Essay topic 1
论文题目 1

Please choose *one* of the following public health policies and programs. We have chosen these because they have publicly available information about them.
请选择以下公共卫生政策和计划之一。我们之所以选择这些，是因为它们拥有有关它们的公开信息。

Bans on indoor tobacco smoking.
禁止室内吸烟。

Routine, but non-compulsory, immunisation of all high school students against HPV, conducted in the school setting.
在学校环境中对所有高中生进行常规但非强制性的 HPV 免疫接种。

Routine, but non-compulsory, prostate cancer screening for males over 60.
对 60 岁以上的男性进行常规但非强制性的前列腺癌筛查。

Active Kids vouchers.
ActiveKids 优惠券。

15-minute cities.
15 分钟城市。

Now answer the following question: Should this policy or program continue in its current form? (In the case of 15-minute cities, the question is, should this become normal urban planning policy?) Justify your position on the basis of current evidence and justify it ethically, with reference to 1-3 values and/or concepts and/or theories drawn from public health ethics and/or Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander worldviews and/or critical sociology. 
现在回答以下问题：此政策或计划是否应继续保持当前形式？（在这种情况下对于 15 分钟城市，问题是，这应该成为正常的城市规划政策吗？根据当前证据证明您的立场，并在道德上证明其合理性，并参考来自公共卫生伦理学和/或原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民世界观和/或批判社会学的 1-3 个价值观和/或概念和/或理论。 

Detailed instructions
详细说明

Step 1. Gather information.
步骤1.收集信息。

a) Find information about your policy or program
a） 查找有关您的保单或计划的信息

You will have to use google and/ or a library search to find some information on the policy or program you choose. You don’t need very much information, don’t spend too much time or words on this. Googling ‘banning indoor tobacco smoking rationale’ or ‘indoor smoking bans and evaluation’ or another equivalent simple prompt, should locate all you need. All you are looking for is an overview or summary of the policy or program that says when it was put in place and where, and any known impacts or outcomes, along with any evidence used publicly to justify it, and any statements that say publicly what the rationale for the policy or program is. If there is economic data (e.g. cost-effectiveness) you are welcome to include it if it helps you make your argument, but you are not expected to do so. You do not need to be exhaustive. Many countries have put indoor smoking bans in place. You do not have to collect information from all of them! One is sufficient, or, if you wish to make a point relying on global comparisons, you can refer to comparative data or use two settings.
您将不得不使用google和/或library搜索来查找有关您选择的政策或计划的一些信息。你不需要太多信息，不要花太多时间或文字。谷歌搜索“禁止室内吸烟的理由”或“室内吸烟禁令和评估”或其他等效的简单提示，应该可以找到您所需要的一切。您正在寻找的只是政策或计划的概述或摘要，说明政策或计划的实施时间和地点，以及任何已知的影响或结果，以及任何公开用于证明其合理性的证据，以及任何公开说明政策或计划的理由的陈述。如果有经济数据（例如成本效益），如果它有助于您提出论点，欢迎您将其包括在内，但您不需要这样做。你不需要详尽无遗。许多国家/地区都实施了室内禁烟令。您不必从他们那里收集信息！ 一个就足够了，或者，如果你想依靠全球比较来表达一个观点，你可以参考比较数据或使用两个设置。

You do not need a lot of fine details such as the exact date of implementation. You are being assessed on how you think through the question, not on your grey literature searching skills or your capacity to provide detailed descriptions of the policy or program. You might be able to use of the new many new computer assisted software tools to help with this component.
您不需要很多细节，例如确切的实施日期。评估你的是你如何思考问题，而不是你的灰色文献搜索技能或你提供政策或计划的详细描述的能力。您也许能够使用新的许多新的计算机辅助软件工具来帮助此组件。

b) Find relevant scholarship for your essay
湾）为您的论文寻找相关的奖学金

You should use your library2go literature searching skills and your set readings to create a bibliography for your essay. Your bibliography may include some items that help address the content of your essay (for example that report on the impacts on indoor smoking bans on rates of smoking or incidence of disease; or more to the point, that assess the burden of tobacco related illness.) However quite a bit of it should reflect your investigation of the ethical, social and (if relevant) epistemic issues involved
您应该使用您的 library2go 文献搜索技能和您的固定阅读材料为您的论文创建参考书目。您的参考书目可能包括一些有助于解决您论文内容的项目（例如，报告室内禁烟对吸烟率或疾病发病率的影响;或者更确切地说，评估烟草相关疾病的负担）。然而，其中相当一部分应该反映你对所涉及的道德、社会和（如果相关）认识问题的调查.

