英美文学小说
英美文学小说
美国（23篇）
⭐️《Rip Van Winkle》
⭐️ 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
⭐️《Walden》
⭐️ 《瓦尔登湖》
《Dr. Heidegger’s Experience》
《博士。海德格尔经验》
⭐️《The Law of Life》
⭐️ 《生命的法则》
《Paste》
“粘贴”
《The Notorious Jumping Frog》
《臭名昭著的跳蛙》
⭐️《Red Badge of Courage》
⭐️ 《红色勇气勋章》
⭐️《Sister Carrie》
⭐️ 《嘉莉妹妹》
⭐️《The Great Gatsby》
⭐️ 《了不起的盖茨比》
《The Swimmer》
《游泳者》
《A&P》
《 A&P 》
⭐️《On the Road》
⭐️ 《在路上》
《Theft》
《盗窃》
⭐️《Everyday Use》
⭐️ 《日常使用》
⭐️《The Son from Amrica》
⭐️ 《来自美国的儿子》
《A Father-to-be》
《准爸爸》
⭐️《Invisible Man》
⭐️ 《隐形人》
《Song of Solomon》
《所罗门之歌》
⭐️《A Rose for Emily》
⭐️ 《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》
《Signs and Symbols》
《标志与符号》
⭐️《The Catcher in the Rye》
⭐️ 《麦田里的守望者》
⭐️《The Magical Barrel》
⭐️《神奇的木桶》
《The Glass Mountain》
《玻璃山》
①瑞普凡温克
"Rip Van Winkle" is a renowned short story written by Washington Irving.
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》是华盛顿·欧文创作的著名短篇小说。
Theme
主题:
Rip thought the change in the 20 years was not always better for him, so Irving did. The story reveals the conservative attitude of its author. Before the war, there was peace and harmony. But there comes now the scramble for people between parties and the tempo of life has quickened.
里普认为这20年的变化并不总是对他更好，欧文也是如此。这个故事揭示了作者的保守态度。战争之前，这里是和平与和谐的。但现在党派之间出现了人员争夺，生活节奏也加快了。
The story expressed Irving's idea that change and revolution break the natural order of things, he wants to escape from society and returns to nature.
这个故事表达了欧文的思想：变革和革命打破了事物的自然秩序，他想要逃离社会，回归自然。
And he will never accept a modern democratic America.
他永远不会接受一个现代民主的美国。
Plot
阴谋:
The story is a tale remembered most for Rip's 20-year sleep, set against the background of the inevitably changing America.Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it. Thechange that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better.
这个故事是瑞普20年睡眠中最令人难忘的故事，背景是不可避免地发生变化的美国。瑞普在独立战争之前睡着了，在独立战争之后醒来。在他沉睡的20年里所发生的变化对他来说并不总是变得更好。
In the story Irving skillfully presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip's 20 years' sleep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains, and from apre-revolution village to a George Washington era, Irving describes Rip's response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferability of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one.
在故事中，欧文巧妙地向我们呈现了瑞普沉睡20年之前和之后两个完全不同的世界的平行并置。欧文将瑞普从农场里与妻子一起的喧闹世界搬到了山间狂野但宁静的自然世界，从革命前的村庄搬到了乔治·华盛顿时代，以戏剧性的方式描述了瑞普的反应和反应，因此我们清楚地看到叙述者和欧文都同意过去比现在更受欢迎，以及梦境般的世界比真实的世界更可取。
Characterization
表征:
Rip Van Winkle is an amiable but lazy man who lives in a small village.Rip Van Winkle serves as a stereotype of Amarian male as seen from abroad: a jolly overgrown child, or the manboy American whonever grows up, or the New World innocent who yearns for freedom from work and responsibility.
瑞普·凡·温克尔（Rip Van Winkle）是一个和蔼可亲但懒惰的人，住在一个小村庄里。瑞普·凡·温克尔（Rip Van Winkle）是从国外看到的阿玛利亚男性的刻板印象：一个快活的大孩子，或者是永远长不大的美国大男孩，或者是新世界的天真无邪的男孩。渴望摆脱工作和责任的自由。
Rip's wife, Dame Van Winkle, who is portrayed as a nagging and domineering figure.
瑞普的妻子范温克尔夫人被描绘成一个爱唠叨、专横的人物。
Writing Features
写作特点:
①The story's descriptive details adds a note of symbolism to the basic themes and creates an almost Gothic atmosphere. It also achieves adistinct American tone and theme.
①故事的描述性细节为基本主题增添了象征意义，营造出一种近乎哥特式的氛围。它还实现了独特的美国基调和主题。
②Irving's storytelling technique incorporates elements of folklore and legend, blending fantasy and reality. Irving got the idea from a German legend about a sleeping emperor, and set the story on fictional ground of New England in which reality and imagination converge. This blend contributes to the story's timeless and allegorical quality, allowing it to resonate with readers across generations.
②欧文的讲故事技巧融入了民间传说和传说的元素，将幻想与现实融为一体。欧文从德国关于沉睡皇帝的传说中汲取灵感，并将故事背景设定在现实与想象交汇的虚构新英格兰。这种融合增强了故事的永恒性和寓言性，使其能够引起各代读者的共鸣。
③He employs vivid and descriptive language to create a picturesque setting, bringing the Catskill Mountains and the village to life.
③他用生动的描述性语言创造了如画的场景，使卡茨基尔山脉和村庄栩栩如生。
④Irving's use of humor adds a lighthearted tone to the story, particularly in his portrayal of Rip's interactions with his wife and the townsfolk.
④欧文的幽默为故事增添了轻松的基调，特别是在他对瑞普与妻子和镇民互动的描绘中。
⑤Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as tocreate a true and vivid character.
⑤但欧文不忘将某个地方与人物的内心活动联系起来，使句子充满情感，从而塑造出真实而生动的人物形象。
补充问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of “Rip Van Winkle”?
1. 问： 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的作者是谁？
Answer: The author of “Rip Van Winkle” is Washington Irving. He is hailed as “the father of American literature” and is the first writer to win European and even world-wide reputation for American literature.
答：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的作者是华盛顿·欧文。他被誉为“美国文学之父”，是第一位为美国文学赢得欧洲乃至世界声誉的作家。
2. Question: What is the story background of “Rip Van Winkle”?
2. 问：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的故事背景是什么？
Answer: The story is set in the American countryside during the Dutch colonial period.
答：故事发生在荷兰殖民时期的美国乡村。
3. Question: What is the main plot of “Rip Van Winkle”?
3. 问： 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的主要情节是什么？
Answer: The protagonist, Rip Van Winkle, has a mild temper and is naturally lazy. He is often scolded by his wife.
答：主角瑞普·凡·温克尔，脾气温和，生性懒惰。他经常被他的妻子责骂。
To escape his wife’s nagging, he takes his hunting gun and dog to hunt in the mountains and meets a group of strange old men playing nine-pin.
为了躲避妻子的唠叨，他带着猎枪和狗去山里打猎，遇到了一群玩九瓶的奇怪老人。
He steals and drinks the fairy wine of the strange old men and falls into a deep sleep.
他偷喝了奇怪老人的仙酒，陷入了沉睡。
When he wakes up and returns to the village, he finds that earth-shaking changes have taken place in the village and 20 years have passed.
当他醒来回到村庄时，发现村庄发生了翻天覆地的变化，二十年过去了。
4. Question: What is the theme of “Rip Van Winkle”?
4. 问： 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的主题是什么？
Answer: The themes include thinking about social change, exploring human nature, and comparing the past and the present.
答：主题包括思考社会变迁、探索人性、比较古今。
It implies the impact of social development and change on individuals and people’s confusion and adaptation when facing changes.
它蕴含着社会发展变化对个体的影响以及人们面对变化时的困惑和适应。
5. Question: What kind of character is Rip Van Winkle?
5. 问：瑞普·凡·温克尔是一个什么样的人物？
Answer: On the one hand, he is responsible for supporting his family but hates all beneficial labor. The fields at home are overgrown with weeds, and he still does nothing.
答：一方面，他有责任养家糊口，但又讨厌一切有益的劳动。家里的田地里杂草丛生，他却依然无所事事。
On the other hand, he shows great enthusiasm for helping neighbors, such as participating in corn husking and stone wall building in the village and running errands and doing odd jobs for peasant women.
另一方面，他也表现出极大的热心帮助邻居，比如参加村里的玉米剥皮、砌石墙、为农妇跑腿、打零工等。
He is a contradictory character and also a person who is afraid of taking family responsibilities and will never grow up.
他是一个性格矛盾的人，也是一个害怕承担家庭责任、永远成长不起来的人。
6. Question: What is the symbolic meaning of the old men playing nine-pin mentioned in the novel?
6、问：小说中老人打九针的象征意义是什么？
Answer: These old men may symbolize the past time or a mysterious supernatural power. Their appearance and the game they play add a mysterious atmosphere to the story and also pave the way for Rip’s sleep and the changes after he wakes up.
答：这些老人可能象征着过去的时光，也可能象征着神秘的超自然力量。他们的出现和玩的游戏给故事增添了神秘的气氛，也为瑞普的睡眠和醒来后的变化铺平了道路。
7. Question: What is the implication of the plot that Rip Van Winkle sleeps for 20 years?
7、问：瑞普·凡·温克尔沉睡20年的剧情有何寓意？
Answer: This plot implies the passage of time and social changes. In 20 years, great changes have taken place in the village. The United States has also become independent from British colonial rule. Rip’s experience reflects the insignificance and confusion of ordinary people in historical changes.
答：这个情节暗示着时间的流逝和社会的变迁。 20年来，村里发生了巨大的变化。美国也摆脱了英国的殖民统治而独立。瑞普的经历折射出普通人在历史变迁中的渺小和迷茫。
8. Question: What is the role of the description of Rip’s wife in the novel?
8.问：小说中对瑞普妻子的描述起什么作用？
Answer: The description of Rip’s wife, such as using derogatory terms like “fiery” and “shrewish”, forms a sharp contrast with the description of the men in the text, implying the author’s unequal attitude towards women.
答：对瑞普妻子的描述，如使用“火爆”、“泼妇”等贬义词，与文中对男性的描述形成鲜明对比，暗示了作者对女性的不平等态度。
At the same time, it also reflects Rip’s reasons for escaping from family from the side.
同时，也从侧面反映出了瑞普逃离家庭的原因。
9. Question: What is the narrative perspective of “Rip Van Winkle”?
9. 问： 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的叙事视角是什么？
Answer: The novel adopts the third-person narrative perspective and tells Rip’s story from the perspective of a bystander, enabling readers to understand the development of the story and the experiences of the characters objectively.
答：小说采用第三人称叙事视角，以旁观者的视角讲述瑞普的故事，让读者客观地了解故事的发展和人物的经历。
10. Question: What are the characteristics of the language style of “Rip Van Winkle”?
10、问：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的语言风格有何特点？
Answer: The language style is humorous, imaginative, and has a certain romantic color. The author makes the story full of a fantastical atmosphere through vivid descriptions and exaggerations.
答：语言风格幽默、富有想象力，具有一定的浪漫主义色彩。作者通过生动的描述和夸张，使故事充满了奇幻的气氛。
补充论述题
1. Essay Question: Analyze the influence of social change on characters in "Rip Van Winkle".
1. 论述题：分析社会变迁对《瑞普·凡·温克尔》中人物的影响。
Answer: In "Rip Van Winkle", social change has a profound impact on the protagonist Rip Van Winkle.
答：在《瑞普·凡·温克尔》中，社会变迁对主人公瑞普·凡·温克尔产生了深远的影响。
The story is set against the background of the transformation of the United States from the Dutch colonial period to an independent country. After sleeping for 20 years, Rip wakes up and finds that the village has grown larger. Some of his old friends have died in the war or gone elsewhere. His wife has passed away and his children have grown up. Politically, he has changed from a subject of the British king to a "free citizen of the United States".
故事以美国从荷兰殖民时期转变为独立国家为背景。沉睡了20年之后，瑞普醒来，发现村庄变得更大了。他的一些老朋友已经在战争中丧生或去了其他地方。他的妻子去世了，孩子们也长大了。政治上，他从英国国王的臣民变成了“美国的自由公民”。
These changes make Rip feel strange and confused. He seems out of place in this new society. The once familiar way of life and social order have been broken, and he needs to adapt to this new social environment. Social change has turned Rip from an ordinary villager who escapes his wife's nagging into an outdated person of his time.
这些变化让瑞普感到陌生和困惑。他似乎与这个新社会格格不入。曾经熟悉的生活方式和社会秩序已经被打破，他需要适应这个新的社会环境。社会变迁，让瑞普从一个逃避妻子唠叨的普通村民，变成了一个不合时宜的人。
His experience reflects the impact of social change on ordinary people and also triggers people's thinking about social change.
他的经历反映了社会变革对普通人的影响，也引发了人们对社会变革的思考。
2. Essay Question: Discuss the romantic elements in "Rip Van Winkle".
2. 论述题：讨论《瑞普·凡·温克尔》中的浪漫元素。
Answer: "Rip Van Winkle" is full of romantic elements.
答：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》充满了浪漫元素。
First of all, the plot of the story is full of fantasy. Rip meets mysterious old men in the mountains and falls asleep for 20 years after drinking fairy wine. This supernatural plot setting is a typical feature of romantic literature.
首先，故事情节充满奇幻色彩。瑞普在山里遇见神秘老人，喝下仙酒后沉睡了20年。这种超自然的情节设置是浪漫主义文学的典型特征。
Secondly, the language of the novel is beautiful and imaginative. The author creates a romantic atmosphere through vivid descriptions and exaggerations. For example, the description of the scenery of the Catskill Mountains makes readers feel as if they are in a mysterious world.
其次，小说语言优美、富有想象力。作者通过生动的描述和夸张的手法营造出一种浪漫的气氛。例如，对卡茨基尔山脉景色的描述，让读者仿佛置身于一个神秘的世界。
In addition, the characters in the novel also have romantic characteristics. Rip is a kind, simple and innocent person. He has not many pursuits in life and just hopes to live a peaceful life. This kind of character image conforms to the portrayal of characters in romantic literature.
此外，小说中的人物也具有浪漫主义的特点。 Rip是一个善良、单纯、天真的人。他对生活没有太多的追求，只希望过上平静的生活。这种人物形象符合浪漫主义文学中的人物形象。
In short, the romantic elements in "Rip Van Winkle" make the story full of charm and also reflect the author's longing for a better life.
总之，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》中的浪漫元素让故事充满魅力，也体现了作者对美好生活的向往。
3. Essay Question: The relationship between "Rip Van Winkle" and early American literature.
3.论述题： 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》与美国早期文学的关系。
Answer: "Rip Van Winkle" has a close relationship with early American literature.
答：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》与美国早期文学有着密切的关系。
Washington Irving is a representative writer of early American romantic literature. His works often combine the real situation of the United States with European historical legends and show vivid pictures. "Rip Van Winkle" is such a work. Set in the American countryside during the Dutch colonial period, it tells a magical story and reflects the social style and people's living conditions at that time. The appearance of this novel has laid a foundation for the development of American literature. It was not only loved by readers at that time but also had a profound impact on later American literature. Its success proves that American literature has unique charm and value and has opened up a way for the development of American literature.
华盛顿·欧文是美国早期浪漫主义文学的代表作家。他的作品常常将美国的真实情况与欧洲的历史传说结合起来，展现出生动的画面。 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》就是这样一部作品。该剧以荷兰殖民时期的美国乡村为背景，讲述了一个神奇的故事，反映了当时的社会风貌和人们的生活状况。这部小说的出现为美国文学的发展奠定了基础。它不仅受到当时读者的喜爱，而且对后来的美国文学产生了深远的影响。它的成功证明了美国文学具有独特的魅力和价值，为美国文学的发展开辟了一条道路。
4. Essay Question: The practical significance of "Rip Van Winkle".
4.论述题： 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》的现实意义。
Answer: "Rip Van Winkle" has certain practical significance.
答：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》有一定的现实意义。
First of all, it reminds people to cherish time. Rip missed 20 years because of an accidental sleep. When he wakes up, everything has changed. This makes people realize the preciousness of time and cherish every moment and not waste time.
首先，它提醒人们珍惜时间。瑞普因一次意外睡眠而缺席20年。当他醒来时，一切都变了。这使人们认识到时间的宝贵，珍惜每一刻，不浪费时间。
Secondly, the novel reflects the influence of social change on people. In real life, we also often face various social changes, such as the development of science and technology and cultural exchanges. These changes will have a great impact on our lives. We should learn to adapt to social changes like Rip and constantly adjust our mentality and way of life.
其次，小说反映了社会变迁对人们的影响。在现实生活中，我们也经常面临各种社会变革，比如科技的发展、文化的交流等。这些变化将对我们的生活产生很大的影响。我们应该像瑞普一样学会适应社会变化，不断调整自己的心态和生活方式。
Finally, the characters in the novel also bring us inspiration. Rip's kindness and helpfulness are worthy of our learning, while his laziness and evasion of responsibility are worthy of our reflection. We should be brave to take responsibility and actively face the challenges of life in life.
最后，小说中的人物也给我们带来了启发。瑞普的善良和乐于助人值得我们学习，而他的懒惰和逃避责任则值得我们反思。我们应该勇于承担责任，积极面对生活中的挑战。
②瓦尔登湖
“Walden” is a great Transcendentalist work written by Henry David Thoreau.
《瓦尔登湖》是亨利·戴维·梭罗的一部伟大的超验主义著作。
It is a faithful record of Thoreau’s reflections when he was in solitary communion with nature,an eloquent indication that he not only embraced Emerson‘sTranscendentalist philosophy but went even further to illustrate the pantheistic quality of nature.
这是梭罗与自然孤独交流时的反思的忠实记录，雄辩地表明他不仅接受了爱默生的超验主义哲学，而且进一步阐释了自然的泛神论品质。
It reads like a diary of a nature lover who wrote the book forthree purposes: to make the readers evaluate the way he lived and thought;to reveal the spiritual possibilities in everyone’s life; to condemn the weaknesses and errors of society such as the pursuit of material things.
它读起来就像一位自然爱好者的日记，他写这本书有三个目的：让读者评价他的生活和思想方式；揭示每个人生活中的精神可能性；以及让读者了解他的生活和思想方式。谴责社会的弱点和错误，例如对物质的追求。
Theme
主题:
(1)It is a book about man, what he is, what he should be and must be. Thoreau holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection. Thoreau has been regarded as a prophet of individualism in American .
(1)这是一本关于人、他是什么、他应该是什么、必须是什么的书。梭罗认为，人一生最重要的事情就是自给自足，努力实现个人精神的完美。梭罗被视为美国个人主义的先知。
(2) In this book, Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization. Modern civilized life has dehumanized man and placed him in a spiritual quandary.
(2)在这本书中，梭罗对现代文明提出了非常严厉的批评。现代文明生活使人失去了人性，使人陷入了精神困境。
(3) Furthermore, the book is full of ideas expressed to jostle his neighbors out of their smug complacency. Herecords how he tries to minimize his own needs on Walden Pond. He holds that spiritual richness is real wealth. One‘s soul might not help one to get up in the world, but it will help make real progress in self-improvement.
(3) 此外，这本书充满了一些想法，旨在迫使他的邻居摆脱自鸣得意的状态。他记录了他如何在瓦尔登湖上尽量减少自己的需求。他认为精神上的丰富才是真正的财富。一个人的灵魂也许不能帮助一个人在世界上站起来，但它会帮助一个人在自我完善方面取得真正的进步。
(4) Thoreau went to the woods to experiment a new way of life for himself and for his fellowmen. And he felt that he came out of it a better man, reborn and reinvigorated.Thus, regeneration became a major thematic concern of Walden and it also decided its structural framework.
(4) 梭罗走进树林，为自己和同胞们尝试一种新的生活方式。他觉得自己从中变成了一个更好的人，重获新生，重新焕发活力。因此，再生成为《瓦尔登湖》的一个主要主题，也决定了它的结构框架。
“Walden” remains a significant work of American literature, inspiring readers to questionsocietal norms and seek a more meaningful connection with the natural world.
《瓦尔登湖》仍然是美国文学的一部重要作品，激励读者质疑社会规范并寻求与自然世界更有意义的联系。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
The book features extensive use of metaphor, symbolism,and rhetorical devices to convey Thoreau’s philosophical ideas.
该书广泛使用隐喻、象征和修辞手段来传达梭罗的哲学思想。
Thoreau’swriting often intertwines personal anecdotes, philosophical musings, and social critique. He employs aphoristic statements and concise phrasing to encapsulate his thoughts and provoke reflection in the reader.
梭罗的写作经常将个人轶事、哲学思考和社会批判交织在一起。他用警句陈述和简洁的措辞来概括他的思想并引发读者的反思。
Furthermore, Thoreau’s writing in “Walden” reflects the transcendentalist belief in the inherent wisdom and divinity of nature. He emphasizes the importance of direct experience and personal reflection as sources of knowledge, challenging the reliance on societal conventions and institutions.
此外，梭罗在《瓦尔登湖》中的写作体现了对自然固有智慧和神性的超验主义信仰。他强调直接经验和个人反思作为知识来源的重要性，挑战对社会惯例和制度的依赖。
The tone of Walden ranges from lighthearted to deeply serious, Thoreau delights in the activities of a partridge or mouse in one chapter, expresses awe at the marvel of nature in another chapter, and soberly comments on morality, philosophy, religion and related subjects in another chapter.
《瓦尔登湖》的语气时而轻松，时而严肃，梭罗一章对鹧鸪或老鼠的活动感到欣喜，另一章对大自然的奇妙表示敬畏，另一章对道德、哲学、宗教及相关主题进行了冷静的评论。章。
补充问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of “Walden”?
1.问： 《瓦尔登湖》的作者是谁？
Answer: The author of “Walden” is Henry David Thoreau. He is an American writer and thinker who advocates a simple, real, sober and natural lifestyle.
答：《瓦尔登湖》的作者是亨利·大卫·梭罗。他是美国作家、思想家，崇尚简单、真实、清醒、自然的生活方式。
2. Question: What is the creative background of “Walden”?
2、问：《瓦尔登湖》的创作背景是什么？
Answer: In 1845, encouraged by his friend Ellery Channing, 28-year-old Thoreau spent two years living alone by Walden Pond and wrote “Walden” based on this experience. He hoped to explore a simple and natural life and think about the relationship between humans, nature and society in this way.
答：1845年，28岁的梭罗在好友埃勒里·钱宁的鼓励下，在瓦尔登湖畔独居两年，并根据这段经历写下了《瓦尔登湖》。他希望探索一种简单、自然的生活，思考人、自然、社会之间的关系。
3. Question: What does “Walden” mainly tell?
3、问：《瓦尔登湖》主要讲了什么？
Answer: The book records Thoreau’s observations, thoughts and experiences during more than two years by Walden Pond, including his daily life, observations of nature, thoughts on reading, views on society, etc., emphasizing the importance of simple life and being close to nature.
答：本书记录了梭罗在瓦尔登湖两年多的观察、思考和经历，包括他的日常生活、对自然的观察、对读书的思考、对社会的看法等，强调简单生活和贴近生活的重要性。自然。
4. Question: What is the theme of “Walden”?
4、问： 《瓦尔登湖》的主题是什么？
Answer: The themes include the pursuit of simple life, love and awe for nature, thinking about the relationship between humans and nature, criticism of social hypocrisy and material pursuit, and exploration of personal spiritual independence and freedom.
答：主题包括对简单生活的追求、对自然的热爱和敬畏、对人与自然关系的思考、对社会虚伪和物质追求的批判、对个人精神独立和自由的探索。
5. Question: What is Thoreau’s lifestyle in “Walden”?
5 .问：梭罗在《瓦尔登湖》中的生活方式是怎样的？
Answer: Thoreau lives a simple and self-sufficient life by Walden Pond. He builds his own house, grows food, reads and writes, and reduces his dependence on materials as much as possible to pursue spiritual satisfaction and freedom.
答：梭罗在瓦尔登湖畔过着简单自给自足的生活。他自己盖房子、种粮食、读书写字，尽可能减少对物质的依赖，追求精神上的满足和自由。
6. Question: What are the characteristics of the description of nature in “Walden”?
6 .问：《瓦尔登湖》对自然的描写有何特点？
Answer: The description of nature is delicate, vivid and poetic. Thoreau is good at observing the details in nature, such as the changes of seasons and the ecology of animals and plants, and combines nature with his inner feelings, so that readers can deeply feel the beauty and mystery of nature.
答：对自然的描写细腻、生动、富有诗意。梭罗善于观察大自然中的细节，如季节的变化、动植物的生态等，并将自然与内心的感受结合起来，让读者深深感受到大自然的美丽和神秘。
7. Question: What influence did “Walden” have on society at that time?
7 .问： 《瓦尔登湖》对当时社会有什么影响？
Answer: At that time, this book criticized the materialism and impetuous atmosphere of American society, triggered people’s thinking about lifestyle and values, and had a profound influence on later environmental protection movements and naturalist literature.
答：这本书批判了当时美国社会的物质主义和浮躁风气，引发了人们对生活方式和价值观的思考，对后来的环保运动和自然主义文学产生了深远的影响。
补充论述题
1. Essay Question: Analyze Thoreau's view of nature in "Walden".
1.论述题：分析梭罗在《瓦尔登湖》中的自然观。
Answer: In "Walden", Thoreau's view of nature is one of the core ideas.
答：在《瓦尔登湖》中，梭罗的自然观是核心思想之一。
He believes that nature is sacred and beautiful and has the power to heal the human soul. Nature is the spiritual home of human beings, and people can obtain inspiration and strength from nature. Thoreau emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature and opposes excessive exploitation and destruction of nature by humans. He advocates that people should return to nature and live a simple and plain life and establish a close connection with nature. For example, in the book, he describes in detail the seasonal changes of Walden Pond and the ecology of animals and plants, expressing his love and awe for nature.
他相信大自然是神圣而美丽的，具有治愈人类灵魂的力量。大自然是人类的精神家园，人们可以从大自然中获得灵感和力量。梭罗强调人与自然的和谐共处，反对人类对自然的过度开发和破坏。他主张人们回归自然，过着简单朴素的生活，与自然建立亲密的联系。例如，他在书中详细描述了瓦尔登湖的季节变化和动植物的生态，表达了他对自然的热爱和敬畏。
At the same time, he also criticizes the industrialization and urbanization process of society at that time, believing that these developments have destroyed the balance and beauty of nature.
同时，他也批评当时社会的工业化和城市化进程，认为这些发展破坏了自然的平衡和美丽。
In short, Thoreau's view of nature has important enlightenment significance for environmental protection and sustainable development in today's society.
总之，梭罗的自然观对于当今社会的环境保护和可持续发展具有重要的启示意义。
2. Essay Question: Discuss the significance of simple life in "Walden".
2.论述题：讨论《瓦尔登湖》中简单生活的意义。
Answer: In "Walden", simple life has multiple meanings.
答：在《瓦尔登湖》中，简单的生活有多重含义。
First of all, simple life is a liberation from material desires, enabling people to free themselves from the cumbersome pursuit of materials and pay attention to their inner spiritual needs. Through his own life practice by Walden Pond, Thoreau proved that people can live a happy life without excessive material wealth.
首先，简单的生活是对物质欲望的解放，使人们从对物质的繁琐追求中解脱出来，关注自己内心的精神需求。梭罗通过瓦尔登湖自己的人生实践证明，人们无需过多的物质财富也能过上幸福的生活。
Secondly, simple life helps people maintain inner peace and tranquility. In a simple life, people can reduce external interference and temptation and focus more on their inner world, thus obtaining spiritual satisfaction.
其次，简单的生活有助于人们保持内心的平静与安宁。在简单的生活中，人们可以减少外界的干扰和诱惑，更多地关注自己的内心世界，从而获得精神上的满足。
In addition, simple life is also a resistance to social hypocrisy and materialism. Thoreau believes that society at that time was overly pursuing material wealth and superficial vanity while ignoring human spiritual pursuits and intrinsic values.
此外，简单的生活也是对社会虚伪和物质主义的抵抗。梭罗认为，当时的社会过度追求物质财富和肤浅的虚荣，而忽视了人类的精神追求和内在价值。
By advocating simple life, he calls on people to return to a real and plain living state.
他通过倡导简单的生活，呼吁人们回归真实、朴素的生活状态。
3. Essay Question: The enlightenment of "Walden" to modern society.
3、问答题： 《瓦尔登湖》对现代社会的启示。
Answer: "Walden" has many enlightenments to modern society.
答：《瓦尔登湖》对现代社会有很多启示。
In terms of lifestyle, it reminds people to reflect on excessive consumption and material pursuit, advocates a simple and environmentally friendly lifestyle, and reduces waste and destruction of natural resources.
在生活方式方面，提醒人们反思过度消费和物质追求，倡导简单、环保的生活方式，减少对自然资源的浪费和破坏。
At the spiritual level, it encourages people to pay attention to their inner needs, pursue spiritual independence and freedom, and not be influenced by the mainstream values of society.
在精神层面，它鼓励人们关注自己的内心需求，追求精神上的独立和自由，不被社会主流价值观所影响。
In terms of social relations, it makes people think about the relationship between humans and nature and between humans and society, emphasizing that humans should live in harmony with nature and also pay attention to social fairness and justice.
在社会关系方面，它引发人们思考人与自然、人与社会的关系，强调人类应与自然和谐相处，也注重社会公平正义。
In addition, "Walden" also inspires people to maintain love and curiosity for life and constantly explore and discover the beauty in life.
此外，《瓦尔登湖》还激励人们保持对生活的热爱和好奇心，不断探索和发现生活中的美。
5. Essay Question: The artistic features of "Walden".
5、论述题： 《瓦尔登湖》的艺术特色。
Answer: The artistic features of "Walden" are mainly reflected in the following aspects.
答：《瓦尔登湖》的艺术特色主要体现在以下几个方面。
First of all, its language is beautiful, concise, and poetic. Thoreau uses a large number of rhetorical devices such as metaphors, personifications, and symbols, making the article full of artistic appeal.
首先，它的语言优美、简洁、富有诗意。梭罗运用了大量的隐喻、拟人、象征等修辞手段，使文章充满了艺术感染力。
Secondly, the structure is rigorous and the logic is clear. The various chapters in the book unfold around the theme and progress step by step, enabling readers to gradually understand the author's thoughts.
其次，结构严谨，逻辑清晰。书中各章节围绕主题展开，循序渐进，使读者逐渐了解作者的思想。
Moreover, the description is delicate and the emotions are sincere. Thoreau's description of nature and the expression of his inner feelings are very delicate, which can arouse readers' resonance.
而且描写细腻，情感真挚。梭罗对自然的描述和内心情感的表达非常细腻，能够引起读者的共鸣。
Finally, "Walden" has a unique personal style. It reflects Thoreau's independent thinking and free spirit, making this book stand out among many literary works.
最后，《瓦尔登湖》具有独特的个人风格。它体现了梭罗的独立思考和自由精神，使本书在众多文学作品中脱颖而出。
③海德格尔医生的试验
"Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
《海德格尔博士的实验》是纳撒尼尔·霍桑创作的短篇小说。
Theme
主题:
The main theme of "Dr.Heidegger's Experiment" is the inherent flaws and limitations of human nature. In the experiment, Dr. Heidegger offers his four elderly subjects-all of whom made ruinous mistakes when they wereyoung-the opportunity to make their bodies young again by drinking waterfrom the Fountain of Youth. By seeing how elderly people react to feeling young, Dr. Heidegger hopes to determine whether a young person, even onewho has already learned the lessons of old age, is capable of acting maturely.The results of the experiment confirm Dr. Heidegger's hypothesis: youth isinseparable from vanity, immaturity, and folly. Humans are prone to repeat their mistakes and that the pursuit of eternal youth is ultimately futile.
《海德格尔博士的实验》的主题是人性固有的缺陷和局限性。在实验中，海德格尔博士为他的四位老年受试者（他们在年轻时都犯过毁灭性的错误）提供了通过饮用青春泉水使身体再次年轻的机会。海德格尔博士希望通过观察老年人对感觉年轻的反应，来确定一个年轻人，即使是已经吸取了老年教训的年轻人，是否有能力表现得成熟。实验结果证实了海德格尔博士的假设：年轻这与虚荣、不成熟和愚蠢是分不开的。人类很容易重蹈覆辙，追求永葆青春最终是徒劳的。
Characterization
表征:
Each character represents a different facet of human nature and is used to illustrate various moral shortcomings.
每个角色都代表了人性的不同方面，并被用来说明各种道德缺陷。
Dr.Heidegger isportrayed as an eccentric and mysterious scientist who plays the role of the manipulative puppet-master. He invited his friends to participation in theexperiment to find out whether they could get back to the youth, in fact hetook them a subject of his own thirsty for knowledge and curiosity.
海德格尔博士被描绘成一位古怪而神秘的科学家，扮演着操纵傀儡师的角色。他邀请朋友们参与实验，看看他们能否回到青春，实际上他把他们当作了他自己求知欲和好奇心的一个主题。
The three guests, on the other hand, are depicted as flawed and morallycorrupt individuals who succumb to their weaknesses when given the chance.
另一方面，三位客人被描绘成有缺陷且道德败坏的人，一旦有机会就会屈服于自己的弱点。
Plot
阴谋:
The plot revolves around Dr.Heidegger inviting his friends to participate in an experiment involving the mythical Fountain of Youth.He presents them with a vase containing water from the fountain andencourages them to drink it, promising the restoration of their youth.As the characters drink the water, they initially experience a rejuvenating effect,both physically and emotionally. However, they quickly revert to their old habits and behaviors, becoming careless and reckless. The experiment ultimately exposes their underlying flaws and leads to chaos. In the end, the characters age rapidly and return to their original state, highlighting the futility of their pursuit of eternal youth.
故事围绕海德格尔博士邀请他的朋友们参加一项涉及神话般的不老泉的实验展开。他向他们赠送了一个花瓶，里面装着不老泉的水，并鼓励他们喝下去，许诺他们可以恢复青春。他们最初在身体和情感上都体验到了恢复活力的效果。然而，他们很快又恢复了原来的习惯和行为，变得粗心和鲁莽。实验最终暴露了他们的潜在缺陷并导致混乱。最终，人物迅速衰老并回归原始状态，凸显了他们追求永葆青春的徒劳。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
Hawthorne's writing in "Dr.Heidegger's Experiment" is characterized by his use of symbolism. The water, which makes those who drink it temporarily young again, is a symbol of the fleeting and precarious nature of youth. The rose, a token of Dr. Heidegger's youth and loss, seems at first to be a symbol of his longing for the past: it's the first thing herevives with the water from the Fountain of Youth, which suggests a desire to recapture old times.
霍桑在《海德格尔博士的实验》中的写作特点是象征主义的运用。这种水能让喝了它的人暂时再次年轻，象征着青春的转瞬即逝和不稳定。玫瑰象征着海德格尔博士的青春和失落，乍一看似乎是他对过去的向往的象征：它是第一个随着青春之泉的水而复活的东西，这表明他渴望重拾旧时光。
The story also employs elements of Gothic fiction, with its mysterious setting and supernatural elements, adding to the overall atmosphere of intrigue and suspense.
