of Durham & Newcastle from 1896 to 1971.
鸡冠花公园实验站指南。除战争年代外，指南每年出版一次。诺森伯兰郡教育委员会/达勒姆和纽卡斯尔大学，1896 年至 1971 年。

HIGGINS, F. (1990) The influence of high pH microsites on the activity of autrophic nitrifiers in acidic soils. BSc dissertation. AES Dept. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
HIGGINS, F. (1990) The influence of high pH microsites on the activity of autrophic nitrifiers in acidic soil.BSc dissertation.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学 AES 系。

HE, Z. L., WU, J., O’DONNELL, A.G. & Syers, J. K. 1997 Seasonal responses in microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur in soils under pasture Biology and Fertility of Soils 24, 421-428.
HE, Z. L., WU, J., O'DONNELL, A.G. & Syers, J. K. 1997 Seasonal responses in microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and sulphur in soil under pasture Biology and Fertility of Soils 24, 421-428.

HOLLAS, P. (2001) A study of pH variation across the boundary of plots 6 and 7 and influence of ridge and furrow cultivation on the Palace Leas meadow hay experiemntal plots. Unpublished BSc thesis, Newcastle University.
HOLLAS, P. (2001) A study of pH variation across the boundary of plots 6 and 7 and influence of ridge and furrow cultivation on the Palace Leas meadow hay experiemntal plots.纽卡斯尔大学未发表的学士学位论文。

HOPKINS, D.W. (1988) Nitrogen transformations in upland pastures on stagnogley and stagnohumic-gley soils. Ph.D thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
HOPKINS, D.W. (1988) Nitrogen transformations in upland pastures on stagnogley and stagnohumic-gley soil.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学博士论文。

HOPKINS, D.W., CHUDEK, J.A. & SHIEL, R.S. (1993) Chemical characterisation and decomposition of organic matter from the contrasting grassland soil profiles. Journal of Soil Science 44, 147-158.
HOPKINS, D.W., CHUDEK, J.A. & SHIEL, R.S. (1993) 化学特征和对比草地土壤剖面有机物的分解。土壤科学杂志》44 期，147-158 页。

HOPKINS, D.W., IBRAHIM, D.M., O’DONNELL, A.G. & SHIEL, R.S. (1990) Decomposition of cellulose, soil organic matter and plant litter in a temperate grassland soil. Plant and Soil 124, 79-85.
HOPKINS, D.W., IBRAHIM, D.M., O'DONNELL, A.G. & SHIEL, R.S. (1990) Decomposition of cellulose, soil organic matter and plant litter in a temperate grassland soil.Plant and Soil 124, 79-85.

HOPKINS, D.W., O’DONNELL, A.G. & SHIEL, R.S (1988) The effect of fertilisation on soil nitrifier activity in experimental grassland plots. Biology and Fertility of Soils 5, 344-349.
HOPKINS, D.W., O'DONNELL, A.G. & SHIEL, R.S (1988) The effect of fertilisation on soil nitrifier activity in experimental grassland plots.土壤生物学与肥力》，5, 344-349.

HOPKINS, D.W., O’DOWD, R.W. & SHIEL, R.S. (1997) Comparison of D- and L-amino acid metabolism in soils with differing microbial biomass and activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29, 23-29.
HOPKINS, D.W., O'DOWD, R.W. & SHIEL, R.S. (1997) Comparison of D- and L-amino acid metabolism in soils with different different microbial biomass and activity.Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29, 23-29.

HOPKINS, D.W. & SHIEL, R.S. (1990) Spectroscopic characterisation of organic matter from soil with mor and mull humus forms. In; W.S. Wilson (Ed.) Advances in soil organic matter research: the impact on agriculture and the environment: Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge pp 71-78.
HOPKINS, D.W. & SHIEL, R.S. (1990) Spectroscopic characterisation of organic matter from soil with mor and mull humus forms.见 W.S. Wilson（编辑）《土壤有机质研究进展：对农业和环境的影响》：英国皇家化学学会：剑桥，第 71-78 页。

HOPKINS, D.W. & SHIEL, R.S. (1996) Size and activity of microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilisers. Biology and Fertility of Soils 22, 66-70.
HOPKINS, D.W. & SHIEL, R.S. (1996) Size and activity of microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilisers.土壤生物学与肥力》，22, 66-70.

HOPKINS, D.W., SHIEL, R.S. & O’DONNELL, A.G. (1988) The influence of sward species composition on the rate of organic matter decomposition in grassland soil. Journal of Soil Science 39, 385-392.
HOPKINS, D.W., SHIEL, R.S. & O'DONNELL, A.G. (1988) The influence of sward species composition on the rate of organic matter decomposition in grassland soil.Journal of Soil Science 39, 385-392.