Yes, you can add additional items to your bibliography if you need to, between your draft and your final essay. Your bibliography can grow.
是的，如果需要，您可以在草稿和期末论文之间向参考书目添加其他项目。您的参考书目可以增长。

Step 2. Read and extract information and do your thinking.
步骤2。搜索并提取信息并进行思考。

SCANA, the Learning Hub and the synthesis grid assessments should support this skill. You need to note the interesting points you want to make in your essay, and group them in a structure. Write memos and think-alouds to yourself to develop your ideas or dictate them into your phone.
SCANA、Learning Hub 和综合网格评估应该支持这项技能。你需要记下你想在文章中提出的有趣观点，并将它们分组在一个结构中。给自己写备忘录和大声思考，以发展你的想法或将它们口述到你的手机中。

Step 3. Writing your essay. This is ideally more than one step: a first draft, and then a rewrite.
步骤3。写你的论文。理想情况下，这不止一个步骤：初稿，然后重写。

Your essay needs to answer the question clearly: meaning you have to take a position. You will need to be clear if your answer is yes, the policy or program should continue as presently; or no, the policy or program should either be significantly altered or else stopped altogether and a different policy or program should take its place.
你的文章需要清楚地回答这个问题：这意味着你必须 采取一个立场。您需要明确如果您的回答是肯定的，该政策或计划应像现在一样继续;或者不，政策或计划应该被重大改变，或者完全停止，取而代之的是不同的政策或计划。

In your essay you need to present an argument for why you are taking the position you have chosen. You will need to consider what we know, how we know it (& possible limitations for that evidence, if relevant), the ethical concepts, theories or values that underpin policy or program choices, and whatever you consider to be the relevant contextual considerations (power relations, commercial or social determinants of health, useful theoretical frameworks, First Nations ways of knowing, being and doing, worldviews, etc.).
在你的文章中，你需要提出一个论点，说明你为什么选择你选择的立场。您需要考虑我们所知道的、我们如何知道的（以及该证据的可能限制，如果相关）、支撑政策或计划选择的道德概念、理论或价值观，以及您认为相关的任何背景考虑（权力关系、健康的商业或社会决定因素、有用的理论框架、原住民的认知、存在和行为方式、世界观等）。

A general note about the importance of not getting bogged down in detail. Pass and credit level essays will set out a lot of facts and take up a lot their essay doing so. Distinction and high distinction level essays will pick out the facts that are important to the argument they want to make (while briefly acknowledging other parts of the evidence base). Distinction / HD level essays often display critical thinking about how we know these facts, i.e., what methods have been used to produce this knowledge, and how this knowledge base might be limited as well as important, either here or at some point in their essays. Remember that the way you define the problem - including what things you think are the relevant ‘facts’ – sets the framework for the range of possible solutions.
关于不要陷入细节困境的重要性的一般说明。 及格和学分论文会列出很多事实，并占用他们的论文很多。Distinction 和 High distinction 级别的论文将挑选出对他们想要提出的论点很重要的事实（同时简要承认证据基础的其他部分）。Distinction / HD 级别的论文通常表现出关于我们如何了解这些事实的批判性思考，即使用了什么方法来产生这些知识，以及这些知识库如何在这里或他们的论文中的某个时候既有限又重要。请记住，您定义问题的方式 - 包括您认为哪些是相关的 “事实” - 为可能的解决方案范围设定了框架。

Structure
结构

You don’t need to stick to this formula exactly, but in general this is the sort of thing that we’d expect:
您不需要完全遵循这个公式，但一般来说，这是我们所期望的那种事情：

Introduction
介绍

Your introduction is like a map handed to the reader with clues about the path they are about to travel. It’s not quite a summary of your essay but it’s close. You want to interest your reader by giving them a brief hint of the importance of your chosen issue, and then foreshadow your argument.
您的介绍就像一张交给读者的地图，其中包含有关他们将要行驶的路径的线索。这并不完全是你文章的摘要，但已经很接近了。你想通过简短地暗示你所选择的问题的重要性来吸引你的读者，然后预示你的论点。

Start by very briefly describing the policy or program you chose, specifying, if relevant, the general time period and setting that you have focused on. Do not waste your words on details here! Keep your focus on the points – and points or arguments are not the same as facts - that you want to make.
首先非常简要地描述您选择的策略或计划，如果相关，请指定您关注的一般时间段和设置。不要在这里的细节上浪费您的文字！把注意力集中在你想提出的观点上——而观点或论点与事实并不相同。

Follow this with a brief overview of your position. Answer the question in 1-2 sentences. Set out the central argument you will make (3 sentences).
然后简要概述您的职位。用 1-2 句话回答问题。列出您将提出的中心论点（3 句话）。