故事还采用了哥特小说的元素，神秘的背景和超自然的元素，增添了整体的阴谋和悬疑气氛。
问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment"?
1、问： 《海德格尔博士的实验》的作者是谁？
- Answer: The author of this work is Nathaniel Hawthorne. He is a representative figure of American "dark romanticism".
- 答案：这部作品的作者是纳撒尼尔·霍桑。他是美国“黑暗浪漫主义”的代表人物。
2. Question: What are the common behaviors of the three old friends who participate in the experiment after regaining youth?
2 .问：参加实验的三位老朋友重获青春后有哪些共同行为？
- Answer: After regaining youth, they immediately resume their old bad habits and natures, such as vanity, greed, indulgence, etc., completely forgetting their promises to start a new life.
- 答：重获青春后，他们立即又恢复了以前的坏习惯和本性，比如虚荣、贪婪、放纵等，完全忘记了开始新生活的承诺。
3. Question: What is the symbolic meaning of the fountain of youth in the story?
3 .问：故事中的不老泉有什么象征意义？
- Answer: The fountain of youth symbolizes people's longing and pursuit for youth, beauty, vitality, etc. But at the same time, it also implies that this pursuit may be illusory and short-lived, and cannot change the essence of human nature.
- 答：青春之泉象征着人们对青春、美丽、活力等的向往和追求，但同时也暗示着这种追求可能是虚幻的、短暂的，无法改变人性的本质。
4. Question: What is the main conflict in the story?
4 .问：故事中的主要冲突是什么？
- Answer: The main conflict is the conflict between the weaknesses of human nature and people's beautiful fantasies about youth. People long to gain a new life through the fountain of youth, but after regaining youth, they cannot get rid of the ugliness of human nature, resulting in the failure of the experiment in the end.
- 答：主要冲突是人性的弱点与人们对青春的美好幻想之间的冲突。人们渴望通过青春之泉获得新的生命，但重获青春后却无法摆脱人性的丑陋，导致实验最终失败。
5. Question: What are the characteristics of the writing style of this story?
5 .问：这个故事的写作风格有什么特点？
- Answer: The writing style has the typical characteristics of Hawthorne's dark romanticism, full of mystery, metaphor and symbol. The story atmosphere is mysterious and weird, the plot development is full of suspense, and the characters are vivid and have profound implications.
- 答：写作风格具有霍桑黑暗浪漫主义的典型特征，充满神秘、隐喻和象征。故事气氛神秘诡异，情节发展充满悬念，人物形象生动，寓意深刻。
6. Question: What is the main theme that this story wants to convey?
6 .问：这个故事想传达的主旨是什么？
- Answer: The main theme is that the evil of human nature is everywhere. It may be hidden under certain specific conditions, but once the time is ripe, it will relapse and can never be eradicated.
- 答：主旋律是人性之恶无处不在。在某些特定条件下它可能会被隐藏，但一旦时机成熟，它就会复发，永远无法根除。
论述题
发言题
1. Essay question: Analyze the relationship between the complexity of human nature and the temptation of youth in "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment".
1、论述题：分析《海德格尔博士的实验》中人性的复杂性与青春的诱惑之间的关系。
- Answer: In "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment", the complexity of human nature is closely connected with the temptation of youth.
——答案：《海德格尔博士的实验》中，人性的复杂性与青春的诱惑紧密相连。
On the one hand, human nature is complex. The
一方面，人性是复杂的。这three
三 old friends in the story may have reflected on their past actions when they are old, and may even show some remorse and longing for a new life. However, when the fountain of youth makes them regain their youth, the ugly side of human nature is quickly exposed. They forget their previous reflections and promises and fall back into vanity, greed and indulgence. This shows that
故事中的老朋友可能会在年老时反思自己过去的行为，甚至可能流露出一些悔恨和对新生活的向往。然而，当青春之泉让他们重获青春的时候，人性丑陋的一面很快就暴露了出来。他们忘记了以前的反思和承诺，重新陷入虚荣、贪婪和放纵之中。这表明the weaknesses of human nature are deeply rooted. Even after the precipitation of years, they are still easily aroused by external temptations
人性的弱点是根深蒂固的。即使经过岁月的沉淀，他们仍然容易被外界的诱惑所激发. For these people, the temptation of youth is not only physical youth and vitality, but also an opportunity to get rid of the shackles of the past and pursue the satisfaction of desires again. They long to make up for past regrets and fulfill their unfulfilled wishes through the return of youth, but this longing is distorted by the ugliness of human nature.
。对于这些人来说，青春的诱惑不仅仅是肉体上的青春和活力，更是摆脱过去束缚、重新追求欲望满足的机会。他们渴望通过青春的归来来弥补过去的遗憾，完成未了的心愿，但这种渴望却被人性的丑陋所扭曲。The temptation of youth becomes a catalyst for human weaknesses, magnifying their greed and selfishness.
青春的诱惑成为人性弱点的催化剂，放大人性的贪婪和自私。
On the other hand, the complexity of human nature also makes them not completely lose their reason in the face of the temptation of youth. During the experiment, they also have brief struggles and reflections, such as surprise at their own behaviors and memories of the past. But in the end, they still cannot resist the temptation of youth and fall into the abyss of human nature. This reflects that human nature is fragile in the face of strong temptations, but at the same time it has a certain degree of self-awareness and reflection ability, only this ability seems insignificant in the face of desires.
另一方面，人性的复杂性也让他们在青春的诱惑面前并没有完全失去理智。在实验过程中，他们也会有短暂的挣扎和反思，比如对自己行为的惊讶和对过去的记忆。但最终，他们还是无法抗拒青春的诱惑，跌入人性的深渊。这体现了人性在强大的诱惑面前是脆弱的，但同时又具有一定的自我意识和反思能力，只是这种能力在欲望面前显得微不足道。
In short, in this story, the complexity of human nature and the temptation of youth are intertwined, jointly constituting the core conflict of the story and revealing the exposure of human weaknesses under external temptations and the struggle and helplessness of human nature.
总之，在这个故事中，人性的复杂性和青春的诱惑交织在一起，共同构成了故事的核心冲突，揭示了人性在外在诱惑下弱点的暴露和人性的挣扎与无奈。
2. Essay question: Discuss the application and significance of symbolic techniques in "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment".
2、论述题：讨论象征技巧在《海德格尔博士的实验》中的应用和意义。
- Answer: In "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment", symbolic techniques are widely used and have important significance.
- 答：在《海德格尔博士的实验》中，象征手法被广泛运用，具有重要意义。
First of all, the fountain of youth is one of the most important symbols. It symbolizes people's eternal pursuit and longing for youth, beauty and vitality. The fountain of youth has magical power and can make old people regain their youth instantly, which represents people's deep longing for youth and fear of aging. However, the effect of the fountain of youth is short-lived and cannot change the essence of human nature, which implies that people's pursuit of youth may be illusory and impractical.
首先，青春之泉是最重要的标志之一。它象征着人们对青春、美丽、活力的永恒追求和向往。青春之泉具有神奇的力量，可以让老年人瞬间恢复青春，代表着人们对青春的深深向往和对衰老的恐惧。然而，青春之泉的作用是短暂的，无法改变人性的本质，这意味着人们对青春的追求可能是虚幻的、不切实际的。
Secondly, the characters in the story also have symbolic meanings. Dr. Heidegger, as the leader of the experiment, symbolizes the explorer of unknown things and the researcher of human nature. His experiment is not only to make people regain their youth, but also to reveal the performance of human nature in different environments. The three old friends symbolize different types of people. Their performances after regaining youth reflect the diversity and complexity of human nature. For example, some people become more vain and some more greedy. These characters represent the weaknesses and desires of different people in society.
其次，故事中的人物也具有象征意义。海德格尔博士作为实验的领导者，象征着未知事物的探索者和人性的研究者。他的实验不仅是为了让人重获青春，更是为了揭示人性在不同环境下的表现。三位老朋友象征着不同类型的人。他们重获青春后的表现，体现了人性的多样性和复杂性。例如，有些人变得更加虚荣，有些人变得更加贪婪。这些人物代表了社会上不同人的弱点和欲望。
In addition, the scene where the story takes place - Dr. Heidegger's study - also has symbolic meaning. The study is a closed and private space, symbolizing people's inner world and hidden desires. In this space, people's true nature is exposed, and the progress of the experiment also symbolizes people's exploration and revelation of their inner world.
此外，故事发生的场景——海德格尔博士的书房——也具有象征意义。书房是一个封闭的私密空间，象征着人的内心世界和隐藏的欲望。在这个空间里，人的真实本性被暴露，实验的进展也象征着人们对内心世界的探索和揭示。
The application of symbolic techniques gives the story deeper meaning and connotation. It is not only a story about rejuvenation, but also a profound reflection on human nature, desire, life and time. Through symbolic techniques, the author transforms abstract concepts into specific images, allowing readers to more intuitively feel the information conveyed by the story and triggering readers' thinking about human nature and life.
象征手法的运用赋予了故事更深的意义和内涵。它不仅是一个关于复兴的故事，更是对人性、欲望、生命、时间的深刻反思。作者通过象征手法，将抽象概念转化为具体形象，让读者更直观地感受到故事所传达的信息，引发读者对人性和人生的思考。
3. Essay question: Analyze the problems of American society at that time reflected in "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" from the perspective of social background.
3、论述题：从社会背景的角度分析《海德格尔博士的实验》所反映的当时美国社会的问题。
- Answer: From the perspective of social background, "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" reflects some problems of American society at that time.
——答：从社会背景来看，《海德格尔博士的实验》反映了当时美国社会的一些问题。
First of all, the story reflects people's pursuit of material and vanity. In American society at that time, with the development of economy and social changes, people paid more and more attention to the pursuit of material wealth and social status. After regaining youth, the three old friends in the story immediately resumed their pursuit of vanity and material enjoyment, which reflects the widespread materialism tendency in society at that time. This materialism not only leads people to ignore the pursuit of spiritual level, but also makes the relationship between people become utilitarian and hypocritical.
首先，这个故事反映了人们对物质和虚荣的追求。在当时的美国社会，随着经济的发展和社会的变革，人们越来越注重对物质财富和社会地位的追求。故事中的三位老朋友重获青春后，立即恢复了对虚荣和物质享受的追求，这反映了当时社会普遍存在的物质主义倾向。这种唯物主义不仅导致人们忽视了精神层面的追求，也使得人与人之间的关系变得功利和虚伪。
Secondly, the story also reflects people's blind worship of science. Dr. Heidegger's experiment represents people's exploration and pursuit of science at that time, but this pursuit is blind to a certain extent. People are eager to change their destiny through the power of science, but ignore the possible negative impacts of science. This reflects the excessive dependence and blind worship of science in American society at that time, as well as the neglect of scientific ethics.
其次，这个故事也体现了人们对科学的盲目崇拜。海德格尔博士的实验代表了当时人们对科学的探索和追求，但这种追求在一定程度上是盲目的。人们渴望通过科学的力量改变自己的命运，却忽视了科学可能带来的负面影响。这反映了当时美国社会对科学的过度依赖和盲目崇拜，以及对科学伦理的忽视。
In addition, the story also reflects the moral decline of society. During the experiment, people's moral bottom line is gradually broken. They quarrel and snatch with each other for the fountain of youth, completely ignoring friendship and moral norms. This shows that in the process of economic development and social change in American society at that time, traditional moral concepts were impacted and people's moral consciousness gradually became weak.
此外，故事还反映了社会道德的滑坡。在实验过程中，人们的道德底线逐渐被打破。他们为了青春的泉源而争吵、抢夺，完全无视友谊和道德规范。这说明当时美国社会在经济发展和社会变革过程中，传统道德观念受到冲击，人们的道德意识逐渐淡薄。
In short, through a seemingly absurd story, "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" deeply reflects the problems existing in American society at that time in terms of material pursuit, scientific worship and moral concepts, and has certain social critical significance.
总之，《海德格尔博士的实验》通过一个看似荒诞的故事，深刻反映了当时美国社会在物质追求、科学崇拜、道德观念等方面存在的问题，具有一定的社会批判意义。
4. Essay question: Evaluate the status and value of "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" in Hawthorne's literary creation.
4、论述题：评价“海德格尔博士的实验”在霍桑文学创作中的地位和价值。
- Answer: In Hawthorne's literary creation, "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" has important status and value.
——答：在霍桑的文学创作中，“海德格尔博士的实验”具有重要的地位和价值。
First of all, from the perspective of literary genre, this short story enriches Hawthorne's creative forms. Hawthorne is famous for his novels, such as "The Scarlet Letter" and "The House of the Seven Gables", but "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" shows his talent in short story creation. The length limitation of short stories requires the author to express profound themes and complex plots within limited words. Hawthorne has achieved this in this work, proving his ability to control different literary genres.
首先，从文学体裁的角度来看，这篇短篇小说丰富了霍桑的创作形式。霍桑以长篇小说闻名，如《红字》、《七个山墙的房子》等，但《海德格尔博士的实验》显示了他在短篇小说创作上的天赋。短篇小说篇幅的限制要求作者在有限的字数内表达深刻的主题和复杂的情节。霍桑在这部作品中做到了这一点，证明了他驾驭不同文学流派的能力。
Secondly, in terms of theme expression, "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" echoes with Hawthorne's other works and jointly constitutes his profound discussion of human nature. This novel emphasizes the theme of human evil again from a unique perspective and plot, adding a new dimension to Hawthorne's literary creation theme. Through a simple experimental story, it reveals the exposure of human weaknesses in specific environments, enabling readers to understand Hawthorne's thinking about human nature more deeply.
其次，在主题表达上，《海德格尔博士的实验》与霍桑的其他作品相互呼应，共同构成了他对人性的深刻探讨。这部小说以独特的视角和情节再次强调了人性罪恶的主题，为霍桑的文学创作主题增添了新的维度。通过一个简单的实验故事，揭示了特定环境下人性弱点的暴露，使读者能够更深入地理解霍桑对人性的思考。
In addition, from the application of artistic techniques, "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" reflects Hawthorne's superb writing skills. He cleverly uses symbolic, metaphorical and other techniques to transform abstract themes into specific images, enhancing the artistic appeal of the work. For example, the symbolic meaning of the fountain of youth and the metaphor of character images all make the work have profound connotations and extensive interpretation space.
此外，从艺术手法的运用上，《海德格尔博士的实验》体现了霍桑高超的写作技巧。他巧妙地运用象征、隐喻等手法，将抽象主题转化为具体形象，增强了作品的艺术感染力。例如，青春之泉的象征意义、人物形象的隐喻，都使作品具有深刻的内涵和广泛的解读空间。
Finally, this work has a certain influence on later literature. Its themes and artistic techniques provide references and inspirations for later writers and promote the development of literary creation. It also makes readers pay more attention to the issue of human nature and triggers people's reflection on their own behaviors and social phenomena.
最后，这部作品对后世文学也有一定的影响。其题材和艺术手法为后世作家提供了借鉴和启发，推动了文学创作的发展。也让读者更加关注人性问题，引发人们对自身行为和社会现象的反思。
In short, "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" has important status and value in Hawthorne's literary creation and is an important part of his literary achievements.
总之，《海德格尔博士的实验》在霍桑的文学创作中具有重要的地位和价值，是其文学成就的重要组成部分。
④生命的法则
④生命法则
“The Law of Life” is a short story written by Jack London. The story takes place in the harsh wilderness of the Yukon and follows an elderly Native American man named Koskoosh, who is facing the end of his life.
《生命的法则》是杰克·伦敦的短篇小说。故事发生在育空地区严酷的荒野中，讲述了一位名叫科斯科什的美国原住民老人面临生命的终结。
Theme
主题:
The main theme of “The Law of Life” is the inevitability and harshness of nature’s laws. London explores the idea that life and death are interconnected and that all living beings are subject to the same universal laws. The story highlights the harsh realities of survival in the wilderness and depicts the cycle of life as a natural and unyielding force.
《生命法则》的主题是自然法则的必然性和严酷性。伦敦探索了生与死相互关联以及所有生物都受到相同普遍法则约束的理念。这个故事凸显了荒野生存的严酷现实，并将生命的循环描绘成一种自然而不屈的力量。
Characterization
表征:
The main character of the story is Koskoosh. He is elderly,blind and frail, so his existence is implied to be a drain on the tribe’sresources. Through his perspective, readers witness his struggle with old ageand the impending approach of death. Koskoosh’s character represents the vulnerability of the human condition and the acceptance of the natural order.
故事的主角是科斯科什。他年老、失明、身体虚弱，因此他的存在意味着部落资源的消耗。通过他的视角，读者见证了他与老年的斗争以及即将到来的死亡。科斯科什的性格代表了人类处境的脆弱性和对自然秩序的接受。
Plot
阴谋:
The plot revolves around Koskoosh as he faces the end of his life. He is left behind by his tribe, who continue their journey in search of food andshelter. Koskoosh is aware that his time is limited, and he begins to feel theencroaching presence of death. As he reflects on his life and the harshrealities of survival, he becomes increasingly detached from the physical world. The story culminates with Koskoosh’s eventual acceptance of his fate,as he succumbs to the bitter cold and dies alone.
故事围绕科斯科什面临生命的终结展开。他被他的部落留下，他们继续寻找食物和住所。科斯科什意识到他的时间有限，他开始感受到死亡的逼近。当他反思自己的生活和生存的残酷现实时，他变得越来越脱离物质世界。故事的高潮是科斯科什最终接受了自己的命运，他屈服于严寒，孤独地死去。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
London has been called the originator of rough realism. He presented the rough and tough things in life to the readers who were tired of romanticism and complacent sentiment of the Victorian age.His most popular stories deal with the weak in the context of irresistible natural forces.
伦敦被称为粗犷现实主义的鼻祖。他向厌倦了维多利亚时代的浪漫主义和自满情绪的读者展示了生活中的坎坷和艰难。他最受欢迎的故事讲述的是不可抗拒的自然力量背景下的弱者。
London’s writing in “The Law of Life” is characterized by his descriptive and realistic depiction of the harsh Yukon wilderness. He employs vividi magery to evoke the unforgiving nature of the environment and the struggles of survival.
伦敦在《生命的法则》中的写作特点是对严酷的育空荒野的描述性和现实性的描写。他运用生动的魔术来唤起环境的无情本质和生存的斗争。
The story Is narrated in a detached and objective manner, reflecting the stoic acceptance of the characters towards their circumstances.
我以超然客观的方式叙述这个故事，反映了人物对其处境的坚忍接受。
London’s prose is straightforward and concise, focusing on the raw emotions and primal instincts of the characters.
伦敦的散文直率而简洁，重点关注人物的原始情感和原始本能。
Additionally, the story presents a sense of inevitability and fatalism,emphasizing the powerful presence of nature’s laws and the fleeting nature of human existence.
此外，这个故事呈现出一种必然性和宿命论的感觉，强调自然法则的强大存在和人类存在的转瞬即逝的本质。
In the story, the old tribal leader’s death is depicted both as an illustration of the natural law that all living things die and in terms of the particular psychological state of the individual facing his end.
故事中，老部落首领的死亡既体现了万物皆亡的自然规律，也体现了个体面临死亡时的特殊心理状态。
Fire In the story symbolizes life, and the wolves stand for the death.The wolves relentlessly peruse all living things. Koshoosh dropped the blazing stick Into the snow in the end, which means he surrendered to the law of
故事中的火象征着生命，而狼则代表着死亡。狼无情地吞噬着一切生灵。科舒什最终将燃烧的棍子扔进了雪地里，这意味着他屈服于法则
Life.
生活。
补充问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of “The Law of Life”?
1、问： 《生命的法则》的作者是谁？
Answer: The author of “The Law of Life” is Jack London. He is a famous American realistic writer, known for describing nature and human survival struggles in extreme environments.
答：《生命法则》的作者是杰克·伦敦。他是美国著名现实主义作家，以描写自然和人类在极端环境下的生存斗争而闻名。
2. Question: What is the main plot of the story?
2.问：故事的主要情节是什么？
Answer: The story revolves around the old Koskoosh. He is abandoned by the tribe in the icy wilderness and waits for death. In order to survive and migrate, the tribe has to abandon the old and weak members. Koskoosh recalls the past in loneliness, thinks about the meaning of life and the inevitability of death, and finally calmly accepts his own fate.
答：故事围绕老科斯科什展开。他被部落遗弃在冰冷的荒野中等待死亡。为了生存和迁徙，部落不得不抛弃年老体弱的成员。科斯科什在孤独中回忆着过去，思考着生命的意义和死亡的必然性，最终平静地接受了自己的命运。
3. Question: What does “the law of life” mentioned in the novel specifically refer to?
3、问：小说中提到的“生命法则”具体指什么？
Answer: “The law of life” refers to the natural law of life, that is, the law of the jungle, survival of the fittest, and the continuous replacement and circulation of life.
答：“生命法则”是指生命的自然法则，即弱肉强食、优胜劣汰、生命的不断更替和循环。
In the novel, it is manifested as that the tribe must abandon the old and useless members for survival and continuation. New lives are constantly born and old lives gradually pass away. This is an unbreakable natural law.
小说中表现为部落为了生存和延续必须抛弃老的无用的成员。新的生命不断诞生，旧的生命逐渐消逝。这是一条牢不可破的自然法则。
4. Question: How does Koskoosh’s attitude towards being abandoned change?
4. 问： Koskoosh对于被抛弃的态度有何变化？
Answer: At first, Koskoosh felt panic and reluctance. He longed for his son to accompany him for a while longer and was sad about the tribe’s departure.
答：一开始，科斯科什感到恐慌和不舍。他渴望儿子能多陪伴自己一段时间，并为部落的离开感到难过。
But as time passed, he gradually understood the law of life in his memories and thinking.
但随着时间的推移，他在记忆和思考中逐渐明白了生命的规律。
Finally, he calmly accepted the fate of being abandoned and about to die, and his heart became calm and composed.
最终，他坦然接受了被抛弃、即将死去的命运，内心也变得平静和坦然。
5. Question: What is the role of the description of the natural environment in the novel?
5、问：自然环境的描写在小说中起什么作用？
Answer: The description of the natural environment plays a role in creating an atmosphere, setting off the fate of characters, and symbolizing the cruelty and ruthlessness of life.
答：自然环境的描写起到营造气氛、衬托人物命运的作用，象征生活的残酷和无情。
The cold and harsh environment of ice and snow not only increases the tension and realism of the story, but also implies the difficulty of Koskoosh’s survival and the fragility and insignificance of life. At the same time, the ruthlessness of the natural environment echoes the law of life, emphasizing the helplessness and inevitability of life in front of nature.
冰雪寒冷严酷的环境，不仅增加了故事的紧张感和真实感，也暗示了科斯科什生存的艰难和生命的脆弱和渺小。同时，自然环境的无情与生命的规律相呼应，强调生命在自然面前的无奈和必然。
6. Question: What role does Koskoosh’s son play in the story?
6. 问： Koskoosh 的儿子在故事中扮演什么角色？
Answer: Koskoosh’s son represents the new generation of life and the continuation of the tribe.
答：科斯科什的儿子代表着新生代的生命和部落的延续。
His care and concern for his father reflect the family affection and kindness in human nature.
他对父亲的关心和关心体现了人性中的亲情和善良。
At the same time, his departure also symbolizes the transition from the old generation to the new generation and the continuous replacement of life.
同时，他的离开也象征着老一代向新一代的过渡和生活的不断更替。
The son’s behavior and choices reflect the influence of “the law of life” on people’s thoughts and behaviors from the side.
儿子的行为和选择从侧面反映了“生命法则”对人的思想和行为的影响。
7. Question: What is the significance of the description of the tribe’s migration in the novel?
7、问：小说中描写部落迁徙的意义是什么？
Answer: The description of the tribe’s migration shows the living state of the primitive tribe constantly struggling and striving for survival, emphasizing the difficulty of life and the difficulty of survival.
答：对部落迁徙的描写，表现了原始部落为生存而不断奋斗、奋斗的生存状态，强调生活的艰辛、生存的艰难。
At the same time, the tribe’s migration also forms a contrast with Koskoosh’s being abandoned, highlighting the cruelty and ruthlessness of the law of life, that is, only the strong and useful people can follow the tribe and continue to survive, while the old and weak are eliminated.
同时，部落的迁徙也与科斯科什的被遗弃形成对比，凸显了生命法则的残酷与无情，即只有强大而有用的人才能跟随部落继续生存，而古老而有用的人才能继续生存下去。弱者被淘汰。
8. Question: What things does Koskoosh recall during the process of waiting for death?
8.问：科斯科什在等待死亡的过程中回忆起什么事情？
Answer: Koskoosh recalls his heroic deeds when he was young, the rise and fall of the tribe, and the good times with his relatives.
答：科斯科什回忆起自己年轻时的英雄事迹、部落的兴衰以及与亲人在一起的美好时光。
These memories not only enrich the content of the story, but also show Koskoosh’s nostalgia for life and his remembrance of past life. At the same time, it also makes him understand the meaning and value of life more deeply.
这些回忆不仅丰富了故事的内容，也表现了科斯科什对生活的怀念和对前世的追忆。同时，也让他更加深刻地理解了生命的意义和价值。
9. Question: What is the theme of the novel?
9.问：小说的主题是什么？
Answer: The themes of the novel include the natural law of life, human helplessness in front of nature and fate, the meaning and value of life, the complexity of family affection and human nature.
答：小说的主题包括生命的自然规律、人类在自然和命运面前的无奈、生命的意义和价值、亲情和人性的复杂性。
Through Koskoosh’s experience, the author discusses the essence of life and human attitudes and choices in the face of life and death.
作者通过科斯库什的经历，探讨了生命的本质以及人类面对生死时的态度和选择。
10. Question: What is the narrative perspective of the novel?
10.问：小说的叙事视角是怎样的？
Answer: The novel adopts the third-person narrative perspective and objectively tells Koskoosh’s story from the perspective of a bystander.
答：小说采用第三人称叙事视角，以旁观者的视角客观地讲述了科斯科什的故事。
This narrative perspective enables readers to understand the development of the story and the inner world of characters more comprehensively, and at the same time increases the credibility and appeal of the story.
这种叙事视角使读者能够更全面地了解故事的发展和人物的内心世界，同时也增加了故事的可信度和感染力。
补充论述题
1. Essay Question: Analyze the influence of “the law of life” in “The Law of Life” on the fates of characters.
1、问答题：分析《生命的法则》中的“生命法则”对人物命运的影响。
Answer: In “The Law of Life”, “the law of life”, that is, the natural law of life, has an extremely profound influence on the fates of characters.
答：《生命的法则》中，“生命的法则”，即生命的自然法则，对人物的命运有着极其深刻的影响。
For Koskoosh, this law determines his fate of being abandoned by the tribe. As he grows older, his body becomes weak and he can no longer provide sufficient labor and value for the tribe. Therefore, according to the survival law of the tribe, he is left in the icy wilderness to wait for death. This abandoned fate makes him feel lonely, painful and helpless. But at the same time, it also prompts him to reflect on his own life at the last moment of his life, thus having a deeper understanding of the law of life.
对于科斯科什来说，这个法则决定了他被部落抛弃的命运。随着年龄的增长，他的身体变得虚弱，无法再为部落提供足够的劳动和价值。所以，按照部落的生存法则，他就被留在了冰天雪地的荒野中等待死亡。这种被抛弃的命运让他感到孤独、痛苦和无助。但同时，也促使他在生命的最后时刻反思自己的人生，从而对生命的规律有了更深刻的认识。
For others in the tribe, “the law of life” also affects their behaviors and choices. In order to survive and continue, the tribe must constantly migrate and look for a better living environment. In this process, they have to abandon those old and weak members to ensure the overall survival ability of the tribe. Although this behavior is cruel, it is necessary under the circumstances at that time.
对于部落中的其他人来说，“生命法则”也影响着他们的行为和选择。为了生存和延续，部落必须不断迁徙，寻找更好的生存环境。在这个过程中，他们不得不抛弃那些年老体弱的成员，以保证部落整体的生存能力。这种行为虽然残忍，但在当时的情况下也是必要的。
Therefore, “the law of life” is not only a natural law, but also a powerful force that determines the fates of characters. It makes people have to make difficult choices when facing life and death and survival issues.
因此，“生命法则”不仅是自然法则，更是决定人物命运的强大力量。它使人们在面临生死和生存问题时不得不做出艰难的选择。
2. Essay Question: Discuss the relationship between the natural environment and the fates of characters in “The Law of Life”.
2.论述题：讨论《生命的法则》中自然环境与人物命运的关系。
Answer: In the novel, the natural environment is closely connected with the fates of characters.
答：小说中，自然环境与人物的命运息息相关。
The extremely harsh natural environment is an important background and determining factor for the fates of characters. In the Arctic region with ice and snow, cold, hunger and disease constantly threaten people's lives. This harsh environment makes survival extremely difficult. People must constantly struggle with nature to survive. For Koskoosh, as an old and weak person, it is even more difficult for him to survive in such an environment. The cruelty of the natural environment exacerbates his abandoned fate.
极其恶劣的自然环境是人物命运的重要背景和决定因素。在冰天雪地的北极地区，寒冷、饥饿和疾病不断威胁着人们的生命。这种恶劣的环境使生存变得极其困难。人类为了生存，必须不断地与自然作斗争。对于科斯科什来说，作为一个年老体弱的人，在这样的环境下生存更加困难。自然环境的残酷加剧了他被遗弃的命运。
At the same time, the natural environment also becomes the shaper of characters' personalities and spirits. In the long-term struggle with nature, people have formed tough, brave and tenacious personalities. Koskoosh was also a brave hunter when he was young. He developed a strong will in the harsh environment. However, as he grows older, his body gradually cannot adapt to the challenges of the natural environment, which also leads to his final fate.
同时，自然环境也成为人物性格和精神的塑造者。人们在与自然的长期斗争中，形成了坚韧、勇敢、顽强的性格。科斯科什年轻时也是一位勇敢的猎人。他在恶劣的环境中培养了坚强的意志。然而，随着年龄的增长，他的身体逐渐无法适应自然环境的挑战，这也导致了他最终的命运。
In addition, the natural environment also has symbolic meaning. It symbolizes the impermanence and cruelty of life. In the novel, the scene of ice and snow not only gives people a feeling of coldness and despair, but also implies the fragility and insignificance of life. In the face of the power of nature, human life seems insignificant and may be swallowed by nature at any time.
此外，自然环境也具有象征意义。它象征着生命的无常和残酷。小说中，冰天雪地的景象不仅给人一种寒冷、绝望的感觉，也暗示着生命的脆弱和渺小。在自然的力量面前，人的生命显得微不足道，随时可能被自然吞噬。
Therefore, the natural environment and the fates of characters are intertwined in “The Law of Life”, jointly constituting a world full of challenges and tragedies.
因此，自然环境和人物命运在《生命的法则》中交织在一起，共同构成了一个充满挑战和悲剧的世界。
3. Essay Question: What complexities of human nature are reflected in “The Law of Life”?
3.问答题： 《生命法则》反映了人性的哪些复杂性？
Answer: In this novel, the complexity of human nature is fully reflected.
答：在这部小说中，人性的复杂性得到了充分的体现。
First of all, the contradiction between family affection and the survival law shows the complexity of human nature. Koskoosh's son has deep family affection for him and shows concern and reluctance before leaving. However, the survival law of the tribe requires them to abandon old and weak members to ensure the overall survival of the tribe. This contradiction makes the son fall into a painful choice. In the end, he still chooses to leave with the tribe. This not only reflects his longing for survival, but also reflects the helplessness of human nature in the face of survival pressure.
首先，亲情与生存规律的矛盾显示了人性的复杂性。科斯科什的儿子对他有着深厚的亲情，临行前也流露出关心和不舍。然而部落的生存法则要求他们抛弃年老体弱的成员，以保证部落的整体生存。这种矛盾让儿子陷入了痛苦的选择。最终，他还是选择了跟随部落离开。这不仅体现了他对生存的渴望，也体现了人性在生存压力面前的无奈。
Secondly, Koskoosh himself is also full of contradictions in his heart. On the one hand, he understands the tribe's practice and knows that he can no longer contribute to the tribe and should accept his abandoned fate. On the other hand, he is full of nostalgia for life and feels fear and uneasiness about death. This inner contradiction makes him experience painful struggles in the process of waiting for death. But in the end, he finds inner peace in his reflection on life.
其次，科斯科什本人内心也充满矛盾。一方面，他了解部落的做法，知道自己不能再为部落做出贡献，应该接受自己被抛弃的命运。另一方面，他对生充满怀念，对死亡感到恐惧和不安。这种内心的矛盾使他在等待死亡的过程中经历着痛苦的挣扎。但最终，他在对生活的反思中找到了内心的平静。
In addition, the novel also reflects the duality of human selfishness and kindness. The tribe abandons old members for its own survival, which reflects human selfishness. But in this process, some people also show sympathy and concern for the abandoned people. For example, Koskoosh's son takes care of his father before leaving, which reflects the kindness in human nature.
此外，小说还体现了人性的自私与善良的双重性。部落为了自身的生存而抛弃老成员，这体现了人类的自私。但在这个过程中，也有人对被遗弃的人表现出了同情和关心。比如科斯科什的儿子临行前照顾父亲，体现了人性中的善良。
In short, “The Law of Life” deeply reveals the complexity of human nature through the description of the inner world of characters, making readers have a deeper thinking about human nature.
总之，《生命的法则》通过人物内心世界的描写，深刻揭示了人性的复杂性，让读者对人性有了更深层次的思考。
⑤赝品
This novel was written by Henry James.
这本小说的作者是亨利·詹姆斯。
Theme
主题:
This story is a subtle and profound study of human greed, hypocrisy, andthe betrayal of innocence. With his avoidance of the simple and direct statement,the story is full of hints, insinuations, suggestions, and implications.
这个故事是对人类的贪婪、虚伪和纯真背叛的微妙而深刻的研究。他避免简单直接的陈述，故事中充满了暗示、影射、建议和暗示。
Characterization
表征:
The pearl necklace is the touchstone of humanity. Under the test of the necklace, characters are very striking.
珍珠项链是人性的试金石。在项链的考验下，人物非常醒目。
Charlotte used to have internal conflicts and she had the same shortcomings as the ordinary people. But her honesty and pureness overcame her shortcomings.
夏洛特曾经有过内心的矛盾，她有着和常人一样的缺点。但她的诚实和纯洁克服了她的缺点。
Arthur sold his mother's belongings without hesitation, which shows his hypocrisy and money worship.
亚瑟毫不犹豫地卖掉了母亲的财产，足见他的虚伪和拜金主义。
Mrs.Guy liked the necklace but didn't tell Charlotte. This trick showed she was cunning and sophisticated.