IBRAHIM, D.M. (1987) Cellulose decomposition in some Palace Leas meadow hay plots. MSc dissertation. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
IBRAHIM, D.M. (1987) Cellulose decomposition in some Palace Leas meadow hay plots.硕士论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学。

JARVIS, R.A., HARTNUP, R.I. & ALLISON, J.W. (1977) Cockle Park Soil Map. SoilSurvey of England & Wales, Harpenden.
JARVIS, R.A., HARTNUP, R.I. & ALLISON, J.W. (1977) Cockle Park Soil Map.英格兰和威尔士土壤调查，哈彭登。

JONES, H. E., HOWARD, D.C., GARNETT, J. S., ROSSALL, M. J., WILSON, D. R., PARRINGTON, J. LATHWOOD, T., COMMON, G., HARVEY, S., SHIEL, R. S., DEAKIN, D. & MILNE, R. (2000) Changes in the carbon content of soils in relation to grassland “improvement”. In: Carbon Sequestration in Vegetation and Soils $\mathrm{\_}$$\mathrm{\_}$_\_Final Report April 2000, DETR Contract EPG 1/1/39 (Ed. by R. Milne) 271pp.
JONES, H. E., HOWARD, D.C., GARNETT, J. S., ROSSALL, M. J., WILSON, D. R., PARRINGTON, J. LATHWOOD, T., COMMON, G., HARVEY, S., SHIEL, R. S., DEAKIN, D. & MILNE, R. (2000) 与草地 "改良 "有关的土壤碳含量变化。In：植被和土壤中的碳封存》 $\mathrm{\_}$$\mathrm{\_}$_\_ 2000 年 4 月最终报告，DETR 合同 EPG 1/1/39（R. Milne 编辑）271pp。

MacGILLIVRAY, C.W. (1990) The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in Trifolium repens L. BSC dissertation Dept. of Forestry & Natural Resources. University of Edinburgh.
MacGILLIVRAY, C.W. (1990) The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in Trifolium repens L. BSC dissertation Dept.爱丁堡大学。

OBERG, G., BORJESSON, I. & SAMUELSON, B. (1995) Net changes in organically bound halogens in relation to soil pH. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 89, 351-361.
OBERG, G., BORJESSON, I. & SAMUELSON, B. (1995) 有机结合卤素的净变化与土壤 pH 值的关系。水、空气和土壤污染 89，351-361。

O’DONNELL, A.G., SEASMAN, M., MACRAE, A., WAITE, I., & DAVIES, J.T. (2001) Plants and fertilisers as drivers of change in microbial community structure and function in soils. Plant and Soil 232, 135-145.
O'DONNELL, A.G., SEASMAN, M., MACRAE, A., WAITE, I., & DAVIES, J.T. (2001) Plants and fertilisers as drivers of change in microbial community structure and function in soils.Plant and Soil 232, 135-145.

ONWUEGBUCHULAM, C.M. (1983) The purity and variability of Cockle Park soil map. MSc dissertation. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
ONWUEGBUCHULAM, C.M. (1983) The purity and variability of Cockle Park soil map.硕士论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学。

ORABI, A.A. (1977) The behaviour of zinc and manganese in the soils of Palace Leas plots. Ph.D thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
ORABI, A.A. (1977) The behaviour of zinc and manganese in the soils of Palace Leas plots.泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学博士论文。

PADMORE, C.F. (1982) A study of nitrogen mineralisation in Palace Leas soils. BSc dissertation. AES Dept. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
PADMORE, C.F. (1982) A study of nitrogen mineralisation in Palace Leas soils.学士学位论文。泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔大学 AES 系。

PAWSON, H.C. (1946) Cockle Park, Morpeth, Jubilee 1896-1946. Northumberland Agricultural Experimental Station.
PAWSON, H.C. (1946) Cockle Park, Morpeth, Jubilee 1896-1946.诺森伯兰农业试验站。

PAWSON, H.C. (1921) Cockle Park: the improvement of a poor farm. The Scottish Farmer and Farming Work and Household.
PAWSON, H.C. (1921) Cockle Park: the improvement of a poor farm.苏格兰农民和农业工作与家庭》。

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Using the Site 使用网站

Palace Leas is managed by Dr. Simon Peacock of The School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development at Newcastle University. The site is maintained by staff resident at Cockle Park experimental farm, 18 miles North of the University. The site is available for use by everyone. If you wish to obtain material from the site or place instruments there then you should contact Dr Peacock directly. If publication of results can be undertaken jointly then no charge will be made for use of the site. However, all additional costs of technical or laboratory time and consumables will be by prior agreement. If there is to be no joint publication of results then a full commercial charge will be made for use of the site by any staff outside the School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development.
Palace Leas 由纽卡斯尔大学农业、食品和农村发展学院的 Simon Peacock 博士管理。该基地由纽卡斯尔大学以北 18 英里的 Cockle Park 实验农场的工作人员负责维护。该网站可供所有人使用。如果您希望从该基地获取材料或在那里放置仪器，请直接与皮科克博士联系。如果可以共同发表研究成果，则不收取场地使用费。但是，所有额外的技术或实验室时间和消耗品费用将事先商定。如果不联合发表成果，则农业、食品和农村发展学院以外的任何人员使用该网站都将收取全额商业费用。

There is a full agro-meteorological station approximately 400 m from the plots and this has a daily data record from 1898 to the present. Dr Peacock also holds a considerable volume of unpublished data from the plots and this can be used on the same terms as the field data.
距离地块约 400 米处有一个完整的农业气象站，该气象站有 1898 年至今的每日数据记录。皮科克博士还掌握了大量未公开的地块数据，这些数据可与实地数据同等使用。