You might also include a very brief summary of the evidence base for your position, mentioning potential critiques (particularly on the basis of methodology), and how you refute or address these. You will need to draw on your lectures, readings and other learning materials concerned with public health ethics and critical sociology of health to be able to clearly summarise the values and/or concepts and/or theories that you identify as underpinning current public health work. When you refer to ethical concepts or theories, such as utilitarianism, fairness, virtue, or care ethics, make sure that you very briefly define them.
你还可以包括一个非常简短的总结，说明你的立场的证据基础，提到可能的批评（特别是基于方法论），以及你如何反驳或解决这些批评。你需要利用你的讲座、阅读材料和其他与公共卫生伦理学和批判健康社会学有关的学习材料，以便能够清楚地总结你认为支撑当前公共卫生工作的价值和/或概念和/或理论。当您提到道德概念或理论时，例如功利主义、公平、美德或关怀伦理学，请确保您非常简短地定义它们。

Main Body
主体

In the body of your essay, you set out your argument for your position. In making that argument, you will need to set out: an appraisal of evidence that provides the basis of your position (and if the evidence is uncertain, don’t be afraid to say so, and to explain how and why you are taking a position despite, or in relation to, the uncertainty. Most public health policies and programs have to grapple with uncertainty, and we should learn how to do that better).
在你的文章正文中，你阐述了你对自己立场的论点。在提出该论点时，您需要列出： 对提供您立场基础的证据的评估（如果证据不确定，请不要害怕说出来，并解释您如何以及为什么在不确定性或与不确定性有关的情况下采取立场。大多数公共卫生政策和计划都必须应对不确定性，我们应该学习如何做得更好。

You will also need to set out the ethical or sociological rationale for your position and connect it to the evidence base. There will be more than one point to be made here. You are welcome to use subheadings if that is helpful to you.
您还需要阐明您立场的道德或社会学理由，并将其与证据基础联系起来。这里要说明的不止一点。如果这对你有帮助，欢迎你使用副标题。

You can use values, concepts or theories drawn from public health ethics and/or Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander worldviews and/or critical sociology. As above, ensure that you clearly define these values, concepts or theories (but you don’t have to define them twice! If you think that the current policy is based on utilitarianism, and you think the best approach should continue to be on the basis of utilitarianism, you don’t have to define utilitarianism twice, once in the description of the current policy, and again in your argument about what should be done).
您可以使用来自公共卫生伦理学和/或原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民世界观和/或批判社会学的价值观、概念或理论。如上所述，请确保您清楚地定义了这些值、概念或理论（但您不必 定义它们两次！如果你认为当前的政策是基于功利主义的，并且你认为最好的方法应该继续建立在功利主义的基础上，那么你不必两次定义功利主义，一次是在当前政策的描述中，另一次是在你关于应该做什么的争论中）。

Remember writing is a process of investigation. You may start with a fairly clear essay plan but nevertheless, your argument will develop – often in unexpected ways – as you write it. You are aiming to end up with nice clear paragraphs, each of which makes a nice clear point, and each of which begins with a topic sentence or similar way of indicating for the reader what your point is. But to get there you are likely to need to go back over what you’ve written and find out what the point you’ve got buried in your first-draft paragraphs, actually is.
请记住，写作是一个调查的过程。 你可能从一个相当清晰的论文计划开始，然而，你的论点会在你写的时候发展——通常是以意想不到的方式。你的目标是以漂亮清晰的段落结束，每个段落都提出了一个很好的明确的观点，每个段落都以主题句或类似的方式开始，向读者表明你的观点是什么。但要到达那里，你可能需要回顾一下你写的东西，找出你埋在初稿段落中的要点到底是什么。

For example, you might be arguing that utilitarianism ought to be the basis of a public health policy or program, and in paragraph or section I you might say 'this is because utilitarianism is the best basis for a public health program because X' and in paragraph or section II you might say 'utilitiarianism is the best basis for this particular program because Y' and in paragraph or section III you might say 'here are why objections to utilitarianism are not persuasive in relation to this particular program.' As suggested here, you should include potential critiques and refute them.
例如，你可能会争辩说功利主义应该是公共卫生政策或计划的基础，在第一段或第一节中，你可能会说“这是因为功利主义是公共卫生计划的最佳基础，因为 X”，在第二段或第二节中，你可能会说“功利主义是这个特定计划的最佳基础，因为 Y”，在第三段或第三节中，你可能会说“这里是为什么对功利主义的反对对这个特定的计划没有说服力。正如这里所建议的，你应该包括潜在的批评并反驳它们。

Conclusion
结论

Draw the threads of your argument together.
将你的论点的线索拉在一起。