盖伊夫人喜欢这条项链，但没有告诉夏洛特。这一招，足见她的狡猾和老练。
Plot
阴谋:
It tells about Charlotte Prime, a governess, who attends the funerals of her uncle, a vicar, and his second wife. The vicar's son gives her some cheap costume jewelry left behind by his stepmother, who had been an actress. Among the pastejewels, Charlotte thinks a pearl necklace might be of some value. But her cousindoes not think so. If the necklace is expensive, then his stepmother might have sexual relations with the giver. Later, Charlotte meets Mrs. Guy and talks about the necklace with her. As Mrs. Guy tellsher that it is a real one, she returns it to her cousin who agrees to have it professionally appraised. Later he writes her that thenecklace is worthless. However, when she meets Mrs.Guy again, she is shocked to see the necklace in her possession and realizes that she has been cheated.
它讲述了家庭教师夏洛特·普莱姆参加她的牧师叔叔和他的第二任妻子的葬礼的故事。牧师的儿子给了她一些他曾是演员的继母留下的廉价人造珠宝。在这些糊状珠宝中，夏洛特认为珍珠项链可能具有一定的价值。但她的表弟却不这么认为。如果项链很贵，那么他的继母可能会与赠送者发生性关系。后来，夏洛特遇见了盖伊夫人，并与她谈论了项链的事情。当盖伊夫人告诉她这是真品时，她将其退还给她的表弟，表弟同意对其进行专业评估。后来他写信给她说这条项链一文不值。然而，当她再次见到盖伊夫人时，她惊讶地发现自己拥有项链，并意识到自己被骗了。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
Henry James's writing in "Paste" showcases his characteristic style,which is known for its psychological depth and intricate exploration of characters'inner lives.
亨利·詹姆斯在《粘贴》中的写作展现了他独特的风格，以心理深度和对人物内心生活的复杂探索而著称。
His prose often contains nuanced descriptions and detailed analysis of characters' thoughts and motivations.
他的散文常常对人物的思想和动机进行细致入微的描述和详细的分析。
Additionally, his writing in "Paste" exhibits a keen sense of irony and moral ambiguity, challenging readers to question the nature of truth and authenticity.
此外，他在《粘贴》中的写作表现出敏锐的讽刺感和道德模糊性，挑战读者质疑真理和真实性的本质。
The story focuses on the observation and consciousness of Charlotte, which is called limited point of view. This kind of technology can explore Charlotte's inner world and easily win the readers' sympathy for she is the victim in the story.
故事的重点是夏洛特的观察和意识，这被称为有限的观点。这种技术可以探索夏洛特的内心世界，很容易赢得读者的同情，因为她是故事中的受害者。
⑥跳蛙
⑥跳坡
It is a short story written by Mark Twain. It was published in 1865.This represent Western humor that extremely popular in America.
这是马克吐温写的短篇小说。它出版于1865年。它代表了在美国极为流行的西方幽默。
Theme
主题:
Through portrayals of foreign identity and differing communication styles, the story recognizes the cultural differences between the East and West but seeks to preserve and celebrate them both. Even though the narrator finds Wheeler's story to be agonizingly off-topic and largely uninteresting, the narrator still takes thetime to write down the entire story. In this way, he views the interaction almost as an anthropological endeavor, studying the accent and delivery of the Western storyteller, and consequently implying that these cultural differences are worth recording.
通过对外国身份的描绘和不同的沟通方式，这个故事认识到东西方之间的文化差异，但力求保护和弘扬它们。尽管叙述者发现惠勒的故事令人痛苦地偏离主题并且基本无趣，但叙述者仍然花时间写下整个故事。通过这种方式，他将这种互动视为一种人类学的努力，研究西方讲故事者的口音和表达方式，从而暗示这些文化差异值得记录。
The narrator writes his own secondary commentary in grammatically correct English, reflecting his sophisticated Eastern. In contrast, his depictions of Simon Wheeler include phonetic quotes of Wheeler's Western dialect. By clearly illustrating the differences in their respective pronunciations, the narrative further emphasizes their lived cultural divide between the East and West. However, by preserving Wheeler's thoughts and the style of his delivery, the narrator also seeks to preserve Wheeler's distinctively Western style of storytelling, deeming it different but inherently valuable.
叙述者用语法正确的英语写下自己的二级评论，反映了他复杂的东方语言。相比之下，他对西蒙·惠勒的描述包括惠勒西方方言的语音引用。通过清楚地说明他们各自发音的差异，叙述进一步强调了他们生活在东西方之间的文化鸿沟。然而，通过保留惠勒的思想和他的表达风格，叙述者也试图保留惠勒独特的西方叙事风格，认为它不同但本质上有价值。
Though the story, Mark Twain criticizes the corrupt and hypocritical governmentand the decaying social morality as represented by money-worship andutilitarianism.
通过这个故事，马克·吐温批判了腐败、虚伪的政府和以拜金主义、功利主义为代表的社会道德的败坏。
Characterization
表征:
The story features two main characters: the unnamed narrator and Simon Wheeler, a resident of Angel's Camp in Calaveras County.
这个故事有两个主要角色：未透露姓名的叙述者和卡拉维拉斯县天使营地的居民西蒙·惠勒。
The narrator is acurious and humorous observer who seeks out Simon Wheeler to hear stories about Jim Smiley.
叙述者是一位好奇而幽默的观察者，他找到西蒙·惠勒来听听有关吉姆·史迈利的故事。
Simon Wheeler, on the other hand, is a loquacious and gulliblestoryteller who loves to ramble on tangents.
另一方面，西蒙·惠勒（Simon Wheeler）是一个健谈且容易上当受骗的讲故事者，喜欢在离题的地方闲聊。
Jim Smiley is a local gambler and inveterate bettor who owns a talented jumping frog.
吉姆·史迈利是当地的一名赌徒和顽固的赌徒，他拥有一只才华横溢的跳蛙。
Plot:
阴谋：
In the story, an unnamed narrator from the East visits a small mining town in the West, where he gets roped into hearing a long, rambling story from an old man named Simon Wheeler about a gambler named Jim Smiley and his pet frog.
在故事中，一位来自东方的无名叙述者访问了西方的一个矿业小镇，在那里他被困住了，他听到了一位名叫西蒙·惠勒的老人讲的一个长篇漫无目的的故事，讲述了一个名叫吉姆·斯迈利的赌徒和他的宠物青蛙的故事。
According to Wheeler, Jim Smiley trained a frog to be an exceptional jumper. He would bet money on the frog's victories, often winning against unsuspecting opponents.However, a stranger comes to town and tricks Smiley by secretly filling the frog 's mouth with lead shot, causing him to lose a bet. This incident leads to Jim Smiley's discouragement and withdrawal from gambling.
据惠勒说，吉姆·史迈利训练一只青蛙成为一名出色的跳高运动员。他会把钱押在青蛙的胜利上，经常会战胜毫无戒心的对手。然而，一个陌生人来到镇上，偷偷地在青蛙的嘴里塞满铅弹来欺骗史迈利，导致他输掉了赌注。这件事导致吉姆·史迈利灰心丧气并戒赌。
As the story concludes, the narrator realizes that he has been misled by Simon Wheeler into listening to a long-winded story that has no relevance to his originalinquiry. Frustrated but amused, the narrator leaves, acknowledging the wit and storytelling abilities of Simon Wheeler.
当故事结束时，叙述者意识到他被西蒙·惠勒误导，听了一个与他最初的询问无关的冗长故事。叙述者感到沮丧但又好笑，离开了，承认西蒙·惠勒的智慧和讲故事的能力。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
Mark Twain's writing in this story showcases his skillful use of regional dialect and vivid descriptions.
马克·吐温在这个故事的写作中展示了他对地方方言的熟练运用和生动的描述。
The story is narrated in a colloquial and informal style, capturing the speech patterns and distinct characteristicsof the characters. “I” come from the East who speaks long sentences with correct gammer. And Simon speaks short sentences mixed with slang. He is warm-hearted and unsophisticated, sharing interesting things he has heard.However, “I” only concerned about the person “I” need to find.
故事以口语和非正式的风格叙述，捕捉了人物的言语模式和鲜明特征。 “我”来自东方，说长句，语气正确。西蒙会说一些夹杂着俚语的短句。他热心肠，不世故，会分享他听到的有趣的事情。但“我”只关心“我”要找的人。
The narrative structure involves the frame story technique, with the unnamed narrator setting up the tale and providing commentary on Simon Wheeler's storytelling.
叙事结构涉及框架故事技巧，由未透露姓名的叙述者设置故事并对西蒙·惠勒的讲故事进行评论。
Twain's wit shines through the exaggerated and humorous situations, showcasing his ability to entertain while making social commentary. As the greatest humorist, Mark Twain also has many humorous setting in this story. For example, he uses famous politicians' names as the dog's and frog's name. It seems that watching politician's speeches and competitions is like watching dogs and frogs compete.
吐温的机智在夸张、幽默的情境中熠熠生辉，展示了他在评论社会的同时娱乐的能力。作为最伟大的幽默家，马克·吐温在这个故事中也有许多幽默的设定。例如，他用著名政治家的名字作为狗和青蛙的名字。看来，看政客的演讲和比赛就像看狗和青蛙的比赛。
问答题
1. Who is the author of "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"?
1. 《卡拉维拉斯县臭名昭著的跳蛙》的作者是谁？
- Answer: The author is Mark Twain. He is an American author and humorist, well-known for his unique writing style and humorous works.
- 答案：作者是马克·吐温。他是美国作家、幽默家，以其独特的写作风格和幽默的作品而闻名。
2. What is the significance of the jumping frog in the story?
2 .故事中的青蛙跳有什么意义？
- Answer: The jumping frog is a key element in the story. It represents a source of entertainment and a subject of gambling for the people in the story.
- 答案：跳跃的青蛙是故事中的一个关键元素。它代表了故事中人们的娱乐来源和赌博主题。
It also serves as a tool to develop the plot and highlight the humorous and absurd aspects of the story.
它还可以作为发展情节并突出故事的幽默和荒谬方面的工具。
3. What kind of language style does Mark Twain use in this story?
3 .马克吐温在这个故事中使用了什么样的语言风格？
- Answer: Mark Twain uses a colloquial and humorous language style. He employs a lot of Western dialects and slang, which makes the story vivid and reflects the characteristics of the people in the American West.
- 答：马克·吐温采用口语化、幽默化的语言风格。他运用了大量的西方方言和俚语，使故事生动，体现了美国西部人民的特点。
4. What is the overall tone of the story?
4 .故事的整体基调是什么？
- Answer: The overall tone of the story is humorous and satirical. It mocks the gambling culture and the naivety of some people, while also presenting the unique characteristics of the American West at that time.
- 答：故事的整体基调是幽默讽刺的。它嘲笑了赌博文化和一些人的天真，同时也呈现了当时美国西部的独特特征。
论述题
发言题
1. Discuss the significance of "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" in Mark Twain's literary career.
1.讨论《卡拉维拉斯县臭名昭著的跳蛙》在马克·吐温文学生涯中的意义。
- Answer: This story is of great significance in Mark Twain's literary career.
- 答：这个故事在马克·吐温的文学生涯中具有重要意义。
Firstly, it is one of his early short stories and showcases his unique writing style and humor, which laid the foundation for his later success. His use of colloquial language and vivid descriptions of characters and events in this story became his signature style.
首先，这是他早期的短篇小说之一，展现了他独特的写作风格和幽默感，为他后来的成功奠定了基础。他在这个故事中使用口语语言和对人物和事件的生动描述成为他的标志性风格。
Secondly, the story reflects the social and cultural background of the American West at that time, presenting a vivid picture of the people's lives, values, and behaviors. This helps to establish Mark Twain's status as a writer who can accurately capture the essence of American society.
其次，故事反映了当时美国西部的社会文化背景，生动地呈现了人们的生活、价值观和行为方式。这有助于确立马克·吐温作为能够准确捕捉美国社会本质的作家的地位。
Finally, the story's popularity brought Mark Twain wide attention and recognition, making him a well-known figure in American literature.
最后，这个故事的流行为马克·吐温带来了广泛的关注和认可，使他成为美国文学中的知名人物。
2. Analyze the humorous elements in "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County".
2、分析《卡拉维拉斯县臭名昭著的跳蛙》中的幽默元素。
- Answer: The humorous elements in this story are abundant.
- 答：这个故事的幽默元素很丰富。
Firstly, the use of dialect and slang by the characters adds a lot of humor. For example, the way Simon Wheeler tells the story in his unique dialect makes the readers feel the rustic charm and naivety of the characters.
首先，人物的方言和俚语的使用增添了很多幽默感。例如，西蒙·惠勒用他独特的方言讲述故事的方式让读者感受到了人物的质朴魅力和天真烂漫。
Secondly, the absurdity of the plot is also a source of humor. The idea of a jumping frog being used for gambling and the unexpected outcome of the contest create a comical effect.
其次，情节的荒诞也是幽默的来源。将跳蛙用于赌博的想法和比赛的意外结果产生了滑稽的效果。
Thirdly, the contrast between the seriousness of the gambling activity and the light-hearted attitude of the characters brings out the humor. Jim Smiley's intense passion for gambling and his subsequent disappointment when he is cheated are described in a way that makes the readers laugh.
第三，赌博活动的严肃性与人物轻松愉快的态度的反差，凸显了幽默感。吉姆·史迈利对赌博的强烈热情以及随后被骗后的失望情绪以一种引人发笑的方式描述。
3. How does Mark Twain use satire in "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"?
3. 马克·吐温在《卡拉维拉斯县臭名昭著的跳蛙》中如何运用讽刺手法？
- Answer: Mark Twain uses satire in several ways in this story.
- 答案：马克吐温在这个故事中以多种方式使用讽刺。
Firstly, he satirizes the gambling culture. The story shows how people in Calaveras County are so obsessed with gambling that they even use a frog for betting, revealing the absurdity and negative impact of this behavior.
首先，他讽刺了赌博文化。故事讲述了卡拉维拉斯县的人们沉迷于赌博，甚至用青蛙进行赌博，揭示了这种行为的荒谬性和负面影响。
Secondly, he satirizes the naivety and gullibility of people like Jim Smiley. Jim is so confident in his frog's abilities and so eager to win that he fails to see the trick played by the stranger, which mocks his simple-mindedness.
其次，他讽刺了像吉姆·史迈利这样的人的天真和轻信。吉姆对他的青蛙的能力非常有信心，并且非常渴望获胜，以至于他没有看到陌生人玩的把戏，这嘲笑了他的头脑简单。
Thirdly, through the description of the characters and their actions, Mark Twain also satirizes the rough and unrefined behavior of the people in the American West, highlighting their lack of education and sophistication.
第三，马克·吐温还通过对人物及其行为的描写，讽刺了美国西部人民粗俗、不文明的行为，凸显了他们缺乏教养和世故。
4. Compare and contrast the characters of Jim Smiley and Simon Wheeler in "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County".
4. 比较和对比《卡拉维拉斯县臭名昭著的跳蛙》中吉姆·史迈利和西蒙·惠勒的人物。
- Answer: Jim Smiley and Simon Wheeler are two distinct characters in the story.
- 答案：吉姆·史迈利和西蒙·惠勒是故事中两个截然不同的角色。
Jim Smiley is a passionate gambler who is highly competitive and believes in his own luck and the abilities of his jumping frog. He is willing to bet on anything and is very confident in his victories.
吉姆·史迈利是一位充满激情的赌徒，他的好胜心很强，相信自己的运气和跳蛙的能力。他愿意赌上任何事情，并且对自己的胜利非常有信心。
Simon Wheeler is a laid-back storyteller who seems to be indifferent to the outcome of the events he narrates. He tells the story of Jim Smiley in a calm and matter-of-fact way, without showing much emotion.
西蒙·惠勒是一位悠闲的讲故事者，他似乎对他所叙述的事件的结果漠不关心。他以平静、实事求是的方式讲述了吉姆·史迈利的故事，没有表现出太多的情感。
However, both characters share some similarities. They are both representatives of the people in the American West, with their own unique characteristics and behaviors that reflect the cultural background of that region.
然而，这两个角色有一些相似之处。他们都是美国西部人民的代表，有着自己独特的性格和行为，反映了该地区的文化背景。
5. What is the relationship between the setting of Calaveras County and the theme of the story in "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"?
5.《卡拉维拉斯县臭名昭著的跳蛙》中卡拉维拉斯县的背景和故事主题有什么关系？
- Answer: The setting of Calaveras County is closely related to the theme of the story.
- 答：卡拉维拉斯县的设定与故事主题密切相关。
The American West was a place full of opportunities and adventures, but also a place where people's behaviors and values were different from those in the eastern part of the country. The setting provides a backdrop for the gambling culture and the naivety of the characters. The wild and unregulated environment of Calaveras County allows for the occurrence of such absurd events as the jumping frog contest and the cheating that takes place.
美国西部是一个充满机遇和冒险的地方，但也是一个人们的行为和价值观与东部地区不同的地方。该场景为赌博文化和角色的天真提供了背景。卡拉维拉斯县的野生和不受管制的环境使得跳蛙比赛和作弊等荒唐事件的发生。
At the same time, the setting also emphasizes the contrast between the simplicity and roughness of the people in the West and the more civilized and sophisticated way of life in other parts of the country, which helps to highlight the theme of the story about the human nature and the social phenomena in a specific context.
同时，设定也强调了西方人民的纯朴和粗犷与国内其他地区更加文明和精致的生活方式的对比，这有助于凸显故事关于人类的主题。特定背景下的自然现象和社会现象。
⑦红色英勇勋章
⑦中国红色勇勋章
It is a novel written by Stephen Crane.
这是斯蒂芬·克莱恩写的小说。
Theme
主题:
It is a story set in the period of the Civil War. The basic theme of the animal man in a cold, manipulating world runs through the whole book. Here Crane is looking into man's primitive emotions and trying to tell the elemental
这是一个发生在南北战争时期的故事。冷酷、操纵世界中的动物人的基本主题贯穿全书。在这里，克莱恩正在研究人类的原始情感，并试图讲述元素的本质
truth about human life.
关于人类生活的真相。
Crane’s debunking of war has a singularly modern touch about it.War in this novel is a plain slaughter-house. There is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is anything, it is fear of death,cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger.By de-romanticizing war and heroism, Crane initiated the modern tradition oftelling the truth at all costs about the elemental human situation, and writing about war as a real human experience. To the author, war is a plain slaughterhouse, courage or heroism is irrelevant to fighting. Sheer impulse governs all, leaving no one in controlof events or themselves. By deromanticizing war and courage, the authordepicts the education of a young man in the context of struggle inalarming honesty.
克莱恩对战争的揭穿具有独特的现代感。这部小说中的战争是一个普通的屠宰场。战场上没有什么比英勇或英雄主义更好的了，如果有什么的话，那就是对死亡的恐惧、怯懦，这是人类逃避危险的本能。通过将战争和英雄主义去浪漫化，克兰开创了现代传统，即不惜一切代价讲述人类基本处境的真相，并将战争写成真实的人类经历。对于作者来说，战争就是一个普通的屠宰场，勇气或英雄主义与战斗无关。纯粹的冲动支配着一切，没有人能够控制事件或他们自己。通过将战争和勇气去浪漫化，作者以令人震惊的诚实描述了一个年轻人在斗争背景下的教育。
One of his main interests is the psychological life of the protagonist and one of his most effective techniques is the description of the image of glory that crowds through the young man's head when he thinks about the war. His dream of glory and maturity is nothing butdelusion. One purpose of many of the images is to suggest the dehumanizing effect of war, e.g. the soldiers are often compared to animals or inanimate objects.
他的主要兴趣之一是主角的心理生活，而他最有效的技巧之一就是描述年轻人在思考战争时脑海中充斥的荣耀形象。他的荣耀和成熟的梦想只不过是幻想。许多图像的目的之一是暗示战争的非人性影响，例如士兵经常被比作动物或无生命的物体。
As a naturalist, this move, show Crane’s opinion: nature is neither onman’s side or against him—it is indifferent, and able to offer both succora nd strife.
作为一名博物学家，这一举动体现了克雷恩的观点：自然既不站在人类一边，也不反对人类——它是冷漠的，既能提供帮助，又能提供冲突。
Characterization
表征:
The main character is Henry Fleming.Henry's emotions are never settled: after he flees form battle, he is overcoat guilty.; when he showcourage under fire, he recovers his pride. Within a few short days, hetransforms form a hot-heeded, idealistic young boy into an experienced soldier.
主角是亨利·弗莱明，亨利的情绪始终无法平静：他逃离战场后，内心充满了愧疚。当他在炮火中表现出勇气时，他又恢复了骄傲。短短几天内，他就从一个热心、理想主义的小男孩变成了一名经验丰富的士兵。
For Henry, wounds are “ a red badge of courage". Henry wants awound to rove that he fights bravely and sacrifices himself. The wound reveals the flip side of Henry's romantic idea: the grim reality of war wounds.
对于亨利来说，伤口是“勇气的红色徽章”。亨利希望用伤口来证明他英勇战斗、牺牲自己。伤口揭示了亨利浪漫想法的另一面：战争伤口的残酷现实。
Plot
阴谋:
This naturalist fiction deals with a young man who leaves home for battlefield with dreams of glory. When the first battle comes along, he is soterrified that he runs away. By the end of the story, however, the young man fights like a wildcat. He shoots even when there is no more fighting.
这部自然主义小说讲述了一个怀揣荣耀梦想离开家乡奔赴战场的年轻人的故事。当第一次战斗到来时，他害怕逃跑。然而，到了故事的结尾，这个年轻人却像野猫一样打架。即使不再有战斗，他也会开枪。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
Stephen Crane's writing in "The Red Badge of Courage" is known for its vivid and naturalistic descriptions of the battlefield, capturing the chaos, confusion, and horror of war. He employs intense imagery and uses sensory details to immerse the reader in the soldier's experience.
斯蒂芬·克莱恩在《红色英勇勋章》中的写作以其对战场的生动自然的描述而闻名，捕捉到了战争的混乱、混乱和恐怖。他运用强烈的意象和感官细节让读者沉浸在士兵的经历中。
Crane's writing style is also characterized by its psychological depth.He delvesinto the inner thoughts and emotions of Henry Fleming, capturing his doubts,fears, and moments of self-discovery. Crane explores the concept of perception and how it can shape one's experience of reality.
克雷恩的写作风格还以其心理深度为特点。他深入研究亨利·弗莱明的内心思想和情感，捕捉他的怀疑、恐惧和自我发现的时刻。克雷恩探索了感知的概念以及它如何塑造一个人的现实体验。
The novel is written in a distinctive prose style, employing short, fragmented sentences and a shifting narrative perspective. Crane's use of stream-of-consciousness techniques enhances the portrayal of Henry's internal struggles and emotional journey.
小说以独特的散文风格写作，采用短小、碎片化的句子和多变的叙事视角。克莱恩对意识流技巧的运用增强了对亨利内心挣扎和情感历程的刻画。
问答题
1. Question：What is the main conflict that the protagonist, Henry, faces in the novel?
1 .问：小说中主人公亨利面临的主要冲突是什么？
- Answer：The main conflict that Henry faces is the internal conflict between his desire for courage and his fear of death and the external conflict of the brutalities of war.
- 答案：亨利面临的主要冲突是他对勇气的渴望和对死亡的恐惧之间的内部冲突和战争的残酷性的外部冲突。
2. Question：What is the significance of the "red badge of courage" in the novel?
2 .问：小说中的“红色英勇勋章”有何意义？
- Answer：The "red badge of courage" initially refers to a wound that Henry hopes to get as a symbol of his bravery.
- 答案： “红色勇气徽章”最初是指亨利希望得到的伤口，作为他勇敢的象征。
Later, it becomes a symbol of the complex and ambiguous nature of courage and the psychological struggles soldiers face in war.
后来，它成为勇气的复杂性和模糊性以及士兵在战争中面临的心理斗争的象征。
3. Question：How does the novel depict the psychological changes of the protagonist?
3 .问：小说如何描写主人公的心理变化？
- Answer：At first, Henry is full of idealized visions of war and eager to prove his courage.
- 答案：亨利一开始对战争充满了理想化的憧憬，渴望证明自己的勇气。
But when he is confronted with the real horrors of war, he experiences fear and even runs away.
但当他面对战争的真正恐怖时，他感到恐惧，甚至逃跑。
Later, through a series of experiences, he gradually overcomes his fear and gains a more profound understanding of courage, showing a process of psychological transformation from naivety to maturity.
后来，通过一系列的经历，他逐渐克服了恐惧，对勇气有了更加深刻的认识，呈现出从幼稚到成熟的心理转变过程。
4. Question：What are the themes explored in "The Red Badge of Courage"?
4 .问： 《红色英勇勋章》探讨了哪些主题？
- Answer：The themes include the nature of courage, the psychological impact of war on individuals, the disillusionment of war, the growth and maturation of the protagonist, and the contrast between ideal and reality in war.
- 答：主题包括勇气的本质、战争对个人的心理影响、战争的幻灭、主人公的成长与成熟、战争中理想与现实的反差。
5. Question：How does the author use description and imagery to convey the atmosphere of war in the novel?
5 .问：作者在小说中如何运用描写和意象来传达战争气氛？
- Answer：The author uses vivid descriptions of the battlefield, such as the sounds of gunfire, the chaos of the battle, and the sight of the wounded and dead, to create a tense and terrifying atmosphere.
- 答：作者通过对战场的生动描写，如枪声、战斗的混乱、伤者和死者的景象，营造出一种紧张而恐怖的气氛。
The use of imagery like the "red badge" itself, the dark sky, and the desolate landscape further enhance the sense of the harshness and brutality of war.
“红色徽章”本身、黑暗的天空、荒凉的风景等意象的运用，进一步增强了战争的严酷和残酷感。
6. Question：What is the writing style of "The Red Badge of Courage"?
6 .问： 《红色英勇勋章》的写作风格是什么？
- Answer：The writing style is characterized by realism and naturalism.
- 答：写作风格以现实主义、自然主义为特点。
The author presents a raw and unvarnished picture of war, without romanticizing or glorifying it. The language is simple and direct, yet powerful in depicting the complex emotions and experiences of the characters.
作者呈现了一幅原始而朴实的战争图景，没有将其浪漫化或美化。语言简单直接，却有力地描绘了人物复杂的情感和经历。
补充论述题
1. Question：Discuss the theme of the disillusionment of war in "The Red Badge of Courage".
1.提问：讨论《红色英勇勋章》中战争幻灭的主题。
- Answer：In "The Red Badge of Courage", the theme of the disillusionment of war is prominent.
- 答： 《红色英勇勋章》突出了战争幻灭的主题。
At the beginning of the novel, the protagonist Henry has an idealized view of war, believing it to be a glorious and heroic adventure.
小说一开始，主人公亨利就对战争抱有理想化的看法，认为这是一次光荣而英雄的冒险。
However, as he experiences the brutal reality of the battlefield, he realizes that war is far from what he had imagined. The chaos, violence, and senseless death on the battlefield shatter his illusions. The author uses Henry's experiences to show how war not only brings physical pain and death but also causes psychological trauma and a loss of faith.
然而，当他亲历了战场的残酷现实后，他发现战争远不是他想象的那样。战场上的混乱、暴力和毫无意义的死亡粉碎了他的幻想。作者用亨利的经历来展示战争不仅带来身体上的痛苦和死亡，而且造成心理创伤和信仰丧失。
This disillusionment is not only experienced by Henry but is also a common feeling among many soldiers in the war.
这种幻灭不仅是亨利所经历的，也是许多战争中士兵的普遍感受。
Through this theme, the novel reflects the harshness and futility of war, making readers deeply aware of the true nature of war and its negative impact on individuals and society.
小说通过这一主题反映了战争的残酷性和徒劳性，使读者深刻认识到战争的本质及其对个人和社会的负面影响。
2. Question：Analyze the character of Henry in "The Red Badge of Courage" and his growth throughout the story.
2.问题：分析《红色英勇勋章》中亨利的性格以及他在整个故事中的成长。
- Answer：Henry is a complex and evolving character.
- 答案：亨利是一个复杂且不断变化的角色。
At the start, he is young, naive, and eager to prove his courage in war. He is influenced by the romanticized ideas of war and has a strong desire for recognition and honor.
起初，他年轻、天真，渴望在战争中证明自己的勇气。他受到浪漫化战争观念的影响，对认可和荣誉有着强烈的渴望。
However, when he is faced with the real danger and horror of the battlefield, his fear overcomes him, and he even runs away from the battle. This act of cowardice makes him feel guilty and ashamed.
然而，当他面对战场上真正的危险和恐怖时，他的恐惧战胜了他，甚至逃离了战场。这种懦弱的行为让他感到内疚和羞愧。
But through his subsequent experiences, such as witnessing the courage of his comrades and facing the challenges of war again, he gradually overcomes his fear and develops a more profound understanding of courage.
但通过后来的经历，见证战友的勇气，再次面对战争的挑战，他逐渐克服了恐惧，对勇气有了更深刻的理解。
His growth is a process of self-discovery and self-transformation. He realizes that courage is not just about being fearless but also about facing one's fears and fulfilling one's responsibilities. Henry's character and his growth represent the common experience of many young soldiers in war, showing the impact of war on the psychological and moral development of individuals.
他的成长是一个自我发现、自我改造的过程。他意识到勇气不仅仅是无所畏惧，还包括面对恐惧、履行责任。亨利的性格和他的成长代表了许多年轻士兵在战争中的共同经历，展现了战争对个人心理和道德发展的影响。
⭐️3. Question：How does "The Red Badge of Courage" reflect the naturalist view of literature?
⭐️ 3.问： 《红色英勇勋章》如何体现自然主义文学观？
- Answer：The Red Badge of Courage reflects the naturalist view of literature in several ways.
- 答案： 《红色勇气勋章》在几个方面反映了自然主义的文学观。
Firstly, it emphasizes the power of the environment, especially the harsh environment of war, over the characters. The characters in the novel are often at the mercy of the chaotic and violent battlefield, and their fates are largely determined by the uncontrollable forces of war.
首先，它强调了环境，特别是战争的恶劣环境对人物的力量。小说中的人物经常受到混乱和暴力的战场的摆布，他们的命运很大程度上取决于无法控制的战争力量。
Secondly, the novel shows the animalistic side of human nature in the face of extreme circumstances. Henry's initial fear and later struggle for survival reveal the primitive instincts that humans possess when facing life-threatening situations.
其次，小说展现了人性在极端环境下兽性的一面。亨利最初的恐惧和后来的生存挣扎揭示了人类在面临生命威胁时所拥有的原始本能。
Thirdly, the author presents a deterministic view in the novel, suggesting that the characters are caught in a web of circumstances that they cannot escape. The war is depicted as an inescapable force that shapes the lives and destinies of the characters.
第三，作者在小说中提出了一种决定论的观点，暗示人物陷入了无法逃脱的环境之网中。战争被描绘成一股不可避免的力量，塑造了人物的生活和命运。
Overall, through these aspects, the novel reflects the naturalist belief that human beings are subject to the laws of nature and the environment, and their behaviors and fates are determined by external factors rather than free will.
总体而言，小说通过这些方面体现了自然主义者的信念，即人类受制于自然和环境的规律，其行为和命运是由外部因素而不是自由意志决定的。
5. Question：What is the significance of "The Red Badge of Courage" in the history of American literature?
5. 问： 《红色勇气勋章》在美国文学史上有何意义？
- Answer：In the history of American literature, "The Red Badge of Courage" is of great significance.
- 答：在美国文学史上，《红色勇气勋章》具有重要意义。
Firstly, it is a pioneer work of American naturalist literature. It breaks through the traditional romantic view of war and presents a realistic and unvarnished picture of war, which has a profound impact on the development of American literature.
首先，它是美国自然主义文学的开创性作品。它突破了传统的浪漫主义战争观，呈现了一幅现实而不加修饰的战争图景，对美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
Secondly, the novel's exploration of the psychological and moral aspects of war provides a new perspective for the understanding of war in American literature. It makes readers pay more attention to the inner world of the characters in war and the impact of war on human nature.
其次，小说对战争心理和道德层面的探索为理解美国文学中的战争提供了新的视角。让读者更加关注战争中人物的内心世界以及战争对人性的影响。
Thirdly, the success of the novel has inspired a large number of later writers to explore similar themes and writing styles, promoting the development of American war literature and realism literature.
再次，小说的成功启发了后来一大批作家探索相似的主题和写作风格，推动了美国战争文学和现实主义文学的发展。
Overall, "The Red Badge of Courage" is a landmark work in American literature, which has had a lasting influence on the development of American literature.
总体而言，《红色勇气勋章》是美国文学的一部里程碑式的作品，对美国文学的发展产生了持久的影响。
⑧嘉莉妹妹
"Sister Carrie" is a novel written by Theodore Dreiser.
《嘉莉妹妹》是西奥多·德莱塞创作的长篇小说。
Theme
主题:
The central theme of the novel is the struggle of a young county girl,half aware of her powers to protect herself against the cunning wiles of capitalist society. The book reveals the decadence and sham of the bourgeois world. It also elaborates the unemployment, the starvation and the struggle of the workers，which fully express the author's profound sympathy for the laborers.
小说的中心主题是一个年轻县姑娘的斗争，她不知道自己有能力保护自己免受资本主义社会的狡猾诡计的侵害。该书揭露了资产阶级世界的颓废和虚伪。还详细阐述了工人的失业、饥饿和斗争，充分表达了作者对工人的深切同情。
Characterization
表征:
Throughout the novel, Carrie is always chasing after happiness. On the one hand, Sister Carrie represents the image of new women with more independence and freedom. On the other hand, she is a slave to her heredity and environment, drifting in life all the time. Carrie never finds happiness in what she has, but always yearns for something that is beyond her reach.
在整部小说中，嘉莉始终在追逐幸福。一方面，嘉莉姐代表了更加独立、自由的新女性形象。另一方面，她又是遗传和环境的奴隶，在生活中始终漂泊不定。嘉莉从不从自己拥有的东西中找到幸福，而总是渴望一些她无法企及的东西。
Other significant characters include Charles Drouet, a charming salesman who becomes Carrie's first lover; George Hurstwood, a successful and married businessman with whom Carrie has a passionate affair.
其他重要人物包括查尔斯·杜洛埃（Charles Drouet） ，一位迷人的推销员，后来成为嘉莉的初恋情人；乔治·赫斯渥是一位成功的已婚商人，嘉莉与他有着一段充满激情的恋情。
Plot
阴谋:
The story tells about a girl Carrie going to Chicago for a better life. On the train, She met a salesman Drouet and became his mistress.
故事讲述了女孩嘉莉为了更好的生活而前往芝加哥。在火车上，她结识了推销员杜洛埃并成为他的情妇。
Afterwards,she became infatuated with Drouet's friend Hurstwood. But she wasn't satisfied with their marriage, so she left him and became an actress.
后来，她迷上了杜洛埃的朋友赫斯渥。但她对他们的婚姻并不满意，所以她离开了他，成为了一名演员。
Sister Carrie,from grinding poverty to upper-middle class comfort. She improved her life but found money and fame could not give her happiness. Neither Carrie nor Hurstwood earn their fates through virtue or vice, but rather through random circumstance. Their successes and failures have no moral value, and the novel symbolizes the disillusion of American Dream.
嘉莉姐妹，从极度贫困到中上层阶级的舒适生活。她改善了生活，但发现金钱和名誉并不能给她带来幸福。嘉莉和赫斯渥的命运都不是通过美德或恶行赢得的，而是通过随机的环境获得的。他们的成功和失败没有道德价值，小说象征着美国梦的破灭。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
This novel reveals Dreiser's basic style: simple in outline,tight in structure, serious in tone, and intense, dramatic in action.
这部小说揭示了德莱塞的基本风格：轮廓简单，结构严密，语气严肃，动作激烈、戏剧化。
Theodore Dreiser's writing in "Sister Carrie" is characterized by its realism and naturalism that men are controlled and conditioned by heredity, instinct and chance. The novel presents a detailed and often unflinching portrayal of urban life and the struggles faced by its characters.
西奥多·德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中的写作特点是现实主义和自然主义，即人受到遗传、本能和偶然的控制和制约。这部小说对城市生活及其人物所面临的斗争进行了详细且毫不犹豫的描绘。
Dreiser provides social commentary on the effects of materialism, consumerism, and social pressures on individuals.
德莱塞对唯物主义、消费主义和社会压力对个人的影响提供了社会评论。
The writing style is straightforward and descriptive, focusing on the external details of the characters' lives and the environments they inhabit.
写作风格直截了当、描述性强，重点关注人物生活的外部细节和他们所处的环境。
Dreiser explores the inner thoughts and motivations of the characters, depicting their desires, fears, and insecurities.
德莱塞探索人物的内心思想和动机，描绘他们的欲望、恐惧和不安全感。
The narrative structure of the novel follows a linear chronology, tracing Carrie's journey from her small town to the big city and the subsequent events that shape her life.
小说的叙事结构遵循线性时间顺序，追溯了嘉莉从小城镇到大城市的旅程以及随后塑造她生活的事件。
The story is driven by the choices and actions of the characters, highlighting the consequences of their decisions.
故事由角色的选择和行动驱动，强调他们的决定的后果。
Chicago and New York symbolize the American dream. In which one acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck ，regardless of social status. Carrie used to pin her hopes on dazzling sparkle and glamour of citylife. However, her hope disillusioned, which means the disillusionment of the American dream.The rocking chair stands for the uncertainty of life.
芝加哥和纽约象征着美国梦。一个人通过努力和好运气获得财富和成功，无论社会地位如何。嘉莉曾经把希望寄托在城市生活的耀眼光芒和魅力上。然而，她的希望破灭了，这意味着美国梦的破灭。摇椅代表着生活的不确定性。
补充
※自然主义思想
It represents Naturalism attained maturity. The major features of Naturalism are emphasis on environmental hereditary factors, and pessimistic determinism.
它代表了自然主义的成熟。自然主义的主要特点是强调环境遗传因素和悲观的决定论。
Firstly, the environmental and hereditary factors mean that Naturalism evolves from Darwinism. One will survive if he or she adapts to the environment. In Sister Carrie, the environmental and hereditary factors decide Carries fate. The reason why Carrie achieves successin big city is just that she fits for the environment properly. Carrie has many advantages, such asher beautiful appearance, her rich emotion, her endless desire, her cleverness, which proves that only the fittest survives.
首先，环境和遗传因素意味着自然主义是从达尔文主义演变而来的。一个人只要适应环境就能生存。在《嘉莉妹妹》中，环境和遗传因素决定了卡莉的命运。嘉莉之所以能在大城市取得成功，正是因为她适应了环境。嘉莉有很多优点，她美丽的外表，她丰富的情感，她无尽的欲望，她的聪明，证明了适者生存。
Secondly, the determinism of Naturalism can also be reflected in Sister Carrie.Naturalists believed that human being is helpless. They are controlled by environment and heritage wherethey live. No matter how hard they work,they still can't change their fate. It seems that Carrie finally lives a life that she ever wants to. But she still feels lonely and hopelessly. She doesn't find her true love, and doesn't get satisfaction from her work. Her fate is doomed.
其次，自然主义的决定论也可以在《嘉莉妹妹》中得到体现。自然主义者认为人类是无助的。他们受到居住地的环境和遗产的控制。无论他们如何努力，仍然无法改变自己的命运。看来嘉莉终于过上了她想要的生活。但她仍然感到孤独和绝望。她没有找到自己的真爱，也没有从工作中得到满足。她的命运已经注定了。
小说最后一段
After Carrie deserts Hurstwood, he is in great despair. Feeble and penniless, Hurstwood wanders in a cold winter night with nobody trying to help. Extremely hopeless and totally devastated, he turns the gas on in a cheap lodging-house and ends his life, while at the same time Carrie is rocking comfortably in her luxuriant hotel room before she boards a ship for London.
嘉莉抛弃赫斯渥后，他陷入了极大的绝望之中。赫斯渥身体虚弱，身无分文，在寒冷的冬夜里徘徊，没有人伸出援手。极度绝望和彻底崩溃的他在一家廉价旅馆里打开煤气结束了自己的生命，而与此同时，嘉莉在她豪华的酒店房间里舒适地摇晃着，然后登上了前往伦敦的船。
摇椅
The rocking chair is a dominant symbol in Sister Carrie. It is like a cradle that could make one's feeling drop into peace and serenity. It is also like a tide that is forever moving as life goes on. The person sitting in the rocking chair gets both peace and motion. Here Carrie is alone and pensive inthe chair, wondering about the happiness that she has after and her yet unfulfilled goal in life, Her mind moves as the chair does; her future, uncertain, rocks as the chair goes.
摇椅是《嘉莉妹妹》的主要象征。它就像一个摇篮，可以让人的心情陷入平静与安宁。它也像潮水一样，随着生命的继续而永远流动。坐在摇椅上的人既平静又动感。嘉莉独自一人坐在椅子上沉思，想着自己所追求的幸福和尚未实现的人生目标，她的思绪随着椅子的移动而移动；她的思绪随着椅子的移动而移动。她的未来充满不确定性，随着椅子的移动而摇摆不定。
※美国梦
Each characters in Sister Carrie search for their own "American Dreams"--the ones offered by a growing and prosperous democratic country.
《嘉莉妹妹》中的每个角色都在寻找自己的“美国梦”——一个不断发展和繁荣的民主国家所提供的梦想。
Carrie, a poor country girl, arrives in Chicago, filled with the expectations of acquiring thebetter things in life. She imagines the elegant clothes she will wear, the exciting places to whichshe will go, and the fashionable people with whom she will associate, thinking that everyone who lives beyond the boundaries of her mid western state has achieved that higher status.
嘉莉是一个贫穷的乡村女孩，她来到芝加哥，满怀着获得生活中更美好事物的期望。她想象着她将穿的优雅的衣服，她将去的令人兴奋的地方，以及她将与之交往的时尚人士，她认为生活在中西部州边界之外的每个人都已经获得了更高的地位。
Hurstwood has the woman, the established home and family, and a good position. He, though,wants more. he knows that his employers leave him out of important decision making, and he knows his friends like him for his position. He seeks love, appreciation, and more prestige.However, at the end of the story, each of them ends up disillusioned.
赫斯渥有女人、既定的家庭和良好的地位。但他想要更多。他知道他的雇主不让他参与重要决策，他也知道他的朋友喜欢他的职位。他寻求爱、欣赏和更多的声望。然而，在故事的结尾，他们每个人都以幻灭告终。
Drouet seeks his own version of the American Dream. He has achieved a certain station in life and wears the clothes to prove it. He frequents the important establishments in town and hasbefriended many of the right people. Yet, he pursues the other appointments that represent his dream, such as a beautiful woman to adom his arm and his own home.
杜洛埃寻求他自己版本的美国梦。他在生活中取得了一定的地位，并穿着这些衣服来证明这一点。他经常光顾镇上的重要场所，并结识了许多合适的人。然而，他仍在追求代表他梦想的其他任命，例如一个美丽的女人装饰他的手臂和他自己的家。
※资本主义的残酷
※ 残酷
The author describes Carrie's disillusionment in the pursuit of a happy life in a broad socialbackground, and exposes and criticizes the darkness of American capitalist society in the 19thcentury: there is no way out by honest labor, only by moral decay and self betrayal can we get the status of money. In such a society, people can not have real happiness.
作者在广阔的社会背景下描写了嘉莉追求幸福生活的幻灭，揭露和批判了19世纪美国资本主义社会的黑暗：诚实劳动是没有出路的，只有道德败坏和自我背叛才能得到幸福。金钱的地位。在这样的社会里，人们不可能拥有真正的幸福。
On the other hand, Hurstwood was rich, powerful and proud, but once he lost his money and status, he would never be able to tur over. Even if he tried his best, he would finally fall to thebottom of capitalist society. This is actually a manifestation of the cruelty of the capitalist society,and also fully reflects the realistic tendency of exposing and denying American capitalist society.
另一方面，赫斯渥富有、有权势、骄傲，但一旦失去了金钱和地位，他就永远无法翻身。即使他竭尽全力，最终也会跌入资本主义社会的最底层。这实际上是资本主义社会残酷性的体现，也充分体现了揭露和否定美国资本主义社会的现实倾向。
补充问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "Sister Carrie"? What are the characteristics of his writing style?
1、问： 《嘉莉妹妹》的作者是谁？他的写作风格有何特点？
- Answer: The author of "Sister Carrie" is Theodore Dreiser. His writing style is characterized by adhering to realism, depicting life as it is, boldly exposing the dark side of American social life. He is also good at using naturalistic writing techniques, emphasizing the influence of the environment and instinct on characters. His language is relatively plain and direct, not pursuing flowery rhetoric.
- 答案：《嘉莉妹妹》的作者是西奥多·德莱塞。他的写作风格特点是坚持现实主义，如实地描绘生活，大胆揭露美国社会生活的阴暗面。他还善于运用自然主义的写作手法，强调环境和本能对人物的影响。他的语言比较平实、直接，不追求华丽的辞藻。
2. Question: What is the main plot of the novel?
2.问：小说的主要情节是什么？
- Answer: In August 1889, an 18-year-old rural girl named Carrie left Wisconsin for Chicago to make a living. She met a salesman named Drouet on the train and later began a relationship with him.
- 答案：1889年8月，18岁的乡村女孩嘉莉离开威斯康星州前往芝加哥谋生。她在火车上认识了一位名叫杜洛埃的推销员，后来与他开始了恋爱关系。
Through Drouet's introduction, Carrie met Hurstwood, the manager of a bar, and developed a liking for him. After their affair was exposed, Hurstwood stole all the money from the bar and eloped with Carrie to New York.
通过杜洛埃的介绍，嘉莉认识了酒吧经理赫斯渥，并对他产生了好感。他们的恋情曝光后，赫斯渥偷走了酒吧所有的钱，并与嘉莉私奔到纽约。
However, the bar that Hurstwood opened in New York closed due to poor management. Carrie became a famous actress and then left Hurstwood. In the end, Hurstwood ended his life by using gas.
然而赫斯渥在纽约开设的酒吧因经营不善而关门了。嘉莉成为一名著名女演员，然后离开了赫斯渥。最终，赫斯渥用煤气结束了自己的生命。
3. Question: What is Carrie's character like?
3.问： Carrie的性格是怎样的？
- Answer: Carrie is sensitive, intelligent, and has acting talent.
- 答案：Carrie敏感、聪明、有表演天赋。
She loves big city life and has a strong desire for material possessions. In work, she is weak-willed when it comes to jobs she dislikes but can pour all her enthusiasm into jobs she loves. At first, she depended on men to live, but later, after awakening, she became a famous actress through her own efforts, reflecting the theme of female independence and self-reliance.
她热爱大城市的生活，对物质拥有有着强烈的渴望。在工作中，对于自己不喜欢的工作，她意志薄弱，但能将全部热情倾注在自己喜欢的工作上。起初她依靠男人生活，后来觉醒后，通过自己的努力成为著名女演员，体现了女性独立、自强的主题。
4. Question: What kind of character is Hurstwood?
4. 问：赫斯渥是一个什么样的人物？
- Answer: Hurstwood is high in emotional intelligence, has a wide network of contacts, and is respected.
- 答：赫斯渥情商高，人脉广，受人尊敬。
He has a stable job and a relatively high social status. He is good at handling interpersonal relationships and is worldly-wise. However, when his affair with Carrie is discovered, instead of repenting, he steals all the money from the bar. After arriving in New York, when the bar closes, he can't find a job and idles at home, filled with negative emotions, and finally commits suicide.
他有一份稳定的工作，社会地位也较高。他善于处理人际关系，懂得世故。然而，当他与嘉莉的恋情被发现后，他不但没有悔改，反而偷走了酒吧里所有的钱。到达纽约后，酒吧关门了，他找不到工作，在家无所事事，充满负面情绪，最后自杀了。
5. Question: What is the role of the "rocking chair" image in the novel?
5、问：“摇椅”形象在小说中起什么作用？
- Answer: The rocking chair appears repeatedly in the book, expressing the joys, sorrows, and ups and downs of the lives of the male and female protagonists.
- 答：摇椅在书中反复出现，表达了男女主人公生活中的喜怒哀乐、酸甜苦辣。
When Carrie encounters setbacks in life, she lies in the rocking chair and contemplates. The rocking chair becomes her spiritual pillar in pursuit of a happy life. Its continuous swaying implies Carrie's higher pursuit of life.
当嘉莉遇到生活挫折时，她会躺在摇椅上沉思。摇椅成为她追求幸福生活的精神支柱。它的不断摇曳暗示着嘉莉对生活的更高追求。
Hurstwood also likes to lie in the rocking chair and contemplate. The continuous swaying of the rocking chair implies his fading past success.
赫斯渥也喜欢躺在摇椅上沉思。摇椅的不断摇晃暗示着他过去的成功正在消失。
6. Question: What naturalistic ideas does the novel embody?
6.问：小说体现了哪些自然主义思想？
- Answer: Naturalism emphasizes the influence of the environment and instinct on people. A person's "free will" cannot replace instinct and desire.
- 答：自然主义强调环境和本能对人的影响。人的“自由意志”无法取代本能和欲望。
Carrie, in order to satisfy her material desires, constantly changes her dependents, falling into the contradiction between the instinct for pleasure and rationality. In the end, desire triumphs over rationality.
嘉莉为了满足自己的物欲，不断地改变自己的眷属，陷入了享乐本能与理性的矛盾之中。最终，欲望战胜了理性。
Hurstwood also struggles between instinct and free will. Due to his inability to control his desires, he takes the wrong path.
赫斯渥也在本能和自由意志之间挣扎。由于无法控制自己的欲望，他走上了错误的道路。
7. Question: What problems in American society at that time does the novel reflect?
7.问：小说反映了当时美国社会的哪些问题？
- Answer: The novel reflects problems such as the social gap between the rich and the poor, changes in moral concepts, and the survival difficulties of women. It also reveals the influence of consumerism on people. People pursue pleasure and material satisfaction, weakening traditional moral standards.
- 答：小说反映了社会贫富差距、道德观念变化、女性生存困难等问题。这也揭示了消费主义对人们的影响。人们追求享乐和物质满足，削弱了传统的道德标准。
8. Question: Is Carrie's success accidental or inevitable?
8. 问：嘉莉的成功是偶然还是必然？
- Answer: Carrie's success has certain accidental factors. For example, she met Drouet and Hurstwood who provided her with certain material support and opportunities to enter the entertainment industry.
- 答：嘉莉的成功有一定的偶然因素。比如，她结识了杜洛埃和赫斯渥，他们为她提供了一定的物质支持和进入娱乐圈的机会。
But there are also inevitable factors. She has acting talent herself and has made efforts in the acting career. At the same time, she is full of longing for big city life and has a strong desire to change her destiny. These factors prompt her to constantly strive for her goals.
但也有不可避免的因素。她本身就有表演天赋，并且在演艺事业上做出了努力。同时，她对大城市生活充满向往，有着改变命运的强烈愿望。这些因素促使她不断地为自己的目标而奋斗。
9. Question: What does Hurstwood's tragic ending illustrate?
9. 问：赫斯渥的悲剧结局说明了什么？
- Answer: Hurstwood's tragic ending illustrates that when people face the conflict between desire and morality, if they cannot handle it correctly and blindly indulge their desires, they will eventually lead to destruction.
- 答：赫斯渥的悲剧结局说明，当人们面对欲望与道德的冲突时，如果不能正确处理，一味地放纵欲望，最终会导致毁灭。
It also reflects the cruelty of the social environment at that time. A person who once had status and wealth finds it difficult to stand up again after losing everything.
也反映出当时社会环境的残酷。一个曾经拥有地位和财富的人，在失去一切后很难再站起来。
10. Question: What is the theme of the novel?
10.问：小说的主题是什么？
- Answer: The themes of the novel include revealing the repression and destruction of human nature in American society, criticizing consumerism, and exploring female independence and self-reliance. The novel shows Carrie's struggle between desire and morality, material and spirit, reflecting the influence of the social environment on people's fates.
- 答：小说的主题包括揭示美国社会对人性的压抑和破坏，批判消费主义，探索女性的独立和自力更生。小说展现了嘉莉在欲望与道德、物质与精神之间的斗争，反映了社会环境对人命运的影响。
补充论述题
1.Analyze Carrie's character transformation and its reasons in "Sister Carrie".
1.分析《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的性格转变及其原因。
①At first, Carrie is a inferior, simple rural girl full of longing for big city life. When she first arrives in Chicago, she feels unaccustomed to work and life, reflecting her fragility and strangeness to the new environment.
①起初，嘉莉是一个自卑、单纯、对大城市生活充满向往的农村女孩。初到芝加哥，她对工作和生活感到不适应，反映出她对新环境的脆弱和陌生。
As she comes into contact with Drouet and Hurstwood, she is gradually influenced by urban life and material enjoyment, and her desire for materials continuously increases.
随着她与杜洛埃和赫斯渥的接触，她逐渐受到城市生活和物质享受的影响，对物质的渴望不断增强。
After experiencing a series of emotional entanglements and life setbacks, she begins to awaken and realizes that she cannot completely depend on men. Therefore, she strives for her acting career and finally becomes a famous actress.
在经历了一系列的情感纠葛和人生挫折后，她开始觉醒，意识到自己不能完全依赖男人。因此，她为自己的演艺事业而努力，最终成为一名著名女演员。
②The reasons for Carrie's character transformation are mainly as follows:
② Carrie性格转变的原因主要有以下几点：
First, the influence of the environment. The prosperity and extravagance of Chicago let her see a world completely different from the countryside, stimulating her desire for materials.
一是环境的影响。芝加哥的繁华与奢靡让她看到了与乡村完全不同的世界，刺激了她对物质的渴望。
Second, the guidance of men. Drouet and Hurstwood bring her different life experiences and material comforts, making her gradually depend on men. But when this dependence becomes unreliable, she has to seek self-independence.
第二，男人的引导。杜洛埃和赫斯渥给她带来了不同的生活经历和物质享受，使她逐渐依赖于男人。但当这种依赖变得不可靠时，她就不得不寻求自我独立。
Third, her own talent and efforts. Carrie has acting talent and has made efforts in the acting career, laying the foundation for her success.
第三，她自己的天赋和努力。 Carrie有表演天赋，在演艺事业上付出了努力，为她的成功奠定了基础。
2. Discuss how naturalistic ideas are embodied in "Sister Carrie" and analyze their influence on the novel's theme.⭐️
2.讨论《嘉莉妹妹》中如何体现自然主义思想并分析其对小说主题的影响。 ⭐️
In "Sister Carrie", naturalistic ideas are mainly embodied through the fates and behaviors of the characters. Carrie and Hurstwood are typical representatives of naturalism.
在《嘉莉妹妹》中，自然主义思想主要通过人物的命运和行为来体现。嘉莉和赫斯渥是自然主义的典型代表。
Carrie is constantly driven by the environment and instinct to satisfy her material desires. She goes from depending on her sister to depending on Drouet, then to depending on Hurstwood, and finally becomes an actress through her own efforts. Throughout this process, her choices are not entirely out of free will but are influenced by the environment and instinct.
嘉莉不断受到环境和本能的驱使，以满足自己的物质欲望。她从依赖姐姐到依赖杜洛埃，再到依赖赫斯渥，最后通过自己的努力成为一名演员。在这个过程中，她的选择并不完全出于自由意志，而是受到环境和本能的影响。
Hurstwood was originally a successful bar manager, but under the drive of emotions and desires, he steals the money from the bar and eventually leads to failure and destruction.
赫斯渥原本是一位成功的酒吧经理，但在情感和欲望的驱使下，他偷走了酒吧的钱，最终导致失败和毁灭。
This naturalistic ideology has a profound influence on the novel's theme.
这种自然主义思想对小说的主题产生了深远的影响。
It reveals the cruel reality of American society at that time, that is, people are difficult to control their own fates under the dual pressure of the social environment and instinctive desires. Through the stories of Carrie and Hurstwood, the novel criticizes social injustice and moral decay, and at the same time emphasizes people's helplessness and struggle in the face of the environment and desires, triggering readers' in-depth thinking about human nature and social problems.
它揭示了当时美国社会的残酷现实，即人们在社会环境和本能欲望的双重压力下难以掌控自己的命运。小说通过嘉莉和赫斯渥的故事，批判社会不公和道德沦丧，同时强调人们面对环境和欲望时的无奈和挣扎，引发读者对人性和社会问题的深入思考。 。
3.The influence of consumerism on the characters in "Sister Carrie".
3、消费主义对《嘉莉妹妹》人物的影响。
- Answer: Consumerism has an important influence on the characters in the novel.
- 答：消费主义对小说中的人物有着重要的影响。
For Carrie, when she comes from the countryside to Chicago, she experiences the hustle and bustle and prosperity of the big city and develops a strong desire for beautiful houses, gorgeous clothes, exquisite jewelry, and delicious food. This consumerist concept prompts her to constantly pursue money and materials. She could have obtained all these through her own efforts, but because she is eager to satisfy her desires, she chooses to depend on men. Consumerism makes her lose herself. Although she finally achieves material success, her heart is extremely empty.
对于嘉莉来说，当她从乡村来到芝加哥时，她体验到了大城市的喧嚣与繁荣，对漂亮的房子、华丽的衣服、精致的珠宝、美味的食物产生了强烈的渴望。这种消费观念促使她不断追求金钱和物质。她本可以通过自己的努力获得这一切，但因为渴望满足自己的欲望，她选择了依赖男人。消费主义让她迷失了自我。虽然她最终获得了物质上的成功，但她的内心却无比空虚。
For Hurstwood, consumerism also affects his fate to a certain extent. He was once a person with status and wealth, but in his relationship with Carrie, in order to meet Carrie's material needs, he continuously spends money. Later, when the bar closes, he loses his source of income and can no longer maintain his previous lifestyle, which also accelerates his downfall.
对于赫斯渥来说，消费主义也在一定程度上影响着他的命运。他曾经是一个有地位、有财富的人，但在和嘉莉的关系中，为了满足嘉莉的物质需求，他不断地花钱。后来酒吧关门，他就失去了收入来源，无法再维持以前的生活方式，这也加速了他的垮台。
In general, consumerism is a negative force in the novel. It corrodes people's hearts, distorts people's values, and leads to the tragic fates of the characters.
总的来说，消费主义是小说中的消极力量。它腐蚀着人们的心灵，扭曲着人们的价值观，导致了人物的悲惨命运。
4. Compare the characters of Carrie and Mrs. Hurstwood (Julia).
4. 比较嘉莉和赫斯渥夫人（朱莉娅）的性格。
- Answer:
- 回答：
Carrie is inferior and sensitive, full of longing for big city life, and has a strong desire for materials. She is intelligent and has acting talent. She can go all out for things she likes at work, but at first, she depends on men to live and later gradually awakens and becomes independent. Her character has both a simple side and a side that is gradually eroded by material desires.
嘉莉自卑而敏感，对大城市生活充满向往，对物质有着强烈的渴望。她很聪明，有表演天赋。她在工作中可以为自己喜欢的事情全力以赴，但一开始她依赖男人生活，后来逐渐觉醒并变得独立。她的性格既有单纯的一面，也有逐渐被物欲侵蚀的一面。
Julia, Mrs. Hurstwood, is intelligent and has a strong sense of vanity and comparison. When she discovers her husband's betrayal, she does not panic or hesitate. Instead, she immediately hires a lawyer and uses legal means to bring down Hurstwood, thus safeguarding her legal rights. She is a woman who knows how to use legal weapons to protect herself, forming a sharp contrast with Carrie's dependence. After experiencing marital setbacks, Julia finally has a new family and lives a happy life, which also forms a strong contrast with Hurstwood's tragic ending.
赫斯渥夫人朱莉娅很聪明，有很强的虚荣心和攀比意识。当她发现丈夫的背叛时，她没有惊慌，也没有犹豫。相反，她立即聘请了律师，用法律手段打倒赫斯渥，从而维护了自己的合法权益。她是一个懂得利用法律武器保护自己的女人，与嘉莉的依赖形成了鲜明的对比。经历了婚姻挫折后，朱莉娅终于有了新的家庭，过上了幸福的生活，这也与赫斯渥的悲惨结局形成了强烈的对比。
In general, Carrie and Julia are representatives of different types of women in American society at that time. Their characters reflect different influences of society on women and different choices women make when facing difficulties.
总的来说，嘉莉和朱莉娅是当时美国社会不同类型女性的代表。她们的性格反映了社会对女性的不同影响以及女性在面临困难时做出的不同选择。
5. Essay Question: The artistic features of "Sister Carrie".
5、问答题： 《嘉莉妹妹》的艺术特色。
- Answer: First, the combination of realism and naturalism. The author depicts the reality of American society in the early 20th century with a realistic brushstroke, such as the gap between the rich and the poor and the differentiation of social classes. At the same time, he uses naturalistic techniques to emphasize the influence of the environment and instinct on characters, making the novel more profound and critical.
- 答：第一，现实主义与自然主义的结合。作者以现实的笔触描绘了20世纪初美国社会的现实，如贫富差距、社会阶层分化等。同时，他运用自然主义手法强调环境和本能对人物的影响，使小说更加深刻和批判。
Second, delicate character portrayal. The characters in the novel are vivid and complex. The author deeply shows the inner world and character traits of the characters through descriptions of their language, behavior, and psychology.
二是人物刻画细腻。小说中的人物形象生动、复杂。作者通过对人物语言、行为、心理的描写，深刻地展现了人物的内心世界和性格特征。
Third, the clever use of imagery. For example, the repeated appearance of the "rocking chair" image not only enhances the artistic appeal of the novel but also deepens the novel's theme.
三、巧妙运用意象。例如，“摇椅”形象的反复出现，既增强了小说的艺术感染力，又加深了小说的主题。
Fourth, the ups and downs of the plot. The plot of the novel is compact and full of dramatic conflicts and turns. Such as Hurstwood's elopement after stealing money, the closure of the bar, and Carrie's becoming famous, which attract readers' attention and enable readers to deeply understand the fates of the characters and the development of the story.
四是情节跌宕起伏。小说情节紧凑，充满戏剧性的冲突和转折。如赫斯渥偷钱后私奔、酒吧倒闭、嘉莉成名等，都吸引着读者的注意力，使读者能够深刻理解人物的命运和故事的发展。
⑨了不起的盖茨比
It is a novel written by F.Scott Fitzgerald and published in 1925.
这是弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德 (F.Scott Fitzgerald)于 1925 年出版的小说。
Theme
主题:
The story deals symbolically with the failure of the American dream as personified in the rich and beautiful woman Daisy who belongs to a corrupt society.
这个故事象征性地讲述了美国梦的失败，以富有而美丽的女人黛西为代表，她属于一个腐败的社会。
The American Dream-that hard work can lead one from rags to riches-has been a core facet of American identity since its inception.
美国梦——努力工作可以使人白手起家——自诞生以来一直是美国身份的核心部分。
The novel explores the underlying corruption and destructive power of the upper class. Gatsby's personal experience approximates the whole of the American experience up to the first few decades of the twentieth century.Here modern men lives in sterility and meaningless and futility as best illustrated by Gatsby's essentially pointless parties.Thus Gatsby's personal life has assumed a magnitude as a "cultural historical allegory" for the nation.
小说探讨了上层阶级潜在的腐败和破坏力。盖茨比的个人经历近似于二十世纪前几十年美国的全部经历。在这里，现代人生活在贫瘠、无意义和徒劳之中，盖茨比本质上毫无意义的聚会就最好地说明了这一点。因此，盖茨比的个人生活已经呈现出一个巨大的规模：为民族“文化历史寓言”。
Characterization
表征:
Gatsby, is an idealist who tries to recapture his lost love but in vain and is finally destroyed by the influence of the wealthy people around him. He achieve the American Dream of rising up from the lower classes to thetop of society. But to Gatsby, the desire for love proves more powerful than the lust for money.
盖茨比，是一个理想主义者，试图夺回失去的爱情却徒劳无功，最终被周围有钱人的影响所摧毁。他实现了从下层阶级上升到社会上层的美国梦。但对盖茨比来说，对爱情的渴望比对金钱的渴望更强大。
Plot
阴谋:
The plot revolves around the relationships and interactions of the characters, primarily focusing on Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy. Gatsby throw sex travagant parties in the hope that Daisy will attend, and through a series of events, Gatsby and Daisy rekindle their romance. Tragedy strikes when Daisy accidentally kills Tom's mistress, Myrtle Wilson, in a hit-and-runaccident. The consequences of this event lead to the unraveling of Gatsby's carefully constructed life and his ultimate downfall.
情节围绕人物关系和互动展开，主要集中在盖茨比对黛西的追求上。盖茨比举办了一场奢华的性派对，希望黛西能够参加，通过一系列的活动，盖茨比和黛西重燃了他们的浪漫之火。黛西在一场肇事逃逸事故中意外杀死了汤姆的情妇默特尔·威尔逊，悲剧发生了。这一事件的后果导致了盖茨比精心构建的生活的瓦解和他最终的垮台。
Writing Features
写作特点:
①（考过）The author uses the first-person narrator Caraway to observe and comment on what goes on in the novel, and his responses form a sort of subplot as he is both a participant and observer. The choice of a dramatic narrator, through whose consciousness everything filters, ensuresthe compact organic wholeness of the work. Carraway's limited omniscience determines the facts that he deals but information in such a manner that heseems to withhold it first, thus creating a superb effect of mystery and suspense.
① （考过）作者以第一人称叙述者卡拉威来观察和评论小说中发生的事情，他的反应构成了一种次要情节，因为他既是参与者又是观察者。戏剧叙述者的选择，一切都通过他的意识过滤，确保了作品紧凑的有机整体性。卡罗威有限的全知性决定了他所处理的事实，但他似乎首先隐瞒了信息，从而创造了神秘和悬念的绝佳效果。
②The novel incorporates elements of symbolism and metaphor throughout,such as the green light at the end of Daisy's dock, representing Gatsby'shopes and dreams, and the eyes of Dr.T.J. Eckleburg on a billboard,symbolizing the moral decay of society.
②小说贯穿始终，融入了象征和隐喻的元素，如黛西码头尽头的绿灯代表了盖茨比的商店和梦想，广告牌上TJ·埃克尔伯格博士的眼睛象征着社会道德的堕落。
③Foreshadowing is a significant technique in this novel. From the book'sopening pages, Fitzgerald hints at the book's tragic end, with the mysterious reference to the "foul dust that floated in the wake of (Gatsby's) dreams."Fitzgerald also employs false foreshadowing, setting up expectations for onething to happen, such as saying "Gatsby turned out all right at the end”.Throughout the novel, foreshadowing enforces the sense of tragic inevitability to events, as though all the characters are doomed to play out their fates. The use of foreshadowing heightens the sense that no charactercan escape his or her predetermined role in life.
③伏笔是这部小说的一大技巧。从书的开头几页开始，菲茨杰拉德就暗示了这本书的悲剧结局，并神秘地提到了“（盖茨比）梦境中漂浮的污秽灰尘。”菲茨杰拉德还采用了虚假的伏笔，对即将发生的事情设定了期望，比如“盖茨比最后结果很好”。整部小说的伏笔都强化了事件的悲剧性必然感，仿佛所有的人物都注定要发挥他们的命运。 伏笔的使用增强了这样一种感觉：没有一个角色可以逃脱他或她在生活中预定的角色。
④Fitzgerald's writing style captures the grandeur and excesses of the 1920s,while also exploring the underlying disillusionment and moral decay beneath the surface.
④菲茨杰拉德的写作风格捕捉了20年代的宏伟和过度，同时也探索了表面之下潜在的幻灭和道德败坏。
盖茨比为什么伟大：
Firstly, his greatness lies in his persistent pursuit of his dream and his unworldly love for Daisy. Born in a poor family, he dreams to be a respectable man, good enough to match his beautiful, elegant lover-Daisy. Even though he become very rich, he is not corrupted by his wealth and stick to his initial dream, which makes him great.
首先，他的伟大在于他对梦想的执着追求和对黛西超凡脱俗的热爱。出生在一个贫穷的家庭，他梦想成为一个受人尊敬的男人，配得上他美丽、优雅的情人黛西。尽管他变得非常富有，但他没有被财富所腐蚀，并坚持自己最初的梦想，这使他变得伟大。
Secondly, his greatness lies in his extraordinary ability to realize his hopes and dreams into reality. He is able to create a new identity for himself when he needs to be someone else. Gatsby focuses on one goal, that of winning Daisy, and does whatever is necessary to attain it. His determination and self-invention is amazing.
其次，他的伟大之处在于他将自己的希望和梦想变为现实的非凡能力。当他需要成为别人时，他能够为自己创造一个新的身份。盖茨比专注于一个目标，那就是赢得黛西，并为实现这一目标不择手段。他的决心和自我创造令人惊叹。
Finally, Gatsby is great because he is a mythical figure whose personal experience approximates a state of mind that embodies America. Gatsby is the last of the romantic hero. He manages to live a life of happiness and optimism simply by convincing that life is full of hope and goodness and by ignoring the corruption and darkness in the world around him.
最后，盖茨比之所以伟大，是因为他是一个神话人物，其个人经历近似于体现美国的心态。盖茨比是最后一位浪漫主义英雄。他仅仅通过相信生活充满希望和善良，并忽视周围世界的腐败和黑暗，就成功地过上了幸福和乐观的生活。
盖茨比与美国梦的联系
In this novel,Gatsby symbolizes both the corrupted Dream and the original uncorrupted Dream.
在这部小说中，盖茨比既象征着被腐蚀的梦想，也象征着原始未被腐蚀的梦想。
He sees wealth as the solution to his problems, pursues money via shady schemes, and reinvents himself so much that he becomes hollow,disconnected from his past.Yet Gatsby's corrupt dream of wealth is motivated by an incorruptible love for Daisy.
他把财富视为解决问题的办法，通过不正当的计划来追求金钱，并彻底改造自己，以至于变得空虚，与自己的过去脱节。然而，盖茨比对财富的腐败梦想是由对黛西的纯洁的爱所激发的。
Gatsby's failure does not prove the folly of the American Dream-rather it proves the folly of short-cutting that dream by allowing corruption and materialism to prevail over hard work, integrity, and real love.
盖茨比的失败并不能证明美国梦的愚蠢——相反，它证明了通过让腐败和唯物主义压倒努力工作、正直和真爱来缩短美国梦的愚蠢之举。
And the dream of love that remains at Gatsby's core condemns nearly every other character in the novel, all of whom are empty beyond just their lust for money.
留在盖茨比核心的爱情梦想谴责了小说中的几乎所有其他角色，他们除了对金钱的贪欲之外，都是空虚的。
补充问答题
1. Question: In which period is the story of the novel set?
1 .问：小说的故事发生在哪个时期？
Answer: The story is set in the United States in the 1920s. This period is called the "Roaring Twenties" or the "Jazz Age".
答：故事发生在20世纪20年代的美国。这一时期被称为“咆哮的二十年代”或“爵士乐时代”。
2. Question: Who is the protagonist of the novel?
2 .问：小说的主人公是谁？
Answer: The protagonist of the novel is Jay Gatsby. His original name is James Gatz. He is a person who has struggled from a poor farm boy to become a millionaire.
答：小说的主人公是杰·盖茨比。他的原名是詹姆斯·盖茨。他是一个从贫穷的农家小子一路奋斗成为百万富翁的人。
4. Question: What is Gatsby's dream?
4.问：盖茨比的梦想是什么？
Answer: Gatsby's dream is to win back the love of his first love Daisy and enter high society.
答：盖茨比的梦想是赢回初恋黛西的爱情，进入上流社会。
5. Question: What is the symbolic meaning of the "green light" in the novel?
5、问：小说中“绿灯”的象征意义是什么？
Answer: The "green light" symbolizes Gatsby's love for Daisy, his longing for a beautiful future, and his unattainable dream.
答：“绿灯”象征着盖茨比对黛西的爱，他对美好未来的向往，以及他遥不可及的梦想。
8. Question: What is the ending of the novel?
8.问：小说的结局是什么？
Answer: Gatsby is mistakenly shot and killed by Wilson who thinks he is his wife's lover. Daisy and Tom leave. Gatsby's grand parties and his dreams all turn into bubbles.
答案：盖茨比被威尔逊误认为是妻子的情人而射杀。黛西和汤姆离开。盖茨比的盛大宴会和他的梦想都化为泡影。
9. Question: What is the narrative perspective of the novel?
9.问：小说的叙事视角是怎样的？
Answer: The author uses the first-person narrator Caraway to observe and comment on what goes on in the novel, and his responses form a sort of subplot as he is both a participant and observer. The choice of a dramatic narrator, through whose consciousness everything filters, ensuresthe compact organic wholeness of the work. Carraway’s limited omniscience determines the facts that he deals but information in such a manner that heseems to withhold it first, thus creating a superb effect of mystery and suspense.
答：作者使用第一人称叙述者卡拉维来观察和评论小说中发生的事情，他的反应形成了一种次要情节，因为他既是参与者又是观察者。戏剧叙述者的选择，一切都通过他的意识过滤，确保了作品紧凑的有机整体性。卡罗威有限的全知性决定了他所处理的事实，但他似乎首先隐瞒了信息，从而创造了神秘和悬念的绝佳效果。
10. Question: What is the theme of the novel?
10.问：小说的主题是什么？
Answer: The themes of the novel include the shattering of the American Dream, the relationship between wealth and love, class differences, moral degeneration, and the weaknesses of human nature.
答：小说的主题包括美国梦的破灭、财富与爱情的关系、阶级差异、道德沦丧、人性的弱点等。
补充论述题
1. Essay Question: Analyze the manifestation and disillusionment of the American Dream in "The Great Gatsby".
1.论述题：分析《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的体现与幻灭。
Answer: In the novel, the manifestation of the American Dream is mainly shown through Gatsby's struggle. Gatsby was born into poverty but accumulated huge wealth through his own efforts and some dishonorable means (such as being involved with the mafia and engaging in illegal business). He owned a luxurious villa and grand parties, trying to win back Daisy's love and enter high society. This reflects the pursuit of wealth, status, and love by Americans at that time, which is the core of the American Dream.
答：小说中，美国梦的表现主要是通过盖茨比的奋斗来表现的。盖茨比出身贫寒，却通过自己的努力和一些不光彩的手段（如卷入黑手党、从事非法生意）积累了巨额财富。他拥有豪华别墅，举办盛大派对，试图赢回黛西的爱情，进入上流社会。这体现了当时美国人对财富、地位、爱情的追求，这是美国梦的核心。
However, Gatsby's American Dream ultimately shattered. Although he had wealth, he could not change his origin and social status. Daisy only regarded him as an object of amusement. Under Tom's revelation, Gatsby's true identity was exposed and his dream was instantly broken.
然而盖茨比的美国梦最终还是破灭了。尽管他拥有财富，但他无法改变自己的出身和社会地位。黛西只把他当成一个消遣的对象。在汤姆的揭露下，盖茨比的真实身份暴露，他的梦想瞬间破碎。
In addition, the fates of other characters in the novel also reflect the disillusionment of the American Dream. For example, Wilson has been working hard but lives at the bottom of society. Eventually, he goes mad and kills Gatsby due to his wife's betrayal.
此外，小说中其他人物的命运也反映出美国梦的破灭。比如威尔逊，一直努力工作，却生活在社会底层。最终，由于妻子的背叛，他发疯并杀死了盖茨比。
This shows that under the social background at that time, the American Dream was just an unreachable fantasy for most people. Social class differences and moral degeneration made it difficult for people to realize their dreams.
由此可见，在当时的社会背景下，美国梦对于大多数人来说只是一个遥不可及的幻想。社会阶级差异和道德沦丧使人们难以实现自己的梦想。
2. Essay Question: Discuss the characterization in "The Great Gatsby".
2. 论述题：讨论《了不起的盖茨比》中的人物塑造。
Answer: The characterization in the novel is very successful.
答：小说中的人物塑造非常成功。
Gatsby is a person full of idealism and romanticism. His love for Daisy is persistent and pure, and he is willing to do anything to realize his dream. However, his naivety and blindness also lead him to a tragic fate.
盖茨比是一个充满理想主义和浪漫主义的人。他对黛西的爱是执着而纯粹的，为了实现自己的梦想他愿意做任何事。然而，他的天真和盲目也导致了他悲惨的命运。
Daisy is a typical material girl. She is beautiful and wealthy but selfish, shallow, and her view of love is completely based on money and status. She once loved Gatsby but finally chose to return to her wealthy and higher-status husband Tom.
黛西是典型的物质女孩。她美丽、富有，但自私、肤浅，她的爱情观完全建立在金钱和地位之上。她曾经爱过盖茨比，但最终选择回到富有、地位较高的丈夫汤姆身边。
Tom is an arrogant, rude, and unfaithful dandy. He represents the ugliness and hypocrisy of the American upper class at that time. He forms a sharp contrast with Gatsby .
汤姆是一个傲慢、粗鲁、不忠的花花公子。他代表了当时美国上流社会的丑陋和虚伪。他与盖茨比形成了鲜明的对比。
Nick, as the narrator of the story, is a relatively calm and rational person. After experiencing a series of events, he has sympathy and reflection on Gatsby's fate and also has a deeper understanding of the social reality at that time.
尼克作为故事的叙述者，是一个相对冷静、理性的人。经历了一系列事件后，他对盖茨比的命运产生了同情和反思，对当时的社会现实也有了更深刻的认识。
These characters are intertwined, forming a complex and real social panorama and deeply reflecting various problems in American society at that time.
这些人物相互交织，构成了一幅复杂而真实的社会全景，深刻反映了当时美国社会的各种问题。
3. Essay Question: Analyze the writing techniques of "The Great Gatsby".
3.论述题：分析《了不起的盖茨比》的写作技巧。
Answer: The novel uses a variety of writing techniques.
答：小说运用了多种写作手法。
First of all, the use of symbolism is very prominent. For example, the "green light", "Gatsby's mansion", and "the valley of ashes" all have profound symbolic meanings and enhance the expression of the novel's theme.
首先，象征主义的运用非常突出。例如，“绿光”、“盖茨比的豪宅”、“灰烬谷”等都具有深刻的象征意义，增强了小说主题的表达。
Secondly, the novel uses the technique of contrast. For example, the contrast between Gatsby's luxurious parties and his inner loneliness, the contrast between Tom's wealth and hypocrisy and Gatsby's sincerity and kindness, and the contrast between the prosperity of the east and the desolation of the west form a strong contrast, making readers more deeply feel the social problems revealed in the novel.
其次，小说运用了对比手法。比如盖茨比奢华的聚会与内心的孤独的对比，汤姆的富有与虚伪与盖茨比的真诚与善良的对比，东方的繁华与西方的荒凉形成强烈的反差，使读者更加深刻感受到小说中揭示的社会问题。
In addition, the narrative perspective of the novel is also very unique. The first-person narrative makes the story more real and credible, and at the same time allows readers to deeply understand Nick's inner world and his views on other characters.
此外，小说的叙事视角也非常独特。第一人称叙事让故事更加真实可信，同时也让读者能够深入了解尼克的内心世界以及他对其他角色的看法。
4. Essay Question: The significance of the social background reflected in "The Great Gatsby" to the novel.
4、问答题：《了不起的盖茨比》所反映的社会背景对小说的意义。
Answer: The American social background reflected in the novel in the 1920s is of great significance to the novel.
答：小说所反映的20年代美国社会背景对小说具有重要意义。
During this period, the American economy was prosperous, but social morality was increasingly degenerating. People pursued material enjoyment and neglected spiritual pursuit. Through the description of characters such as Gatsby, the novel reveals problems such as the gap between the rich and the poor, class conflicts, and moral degeneration at that time, making readers have a deeper understanding of American society during this period.
这一时期，美国经济繁荣，但社会道德日益败坏。人们追求物质享受而忽视精神追求。小说通过对盖茨比等人物的描写，揭示了当时的贫富差距、阶级矛盾、道德沦丧等问题，使读者对这一时期的美国社会有了更深入的了解。
At the same time, the novel also reflects people's pursuit and questioning of the American Dream at that time, as well as the pain and confusion experienced in this process.
同时，小说也反映了当时人们对美国梦的追求和质疑，以及这个过程中所经历的痛苦和困惑。
This social background provides a broad space for the expression of the novel's theme, making the novel have profound social significance and historical value.
这种社会背景为小说主题的表达提供了广阔的空间，使得小说具有深刻的社会意义和历史价值。
⑩游泳的人
This novel was written by John Cheever.
这本小说的作者是约翰·契弗。
Theme
主题:
One of the central themes is the disintegration of the AmericanDream. Neddy Merrill, at the beginning of the story, represents the typical suburbanite living a seemingly idyllic life. However, as he progresses throughhis journey, the reality of his situation becomes increasingly apparent. With along-distance swimming as a means to link up a series of events not closely related, the author unfolds a picture of social manners and morals. The story delves into the idea that the pursuit of wealth, status, and pleasure can lead to emptiness and a loss of connection with oneself and others.
中心主题之一是美国梦的破灭。故事开头的内迪·梅里尔代表了典型的郊区居民过着看似田园诗般的生活。然而，随着他的旅程不断进展，他的现实处境变得越来越明显。作者以长距离游泳为手段，将一系列并不密切相关的事件串联起来，展现出一幅社会风俗道德的图景。这个故事深入探讨了这样一个观点：对财富、地位和享乐的追求可能会导致空虚以及与自己和他人失去联系。
Characterization
表征:
Neddy Merrill is the main character and serves as a symbol of the disenchanted middle-class suburbanite. At the start, he is portrayed as charismatic, popular, and seemingly happy. As he swims from pool to pool,encountering various acquaintances and neighbors, his initial buoyant demeanor gradually erodes. Through Neddy's character, Cheever explores the themes of denial, aging, and the inevitable decay of human aspirations.
内迪·梅里尔（Neddy Merrill）是主角，也是失望的中产阶级郊区居民的象征。一开始，他被描绘成具有超凡魅力、受欢迎且看似快乐的人。当他从一个游泳池游到另一个游泳池，遇到各种各样的熟人和邻居时，他最初的轻松风度逐渐消失。奇弗通过内迪的角色探索了否认、衰老和人类愿望不可避免的衰退等主题。
Plot
阴谋:
The story begins with Neddy Merrill, on a sunny day, deciding to swim home through a series of backyard pools in his affluent neighborhood.
故事开始于一个阳光明媚的日子，内迪·梅里尔决定穿过他富裕社区的一系列后院游泳池游回家。
He believes this will be an adventurous and pleasurable way to spend the day.As he progresses through the pools, he encounters people who represent different facets of his life and the various stages of his past.
他相信这将是一种冒险而愉快的方式来度过这一天。 当他在泳池中前进时，他遇到了代表他生活不同方面和过去各个阶段的人们。
However, with each pool, the tone and atmosphere of the story change. The weather turns stormy, and Neddy begins to face the harsh realities and disappointments ofhis life.
然而，随着每个泳池的出现，故事的基调和气氛都会发生变化。天气变得暴风雨，内迪开始面对生活中的严酷现实和失望。
As he reaches the end of his journey, he discovers his homeabandoned, his family gone, and his financial stability shattered. The story ends on a poignant and tragic note, with Neddy realizing the extent of his delusion and his gradual descent into despair.
当他到达旅程的终点时，他发现他的家被遗弃，他的家人消失了，他的财务稳定性也崩溃了。故事以凄美而悲惨的方式结束，内迪意识到自己的错觉有多严重，并逐渐陷入绝望。
Writing features
书写功能:
John Cheever's style is manifested in the use of psychological realism and symbols.
约翰·契弗的风格体现在心理现实主义和象征的运用上。
Cheever employs imagery to portray the passage of time, using the changing seasons and weather patterns to reflect Neddy's emotional journey. The pools themselves become symbolic of the transient nature of life, as Neddy's progress mirrors the ups and downs of his existence.
奇弗利用图像来描绘时间的流逝，利用季节的变化和天气模式来反映内迪的情感旅程。水池本身就象征着生命的短暂性，因为内迪的进步反映了他存在的起起落落。
With the skillful integration of realism and symbolism, Cheever describes a seemly harmonious social relationship after World War Two,which concealed the essence of materialism.
契弗巧妙地融合了现实主义和象征主义，描绘了二战后看似和谐的社会关系，却掩盖了唯物主义的本质。
问答题
3. Question: What is Ned Merrill's whimsical plan?
3. 问：内德·梅里尔的异想天开的计划是什么？
- Answer: He has a sudden whim and wants to "swim home" through the swimming pools of each household that are close to each other, with the distance in between covered on foot.
- 答：他突发奇想，想通过各家挨得很近、步行距离的游泳池“游回家” 。
4. Question: Whom did Ned meet during his "swim home"?
4. 问：内德“游回家”期间遇到了谁？
- Answer: He met all kinds of acquaintances with different attitudes, some enthusiastic, some mocking him, and some having an aversion to him. For example, he met former friends, neighbors, and old lovers.
- 答：他遇到了形形色色的熟人，态度各异，有热情的，有嘲笑他的，也有厌恶他的。比如，他遇到了以前的朋友、邻居、旧情人。
5. Question: Where does the story take place?
5.问：故事发生在哪里？
- Answer: The story takes place in an affluent suburb with many private swimming pools in the community.
- 答：故事发生在一个富裕的郊区，社区里有很多私人游泳池。
6. Question: What is Ned's psychological change throughout the "swimming" process?
6. 问：在整个“游泳”过程中， Ned 的心理变化是怎样的？
- Answer: At first, he was full of confidence and curiosity and thought it was an interesting adventure.
- 答：一开始他充满信心和好奇，认为这是一次有趣的冒险。
But as he kept moving forward, he gradually felt the change in people's attitudes and some hidden truths, and began to feel confused, uneasy, and even a little desperate in the end.
但随着他不断前行，他逐渐感受到人们态度的变化和一些隐藏的真相，开始感到迷茫、不安，甚至到最后有些绝望。
7. Question: What does the repeatedly appearing swimming pool symbolize in the novel?
7、问：小说中反复出现的游泳池象征着什么？
- Answer: The swimming pool can symbolize people's social circles and social places, as well as people's desires, fantasies, and ways of escaping reality.
- 答：游泳池可以象征人们的社交圈子和社交场所，以及人们的欲望、幻想和逃避现实的方式。
8. Question: Was Ned's "swim home" journey ultimately successful?
8. 问：Ned 的“游回家”之旅最终成功了吗？
- Answer: In terms of physical distance, he finally got close to his home. But when he swam to his own door, he found that his home was just a dilapidated and empty house. So in a sense, his "swim home" journey was a failure.
- 答：从物理距离上来说，他终于离家近了。可当他游到自家门口时，却发现自己的家只是一座破旧的空房子。所以从某种意义上来说，他的“游回家”之旅是失败的。
9. Question: What is the narrative perspective of the novel?
9.问：小说的叙事视角是怎样的？
- Answer: The novel mainly adopts a third-person narrative perspective and observes and describes Ned's behavior and the reactions of people around him in an objective way.
- 答：小说主要采用第三人称叙事视角，客观地观察和描述奈德的行为以及周围人的反应。
10. Question: What kind of thinking does the ending of the story leave for readers?
10、问：故事的结局留给读者什么样的思考？
- Answer: The ending makes readers think about the impermanence of life, people's nostalgia and escape from the past, and the gap between reality and fantasy.
- 答：结局让读者思考生命的无常，人们对过去的怀念和逃避，以及现实与幻想的差距。
论述题
发言题
1. Essay question: Analyze the manifestations of social class in "The Swimmer" and its influence on the protagonist.
1、问答题：分析《游泳者》中社会阶层的表现及其对主人公的影响。
- Answer: The community where the story takes place is an affluent suburb. People here own private swimming pools, representing a certain social status and wealth. Ned was once a member of this class. But as the story develops, it can be seen that his economic situation may not be as good as before.
- 答案：故事发生的社区是一个富裕的郊区。这里的人们拥有私人泳池，代表着一定的社会地位和财富。内德曾经是这个班级的成员。但随着故事的发展，可以看出他的经济状况可能不如以前了。
This difference and change in social class have had multiple impacts on him.
这种社会阶层的差异和变化对他产生了多重影响。
On the one hand, he tries to re-integrate into this class by "swimming home" and find his former self, which shows his nostalgia and longing for his past class status.
一方面，他试图通过“游回家”的方式重新融入这个阶级，找回以前的自己，这表现出了他对过去阶级地位的怀念和向往。
On the other hand, during his journey, the attitudes of some of his former friends and neighbors towards him have changed. Some are indifferent, and some even have a mocking attitude. This reflects the change in interpersonal relationships caused by social class differences.
另一方面，在他的旅途中，一些以前的朋友和邻居对他的态度发生了变化。有的态度冷漠，有的甚至带着嘲讽的态度。这反映了社会阶层差异引起的人际关系的变化。
The pressure and changes of social class make Ned constantly reflect on his life and status throughout the process, and also let readers deeply feel the influence of social class on people.
社会阶层的压力和变化，让内德在整个过程中不断反思自己的生活和地位，也让读者深深感受到社会阶层对人的影响。
2. Essay question: Explore the symbolic meaning of the act of "swimming" in "The Swimmer".
2、问答题：探讨《游泳者》中“游泳”这一动作的象征意义。
- Answer: "Swimming" has rich symbolic meanings in the novel.
- 答：“游泳”在小说中具有丰富的象征意义。
First of all, it can symbolize Ned's exploration and adventure in life. His choice to swim through one swimming pool after another to go home is a breakthrough and attempt to break away from conventional life, representing his pursuit of the unknown and his pursuit of new life experiences.
首先，它可以象征奈德对人生的探索和冒险。他选择游过一个又一个游泳池回家，是对常规生活的一次突破和尝试，代表着他对未知的追求，对新生活体验的追求。
Secondly, swimming also symbolizes Ned's pursuit and memory of the past. Each swimming pool represents a period of his past experience or a relationship with someone. During the swimming process, he constantly recalls the people and things in the past, as if reliving his life.
其次，游泳也象征着内德对过去的追求和记忆。每个泳池都代表着他过去的一段经历或者与某人的一段关系。游泳过程中，他不断回忆起过去的人和事，仿佛重温了自己的人生。
In addition, swimming can also symbolize Ned's escape from reality. He may be facing some problems and difficulties in real life. The act of "swimming home" allows him to temporarily escape these troubles and immerse himself in his own fantasies and memories.
此外，游泳还可以象征奈德逃避现实。他可能在现实生活中面临一些问题和困难。 “游回家”的举动让他暂时摆脱了这些烦恼，沉浸在自己的幻想和回忆中。
However, in the end he still has to face reality. When he finds that his home has become dilapidated, his escape also fails.
然而，最终他还是要面对现实。当他发现自己的家已经破败不堪时，他的逃跑也失败了。
3. Essay question: Compare the reactions of different characters in "The Swimmer" to Ned's behavior of "swimming home" and analyze the reasons behind them.
3.论述题：比较《游泳者》中不同人物对奈德“游回家”行为的反应，并分析其背后的原因。
- Answer: In the novel, different characters have different reactions to Ned's behavior of "swimming home".
- 答：小说中，不同的人物对于奈德“游回家”的行为有不同的反应。
Some people show enthusiasm and friendliness. For example, some friends who had a good relationship with him in the past may still have certain feelings for Ned, or they are friendly by nature and are willing to accept his behavior.
有些人表现出热情和友善。例如，一些过去与他关系很好的朋友可能仍然对奈德有一定的感情，或者生性友善，愿意接受他的行为。
Others show mockery and indifference towards him. This may be because they already know that Ned's current situation is not as good as before. They have such an attitude out of snobbery or disdain for his failure.
其他人则对他表现出嘲笑和冷漠。这或许是因为他们已经知道，奈德现在的处境已经大不如前了。他们有这样的态度是出于势利或者是对他的失败的蔑视。
There are also some people who are confused or don't understand his behavior. This is because they cannot understand why Ned chooses such a strange way to go home. They are curious about his behavior but cannot truly understand his inner world.
也有一些人对他的行为感到困惑或者不理解。这是因为他们无法理解奈德为何选择如此奇怪的方式回家。他们对他的行为感到好奇，但却无法真正了解他的内心世界。
Behind these different reactions reflects the complexity of human nature and the reality of society. People's attitudes towards others are often influenced by multiple factors, including personal character, social status, and interpersonal relationships.
这些不同反应的背后，折射出人性的复杂性和社会的现实。人们对他人的态度往往受到多种因素的影响，包括个人性格、社会地位和人际关系。
4. Essay question: Analyze how "The Swimmer" reveals the weaknesses of human nature and the impermanence of life from the perspective of theme.
4、论述题：从主题角度分析《游泳者》如何揭示人性的弱点和人生的无常。
- Answer: In the novel, the weaknesses of human nature are revealed in many aspects.
- 答：小说中，人性的弱点在很多方面都被揭露出来。
Ned's conceit and excessive nostalgia for the past are a weakness of human nature. He is too confident in thinking that he can regain his former life by "swimming home", but he doesn't realize that time has changed everything. His obsession with the past also makes him ignore the problems in reality, which eventually leads to his failure.
奈德的自负和对过去的过度怀念是人性的弱点。他太自信了，以为“游回家”就可以恢复以前的生活，却没有意识到，时间已经改变了一切。对过去的执念也让他忽视了现实的问题，最终导致了他的失败。
In addition, the snobbery, indifference and hypocrisy of other characters also reflect the weaknesses of human nature. In terms of the impermanence of life, the novel deeply shows it through Ned's experience. He was once a wealthy and respected person, but as time goes by, his life has undergone tremendous changes. His family and career have both suffered setbacks. During his "swimming home" process, he constantly feels the change in people's attitudes towards him, which makes him deeply realize the impermanence of life.
此外，其他人物的势利、冷漠、虚伪也体现了人性的弱点。对于人生的无常，小说通过奈德的经历深刻地展现了出来。他曾经是一个富有、受人尊敬的人，但随着时间的推移，他的生活发生了巨大的变化。他的家庭和事业都遭遇了挫折。在他“游回家”的过程中，他不断感受到人们对他态度的变化，这让他深深体会到生命的无常。
The novel reminds readers in this way that life is full of changes and uncertainties, and we need to learn to face and accept these changes.
小说通过这种方式提醒读者，生活充满了变化和不确定性，我们需要学会面对和接受这些变化。
5. Essay question: Analyze the artistic features of "The Swimmer" combined with the writing style of the novel.
5、论述题：结合小说的写作风格分析《游泳者》的艺术特色。
- Answer: The writing style of "The Swimmer" has unique artistic features.
- 答：《游泳者》的写作风格具有独特的艺术特色。
First of all, the author uses concise and vivid language, which can accurately depict the images, psychology and surrounding environment of the characters. For example, the descriptions of swimming pools and the depictions of character dialogues are very delicate, allowing readers to be on the scene.
首先，作者用简洁、生动的语言，能够准确地描绘人物形象、心理和周围环境。比如对游泳池的描写、人物对话的描绘都非常细腻，让读者身临其境。
Secondly, the novel adopts symbolic and metaphorical techniques. For example, the symbolic meaning of the "swimming" behavior mentioned earlier, and the metaphors of elements such as swimming pools and houses, give the novel deeper connotations and meanings.
其次，小说采用了象征和隐喻的手法。比如前面提到的“游泳”行为的象征意义，以及游泳池、房屋等元素的隐喻，赋予了小说更深层次的内涵和意义。
Moreover, the plot setting of the novel is clever. Through Ned's "swimming home" journey, seemingly independent scenes and characters are connected in series to form a complete story. This arrangement of plots is not only logical to a certain extent, but also full of surprises, keeping readers interested throughout the reading process.
而且，小说的情节设置也很巧妙。通过奈德的“游回家”之旅，看似独立的场景和人物串联起来，组成了一个完整的故事。这样的情节安排不仅在一定程度上符合逻辑，而且充满惊喜，让读者在整个阅读过程中保持兴趣。
Finally, the novel's narrative rhythm is just right. There are both slow narrations and thoughts during Ned's swimming process, as well as some tense and conflicted plots, making the whole story well-paced and having a strong artistic appeal.
最后，小说的叙事节奏恰到好处。既有奈德游泳过程中缓慢的叙述和思考，也有一些紧张、矛盾的情节，使得整个故事节奏紧凑，具有很强的艺术感染力。
⑪A&P
⑪ A&P
"A&P" is a short story written by John Updike.
《A&P》是约翰·厄普代克创作的短篇小说。
Theme:
主题：
The central theme is rebellion against convention. Sammy, is a young man who rebels against the societal norms and expectations imposed on him.
中心主题是对惯例的反抗。萨米是一个年轻人，他反抗强加于他的社会规范和期望。
The story explores the consequences of standing up for one's principles and the tension between the desire for personal freedom and the pressure to conform.
这个故事探讨了坚持自己原则的后果，以及对个人自由的渴望与顺从压力之间的紧张关系。
The end of the story provides a further comment on individualism, as Sammy realizes how hard the world will be on him, how hard the world is on anyone who resists its rules and norms.
故事的结尾进一步评论了个人主义，因为萨米意识到世界对他有多么严厉，世界对任何抵制其规则和规范的人有多么严厉。
Characterization
表征:
The main character, Sammy, is a teenage cashier who becomes infatuated with the three girls who enter the A&P wearing bathing suits. When he saw girls humiliated by the manager, he decided to quit, which reflected his idealism and represented the younger generation in1950s America. He became a short-time-hero.
主角Sammy是一名十几岁的收银员，他迷上了三个穿着泳衣进入 A&P 的女孩。当他看到女孩被经理羞辱时，他决定辞职，这体现了他的理想主义，代表了20世纪50年代美国的年轻一代。他成为了一个短暂的英雄。
Queenie stands for the upper class. She can afford expensive goods and have time to enjoy vacation.Although she is angry, this humiliation wouldn't affect her normal life. This show the differences between social classes.
奎妮代表上流社会。她买得起昂贵的商品，还有时间享受假期。虽然她很生气，但这种羞辱并不会影响她的正常生活。这显示了社会阶层之间的差异。
Lengel and Sammy's coworkers, are presented as representatives of a conservative and conformist society.
伦格尔和萨米的同事被视为保守和墨守成规的社会的代表。
Plot
阴谋:
In this story, Updike crystallizes the youth's latent motives for siding against “policy” when he decides to quit his job after the girls in bathing suits are criticized by his manager. He knows it will be hard for him in future, but at the moment the bow is strung. Everything that gives him vague preference of beauty,liberty, youth, and recklessness as against the policy has been forced into a commitment he most honors.
在这个故事中，厄普代克具体化了这位年轻人在穿泳衣的女孩受到经理批评后决定辞职时反对“政策”的潜在动机。他知道自己以后的日子会很艰难，但此刻弓已经上弦了。一切让他模糊地偏爱美丽、自由、年轻和鲁莽而不是政策的东西都被迫成为他最尊敬的承诺。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
Updike also incorporates humor and irony into the narrative,often using Sammy's internal monologue to provide commentary on the eventsunfolding around him.
厄普代克还将幽默和讽刺融入到叙事中，经常使用萨米的内心独白来评论他周围发生的事件。
Updike uses the first-person point of view in the story.Therefore, he vividly reveals the youth's psychological responses to the situation.
厄普代克在故事中采用了第一人称视角，因此，他生动地揭示了青少年对情境的心理反应。
" A & P" is the name of a supermarket where the best values in town can befound according to any newspaper advertisement. Therefore, this is an appropriate symbol for the mass ethic of a consumer-conditioned society.
“A & P ”是一家超市的名称，根据任何报纸广告都可以找到城里最好的商品。因此，这是一个以消费者为主导的社会的大众道德的恰当象征。
In this setting, the story reveals the sensitive character of a young grocery clerk who rejects the standards of the A & P and in doing so commits himself to that kind of individual freedom.
在这种背景下，故事揭示了一位年轻杂货店店员的敏感性格，他拒绝接受 A&P 的标准，并以此致力于这种个人自由。
问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "A&P"?
1、问： 《A&P》的作者是谁？
- Answer: The author of "A&P" is John Updike. He is a famous American writer known for his delicate descriptions and profound insights into the inner worlds of characters.
- 答案：《A&P》的作者是约翰·厄普代克。他是美国著名作家，以细腻的描写和对人物内心世界的深刻洞察而闻名。
2. Question: What is the narrative perspective of the story?
2.问：故事的叙事视角是什么？
- Answer: The story adopts a first-person narrative perspective. Sammy, the protagonist, is the narrator of the story. Readers understand the entire event through his eyes and thoughts. This narrative perspective enables readers to have a deeper understanding of Sammy's inner feelings, thoughts, and values, enhancing the authenticity and credibility of the story.
- 答：故事采用第一人称叙事视角。主人公萨米是故事的叙述者。读者通过他的眼睛和想法了解整个事件。这种叙事视角使读者能够更深入地了解萨米的内心感受、思想和价值观，增强了故事的真实性和可信度。
3. Question: What does "A&P" refer to in the novel?
3.问：小说中的“ A&P ”指的是什么？
- Answer: "A&P" refers to the name of a supermarket, which is the abbreviation of "The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company". It is the main scene where the story takes place and an important background for the author to show social features and character personalities.
- 答：“A&P”是指一家超市的名称，是“The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company”的缩写。它是故事发生的主要场景，也是作者表现社会面貌和人物性格的重要背景。
4. Question: Why does Sammy decide to resign?
4. 问：Sammy 为什么决定辞职？
- Answer: Sammy resigns because the supermarket manager Lengel criticizes and humiliates three girls who come to shop in swimsuits. Sammy has a good impression of the girls and thinks Lengel's behavior is unreasonable and disrespectful. His act is out of sympathy and protection for the girls and resistance to the stale rules of the supermarket, but it also shows his impulsiveness and immaturity.
- 答案：萨米辞职，因为超市经理伦格尔批评并羞辱了三个穿着泳装来购物的女孩。萨米对女孩们有好感，认为伦格尔的行为无理且无礼。他的行为是出于对女孩们的同情和保护，也是对超市陈规陋习的反抗，但也显示出他的冲动和不成熟。
5. Question: What are the characteristics of the images of the three girls in the novel?
5、问：小说中三个女孩的形象有何特点？
- Answer: The three girls enter the supermarket in swimsuits. They are young, beautiful, and confident, not caring about others' eyes.
- 答案：三个女孩穿着泳衣进入超市。她们年轻、美丽、自信，不在乎别人的眼光。
Among them, "Queenie" especially attracts Sammy's attention. She has "oaken hair" and a good figure. She is a symbol of beauty and freedom in Sammy's heart. The girls' behavior breaks the supermarket's routine and causes everyone's attention and discussion.
其中，“ Queenie ”尤其吸引Sammy的注意。她有一头“橡木头发”和姣好的身材。她在Sammy心中是美丽和自由的象征。女孩们的行为打破了超市的常规，引起了大家的关注和讨论。
6. Question: What is Sammy's attitude towards the surrounding environment and people?
6. 问： Sammy对周围的环境和人的态度是什么？
- Answer: Sammy is tired and dissatisfied with the working environment and colleagues in the supermarket. He thinks their lives are monotonous and boring.
- 答：Sammy很累，对超市的工作环境和同事不满意。他认为他们的生活单调乏味。
His attitude towards customers is also relatively complex. He has contempt for some customers, but also has a strong interest and good feeling for special customers like the three girls. For manager Lengel, Sammy was initially in awe, but after Lengel criticized the girls, he developed a feeling of disgust and resistance towards Lengel.
他对顾客的态度也比较复杂。他对一些顾客有蔑视，但对像三个女孩这样的特殊顾客也有浓厚的兴趣和好感。对于伦格尔经理，萨米一开始是敬畏的，但在伦格尔批评了女孩们之后，他对伦格尔产生了厌恶和抵触的感觉。
7. Question: What social class differences are reflected in the novel?
7. 问：小说中体现了哪些社会阶层差异？
- Answer: The novel reflects the class differences between the middle class (supermarket managers, ordinary employees, etc.) and the younger generation (the three girls and Sammy). The middle class follows traditional social norms and moral principles and pays attention to etiquette and order; while the younger generation pursues freedom, individuality, and self-expression more and is dissatisfied with traditional constraints.
- 答：小说反映了中产阶级（超市经理、普通员工等）和年轻一代（三个女孩和萨米）之间的阶级差异。中产阶级遵循传统的社会规范和道德准则，讲究礼仪和秩序；而年轻一代则更加追求自由、个性、自我表达，不满传统束缚。
This class difference is reflected in the girls' clothing and behavior and Sammy's conflict with the manager.
这种阶级差异体现在女孩们的衣着和行为以及萨米与经理的冲突上。
8. Question: What is the theme of the novel?
8.问：小说的主题是什么？
- Answer: The themes of the novel include resistance to social norms, confusion and growth during adolescence, class differences and conflicts, etc.
- 答：小说的主题包括对社会规范的反抗、青春期的迷茫与成长、阶级差异与冲突等。
Through Sammy's experience, the author explores the confusion and struggle of young people when facing social pressure and traditional concepts, as well as their pursuit of freedom and individuality.
作者通过Sammy的经历，探讨了年轻人面对社会压力和传统观念时的困惑和挣扎，以及他们对自由和个性的追求。
9. Question: What are the characteristics of the writing style of the novel?
9、问：小说的文体有什么特点？
- Answer: The writing style of the novel is concise and clear, and the language is vivid.
- 答：小说文笔简洁明了，语言生动。
The author is good at using detailed descriptions to show the appearance, behavior, and psychology of characters, enabling readers to have a strong sense of picture.
作者善于用细致的描写来表现人物的外貌、行为、心理，使读者产生强烈的画面感。
At the same time, the novel is full of humorous and satirical elements. Through exaggeration and teasing of characters and events, it reveals the absurdity of society and the weaknesses of human nature.
同时，小说充满了幽默和讽刺的元素。通过对人物和事件的夸张和戏谑，揭露社会的荒诞和人性的弱点。
10. Question: What is the significance of the ending of the novel?
10.问：小说的结局有何意义？
- Answer: The ending of the novel is that Sammy resigns and walks out of the supermarket but finds himself in confusion and dilemma.
- 答：小说的结局是萨米辞职走出超市，却发现自己陷入了困惑和困境。
This ending implies that Sammy's act of resistance is impulsive and he has not really considered the consequences. At the same time, it also reflects the setbacks and challenges that young people may face in the process of pursuing freedom and ideals, triggering readers' thinking about adolescent growth and life choices.
这个结局暗示萨米的反抗行为是一时冲动，他并没有真正考虑过后果。同时，也反映了青少年在追求自由和理想的过程中可能面临的挫折和挑战，引发读者对青少年成长和人生选择的思考。
论述题
发言题
1. Essay question: Analyze the character of Sammy in "A&P" and his growth process.
1、问答题：分析《A&P》中Sammy的人物性格以及他的成长过程。
- Answer: Sammy is a young person in adolescence. He has typical adolescent characteristics, such as curiosity and longing for the opposite sex, pursuit of freedom, and resistance to tradition.
- 答案：Sammy 是一个正处于青春期的年轻人。他具有典型的青春期特征，比如对异性的好奇和向往、追求自由、反抗传统。
His sexual fantasies about girls in swimsuits reflect his sexual impulses in adolescence.
他对泳装女孩的性幻想反映了他青春期的性冲动。
At the same time, he is bored with his job at the supermarket and longs to get rid of this boring life, which reflects his yearning for freedom.
同时，他厌倦了超市的工作，渴望摆脱这种无聊的生活，这体现了他对自由的向往。
Sammy's growth process is reflected in his reaction to the incident of the manager criticizing the girls.
Sammy的成长过程体现在他对经理批评女孩事件的反应中。
At first, he was only dissatisfied with the manager's behavior in his heart, but as the incident developed, his dissatisfaction gradually turned into action, and finally he decided to resign.
起初，他内心只是对经理的行为不满，但随着事件的发展，他的不满逐渐转化为行动，最终他决定辞职。
Although this process shows his courage and rebellious spirit, it also exposes his impulsiveness and immaturity. After resigning, he realized the possible consequences of his actions and began to feel confused and puzzled. This is an important stage in his growth process.
这个过程虽然展现了他的勇气和叛逆精神，但也暴露了他的冲动和不成熟。辞职后，他意识到自己的行为可能带来的后果，开始感到困惑和不解。这是他成长过程中的一个重要阶段。
In general, Sammy's character is complex. He has both adolescent rebelliousness and impulsiveness, and the pursuit and longing for beautiful things. His growth process is gradually realized through continuous exploration and setbacks.
总的来说，萨米的性格是复杂的。他既有青春期的叛逆和冲动，又有对美好事物的追求和向往。他的成长过程是在不断的探索和挫折中逐渐体会到的。
2. Essay question: Discuss the conflict between social norms and personal freedom in "A&P".
2.论述题：讨论《A&P》中社会规范与个人自由之间的冲突。
- Answer: In the novel, the conflict between social norms and personal freedom is an important theme.
- 答：在小说中，社会规范与个人自由之间的冲突是一个重要的主题。
As a public place, the supermarket has its own rules and norms. For example, customers need to be properly dressed to enter. The behavior of three girls entering the supermarket in swimsuits breaks this social norm and causes the attention and discussion of others.
超市作为公共场所，有自己的规则和规范。例如，顾客需要穿着得体才能进入。三个女孩穿着泳装进入超市的行为打破了这一社会规范，引起了他人的关注和讨论。
Manager Lengel, as the defender of social norms, criticizes and humiliates the girls, which reflects the restraint of social norms on personal behavior.
伦格尔经理作为社会规范的捍卫者，对女孩们进行批评和羞辱，体现了社会规范对个人行为的约束。
Sammy, on the other hand, stands by the girls. He thinks that girls have the right to freely express themselves and should not be criticized and restricted by others. His act of resigning is a rebellion against social norms and a pursuit of personal freedom.
另一方面，萨米则站在女孩们一边。他认为女孩有自由表达自己的权利，不应该受到别人的批评和限制。他的辞职行为是对社会规范的反叛，也是对个人自由的追求。
This conflict reflects the value differences between young people and the middle class in society at that time. Young people pay more attention to personal freedom and rights, while the middle class emphasizes social order and norms. Through this conflict, the author expresses his doubts about social norms and support for personal freedom, and also reminds readers to consider social reality and responsibility in the pursuit of freedom.
这种冲突反映了当时社会年轻人与中产阶级之间的价值观差异。年轻人更注重个人自由和权利，而中产阶级则强调社会秩序和规范。通过这场冲突，作者表达了对社会规范的质疑和对个人自由的支持，也提醒读者在追求自由的过程中思考社会现实和责任。
3. Essay question: Interpret "A&P" from the perspective of symbolism.
3.论述题：从象征意义的角度解读“A&P” 。
- Answer: In "A&P", there are many symbolic elements.
- 答：在《A&P》中，有很多象征性的元素。
First of all, the "A&P" supermarket itself is a symbol. It represents social order and norms. The layout of the supermarket, the display of goods, and the working methods of employees all reflect a standardized and regularized life pattern.
首先， “A&P”超市本身就是一个象征。它代表社会秩序和规范。超市的布局、商品的陈列、员工的工作方式等都体现了标准化、正规化的生活模式。
Secondly, three girls enter the supermarket in swimsuits. Swimsuits become a symbol of freedom and individuality. The girls' behavior breaks the supermarket's routine just as their swimsuits break social constraints.
其次，三个女孩穿着泳衣进入超市。泳衣成为自由和个性的象征。女孩们的行为打破了超市的常规，就像她们的泳衣打破了社会束缚一样。
Sammy's attention and longing for the girls also reflects his pursuit of freedom and individuality. In addition, Sammy's act of resigning can be regarded as a breakthrough in traditional life. The moment he walks out of the supermarket symbolizes his exploration and pursuit of a new lifestyle.
Sammy对女孩们的关注和向往也体现了他对自由和个性的追求。另外，Sammy的辞职行为也算是对传统生活的一次突破。他走出超市的那一刻，象征着他对新生活方式的探索和追求。
However, the world outside the supermarket is strange and uncertain to him, which also symbolizes the challenges and difficulties he will face on the road to pursuit of freedom.
然而，超市外的世界对他来说是陌生的、不确定的，这也象征着他在追求自由的道路上将面临的挑战和困难。
Through these symbolic elements, the author deeply reveals the contradiction between social norms and personal freedom, as well as the confusion and struggle that young people face in the growth process.
作者通过这些象征元素，深刻揭示了社会规范与个人自由之间的矛盾，以及青少年在成长过程中面临的困惑和挣扎。
4. Essay question: What inspiration does "A&P" have for contemporary society?
4、问答题： 《A&P》对当代社会有什么启示？
- Answer: "A&P" has many inspirations for contemporary society.
- 答：《A&P》对当代社会有很多启发。
First of all, it reminds people to pay attention to the influence of social norms on personal freedom. In contemporary society, although we enjoy more freedom and rights, there are still various constraints of social norms and moral guidelines. We need to pursue personal freedom while observing social norms, and constantly reflect on and challenge unreasonable norms.
首先，它提醒人们关注社会规范对个人自由的影响。当代社会，我们虽然享有更多的自由和权利，但仍然受到社会规范和道德准则的种种制约。我们需要在遵守社会规范的同时追求个人自由，不断反思和挑战不合理的规范。
Secondly, the class differences and conflicts reflected in the novel still exist in contemporary society. We should pay attention to social inequality and strive to promote social fairness and justice.
其次，小说所反映的阶级差异和冲突在当代社会仍然存在。我们要关注社会不平等，努力促进社会公平正义。
In addition, Sammy's growth process also tells us that young people need to think more rationally and maturely when pursuing ideals and freedom, and cannot act only on impulse. At the same time, we should also give young people more understanding and support to help them continuously explore and advance on the road of growth.
此外，Sammy的成长过程也告诉我们，年轻人在追求理想和自由时需要更加理性和成熟的思考，不能只凭冲动行事。同时，我们也应该给予青少年更多的理解和支持，帮助他们在成长的道路上不断探索、不断前进。
⑫在路上
It is a novel written by Jack Kerouac ，a key figure in the Beat Generation，known for his spontaneous writing style and his depictions of the free-spirited, rebellious youth culture of the 1950s. It is considered a defining work of the Beat Generation, a literary movement that emerged in the post-World War II era in the United States.The novel is semi-autobiographical,drawing heavily from Kerouac's own experiences and travels across America.
这是垮掉的一代的关键人物杰克·凯鲁亚克的一部小说，他以随性的写作风格和对20世纪50年代自由奔放、叛逆的青年文化的描写而闻名。它被认为是美国二战后兴起的文学运动“垮掉的一代”的标志性作品。这部小说是半自传体的，大量借鉴了凯鲁亚克自己的经历和美国各地的旅行经历。
Theme
主题:
The central theme of "On the Road" revolves around the pursuit of freedom, self-discovery, and the rejection of conventional social norms.
《在路上》的中心主题围绕着追求自由、自我发现以及对传统社会规范的拒绝。
The characters in the novel are driven by a desire for personal liberation and an escape from the constraints of a materialistic and conformist society.
小说中的人物渴望个人解放，渴望摆脱物质至上、墨守成规的社会束缚。
The road becomes a symbol of both physical and spiritual journey, representing the search for meaning and authenticity in life.
道路成为身体和精神旅程的象征，代表着对生活意义和真实性的追求。
Kerouac critiques the consumerist culture of post-war America and the stifling effects of societal norms on individuality.
凯鲁亚克批评战后美国的消费主义文化以及社会规范对个性的抑制作用。
He also touches on themes of existentialism, as the characters grapple with questions of identity, purpose, and the meaning of life.
他还触及了存在主义的主题，因为人物都在努力解决身份、目的和生命意义的问题。
Additionally, the novel delves into the complexities of friendship, sexuality, and the challenges of living a non-conformist lifestyle.
此外，小说还深入探讨了友谊、性的复杂性以及不墨守成规的生活方式所面临的挑战。
Characterization
表征:
The main characters in "On the Road" are Sal and Dean.
《在路上》的主角是萨尔和迪恩。
Sal is a writer and an observer, while Dean is a charismatic, free-spirited individual.
萨尔是一位作家和观察家，而迪恩是一位富有魅力、自由奔放的人。
The narrator Sal gets swept up by the mad eccentricity and excitement of Dean. He follows Dean out west and ends up loving the road,going on a series of Beat adventures all across America.
叙述者萨尔被迪恩的疯狂古怪和兴奋所吸引。他跟随迪恩向西行驶，最终爱上了这条路，在美国各地进行了一系列垮掉派冒险。
Throughout the novel,Sal and Dean interact with a colorful cast of characters who represent different facets of American society. Sal is taken with wandering, free, countercultural lifestyle that Dean epitomizes.
在整部小说中，萨尔和迪恩与代表美国社会不同方面的丰富多彩的人物互动。萨尔热衷于迪恩所体现的流浪、自由、反文化的生活方式。
Plot
阴谋:
The book consists of five parts with forty two chapters, telling of the rootless Beats who wander from the west coast to the east coast and to Mexicoin five years. It vividly and truthfully reveals the life and mentality of the American young people at the end of the 1940s.
全书共五部分四十二章，讲述了无根的垮掉派在五年内从西海岸漂泊到东海岸，再到墨西哥的故事。它生动、真实地揭示了20世纪40年代末美国年轻人的生活和心态。
This excerpt is from Part 4,telling about the protagonist's ride on the back of a truck with a group of strangers who have also been picked up by two farmers driving an empty truck to California.
这段摘录自第四部分，讲述了主角和一群陌生人坐在一辆卡车后面，这些陌生人也被两名开着一辆空卡车前往加利福尼亚的农民接走。
The novel drew enormous attention of the reading public to the underground culture and spread the Beat Movement far and wide.
这部小说引起了广大读者对地下文化的极大关注，并广泛传播了垮掉派运动。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
①Kerouac's vivid descriptions of the landscapes, from bustling cities to desolate highways, create a sense of immersive realism.
①凯鲁亚克对风景的生动描述，从繁华的城市到荒凉的高速公路，营造出一种身临其境的现实感。
②The novel also incorporates elements of poetry and music, with its stream-of-consciousness narrative mirroring the rhythms and melodies of jazz.
②小说还融入了诗歌和音乐的元素，其意识流叙事反映了爵士乐的节奏和旋律。
③The novel is known for its spontaneous, almost improvisational writing style, capturing the restless energy of the characters and the experiences they encounter on their journeys. It was written according to the author's own theory of "spontaneous prose".
③这部小说以其自然、近乎即兴的写作风格而闻名，捕捉了人物躁动的能量和他们在旅途中遇到的经历。它是根据作者自己的“自发散文”理论写成的。
④It is similar to the foundational text of English literature“The Canterbury Tales”, which made up of stories told by travelers on the road. Kerouac's novel claims the paradigmatic journey of his generation is a kind of aimless wandering.
④类似于英国文学的基础文本《坎特伯雷故事集》 ，由旅行者在路上讲述的故事组成。凯鲁亚克的小说声称他这一代人的范式旅程是一种漫无目的的徘徊。
⑤Kerouac's use of first-person narration adds a personal and intimate touch to the storytelling, allowing readers to experience the events through Sal's perspective.
⑤凯鲁亚克采用第一人称叙述，为故事的讲述增添了个人化和亲密的色彩，让读者通过萨尔的视角来体验事件。
⑥The author uses the exact speech of uneducated people from different regions in America.
⑥作者准确地使用了美国不同地区未受过教育的人的讲话。
⑦The title of the novel is a pun, meaning both “on the road to enlightenment” as the Chinese philosophy of "Taoism" and literally “on the road” as homeless,aimless wanderers.
⑦小说的标题是双关语，既有中国哲学“道家”的“悟道之路”，也有字面上的“在路上”，即无家可归、漫无目的的流浪者。
Symbols
符号:
①The road itself serves as a symbol of the characters' journey towards self-discovery and freedom.
①道路本身象征着人物走向自我发现和自由的旅程。
②The car, a recurring motif, represents the means of escape from the constraints of society.
②汽车是一个反复出现的主题，代表着摆脱社会束缚的手段。
③The use of drugs and alcohol symbolizes the characters' rejection of societal norms and their quest for new experiences.
③毒品和酒精的使用象征着人物对社会规范的拒绝和对新体验的追求。
④Additionally, the natural world,particularly the vast landscapes they traverse, serves as a symbol of the limitless possibilities that await those who dare to explore.
④此外，自然世界，尤其是他们所穿越的广阔景观，象征着无限的可能性，等待着那些敢于探索的人。
问答题
2. Please briefly describe the main content of "On the Road."
2.请简述《在路上》的主要内容。
Answer: The novel primarily narrates the travel experiences of a group of young people, represented by Sal Paradise, as they repeatedly cross the American continent. They continuously seek freedom, experience life, and explore themselves during their journeys, encountering various absurd events, reflecting the mental state and lifestyle of post-war American youth.
答：小说主要讲述了以萨尔天堂为代表的一群年轻人多次穿越美洲大陆的旅行经历。他们在旅途中不断寻求自由、体验生活、探索自我，遭遇各种荒诞事件，反映了战后美国青年的精神状态和生活方式。
3. What are the typical characteristics of the "Beat Generation" in the novel?
3、小说中“垮掉的一代”有哪些典型特征？
Answer: The "Beat Generation" in the novel exhibits a rebellion against traditional values.
答：小说中的“垮掉的一代”表现出对传统价值观的反叛。
They pursue freedom, individual liberation, disregard social morals and norms, and lead a dissolute lifestyle, passionately embracing wandering, drug use, alcohol consumption, sexual liberation, etc., as an extreme way to express their dissatisfaction and resistance to society.
他们追求自由、个人解放，无视社会道德规范，生活方式放荡，热衷于流浪、吸毒、酗酒、性解放等，作为表达对社会不满和反抗的极端方式。
4. What are the stylistic features of "On the Road"?
4、 《在路上》的风格特点是什么？
Answer: Its writing style is characterized by spontaneity, colloquialism, and fragmentation.
答：它的写作风格具有自发性、口语化、碎片化的特点。
The author employs improvisational writing, with text flowing freely like a stream of consciousness, language close to life and full of vitality.
作者采用即兴写作，文字如意识流般自由流动，语言贴近生活，充满活力。
The narrative structure is relatively loose, without strict plot logic, focusing more on the expression of the characters' inner feelings and experiences.
叙事结构比较松散，没有严格的情节逻辑，更注重人物内心感受和经历的表达。
5. Who are the main characters in the novel, and what are their respective personality traits?
5.小说中的主要人物是谁，他们各自的性格特征是什么？
Answer:
回答：
Sal Paradise: He is both the narrator and participant of the story, with a character that desires freedom and new experiences, yet also exhibits confusion and bewilderment. He continuously explores himself on the journey, trying to find the meaning and direction of life.
萨尔·帕拉代斯：他既是故事的叙述者，又是故事的参与者，有着渴望自由和新体验的性格，但也表现出困惑和困惑。他在旅途中不断探索自我，试图寻找生命的意义和方向。
Dean Moriarty: He is a typical representative of the "Beat Generation," full of energy and passion, with an infinite love and desire to explore life. However, he also lacks a sense of responsibility and stability, acting impulsively and recklessly.
迪恩·莫里亚蒂：他是“垮掉的一代”的典型代表，充满活力和激情，拥有无限的热爱和探索生活的渴望。但他也缺乏责任感和稳定性，行事冲动、鲁莽。
6. What is the symbolic significance of "the road" in "On the Road"?
6、 《在路上》中的“路”有什么象征意义？
Answer: "The road" has multiple symbolic meanings in the novel.
答：“路”在小说中具有多重象征意义。
On one hand, it represents the physical journey and movement, a path for the protagonists to continuously explore new places and experiences.
一方面，它代表了身体的旅程和运动，是主角不断探索新地方和体验的路径。
On the other hand, it symbolizes the journey of life and the spiritual quest, representing the protagonists' constant pursuit of freedom, self, and truth.
另一方面，它象征着人生的旅程和精神的追求，代表着主人公对自由、自我、真理的不断追求。
7. How does the novel's historical context influence its themes?
7. 小说的历史背景如何影响其主题？
Answer: The novel was written in post-WWII America, a time when the society was rapidly developing economically, but people's spiritual worlds were falling into emptiness and confusion. The trauma of war, societal changes, and the shaking of traditional values led the youth to feel discontent and disappointment with reality.
答：小说写于二战后的美国，当时社会经济飞速发展，但人们的精神世界却陷入空虚和迷茫。战争的创伤、社会的变迁、传统价值观的动摇，让年轻人对现实感到不满和失望。
Against this backdrop, the themes of "On the Road" reflect the young people's desire for freedom, individuality, and authentic life, as well as their rebellion against traditional society.
在此背景下，《在路上》的主题反映了年轻人对自由、个性、真实生活的渴望，以及对传统社会的反叛。
8. Please give examples of American cultural elements reflected in the novel.
8. 请举例说明小说中体现的美国文化元素。
Answer: The novel reflects American car culture, with the protagonists constantly driving across the American continent, making the automobile an essential tool for their free travel.
答：小说反映了美国的汽车文化，主人公不断驾车穿越美洲大陆，汽车成为他们自由出行的必备工具。
It also reflects jazz culture, with the rhythm and atmosphere of jazz music aligning with the protagonists' lifestyle and mental state, becoming a part of their life.
它还体现了爵士文化，爵士音乐的节奏和氛围与主人公的生活方式和精神状态相契合，成为他们生活的一部分。
Additionally, the novel's depiction of various local customs and social phenomena across America reflects the country's diverse culture.
此外，小说对美国各地风土人情和社会现象的描写也反映了这个国家的多元文化。
9. What impact did "On the Road" have on American literature?
9. 《在路上》对美国文学有什么影响？
Answer: This novel pioneered the "Beat Generation" literary movement and had a profound impact on American literature. It broke traditional literary writing norms and thematic constraints, bringing new writing styles and creative concepts to American literature. It inspired many later writers to delve into themes such as social reality, human nature, and freedom, promoting the diversification of American literature.
答：这部小说开创了“垮掉的一代”文学运动，对美国文学产生了深远的影响。它打破了传统文学写作规范和主题束缚，给美国文学带来了新的写作风格和创作理念。它启发了许多后来的作家深入探讨社会现实、人性、自由等主题，促进了美国文学的多元化。
10. How do the protagonists' travel experiences affect their growth?
10. 主角们的旅行经历对他们的成长有何影响？
Answer: The protagonists' travel experiences constantly expose them to new people and events, broadening their horizons and giving them a deeper understanding of society and life.
答：主人公们的旅行经历不断让他们接触到新的人和事，开阔了他们的视野，让他们对社会和生活有了更深刻的认识。
Through their travels, they experience pain, joy, confusion, and awakening, prompting them to reflect continuously on their lives and values, gradually maturing.
他们在旅行中经历痛苦、喜悦、困惑、觉醒，促使他们不断反思自己的人生和价值观，逐渐走向成熟。
补充论述题
1. Analyze the spiritual dilemmas and self-redemption of the "Beat Generation" in "On the Road".
1、剖析《在路上》中“垮掉的一代”的精神困境与自我救赎。
（1）Spiritual dilemmas:
（一）精神困境：
①Collapse of values: The huge changes in American society after World War II led to the impact on traditional values. Young people felt disappointed and disgusted with the absurdity of war, the hypocrisy of society, and materialism. In the novel, the protagonists are dissatisfied with various phenomena in society. For example, Dean's rebellion against his family and Sal's weariness of traditional occupations and lifestyles. They cannot find their value and position in society.
①价值观的崩溃：二战后美国社会的巨大变化导致传统价值观受到冲击。年轻人对战争的荒谬、社会的虚伪和唯物主义感到失望和厌恶。小说中，主人公们对社会上的种种现象表示不满。比如迪恩对家庭的反叛，萨尔对传统职业和生活方式的厌倦。他们找不到自己的价值和社会地位。
②Spiritual emptiness and confusion: Rapid social development and the abundance of material life have not brought spiritual satisfaction. The protagonists feel empty, lonely inside, and lack spiritual sustenance. In their continuous traveling and searching, they try to fill the emptiness inside, but often fall into deeper confusion.
②精神空虚、迷茫：社会的快速发展和物质生活的丰富并没有带来精神上的满足。主角们感到内心空虚、孤独，缺乏精神寄托。他们在不断的旅行和寻找中，试图填补内心的空虚，却往往陷入更深的迷茫。
③Identity crisis: Under the impact of social changes and cultural diversity, the protagonists are confused about their identities. They want to get rid of the shackles of traditional identities and pursue freedom and individuality, but it is difficult for them to find their own belonging in the new environment. They don't know who they are or what they want.
③身份危机：在社会变迁和文化多样性的冲击下，主角们对自己的身份感到困惑。他们想要摆脱传统身份的束缚，追求自由和个性，但在新的环境中却很难找到自己的归属。他们不知道自己是谁，也不知道自己想要什么。
（2）Self-redemption:
（ 2 ）自我救赎：
①Travel and exploration: The protagonists continuously travel, leave the familiar environment, and explore the unknown world. Travel becomes a way for them to find themselves and get rid of spiritual dilemmas. During the journey, they come into contact with different people and cultures and experience various challenges and difficulties. These experiences let them gradually know themselves and find their interests and values.
①旅行与探索：主角不断旅行，离开熟悉的环境，探索未知的世界。旅行成为他们寻找自我、摆脱精神困境的一种方式。在旅途中，他们接触到不同的人和文化，经历各种挑战和困难。这些经历让他们逐渐认识自己，找到自己的兴趣和价值观。
②Friendship and love: Friendship and love in the novel are also important ways for the protagonists to achieve self-redemption. In their interactions with friends, they share each other's joys and sorrows and support and understand each other. Love allows them to experience the intimate relationship between people and gives them warmth and comfort. For example, the friendship between Sal and Dean and Sal's emotional experiences with some women have all had an important impact on their growth.
②友情与爱情：小说中的友情与爱情也是主人公实现自我救赎的重要途径。在与朋友的交往中，他们彼此分享喜怒哀乐，互相支持、理解。爱让他们体验到人与人之间的亲密关系，给予他们温暖和安慰。例如，萨尔和迪安之间的友谊以及萨尔与一些女性的情感经历都对他们的成长产生了重要影响。
③Pursuit of freedom and authenticity: The protagonists always adhere to the pursuit of freedom and authenticity. They refuse to be bound by social norms and values and bravely express their thoughts and feelings. This insistence on freedom and authenticity has allowed them to find a certain degree of inner peace and satisfaction to some extent and also provides motivation for their self-redemption.
③追求自由与真实：主角们始终坚持追求自由与真实。他们拒绝受社会规范和价值观的束缚，勇敢地表达自己的想法和感受。这种对自由和真实的坚持在一定程度上让他们找到了一定程度的内心平静和满足，也为他们的自我救赎提供了动力。
2. Discuss the relationship between the theme of "On the Road" and American culture.
2、讨论《在路上》主题与美国文化的关系。
①Reflection on the American Dream: The American Dream emphasizes personal struggle and success and the pursuit of material wealth and social status. However, in "On the Road", the protagonists question this traditional American Dream. They find that the pursuit of material things cannot bring true happiness and satisfaction but instead makes people lose themselves. Through the protagonists' experiences, the novel reflects the shattering of the American Dream in post-war society and people's exploration of new values.
①对美国梦的反思：美国梦强调个人的奋斗和成功，强调对物质财富和社会地位的追求。然而，在《在路上》中，主角们对这个传统的美国梦提出了质疑。他们发现对物质的追求并不能带来真正的幸福和满足，反而让人迷失自我。小说通过主人公的经历，反映了战后社会美国梦的破灭和人们对新价值观的探索。
②Spirit of freedom and individualism: American culture has always emphasized the spirit of freedom and individualism, which is fully reflected in the novel. The protagonists pursue a free lifestyle, are not bound by traditions, and bravely express their personalities and ideas. Although their behaviors are somewhat extreme, they also reflect the importance that American culture attaches to freedom and individual rights. However, the novel also reveals that excessive individualism may lead to loneliness and confusion, making people lose their way in the pursuit of freedom.
②自由和个人主义精神：美国文化历来强调自由和个人主义精神，这在小说中得到了充分体现。主角们追求自由的生活方式，不受传统的束缚，勇敢地表达自己的个性和想法。他们的行为虽然有些极端，但也体现了美国文化对自由和个人权利的重视。但小说也揭示了过度的个人主义可能会导致孤独和迷茫，使人在追求自由的过程中迷失方向。
③Fusion and conflict of multiculturalism: The United States is a country with diverse cultures. Different cultures and values collide and merge in this country. In "On the Road", the protagonists come into contact with all kinds of people during their travels, including people of different races and classes. Their experiences reflect the characteristics of American multiculturalism and the conflicts and fusions between different cultures. Through the description of these phenomena, the novel explores the impact of multiculturalism on American society and how people find their identities and values in a multicultural environment.
③多元文化的融合与冲突：美国是一个多元文化的国家。不同的文化和价值观在这个国家碰撞、融合。在《在路上》中，主角们在旅途中接触到形形色色的人，包括不同种族、不同阶级的人。他们的经历反映了美国多元文化的特点以及不同文化之间的冲突与融合。小说通过对这些现象的描述，探讨了多元文化主义对美国社会的影响以及人们如何在多元文化环境中找到自己的身份和价值观。
3. Discuss the relationship between the narrative structure of "On the Road" and the expression of its theme.
3、讨论《在路上》的叙事结构与其主题表达的关系。
①Characteristics of the narrative structure:
①叙事结构特点：
The narrative structure of the novel is relatively loose, without clear plot clues and chronological order. The author adopts a fragmented narrative method, interweaving the protagonists' travel experiences, memories, and thoughts, forming a seemingly chaotic but rhythmical narrative style. This narrative structure breaks the traditional narrative mode of novels and gives readers a free and casual reading experience.
小说的叙事结构比较松散，没有明确的情节线索和时间顺序。作者采用碎片化的叙事方式，将主人公们的旅行经历、记忆、思想交织在一起，形成看似混乱却富有韵律的叙事风格。这种叙事结构打破了小说传统的叙事模式，给读者一种自由、随意的阅读体验。
②Role in expressing the theme:
②表达主题的作用：
This narrative structure is closely related to the expression of the novel's theme. First, it reflects the mental state and lifestyle of the protagonists. The protagonists' travels are aimless and unplanned behaviors. They continuously search and explore during the journey without a fixed direction or goal. This fragmented narrative structure precisely reflects their lifestyle, allowing readers to understand their inner world more deeply.
这种叙事结构与小说主题的表达密切相关。首先，它反映了主人公的精神状态和生活方式。主角们的旅行是漫无目的、无计划的行为。他们在旅途中不断地寻找和探索，没有固定的方向和目标。这种碎片化的叙事结构恰恰反映了他们的生活方式，让读者更深入地了解他们的内心世界。
Second, it emphasizes the multiplicity and complexity of the theme. The theme of the novel is not only the pursuit of freedom but also includes criticism of social reality, exploration of human nature, and identification of self-identity. The fragmented narrative structure makes these themes interweave and permeate each other, forming a complex and rich thematic network, allowing readers to continuously think and explore during the reading process.
其次，强调主题的多样性和复杂性。小说的主题不仅是对自由的追求，还包括对社会现实的批判、对人性的探索、对自我身份的认同。碎片化的叙事结构使这些主题相互交织、渗透，形成复杂丰富的主题网络，让读者在阅读过程中不断思考和探索。
4. Discuss the significance and value of "On the Road" in contemporary society.
4、探讨《在路上》在当代社会的意义和价值。
①Inspiration for contemporary youth: In contemporary society, young people also face various pressures and challenges such as fierce social competition, the temptation of materialism, and the emptiness of the spiritual world. The pursuit of freedom, authenticity, and self by the protagonists in "On the Road" has certain inspirational significance for contemporary youth. It reminds young people to maintain enthusiasm and curiosity for life, bravely pursue their dreams, and not be bound by social norms and values.
①对当代青年的启示：当代社会，青年也面临着激烈的社会竞争、物欲横流的诱惑、精神世界的空虚等各种压力和挑战。 《在路上》主角们对自由、真实、自我的追求，对当代青年有一定的励志意义。它提醒年轻人对生活保持热情和好奇心，勇敢追求梦想，不被社会规范和价值观束缚。
②Criticism of social reality: The criticism of social reality in the novel, such as criticism of materialism, false social relations, and the absurdity of war, still has certain practical significance in contemporary society. It makes people reflect on the development direction and value orientation of society, pay attention to the existing problems in society, and promote social progress and development.
②对社会现实的批判：小说中对社会现实的批判，如对唯物主义、虚假的社会关系、战争的荒诞性的批判，在当代社会仍然具有一定的现实意义。它使人们反思社会的发展方向和价值取向，关注社会存在的问题，推动社会进步和发展。
③Literary value: As a classic work of the "Beat Generation", "On the Road" has important literary value. Its writing style and narrative structure have had a profound impact on later literary creations, providing new ideas and methods for the development of literature. At the same time, it also provides important textual materials for people to understand and study post-war American literature and culture.
③文学价值： 《在路上》作为“垮掉的一代”的经典作品，具有重要的文学价值。其写作风格和叙事结构对后世的文学创作产生了深远的影响，为文学的发展提供了新的思路和方法。同时，也为人们了解和研究战后美国文学和文化提供了重要的文献资料。
⑬盗窃
⑬皮肤
The novel was written by Katherine Anne Porter. Her works often explored themes of human loneliness, alienation, and the complexities of human nature. She is considered a major figure in American literature, particularly in the Southern Renaissance movement.The story happened in New York and during the Great Depression in the 1930s when poverty was widespread.
该小说的作者是凯瑟琳·安妮·波特。她的作品经常探讨人类的孤独、疏离和人性的复杂性等主题。她被认为是美国文学的重要人物，特别是南方文艺复兴运动的重要人物。故事发生在纽约，当时正是20世纪30年代的大萧条时期，贫困现象普遍存在。
Theme
主题:
The lack of material is not terrible, what is really terrible is the indifference and compromise of the spirit because it means the alienation of personality and self-loss.
物质上的匮乏并不可怕，可怕的是精神上的冷漠和妥协，因为这意味着人格的异化和自我的丧失。
Plot :
阴谋：
The plot of "Theft" revolves around a poor woman in her late twenties who experiences a series of encounters in New York City during the Great Depression.
《盗窃》的情节围绕着一位二十多岁的贫困妇女展开，她在大萧条时期的纽约市经历了一系列遭遇。
The story is centered on a purse that holds sentimental value for her. She first encounters three men who represent different aspects of her life—a lover, a friend, and a neighbor. Later, her purse is stolen, leading her to confront the theft. Through these interactions, the woman realizes the significance of her possessions and the value of self-awareness.
这个故事以一个对她来说具有情感价值的钱包为中心。她首先遇到了三个男人，他们代表了她生活的不同方面——一个情人、一个朋友和一个邻居。后来，她的钱包被偷了，她不得不面对盗窃案。通过这些互动，女人认识到她的财产的重要性和自我意识的价值。
Characterization
表征:
Porter creates a nuanced and relatable protagonist through her detailed portrayal of her thoughts, feelings, and actions.
波特通过对主人公思想、感受和行为的详细描绘，塑造了一个细致入微且令人产生共鸣的主人公。
The protagonist is a complex character, struggling with her sense of self and her relationships with others. She is neither heroic nor villainous but a realistic representation of a woman struggling to find her place in a harsh world.
主角是一个复杂的角色，她在自我意识和与他人的关系中挣扎。她既不是英雄，也不是恶棍，而是一个在严酷世界中努力寻找自己位置的女性的真实写照。
Camilo, Roger and Bill are three main character in the story, but all of them have one thing in common, that is hypocrisy and selfishness.
卡米洛、罗杰和比尔是故事中的三个主角，但他们都有一个共同点，那就是虚伪和自私。
As for the janitress, she is fierce and insolent.
至于看门的女工，她性格凶狠，蛮横无礼。
Writing features:
写作特点：
The author was a stylist and this story is characteristic of her elegant style with a cutting edge.
作者是一位造型师，这个故事体现了她优雅而前卫的风格。
The stolen purse symbolizes all property. The theft represents the conflicts between the "haves" and "have-nots", between men and women, between two women, between generations, and between ideals and reality. They form a brilliant combination of clashes and tensions.
被盗的钱包象征着所有财产。盗窃代表了“有产者”与“无产者”之间、男人与女人之间、两个女人之间、代际之间、理想与现实之间的冲突。它们形成了冲突和紧张的完美结合。
With the device of selective omniscient point of view, the story carries out somerecalling related to the loss of the purse. By reviewing her life, “she” realizes the carelessness and indifference made her lose her purse and her attitude towards life was more terrible than a theft. The narrator is given no name, which helps the reader to identify himself with her.
故事以选择性全知视角的手法，进行了一些与钱包丢失有关的回忆。通过回顾自己的生活，“她”意识到粗心和冷漠让她丢了钱包，她的生活态度比盗窃更可怕。叙述者没有给出名字，这有助于读者识别她自己。
Many women have a strong sense of independence, and rely on their own power toperuse their own life. However, there are inevitable failures which are usually caused by the social, political and natural forces.
很多女性都有很强的独立意识，依靠自己的力量过自己的生活。然而，不可避免的失败通常是由社会、政治和自然力量造成的。
⑭日常用品
It is a novel written by Alice Walker.
这是爱丽丝·沃克创作的小说。
Theme
主题:
The theme of "Everyday Use" explores the concept of heritage and its significance in shaping individual identity. It delves into the tensions between embracing one's cultural roots and the desire for personal expression or advancement. The story examines the different attitudes towards heritage and the varying interpretations of what it means to truly appreciate and honor one's cultural heritage.
“日常使用”的主题探讨了遗产的概念及其在塑造个人身份方面的意义。它深入探讨了拥抱一个人的文化根源与对个人表达或进步的渴望之间的紧张关系。这个故事探讨了对遗产的不同态度以及对真正欣赏和尊重文化遗产的不同解释。
Characterization
表征:
"Everyday Use" features three main characters who represent different perspectives on heritage.
《日常使用》讲述了三个主角，他们代表了对遗产的不同观点。
Dee (Wangero) is portrayed as an ambitious and educated woman who seeks to embrace her African roots superficially, valuing cultural artifacts as artistic objects rather than as meaningful connections to her history.
迪伊（万格罗饰）被描绘成一位雄心勃勃、受过教育的女性，她寻求表面上拥抱自己的非洲根源，将文化艺术品视为艺术品，而不是与她的历史有意义的联系。
Maggie, on the other hand, is presented as a shy and insecure character who embodies a deeper understanding and appreciation of their family's heritage.
另一方面，玛吉被描绘成一个害羞且缺乏安全感的角色，体现了对家族传统的更深入的理解和欣赏。
Mama serves as the narrator and provides insight into the generational divide and the conflicting views of heritage between her daughters.
妈妈担任叙述者，深入了解女儿们之间的代沟和相互冲突的遗产观点。
Plot
阴谋:
The plot of "Everyday Use" centers around the conflict between Dee and Mama regarding the family's quilts and other household items. Dee returns home with a newfound interest in her heritage and expresses a desire to claim certain objects as artifacts for display. Mama, however, is torn between Dee's aspirations and Maggie's genuine connection to their family's heritage. The climax occurs when Mama decides to give the quilts to Maggie, recognizing her appreciation and intended use of them, rather than allowing Dee to possess them merely as art objects.
《日常使用》的情节围绕迪伊和妈妈之间关于家里的被子和其他家居用品的冲突展开。迪伊回到家后，对她的遗产产生了新的兴趣，并表示希望将某些物品作为文物进行展示。然而，妈妈在迪伊的抱负和玛吉与家族传统的真正联系之间左右为难。当妈妈决定将被子送给玛吉时，高潮发生了，她认识到她的欣赏和对它们的预期用途，而不是让迪伊仅仅将它们作为艺术品拥有。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
The story "Everyday Use" employs various writing features to convey its themes effectively:
《日常用》的故事运用了多种写作特色，有效地传达了其主题：
①Symbolism: The quilts in the story symbolize the family's heritage, passed downthrough generations. Their different approaches to the quilts represent thecontrasting attitudes towards heritage, with Dee valuing them as objects of artisticworth, while Maggie values them as tangible connections to their ancestors.
①象征意义：故事中的被子象征着家族世代相传的传承。他们对被子的不同处理方式代表了对遗产的截然不同的态度，迪伊将它们视为具有艺术价值的物品，而玛吉则将它们视为与祖先的有形联系。
②First-person narrative: The narrator of the story is the mother who speaks assomeone who knows how to make the best of her strength and her shortcomings.Her narrative voice remains a stabilized force throughout the story, guiding thereader's discriminations between the claims made by different life styles as theyconflict and compete. Through the narrator the reader can see the shortcomingsin Dee's acquired values. She tries to forfeit the tradition that her mother and sister choose to persist in.
②第一人称叙述：故事的叙述者是母亲，她的叙述是一个知道如何充分利用自己的优点和缺点的人。她的叙述声音在整个故事中保持稳定的力量，引导读者区分母亲的主张。不同的生活方式，因为他们冲突和竞争。通过叙述者，读者可以看到迪伊所获得的价值观中的缺陷。她试图放弃她母亲和姐姐选择坚持的传统。
③Regional dialect: Walker uses a distinct Southern dialect in Mama's narration,which adds authenticity to the story and reflects the characters' culturalbackground.
③地方方言：沃克在妈妈的叙述中使用了明显的南方方言，增加了故事的真实性，也反映了人物的文化背景。
④Flashbacks: Mama's recollections and flashbacks provide historical context and background information about the family's heritage, offering readers a deeper understanding of their roots and the significance of the objects at stake.
④闪回：妈妈的回忆和闪回提供了有关家族遗产的历史背景和背景信息，让读者更深入地了解家族的根源和所涉物品的意义。
⑤Character growth and realization: Mama's internal conflict and eventualdecision to give the quilts to Maggie demonstrate a realization about the true meaning of heritage and the importance of embracing it in an authentic and personal way.
⑤性格成长和认识：妈妈的内心冲突和最终决定将被子送给玛吉，表明她认识到遗产的真正含义以及以真实和个人的方式拥抱它的重要性。
By employing these writing features, Alice Walker crafts a poignant and thought-provoking story that explores the complexities of heritage,personal identity, andthe value of cultural artifacts.
通过运用这些写作特征，爱丽丝·沃克创作了一个凄美且发人深省的故事，探索遗产、个人身份和文化艺术品的价值的复杂性。
问答题
2. Question：What is the main conflict in "Everyday Use"?
2. 问： “日常使用”的主要冲突是什么？
- Answer：The main conflict is between Dee, who represents a more modern and perhaps superficial view of heritage, and her mother and sister Maggie, who have a more traditional and practical understanding of their family's heritage as reflected in the everyday use of items like the quilts.
- 答案：主要的冲突是在Dee和她的母亲和妹妹 Maggie 之间，Dee 代表了一种更现代、也许肤浅的遗产观，而她的母亲和妹妹 Maggie对家族遗产有更传统和实际的理解，这反映在日常使用的物品中，例如被子。
3. Question：How is the character of Mama described in the story?
3. 问：故事中如何描述妈妈这个人物？
- Answer：Mama is an overweight African-American woman with strong hands worn from a lifetime of work. She is strong, independent, and takes pride in her way of life. She is also a bit conflicted in her feelings towards her two daughters and their different views on heritage.
- 答案：妈妈是一位超重的非洲裔美国女性，她的双手因一生的工作而磨损。她坚强、独立，对自己的生活方式感到自豪。她对两个女儿的感情以及她们对遗产的不同看法也有些矛盾。
4. Question：What is the significance of the quilts in "Everyday Use"?
4. 问： 《天天用》中的被子有什么意义？
- Answer：The quilts are a symbol of the family's heritage and history. They are handmade by generations of the family and represent the hard work, love, and traditions passed down. The dispute over the quilts reflects the different attitudes towards heritage among the characters.
- 答：被子是家族传承和历史的象征。它们由家族几代人手工制作，代表着传承下来的辛勤工作、爱心和传统。被子之争反映了人物之间对于遗产的不同态度。
5. Question：How does Dee view her African-American heritage?
5. 问： Dee如何看待她的非裔美国人血统？
- Answer：Dee views her African-American heritage in a rather showy and perhaps shallow way. She changes her name to a more African-sounding one and wants to display the family's heirlooms as symbols of her connection to her roots, but she fails to understand the true meaning and value of these items in the context of her family's daily life.
- 答案：迪伊以一种相当浮夸甚至肤浅的方式看待她的非裔美国人传统。她把自己的名字改成了一个听起来更非洲化的名字，并想展示家族的传家宝，作为她与根源联系的象征，但她无法理解这些物品在家人日常生活中的真正含义和价值。
6. Question：What is Maggie's attitude towards the family heritage?
6. 问： Maggie对于家族传承的态度如何？
- Answer：Maggie has a deep respect and understanding of the family heritage. She values the everyday use of the items that carry the family's history and traditions. She is more in tune with her mother's view of heritage as something that is lived and experienced in daily life rather than just displayed.
- 答案： Maggie对家族传承有着深深的尊重和理解。她重视承载家族历史和传统的物品的日常使用。她更认同母亲的观点，即遗产是在日常生活中生活和体验的东西，而不仅仅是展示。
7. Question：Why does Mama finally give the quilts to Maggie instead of Dee?
7. 问：为什么妈妈最后把被子给了Maggie而不是Dee？
- Answer：Mama realizes that Dee only wants the quilts for show and does not truly understand their significance and the effort and love that went into making them. Maggie, on the other hand, has a genuine connection to the family's heritage and will use the quilts in the way they were intended, as part of everyday life.
- 答案：妈妈意识到迪伊只是想拿这些被子来展示，并没有真正理解它们的意义以及制作它们所付出的努力和爱。另一方面，玛吉与家族传统有着真正的联系，她会按照预期的方式使用被子，将其作为日常生活的一部分。
9. Question：How does the author use symbolism in "Everyday Use"?
9. 问：作者在《日常使用》中如何运用象征手法？
- Answer：The author uses the quilts as a powerful symbol of heritage and family history.
- 答案：作者将被子作为传承和家族历史的有力象征。
The yard and the house also symbolize the stability and continuity of the family's way of life.
院子和房子也象征着家庭生活方式的稳定和延续。
Dee's new name and her fancy clothes are symbols of her desire to distance herself from her past and embrace a new identity that she thinks is more in line with her African roots, but which is actually a superficial understanding.
迪伊的新名字和她漂亮的衣服象征着她渴望与过去保持距离，拥抱一种新的身份，她认为这种身份更符合她的非洲血统，但这实际上是一种肤浅的理解。
10. Question：What is the theme of "Everyday Use"?
10. 问： 《日常用》的主题是什么？
- Answer：The themes of the story include the importance of understanding and respecting one's cultural heritage, the complex relationship between tradition and modernity, the significance of family and community, and the search for identity in the face of a changing world.
- 答案：故事的主题包括理解和尊重文化遗产的重要性、传统与现代之间的复杂关系、家庭和社区的重要性，以及在不断变化的世界中寻找身份认同。
论述题：
发言题：
1. 论述题：Analyze the character of Dee in "Everyday Use" and discuss her significance in the story.
1.论述题：分析《日常使用》中迪伊的性格，并讨论她在故事中的意义。
- Answer：Dee is a complex character in the story.
- 答案：迪伊是故事中一个复杂的角色。
On one hand, she shows a certain degree of awareness and interest in her African-American heritage. She changes her name to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo to embrace her African roots, which indicates her desire to connect with her cultural background. This reflects the influence of the African-American cultural movement at that time, as many people were exploring and reclaiming their heritage.
一方面，她对自己的非裔美国人传统表现出一定程度的认识和兴趣。她将自己的名字改为万杰罗·李瓦尼卡·凯曼乔 (Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo)，以拥抱她的非洲根源，这表明她渴望与自己的文化背景建立联系。这反映了当时非裔美国人文化运动的影响，因为许多人正在探索和恢复他们的遗产。
However, Dee's understanding of heritage is rather superficial. She is more concerned with the external manifestations and symbols of heritage, such as the quilts and other family heirlooms, but fails to understand the true meaning and value that lie beneath them. She wants to take the quilts and display them as art pieces, rather than using them in the way they were intended by her family. This shows that she is disconnected from the practical and emotional aspects of her heritage.
然而，迪伊对遗产的理解却相当肤浅。她更关心遗产的外在表现和象征，例如被子和其他传家宝，但未能理解它们背后的真正含义和价值。她想把这些被子作为艺术品来展示，而不是按照家人想要的方式使用它们。这表明她与她的传统的实际和情感方面脱节。
Dee's significance in the story is that she serves as a contrast to the other characters, especially her mother and sister Maggie. Her actions and attitudes highlight the different ways in which people can approach and understand their cultural heritage. Her presence also forces Mama to think deeply about the true meaning of heritage and make a choice about who should inherit the quilts.
迪伊在故事中的重要性在于她与其他角色形成鲜明对比，尤其是她的母亲和妹妹玛吉。她的行为和态度凸显了人们接触和理解其文化遗产的不同方式。她的出现也迫使妈妈深入思考遗产的真正意义，并做出选择谁应该继承被子。
Overall, Dee represents a certain segment of the African-American community who may be overly focused on the external aspects of heritage and fail to fully appreciate its inner significance.
总体而言，迪伊代表了非裔美国人社区中的某一部分，他们可能过于关注遗产的外在方面，而未能充分认识到其内在意义。
2. 论述题：How does the setting of "Everyday Use" contribute to the development of the story and the theme?
2.论述题： “日常用”的设定对故事和主题的发展有何贡献？
- Answer：The setting of the rural South is crucial to the development of the story and the theme.
- 答：南方农村的背景对于故事和主题的发展至关重要。
The rural environment represents a traditional way of life that is deeply connected to the family's heritage. The yard and the house where Mama and Maggie live are symbols of stability and continuity. They have been the backdrop for generations of the family's life, and the items in the house, such as the quilts, have been part of their daily existence for a long time.
乡村环境代表了与家庭传统紧密相连的传统生活方式。妈妈和玛吉居住的院子和房子是稳定和连续性的象征。它们一直是家庭几代人生活的背景，而房子里的物品，比如被子，长期以来一直是他们日常生活的一部分。
The setting also contrasts with Dee's modern and urban lifestyle. Dee's return to the rural South is a clash between two different worlds and perspectives on heritage. The rural setting makes Dee's desire to take the quilts and display them as art pieces seem out of place and inappropriate. It emphasizes the gap between her understanding of heritage and that of her mother and sister.
该环境也与迪伊的现代都市生活方式形成鲜明对比。迪伊重返南方乡村是两个不同世界和遗产观点之间的冲突。乡村环境让迪伊想要把被子当作艺术品展示的愿望显得格格不入、不合适。它强调了她对遗产的理解与她的母亲和姐姐之间的差距。
Furthermore, the setting provides a context for the exploration of the theme of identity. The characters' connection to the land and their community is an important part of their identity, and the rural South represents a place where their heritage is deeply rooted. The story shows how the characters' sense of identity is influenced by their environment and their relationship to their cultural heritage.
此外，这一背景为探索身份主题提供了背景。角色与土地和社区的联系是他们身份的重要组成部分，而南方乡村代表了他们的传统根深蒂固的地方。这个故事展示了人物的身份感如何受到他们的环境以及他们与文化遗产的关系的影响。
3. 论述题：Compare and contrast the views of Mama and Dee on the importance of family history and its connection to cultural heritage.
3.论述题：比较和对比Mama和Dee关于家族历史的重要性及其与文化遗产的联系的观点。
- Answer：Mama and Dee have very different views on the importance of family history and its connection to cultural heritage.
- 答案：对于家族史的重要性及其与文化遗产的联系，妈妈和迪伊有着截然不同的看法。
Mama views family history as an integral part of her daily life and cultural heritage. She has a deep respect for the traditions and values that have been passed down through generations in her family. The quilts, for example, are not just items of material value but are a symbol of the love, hard work, and history of her family. She sees the importance of using these items in everyday life as a way to keep the family's history alive and to pass it on to future generations. Mama's connection to her family history is practical and emotional. She has lived through the experiences and hardships that have shaped her family's story, and she understands the significance of these experiences in shaping her identity and that of her family.
妈妈将家族史视为她日常生活和文化遗产的一个组成部分。她非常尊重家族代代相传的传统和价值观。例如，被子不仅仅是有物质价值的物品，而且是她家庭的爱、辛勤工作和历史的象征。她认为在日常生活中使用这些物品是保持家族历史并将其传承给子孙后代的一种方式，非常重要。妈妈与她的家族史的联系既实际又情感。她经历过的经历和艰辛塑造了她的家庭故事，她理解这些经历对于塑造她和她的家庭的身份的重要性。
Dee, on the other hand, has a more abstract and perhaps superficial view of family history and cultural heritage. She is interested in her African roots and wants to claim her heritage, but her approach is more about making a statement and showing off her connection to her culture. She sees the family's heirlooms, such as the quilts, as symbols of her identity rather than as practical items with a rich history. Her connection to her family history is more intellectual and less emotional. She is more concerned with the external manifestations of her heritage rather than the practical and emotional aspects of it.
另一方面，迪伊对家族历史和文化遗产的看法更为抽象，或许也很肤浅。她对自己的非洲血统很感兴趣，并希望继承自己的传统，但她的做法更多的是发表声明并展示她与自己文化的联系。她将被子等家族传家宝视为她身份的象征，而不是具有丰富历史的实用物品。她与家族史的联系更多的是理智而非情感。她更关心她的遗产的外在表现，而不是它的实际和情感方面。
In contrast, Mama's view is based on a lived experience and a deep understanding of the value of family history in shaping one's identity and way of life. Dee's view is more influenced by the external factors of the cultural movement and her desire to fit in with a certain image of African-American identity.
相比之下，妈妈的观点是基于生活经验和对家族史在塑造一个人的身份和生活方式方面的价值的深刻理解。迪伊的观点更多地受到文化运动的外部因素以及她对符合某种非裔美国人身份形象的渴望的影响。
4. 论述题：What message does "Everyday Use" convey about the relationship between tradition and modernity in the context of African-American culture?
4.论述题： 《Everyday Use》在非裔美国文化背景下传达了传统与现代关系的什么信息？
- Answer："Everyday Use" conveys a complex message about the relationship between tradition and modernity in the context of African-American culture.
- 答： 《日常使用》传达了非裔美国文化背景下传统与现代关系的复杂信息。
On one hand, the story shows the importance of tradition in maintaining a sense of identity and connection to one's cultural roots. Mama and Maggie's way of life, their respect for the family's heritage, and their use of traditional items like the quilts represent the value of tradition in African-American culture. Tradition provides a sense of stability, belonging, and connection to the past, which is essential for the characters' sense of self.
一方面，这个故事展示了传统在维持认同感和与文化根源的联系方面的重要性。妈妈和玛吉的生活方式、对家族传统的尊重以及对被子等传统物品的使用代表了非裔美国文化中的传统价值。传统提供了一种稳定感、归属感以及与过去的联系，这对于角色的自我意识至关重要。
On the other hand, the story also acknowledges the impact of modernity on African-American culture. Dee's desire to embrace a more modern identity and her interest in reclaiming her African roots are a response to the changing times. The African-American cultural movement of the time was a way for people to assert their identity and fight against discrimination and oppression.
另一方面，这个故事也承认了现代性对非裔美国文化的影响。迪伊渴望拥抱更现代的身份，并有兴趣重新找回非洲根源，这是对时代变化的回应。当时的非裔美国人文化运动是人们维护自己身份、反对歧视和压迫的一种方式。
However, the story also warns about the potential dangers of losing touch with tradition in the pursuit of modernity. Dee's superficial understanding of her heritage and her inability to connect with the practical and emotional aspects of it show that modernity can sometimes lead to a disconnect from one's cultural roots.
然而，这个故事也警告人们在追求现代性的过程中失去传统的潜在危险。迪伊对她的传统的肤浅理解以及她无法与它的实际和情感方面联系起来表明现代性有时会导致与一个人的文化根源的脱节。
Overall, the message is that there needs to be a balance between tradition and modernity. African-American culture can embrace modern ideas and changes while still maintaining a respect for and connection to its traditions. Tradition and modernity can coexist and enrich each other, rather than being in opposition to each other.
总体而言，传达的信息是传统与现代之间需要保持平衡。非裔美国人文化可以拥抱现代思想和变革，同时仍然保持对其传统的尊重和联系。传统与现代可以共存、相互充实，而不是对立。
⑮子由美归来
The novel is written by Isaac Bashevis Singer.
该小说的作者是艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格。
Characterization
表征:
(1)Samuel goes to America at very young age, hard-working,adventurous, thoughtful and filial to his parents, grateful and hometown-loving.
(1) Samuel很小就到了美国，勤奋、敢于冒险、体贴、孝顺父母，感恩、热爱家乡。
(2) Berlthe，father of Samuel, pious to his belief, content with his simple villagelife, hard-working and down-to-earth, concerned about his son
（2）贝尔特，塞缪尔的父亲，虔诚信仰，满足于简单的乡村生活，勤劳踏实，关心儿子
(3)Berlcha，mother of Samuel, kind, satisfied with her simple life, love her son and get along well with her neighborhood.
（3）贝尔查（Berlcha） ，塞缪尔的母亲，善良，对自己简单的生活感到满意，爱她的儿子，与邻居相处融洽。
Plot
阴谋:
It is set in a small Jewish village in Poland before World War I. The old couples,Berl and Berlcha lived in a remote village in Lentshin where all villagers lived a simple life. This village has received little influence from the modern world outside and life there continues in its old way. And the son of Berls ,Samuel who earned a lot of money returned from America after forty years since he left his hometown.He loaded great plans for his village development and to his surpise , the dilemma appeared because villagers seemed to need nothing. The old Jews are content with things as they are.
故事发生在第一次世界大战前波兰的一个犹太小村庄。老夫妇贝尔和贝尔恰生活在伦钦的一个偏远村庄里，村民们过着简朴的生活。这个村庄几乎没有受到外界现代世界的影响，那里的生活仍以古老的方式进行着。而贝尔斯的儿子塞缪尔，赚了很多钱，离开家乡四十年后从美国回来，他为村庄的发展制定了宏伟的计划，但令他惊讶的是，由于村民似乎什么都不需要，困境出现了。老犹太人对现状感到满意。
Theme
主题:
(1) Money can make people happy for a short period of time while nothing makes people as happy as having a loving family by their side.
（1）金钱可以让人短暂地幸福，但没有什么比有一个充满爱的家庭在身边更让人幸福的了。
(2) Being happy or not has nothing to do with the amount of money.
(2)幸福与否与金钱的多少无关。
(3) Life in a natural way is a paradise for people especially when they are faced with all kinds of material temptation.
（3）顺其自然的生活对于人来说就是天堂，尤其是在面临各种物质诱惑的时候。
(4)Modern industrial development makes great progress, while the natural and self-providing lifestyle still shines.
（四）现代工业发展取得长足进步，自然自给的生活方式依然熠熠生辉。
Writing features:
写作特点：
Symbolism: telegram symbolizes the material life especially the American lifestyle，and modern technologies and industrial products.The author used many details to portray the Jews' life and religion and it shows their different religious belief and Jewish culture toward the world.
象征意义：电报象征着物质生活尤其是美国的生活方式，以及现代技术和工业产品。作者用许多细节描绘了犹太人的生活和宗教，向世界展示了他们不同的宗教信仰和犹太文化。
The story is an amusing contrast of attitudes between two generations, and between the old and new ways of Jewish life.
这个故事是两代人之间以及犹太人新旧生活方式之间态度的有趣对比。
Point of view: omniscient
观点：全知
问答题
1. Question：Who is the author of "The Son from America"?
1. 问： 《来自美国的儿子》的作者是谁？
- Answer：The author is Isaac Bashevis Singer. He is a renowned Jewish-American writer who has made significant contributions to Yiddish literature and has also gained recognition in the English literary world.
- 答案：作者是Isaac Bashevis Singer 。他是一位著名的犹太裔美国作家，对意第绪语文学做出了重大贡献，并在英国文坛获得了认可。
2. Question：What is the main setting of "The Son from America"?
2. 问： 《来自美国的儿子》的主要背景是什么？
- Answer：The main setting is the small village of Lent Shin. It is a place with thatched-roof huts, moss-covered shingles, and a simple rural environment where the main characters, Old Berl and his wife Berl Cha live.
- 答：主要场景是Lent Shin小村庄。这是一个茅草顶的小屋、长满青苔的木瓦、朴素的乡村环境的地方，主角老贝尔和他的妻子贝尔查居住着。
3. Question：What is the relationship between Old Berl and the son from America?
3.问：老贝尔和美国儿子是什么关系？
- Answer：Old Berl and his wife Berl Cha are the parents of the son who left for America forty years ago. The son, named Samuel, is said to have become a millionaire in America and regularly sends money orders and letters to his parents.
- 答案：老贝尔和他的妻子贝尔查是四十年前远赴美国的儿子的父母。据说这个儿子名叫塞缪尔，已经成为美国的百万富翁，并定期给父母寄汇票和信件。
5. Question：What is the significance of the money orders sent by the son to his parents?
5. 问：儿子给父母寄的汇票有何意义？
- Answer：The money orders sent by the son are a symbol of his success in America and his connection to his parents back in the village.
- 答案：儿子寄来的汇票象征着他在美国的成功以及他与村里父母的联系。
However, his parents don't seem to use the money much, which shows their simple lifestyle and lack of interest in material wealth. It also highlights the contrast between the American way of life and the traditional values of the villagers.
然而，他的父母似乎并不怎么用这些钱，这表明他们的生活方式简单，对物质财富缺乏兴趣。它还凸显了美国生活方式与村民传统价值观之间的对比。
6. Question：How does the author describe the daily life of Old Berl and Berl Cha?
6. 问：作者如何描写老贝尔和贝尔查的日常生活？
- Answer：The author describes their daily life as simple and traditional. They get up at sunrise and retire with the chickens in summer. In the long winter evenings, Berl Cha spins flax at her spinning wheel while Berl sits beside her in silence. They rely on their garden, cow, and goat for most of their needs and don't believe in using newfangled gadgets like kerosene lamps.
- 答：作者形容他们的日常生活简单而传统。他们日出而起，夏天和鸡一起退休。在漫长的冬日夜晚，贝尔查在她的纺车上纺亚麻，而贝尔则默默地坐在她旁边。他们依靠花园、牛和山羊来满足大部分需求，并且不相信使用煤油灯等新奇的小玩意。
7. Question：What news does Old Berl bring to his wife from the synagogue?
7. 问：老贝尔从犹太教堂给妻子带来了什么消息？
- Answer：Old Berl brings news such as the strikers in Warsaw demanding that the Czar abdicate and the idea of Dr. Herzl that Jews should settle in Palestine again. These news items show the political and social changes happening in the outside world that contrast with the quiet life in Lent Shin.
- 答：老贝尔带来了诸如华沙罢工者要求沙皇退位以及赫茨尔博士关于犹太人应该重新定居巴勒斯坦的想法等消息。这些新闻报道了外部世界发生的政治和社会变化，与四旬斋的平静生活形成鲜明对比。
8. Question：How does the son's absence affect his parents' lives?
8. 问：儿子的缺席对父母的生活有何影响？
- Answer：The son's absence makes his parents miss him, but they have also become accustomed to their simple life in the village. The money he sends provides a sense of security, but it doesn't change their way of life significantly.
- 答：儿子的缺席让父母很想念他，但他们也已经习惯了村里简单的生活。他寄的钱提供了一种安全感，但并没有显着改变他们的生活方式。
The son's absence also makes them think about the differences between their life and his life in America.
儿子的缺席也让他们思考自己的生活和他在美国的生活之间的差异。
9. Question：What is the theme of "The Son from America"?
9. 问： 《来自美国的儿子》的主题是什么？
- Answer：The themes of the story include the contrast between the American way of life and the traditional rural life in Europe, the impact of migration on family relationships, the conflict between material wealth and traditional values, and the sense of longing and separation that comes with migration.
- 答：故事的主题包括美国生活方式与欧洲传统乡村生活的对比、移民对家庭关系的影响、物质财富与传统价值观的冲突、以及家庭中的渴望与分离感。伴随着迁移而来。
10. Question：What is the tone of the story?
10.问：故事的基调是什么？
- Answer：The tone of the story is a mix of nostalgia, melancholy, and a bit of irony.
- 答案：故事的基调是怀旧、忧郁和一点讽刺的混合体。
The author shows a certain longing for the simple life in the village while also highlighting the difficulties and contrasts that come with the son's migration to America.
作者表达了对乡村简单生活的某种向往，同时也强调了儿子移居美国所遇到的困难和反差。
补充论述题
1. Analyze the character of the son from America in "The Son from America" and discuss his significance in the story.
1.分析《美国儿子》中美国儿子的人物形象并讨论他在故事中的意义。
- Answer：The son from America, Samuel, is a complex character.
- 答：来自美国的儿子塞缪尔是一个复杂的人物。
On one hand, he represents the pursuit of the American Dream and success. He leaves his small village in Europe and becomes a millionaire in America, which shows his ambition and hard work.
一方面，他代表了对美国梦和成功的追求。他离开欧洲的小村庄，来到美国成为百万富翁，这表明了他的野心和努力。
However, his absence from his parents' lives for forty years also indicates a certain degree of separation and loss.
然而，他离开父母生活四十年也表明了一定程度的分离和失落。
His significance in the story is that he serves as a contrast to the traditional life in the village. His success in America highlights the differences between the two worlds and forces the villagers, especially his parents, to think about the choices they have made and the values they hold. His regular sending of money orders and letters also maintains a connection between him and his parents, but at the same time, it creates a certain distance and misunderstanding.
他在故事中的意义在于他与村里的传统生活形成了鲜明的对比。他在美国的成功凸显了两个世界之间的差异，并迫使村民，尤其是他的父母，思考他们所做的选择和他们所持有的价值观。他定期寄出的汇票和信件也维系着他和父母之间的联系，但同时，也造成了一定的距离和误会。
Overall, the son from America is a symbol of the conflict between modernity and tradition, and his story reflects the complex relationship between migration and family.
总体而言，这位来自美国的儿子是现代与传统冲突的象征，他的故事折射出移民与家庭之间复杂的关系。
2. 论述题：Discuss the theme of cultural identity in "The Son from America".
2.论述题：讨论《来自美国的儿子》中的文化认同主题。
- Answer：The theme of cultural identity is central to "The Son from America".
- 答：文化认同的主题是《来自美国的儿子》的核心。
The story shows the struggle of the characters to maintain their cultural identity in the face of migration and the influence of a different culture.
这个故事展示了人物在面对移民和不同文化的影响时为维持自己的文化身份而进行的斗争。
Old Berl and Berl Cha represent the traditional Jewish culture in the small village of Lent Shin. They have their own way of life, beliefs, and values that are deeply rooted in their homeland.
Old Berl 和 Berl Cha代表了 Lent Shin 小村庄的传统犹太文化。他们有自己的生活方式、信仰和价值观，这些都深深植根于自己的祖国。
The son, on the other hand, is exposed to the American culture and becomes successful in that context. However, his connection to his homeland and his parents is still strong, which creates a conflict in his cultural identity.
另一方面，儿子接触了美国文化，并在这种背景下取得了成功。然而，他与祖国和父母的联系仍然很牢固，这在他的文化身份上造成了冲突。
The story suggests that cultural identity is not something that can be easily abandoned or forgotten, even when one migrates to a different country. It also shows that the interaction between different cultures can lead to a complex negotiation of identity, as the characters try to find a balance between their old and new lives.
这个故事表明，即使一个人移居到另一个国家，文化身份也不是可以轻易放弃或遗忘的东西。它还表明，当角色试图在新旧生活之间找到平衡时，不同文化之间的互动可能会导致复杂的身份谈判。
3. 论述题：How does the author use the setting of Lent Shin to enhance the themes of the story?⭐️
3.论述题：作者如何利用四旬斋的背景来强化故事的主题？ ⭐️
- Answer：The setting of Lent Shin plays a crucial role in enhancing the themes of the story.
- 答：四旬斋的设定对于强化故事主题起着至关重要的作用。
The small, rural village with its simple huts, thatched roofs, and traditional way of life provides a stark contrast to the modern and prosperous America that the son inhabits. This contrast emphasizes the theme of the contrast between two different worlds.
这个小村庄有着简单的小屋、茅草屋顶和传统的生活方式，与儿子居住的现代繁荣的美国形成了鲜明的对比。这种对比强调了两个不同世界之间对比的主题。
The setting also creates a sense of isolation and stability, which reflects the characters' connection to their homeland and their resistance to change.
该场景还营造出一种孤立和稳定的感觉，反映了人物与祖国的联系以及他们对变化的抵制。
The villagers' simple lifestyle and their lack of interest in material wealth highlight the theme of the conflict between materialism and traditional values.
村民简朴的生活方式和对物质财富缺乏兴趣，凸显了物质主义与传统价值观冲突的主题。
Moreover, the setting of Lent Shin serves as a backdrop for the characters' struggles and conflicts, making the themes more vivid and tangible.
而且，四旬斋的背景作为人物斗争和冲突的背景，使主题更加生动和具体。
4. 论述题：Compare and contrast the lives of Old Berl and his son in "The Son from America".
4.论述题：比较《来自美国的儿子》中老贝尔和他儿子的生活。
- Answer：Old Berl and his son lead very different lives.
- 答案：老贝尔和他的儿子过着截然不同的生活。
Old Berl lives a simple, traditional life in Lent Shin. He has a small piece of land, a cow, a goat, and chickens, and he and his wife rely on their own labor for their survival. Their life is slow-paced, and they are content with what they have.
老贝尔在四旬斋过着简单、传统的生活。他有一小块地，有一头牛，一只山羊，还有几只鸡，他和妻子靠自己的劳动维持生计。他们的生活节奏很慢，他们对自己所拥有的感到满足。
In contrast, the son lives in America, a country known for its prosperity and opportunity. He has become a millionaire and is exposed to a modern way of life with all its conveniences and luxuries. However, his life is also filled with stress and competition.
相比之下，儿子生活在美国，一个以繁荣和机遇而闻名的国家。他已成为百万富翁，并接触到现代生活方式及其便利和奢华。然而，他的生活也充满了压力和竞争。
The contrast between their lives reflects the theme of the contrast between the old world and the new world. It also shows the different choices that people make in search of a better life and the consequences that come with those choices. Despite the differences, there is still a connection between them, as the son regularly sends money to his parents, which shows his respect and love for them.
他们生活的反差体现了旧世界与新世界对比的主题。它还展示了人们为寻求更好的生活而做出的不同选择以及这些选择带来的后果。尽管存在差异，但他们之间仍然存在联系，因为儿子定期给父母寄钱，这表明了他对他们的尊重和爱。
5. 论述题：What is the message that the author wants to convey through "The Son from America"?
5.论述题：作者想通过《来自美国的儿子》传达什么信息？
- Answer：The author wants to convey several messages through this story.
- 答：作者想通过这个故事传达几个信息。
Firstly, he wants to highlight the importance of family and the impact of migration on family relationships. The separation of the son from his parents for forty years shows the pain and longing that come with migration, and the money orders and letters serve as a reminder of the unbreakable bond between family members.
首先，他想强调家庭的重要性以及移民对家庭关系的影响。儿子与父母分离四十年，展现了移民带来的痛苦和渴望，汇票和信件提醒着家庭成员之间牢不可破的纽带。
Secondly, the author wants to criticize the excessive pursuit of material wealth and the loss of traditional values in the modern world. Old Berl and Berl Cha's simple lifestyle and their resistance to newfangled gadgets show the value of traditional ways of living.
其次，作者想批评现代社会对物质财富的过度追求和传统价值观的丧失。老贝尔和贝尔查的简单生活方式和他们对新奇玩意的抵制显示了传统生活方式的价值。
Thirdly, the story is a reflection on the cultural differences between America and Europe, and the difficulties that people face when trying to adapt to a new culture.
第三，这个故事反映了美国和欧洲之间的文化差异，以及人们在尝试适应新文化时面临的困难。
Overall, the author wants to make the readers think about the meaning of success, the importance of cultural identity, and the relationship between modernity and tradition.
总的来说，作者想让读者思考成功的意义、文化认同的重要性以及现代性与传统的关系。
⑯将为人父
⑯亚特兰大人父
It is a novel written by Saul Bellow.
这是索尔·贝娄创作的长篇小说。
Characteristic
特征:
Rogin is a research chemist by profession, one who seeks answer in the elemental substance of nature.
罗金是一名职业化学家，致力于在自然的基本物质中寻找答案。
He is also a researcher into human heart by inclination, seekingto find sympathy and understanding as a man in a tough, desensitized world .
他也是一位潜心研究人心的研究者，在一个艰难、麻木不仁的世界中寻求作为一个人的同情和理解。
Plot
阴谋:
His adventures on his way to Joan's apartment are his contemplation of his own place in that world. It deals with Rogin, a chemist, who tries to establish a meaningful identity for himself but in vain.
他在前往琼公寓途中的冒险是他对自己在那个世界中的地位的思考。它讲述了化学家罗金（Rogin）的故事，他试图为自己建立一个有意义的身份，但徒劳无功。
Rogin often has strange notions in his mind and talks to himself sometimes brilliantly and sometimes comically. This story records his thoughtful speculations on his way to have supper with his fiancee Joan. He does not like Joan's way to splash his money about.
罗金脑子里经常有奇怪的想法，自言自语时而精彩，时而滑稽。这个故事记录了他在与未婚妻琼共进晚餐的路上的深思熟虑。他不喜欢琼乱花钱的方式。
On the subway train, he examines his fellowpassengers and one of them catches his attention.Rogin thinks that man resembles Joan's father. He is terrified to imagine that his son, if he ever has one, would looklike that fourth-rate man. He makes up his mind to say "no" to Joan.
在地铁上，他检查了其他乘客，其中一个引起了他的注意。罗金认为那个人很像琼的父亲。他不敢想象，如果他有儿子的话，他的儿子会长得像那个四流男人。他决定对琼说“不”。
However, he forgets all the rehearsed complaint when Joan washes his hair affectionately.
然而，当乔安深情地给他洗头时，他忘记了所有排练过的抱怨。
Writing features:
写作特点：
The significance of the story lies in the revelation of the protagonist's introspective consciousness and his search for a reality that transcends temporal physical existence.
故事的意义在于揭示了主人公的内省意识和对超越时间物理存在的现实的追寻。
The author's ability to combine a highly cultured mind with a sensually affected heart is often regarded as one of his most original gifts.
作者将高度文明的思想与感性的心灵结合起来的能力常常被认为是他最原始的天赋之一。
⑰看不见的人
It is a story written by Ralph Ellison.
这是拉尔夫·埃里森写的一个故事。
Theme
主题:
Race is a constant subject of inquiry. The narrator most often confronts the idea of race through experiencing the racism of others.
种族是一个不断被探究的话题。叙述者最常通过经历他人的种族主义来面对种族观念。
However, the novel also explores the question of whether race might be an authentic marker of individual identity, outside the context of racism and other narratives imposed by others. The narrator quickly realizes that his blackness is highly significant,but cannot easily decipher what it should mean to him.It is the story of a young man searching for his identity, unsure about where to turn to define himself.
然而，小说还探讨了在种族主义和其他人强加的其他叙述的背景之外，种族是否可能是个人身份的真实标志的问题。叙述者很快意识到他的黑人身份非常重要，但却无法轻易解读这对他意味着什么。 这是一个年轻人寻找自己身份的故事，不知道该从哪里来定义自己。
The novel addresses many of the social and intellectual issues faced African-American in the early 20th century, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity. It is undoubtedly clear that the narrator's blackness comprises a large part of his identity, although this isn't something he has necessarily chosen. For others in the novel, it is simply convenient to define the narrator through his blackness.
这部小说探讨了20 世纪初非裔美国人面临的许多社会和知识问题，以及个性和个人身份问题。毫无疑问，叙述者的黑人身份构成了他身份的很大一部分，尽管这并不是他必然选择的。对于小说中的其他人来说，通过黑人来定义叙述者只是很方便。
Characterization
表征:
The unnamed narrator is intelligent, observant, and ambitious. He starts as an eager and hopeful young man, but as the story progresses, he becomes disillusioned and cynical due to the racism and social oppression heencounters.
这位不愿透露姓名的叙述者聪明、善于观察、雄心勃勃。一开始他是一个热切而充满希望的年轻人，但随着故事的进展，他因遭遇种族主义和社会压迫而变得幻灭和愤世嫉俗。
Plot
阴谋:
The “invisible man” is an educated young American black. The white people simply do not see him as a human being. The black boy attends a black college, then is expelled through no fault of his own, and finally drifts to Harlem.
“隐形人”是一位受过教育的美国黑人青年。白人根本不把他视为一个人。黑人男孩就读于黑人大学，然后因自身原因被开除，最后漂流到哈莱姆区。
There he assumes the leadership, by chance, in a struggle against afamily eviction. He attracts the attention of the local Communist Party, joins it,but later rebels against its discipline which is as unacceptable to him as the Black Nationalism he also encounters.
在那里，他偶然领导了一场反对家庭驱逐的斗争。他引起了当地共产党的注意，加入了它，但后来反抗了它的纪律，这对他来说是不可接受的，就像他也遇到的黑人民族主义一样。
At last he withdraws completely from society, living in a forgotten basement deep beneath an old New York apartment house.
最后，他完全退出了社会，住在纽约一栋旧公寓楼下一个被遗忘的地下室里。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
①Symbolism: Briefcase It represents his experience, what define him, the proof of his seeking for identity. He carries these items not only as literal but also as figurative baggage: as he runs, he drags along a burden of stereotypes and prejudices. He makes a metaphorical break with his past when he burns all of the items in it.The coin bank represents an exaggerated black figure that is excited to eat the coins that a white man gives him.
①象征意义：公文包它代表了他的经历，定义了他，代表了他寻求身份的证明。他不仅背负着这些东西，而且还背负着象征性的包袱：当他奔跑时，他背负着成见和偏见的重担。当他烧掉过去的所有物品时，他就与过去决裂了。硬币银行代表了一个夸张的黑人人物，他兴奋地吃着白人给他的硬币。
②The novel also incorporates elements of African American folklore and mythology, showcasing Ellison's skillful blending of different literary styles.
②小说还融入了非裔美国民间传说和神话的元素，展示了埃里森对不同文学风格的巧妙融合。
③The novel's strength lies mainly in its evocative combination of symbolism with the specific realistic detail of black experience in the United States. In effect it asks whether a society so inhuman as to render its black citizens invisible can truly be aware of any men and women. The message is despair, but the author's energy is so powerful that he makes the reader hopeful in spite of his own pessimism.
③这部小说的优点主要在于它将象征主义与美国黑人经历的具体现实细节相结合，令人回味。实际上，它问的是一个如此不人道以至于黑人公民被忽视的社会是否能够真正意识到任何男人和女人。传达的信息是绝望的，但作者的能量是如此强大，以至于尽管他自己很悲观，但他让读者充满希望。
④The concluding section of the book is important, particularly in view of the fact that when the narrator thus speaks for“you”--humanity at large, he transcends the physical limits of an African American individuality, becomes,all of a sudden, anyone, an Everyman, and his dilemma, thus generalized and magnified, assumes a universal magnitude.
④这本书的结论部分很重要，特别是考虑到这样一个事实：当叙述者这样为“你”——整个人类说话时，他超越了非裔美国人个体的身体限制，突然之间，任何人，一个普通人，他的困境，因此被普遍化和放大，呈现出普遍的规模。
⑤The formal and technical resourcefulness that the novel exhibits is simply amazing. It begins with a language more or less naturalistic, moves to something like expressionistic, and ends with a surrealistic texture.
⑤小说所展现的形式和技术上的足智多谋简直令人惊叹。它以或多或少自然主义的语言开始，逐渐过渡到表现主义的语言，最后以超现实主义的质感结束。
问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "Invisible Man"? What is the creative background of this work?
1、问： 《隐形人》的作者是谁？这部作品的创作背景是什么？
- Answer: The author of "Invisible Man" is Ralph Ellison.
- 答案：《隐形人》的作者是拉尔夫·埃里森。
This work was created during a period when racial issues were prominent in the United States. It was written against the background of reflecting the problems such as identity recognition, racial discrimination, and social oppression faced by blacks in American society.
这部作品创作于美国种族问题突出时期。它是在反映美国社会黑人面临的身份认同、种族歧视、社会压迫等问题的背景下写成的。
The purpose is to explore the survival dilemma of blacks and their pursuit of self-identity.
目的是探讨黑人的生存困境以及他们对自我认同的追求。
2. Question: What is the meaning of "invisibility" in the novel?
2.问：小说中的“隐形”是什么意思？
- Answer: In the novel, "invisibility" on one hand refers to the protagonist being ignored and marginalized in the white-dominated society, as if he does not exist. His voice, opinions, and existence are not recognized and seen by the white society.
- 答：小说中的“隐形”一方面是指主人公在白人主导的社会中被忽视、被边缘化，就好像他不存在一样。他的声音、观点、存在不被白人社会所认可和看到。
On the other hand, after experiencing a series of setbacks and hardships, the protagonist is also constantly exploring the "invisible" part of his heart. That is, during the process of his confusion about his identity and pursuit of self-worth, some of his thoughts and feelings inside are also hidden and not understood by others.
另一方面，在经历了一系列的挫折和磨难后，主人公也在不断探索自己内心“看不见”的部分。也就是说，在他对自己身份的迷茫和追求自我价值的过程中，他内心的一些想法和感受也被隐藏起来，不被别人理解。
3. Question: Please briefly describe the main plot of the novel.
3、问：请简单描述一下小说的主要情节。
- Answer: The novel tells the story of an unnamed young black man who travels from the south to the north and experiences a series of events such as studying at a black university, working in a factory, and joining the "Brotherhood".
- 答：小说讲述了一个无名的黑人青年从南方来到北方，经历了在黑人大学读书、在工厂打工、加入“兄弟会”等一系列事件的故事。
In different environments, he constantly encounters racial discrimination, deception, and betrayal. Gradually, he realizes his "invisible" state in society and begins to reflect on his identity and the meaning of life.
在不同的环境中，他不断遭遇种族歧视、欺骗、背叛。渐渐地，他意识到自己在社会中的“隐形”状态，并开始反思自己的身份和生命的意义。
Eventually, he hides in the basement and observes and thinks about society as an "invisible man".
最终，他躲在地下室，以“隐形人”的身份观察和思考社会。
4. Question: What kind of organization is the "Brotherhood" in the novel?
4、问：小说中的“兄弟会”是一个什么样的组织？
- Answer: At first, in the eyes of the protagonist, the "Brotherhood" is a progressive organization that fights for the rights of blacks and pursues equality.
- 答：首先，在主角眼中，“兄弟会”是一个为黑人争取权利、追求平等的进步组织。
However, as the story develops, the protagonist discovers that the "Brotherhood" is actually being used for political purposes. There are power struggles and hypocrisy within it. The so-called concept of seeking welfare for blacks is just a guise, and its members are more acting for their own interests.
然而，随着故事的发展，主角发现“兄弟会”实际上被用于政治目的。这里面有权力斗争和虚伪。所谓为黑人谋福利的理念只是一个幌子，其成员更多的是为了自身利益而行事。
5. Question: What important ideological transformations does the protagonist experience in the novel?
5、问：小说中主人公经历了哪些重要的思想转变？
- Answer: At first, the protagonist has certain illusions about white society and hopes that through his own efforts and obedience, he can gain recognition and success.
- 答：一开始，主角对白人社会抱有一定的幻想，希望通过自己的努力和服从，能够获得认可和成功。
But after experiencing events such as being used by the school principal, being bullied by white colleagues in the factory, and being betrayed in the "Brotherhood", he begins to doubt and criticize the values and systems of white society.
但在经历了被校长利用、工厂里被白人同事欺负、被“兄弟会”背叛等事件后，他开始怀疑和批判白人社会的价值观和制度。
Gradually, he realizes that he needs to find his own identity and value and no longer blindly caters to the expectations of white society.
渐渐地，他意识到自己需要找到自己的身份和价值，不再一味迎合白人社会的期望。
6. Question: What are some examples of the use of symbolism in the novel?
6. 问：小说中使用象征手法的例子有哪些？
- Answer: In the novel, the basement symbolizes the protagonist's inner world and his "invisible" state. It is a place where he hides from the outside world and thinks about life.
- 答：在小说中，地下室象征着主人公的内心世界和他“看不见”的状态。这是他躲避外界、思考人生的地方。
The strong light of the electric bulb symbolizes the oppression of white society and its control over blacks, making the protagonist feel dazzling and uncomfortable.
电灯泡的强烈光芒象征着白人社会的压迫和对黑人的控制，让主角感到刺眼、难受。
And the protagonist's black skin symbolizes his racial identity and is also one of the roots of his being discriminated against in white society.
而主角的黑色皮肤象征着他的种族身份，也是他在白人社会中受到歧视的根源之一。
7. Question: What is the connection between "Invisible Man" and the social reality of the United States at that time?
7、问： 《隐形人》与当时美国的社会现实有什么联系？
- Answer: This novel is closely connected with the serious social problems such as racial discrimination, class differentiation, and political corruption in American society at that time.
- 答：这部小说与当时美国社会的种族歧视、阶级分化、政治腐败等严重的社会问题密切相关。
It reveals the inequalities and dilemmas faced by blacks in education, employment, political participation, and other aspects, reflecting blacks' longing for freedom, equality, and dignity, as well as their struggles and resistance for survival and development in the white-dominated society.
它揭示了黑人在教育、就业、政治参与等方面面临的不平等和困境，反映了黑人对自由、平等、尊严的向往，以及在白人主导的社会中为生存和发展而进行的斗争和反抗。 。
8. Question: What are the characteristics of the narrative perspective of the novel?
8、问：小说的叙事视角有何特点？
- Answer: The novel adopts a first-person narrative perspective, enabling readers to penetrate into the protagonist's inner world and feel his confusion, pain, anger, and thinking.
- 答：小说采用第一人称叙事视角，让读者能够深入主人公的内心世界，感受他的困惑、痛苦、愤怒和思考。
This narrative perspective enhances the authenticity and appeal of the story, making it easier for readers to resonate with the protagonist.
这种叙事视角增强了故事的真实性和感染力，更容易让读者与主角产生共鸣。
At the same time, it also enables readers to understand the living conditions and psychological states of blacks in American society more comprehensively.
同时，也使读者能够更全面地了解美国社会黑人的生活状况和心理状态。
9. Question: Name one scene in the novel that impresses you the most and explain the reason.
9.问题：说出小说中给你印象最深的一个场景并解释原因。
- Answer: For example, the scene where the protagonist is maliciously attacked and insulted by white colleagues in the factory is impressive.
- 答：比如主角在工厂里被白人同事恶意攻击、侮辱的那一幕让人印象深刻。
The reason is that this scene vividly shows the cruel reality faced by blacks in the workplace. The discrimination and violence of whites against blacks are unprovoked and unscrupulous. This makes readers deeply feel the helplessness and pain of the protagonist and further reveals the seriousness and harmfulness of racial discrimination.
原因在于，这一幕生动地展现了黑人在职场中面临的残酷现实。白人对黑人的歧视和暴力是无端的、不择手段的。这让读者深深感受到主人公的无奈和痛苦，进一步揭示了种族歧视的严重性和危害性。
10. Question: What is the significance of the ending of the novel?
10.问：小说的结局有何意义？
- Answer: At the end of the novel, the protagonist hides in the basement and becomes a real "invisible man".
- 答：小说最后，主角躲进地下室，成为真正的“隐形人”。
This not only means his complete disappointment and escape from white society but also symbolizes that he begins to think independently about his life and identity and is no longer affected by the outside world.
这不仅意味着他对白人社会的彻底失望和逃离，也象征着他开始独立思考自己的生活和身份，不再受到外界的影响。
At the same time, this ending also leaves room for readers to think, making readers think about the future and way out of blacks and how to solve the racial problem in American society.
同时，这个结局也给读者留下了思考的空间，让读者思考黑人的未来和出路，以及如何解决美国社会的种族问题。
论述题
发言题
1. Essay Question: Analyze the influence of racial discrimination on the protagonist's identity recognition in "Invisible Man".
1、问答题：分析《隐形人》中种族歧视对主人公身份认同的影响。
- Answer: In "Invisible Man", racial discrimination has an extremely profound impact on the protagonist's identity recognition.
- 答：在《隐形人》中，种族歧视对主角的身份认知有着极其深刻的影响。
From the external environment, discrimination against blacks by white society is everywhere. Whether in education, employment, or daily life, the protagonist feels strong inequality. At school, the principal uses the protagonist for the interests of whites, making him doubt the equality and justice advocated by the school. When working in the factory, the malicious attacks and insults from white colleagues make him realize that in the eyes of whites, he is only a lowly existence. This external discrimination makes the protagonist feel that his identity is degraded and negated.
从外部环境来看，白人社会对黑人的歧视无处不在。无论是在教育、就业还是日常生活中，主人公都感受到了强烈的不平等。在学校里，校长利用主角为白人谋取利益，让他对学校所倡导的平等和正义产生了怀疑。在工厂工作时，白人同事的恶意攻击和侮辱让他意识到，在白人眼中，自己只是一个卑微的存在。这种外在的歧视让主角感到自己的身份被贬低、被否定。
From the inner level, racial discrimination leads to the protagonist's confusion and contradiction about his racial identity. On one hand, he is proud of his black skin because it is his cultural root and family inheritance. On the other hand, he is discriminated against because of his black skin, which makes him have an aversion and evasive psychology towards his identity. This inner contradiction makes the protagonist constantly struggle on the road of identity recognition.
从内心层面来说，种族歧视导致了主人公对其种族身份的困惑和矛盾。一方面，他为自己的黑皮肤感到自豪，因为这是他的文化根源和家族传承。另一方面，他因为黑皮肤而受到歧视，这让他对自己的身份产生了厌恶和回避的心理。这种内心的矛盾使得主人公在身份认同的道路上不断挣扎。
He tries to find an identity that can maintain his racial characteristics and be accepted by white society, but he never succeeds. Until finally, the protagonist hides in the basement and becomes an "invisible man". This is both his resistance to white society and a helpless choice in the dilemma of identity recognition.
他试图寻找一种既能保持自己的种族特征又能被白人社会接受的身份，但他从未成功。直到最后，主角躲进地下室，成为“隐形人”。这既是他对白人社会的反抗，也是身份认同困境下的无奈选择。
2. Essay Question: Discuss the protagonist's growth process in "Invisible Man" and its revelation of the theme.
2、论述题：讨论《隐形人》中主人公的成长过程及其对主题的揭示。
- Answer: The protagonist's growth process can be divided into several stages.
- 答：主角的成长过程可以分为几个阶段。
At first, he is an innocent and hopeful young black man who believes that through his own efforts, he can succeed in white society. He studies hard and is admitted to a black university, hoping to use it as a springboard to enter the mainstream of white society.
起初，他是一个天真的、充满希望的黑人青年，相信通过自己的努力，他可以在白人社会取得成功。他努力学习，考入了一所黑人大学，希望以此为跳板，进入白人社会主流。
However, during his college years, he is used by the school principal and becomes a tool for the school to show "racial harmony", which makes him begin to doubt the values of white society.
然而，在大学期间，他被校长利用，成为学校展现“种族和谐”的工具，这让他开始怀疑白人社会的价值观。
Later, he comes to work in a factory in the north, where he is bullied and discriminated against by white colleagues, which makes him have a deeper understanding of the cruel reality of white society.
后来，他来到北方的一家工厂工作，受到白人同事的欺凌和歧视，这让他对白人社会的残酷现实有了更深刻的认识。
After that, he joins the "Brotherhood". At first, he thinks he has found an organization that fights for the rights of blacks, but he finds that the "Brotherhood" is full of power struggles and hypocrisy. After these experiences, the protagonist gradually grows into a person with independent thinking ability. He begins to reflect on his identity and the meaning of life. He realizes the hypocrisy and injustice of white society and also realizes that he can no longer blindly cater to the expectations of white society.
之后，他加入了“兄弟会”。起初，他以为自己找到了一个为黑人权利而战的组织，但他发现“兄弟会”充满了权力斗争和虚伪。经过这些经历，主角逐渐成长为一个具有独立思考能力的人。他开始反思自己的身份和生命的意义。他认识到白人社会的虚伪和不公正，也认识到自己不能再一味迎合白人社会的期望。
Eventually, he hides in the basement and observes and thinks about society as an "invisible man".
最终，他躲在地下室，以“隐形人”的身份观察和思考社会。
The protagonist's growth process reveals the theme of the novel, that is, the survival dilemma of blacks in American society and their pursuit of self-identity.
主人公的成长过程揭示了小说的主题，即黑人在美国社会中的生存困境和对自我认同的追求。
Through the protagonist's experiences, the novel reveals the harm of racial discrimination to blacks and how blacks find their identity and value in this dilemma. At the same time, it also expresses the author's criticism of American society and his thinking about the future of blacks.
小说通过主人公的经历，揭示了种族歧视对黑人的危害以及黑人如何在这种困境中找到自己的身份和价值。同时也表达了作者对美国社会的批判和对黑人未来的思考。
3. Essay Question: What role does the use of symbolism in "Invisible Man" play in expressing the theme of the novel?
3.问答题： 《隐形人》中象征主义的运用对于表达小说主题起什么作用？
- Answer: Symbolism plays a crucial role in "Invisible Man" and has a profound impact on expressing the theme of the novel.
- 答：象征主义在《隐形人》中起着至关重要的作用，对小说主题的表达产生了深远的影响。
First of all, the basement is one of the most important symbols in the novel. The basement symbolizes the protagonist's inner world and his "invisible" state. When the protagonist hides in the basement, it means his escape from white society and his exploration of self-identity. The darkness, dampness, and closure of the basement form a sharp contrast with the brightness, prosperity, and openness of white society, highlighting the protagonist's loneliness and helplessness in white society.
首先，地下室是小说中最重要的符号之一。地下室象征着主人公的内心世界和他“看不见”的状态。当主人公躲进地下室时，意味着他对白人社会的逃离和对自我认同的探索。地下室的黑暗、潮湿、封闭与白人社会的明亮、繁荣、开放形成了鲜明的对比，凸显了主人公在白人社会中的孤独和无助。
Secondly, the strong light of the electric bulb symbolizes the oppression of white society and its control over blacks. In the novel, the protagonist mentions many times that the strong light of the electric bulb makes him feel dazzling and uncomfortable, which symbolizes the restraint and oppression of the values and systems of white society on blacks. The strong light of the electric bulb also represents the false and superficial prosperity of white society, and the protagonist's "invisibility" under the strong light reveals the hypocrisy and injustice of white society.
其次，电灯泡的强光象征着白人社会对黑人的压迫和控制。小说中，主人公多次提到电灯泡的强光让他感到刺眼、难受，象征着白人社会的价值观和制度对黑人的束缚和压迫。电灯泡的强光也代表了白人社会的虚假和肤浅的繁荣，而主角在强光下的“隐形”则揭示了白人社会的虚伪和不公正。
Finally, the protagonist's black skin is also a symbol. It represents the protagonist's racial identity and cultural root. Black skin is both the root of the protagonist's being discriminated against and an important clue for him to find his self-identity. In the novel, the protagonist constantly thinks about his black skin and tries to understand its meaning and value, which reflects the confusion and exploration of blacks about their racial identity in white society.
最后，主角的黑皮肤也是一个象征。它代表了主人公的种族身份和文化根源。黑皮肤既是主角受到歧视的根源，也是他寻找自我认同的重要线索。小说中，主人公不断思考自己的黑色皮肤，并试图理解其意义和价值，反映了白人社会中黑人对其种族身份的困惑和探索。
4. Essay Question: Combining "Invisible Man", discuss the exploration of racial issues in American literature and its significance.
4.论述题：结合《隐形人》，讨论美国文学中对种族问题的探索及其意义。
- Answer: "Invisible Man" is a classic work in the exploration of racial issues in American literature. Through the protagonist's experiences, it deeply reveals the problems such as racial discrimination and class differentiation in American society and the huge impact these problems have on the lives and psychology of blacks.
- 答：《隐形人》是美国文学探索种族问题的经典之作。通过主人公的经历，深刻揭示了美国社会的种族歧视、阶级分化等问题以及这些问题对黑人生活和心理的巨大影响。
The exploration of racial issues in American literature has important significance.
探讨美国文学中的种族问题具有重要意义。
First of all, it helps people understand the history and reality of American society more deeply. Racial issues are an important issue in American history and have had a profound impact on the development of American society. Through the exploration of racial issues in literary works, people can more clearly understand the complexity and diversity of American society and the importance of racial issues in it.
首先，它有助于人们更深入地了解美国社会的历史和现实。种族问题是美国历史上的重要问题，对美国社会的发展产生了深远影响。通过对文学作品中种族问题的探索，人们可以更加清晰地认识美国社会的复杂性和多样性以及种族问题在其中的重要性。
Secondly, the exploration of racial issues can promote social progress and change. Literary works have powerful influence. They can arouse people's resonance and thinking and stimulate people's attention and reflection on social issues. The revelation of racial issues in works such as "Invisible Man" prompts people to reflect on the racial system and values of American society and promotes the civil rights movement and the process of racial equality in American society.
其次，对种族问题的探索可以推动社会的进步和变革。文学作品具有强大的影响力。它们能够引起人们的共鸣和思考，激发人们对社会问题的关注和反思。 《隐形人》等作品对种族问题的揭露促使人们反思美国社会的种族制度和价值观，推动了美国社会的民权运动和种族平等进程。
Finally, the exploration of racial issues also enriches the connotation and value of American literature. Racial issues are an important theme in American literature.
最后，对种族问题的探索也丰富了美国文学的内涵和价值。种族问题是美国文学的一个重要主题。
⑱所罗门之歌
It is a novel written by Toni Morrison.
这是托妮·莫里森写的小说。
Theme:
主题：
racism: It's important to note that there are almost no white characters in the story. But white racism is a real thing in the novel. And it's an offstagepresence, a terrifying monster that affects how the Black characters talk, think,and behave. Morrison is concerned with the way white culture shapes andimprisons Black culture, and the way that white racism can cause Black people tobe racist to other Black people -in other words, how Black people internalize
种族主义：值得注意的是，故事中几乎没有白人角色。但白人种族主义在小说中却是真实存在的。这是一个舞台外的存在，一个可怕的怪物，影响着黑人角色的说话、思考和行为。莫里森关心白人文化塑造和禁锢黑人文化的方式，以及白人种族主义如何导致黑人对其他黑人的种族主义——换句话说，黑人如何内化
racism.
种族主义。
identity:The novel delves into the quest for self-identity and self-discovery,particularly through the experiences of the protagonist, Milkman Dead.Itexamines the search for personal history, cultural heritage, and individualpurpose. This novel not only exposes the evils of racial discrimination but also thecorruption of human nature among the black. At the same time, this novel is aeulogy of the black people's pride and dignity in the search of freedom and happiness.
身份：小说深入探讨了对自我认同和自我发现的追求，特别是通过主人公“送奶工死亡”的经历。它审视了对个人历史、文化遗产和个人目的的追寻。这部小说不仅揭露了种族歧视的罪恶，也揭露了黑人人性的败坏。同时，这部小说也是对黑人追求自由和幸福的骄傲和尊严的讴歌。
Characterization:
特性描述：
Milkman Dead is a selfish, indifferent and coward man who loses the meaning of existence. Thus he tends to escape from reality and is unwillingtake responsibility for anything. He undergoes a transformative journeythroughout the novel. Initially disconnected from his cultural roots and familyhistory, he embarks on a search for identity, leading him to discover his heritageand reconcile with his past.
送奶工死了是一个自私、冷漠、懦弱的人，失去了存在的意义。因此他倾向于逃避现实，不愿意为任何事情承担责任。在整部小说中，他经历了一段变革之旅。最初与他的文化根源和家族历史脱节，他开始寻找身份，引导他发现他的遗产并与他的过去和解。
Pilate Dead: Milkman's enigmatic aunt, Pilate, is a powerful and independentfigure. She represents wisdom, resilience, and spirituality. Pilate's unique physicalcharacteristic, the lack of a navel, symbolizes her freedom from societal
彼拉多之死：送奶工的神秘姨妈彼拉多是一位强大而独立的人物。她代表着智慧、坚韧和灵性。彼拉多独特的身体特征，即没有肚脐，象征着她脱离社会的自由
conventions and her nonconformist nature.
惯例和她不墨守成规的天性。
Guitar Bains: Milkman's best friend, Guitar, serves as a foil to Milkman's character.
吉他贝恩斯：送奶人最好的朋友吉他，是送奶人性格的陪衬。
He is fiercely dedicated to his community and seeks justice for racial oppression.However, his radical beliefs lead him down a destructive path,highlighting the dangers of extremism.
他热衷于自己的社区，并为种族压迫寻求正义。然而，他的激进信仰使他走上了一条破坏性的道路，凸显了极端主义的危险。
Plot:
阴谋：
The story focuses on the black protagonist Milkman's search for his identity in society. He was born in a small town in Michigans.His father was a rich estateagent. Instigated by him, Milkman went to his aunt's house to steal a bag of goldwhich his father and his aunt had discovered in a cave more than twenty yearsbefore. But there was no gold but human bones in the bag. Urged by his father,Milkman went to the South to look for the lost gold. He did not find the gold, but
故事主要讲述黑人主角送奶工寻找自己的社会身份。他出生在密歇根州的一个小镇。他的父亲是一位富有的房地产经纪人。在他的怂恿下，送奶人到姨妈家偷了一袋金子，那是二十多年前父亲和姨妈在山洞里发现的。但袋子里并没有金子，只有人骨。在父亲的催促下，送牛奶人前往南方寻找丢失的黄金。他没有找到金子，但是
he discovered the whole history of his family of four generations.
他发现了他家族四代人的全部历史。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
With its energy, poetic language, its blend of fantasy and realism, its striking use of folklore and myth, this novel creates a form and a voicecapable of rendering the contradictory nuance of black people.
这部小说以其活力、诗意的语言、幻想与现实主义的融合、对民间传说和神话的引人注目的运用，创造了一种能够呈现黑人矛盾的细微差别的形式和声音。
Morrison manages to achieve her theme by employing folk myths and legend standoori magic realism to sing praises of the long history and civilization of theAfrican American and expose the evils and crimes of racism.
莫里森运用民间神话传说和魔幻现实主义的手法，讴歌非裔美国人悠久的历史和文明，揭露种族主义的罪恶和罪恶，从而实现了她的主题。
Magical Realism: Morrison incorporates elements of magical realism into thenarrative, blurring the boundaries between the supernatural and the real. Thistechnique adds depth and symbolism to the story.
魔幻现实主义：莫里森将魔幻现实主义的元素融入到叙事中，模糊了超自然与现实之间的界限。这种技巧增加了故事的深度和象征意义。
Symbolism: It begins and ends with images of flight, and abounds with allusions toflying throughout its pages. The “flight” the opens the book is a failure: Smith triesto fly away from Mercy Hospital, but winds up killing himself. This episode with Smith suggests the imprisonment of Black Americans: their segregation from therest of the country; their poverty, arising from racism and oppression; and ofcourse their ancestors' kidnapping from Africa. Milkman falls into despair as asmall child when he realizes that he cannot fly away; in other words, that he'simprisoned in his community and his family. As the story progresses,Milkman will achieve“flight”- freedom, escape - but also revise his definition of what flight can be.
象征意义：它以飞行的图像开始和结束，并且在整个页面中充满了飞行的暗示。本书开头的“飞行”失败了：史密斯试图飞离慈善医院，但最终自杀了。史密斯的这一集暗示了美国黑人的监禁：他们与国家其他地区的隔离；他们的贫困源于种族主义和压迫；当然还有他们的祖先从非洲被绑架的事件。当送奶人还是个小孩子时，当他意识到自己无法飞走时，他陷入了绝望；换句话说，他被囚禁在他的社区和家庭中。随着故事的进展，送牛奶人将实现“飞行”——自由、逃脱——但也会修改他对飞行的定义。
Powerful Imagery: Morrison's writing is characterized by vivid descriptions andsensory imagery, bringing the settings and characters to life.
强大的意象：莫里森的写作特点是生动的描述和感官意象，使场景和人物栩栩如生。
Layered Narratives: The novel employs multiple perspectives and flashbacksequences, weaving together past and present to create a multilayered narrative structure.
分层叙事：小说采用了多种视角和倒叙序列，将过去和现在交织在一起，创造了一个多层的叙事结构。
问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "Song of Solomon"?
1.问：《所罗门之歌》的作者是谁？
- Answer: The author of "Song of Solomon" is Toni Morrison. She is a famous African American female writer. In 1993, she won the Nobel Prize in Literature and has made important contributions to American literature and world literature.
- 答案：《所罗门之歌》的作者是托妮·莫里森。她是著名的非裔美国女作家。 1993年获得诺贝尔文学奖，为美国文学和世界文学做出了重要贡献。
2. Question: What is the theme of this novel?
2.问：这本小说的主题是什么？
- Answer: The theme of this novel is rich and diverse, including black identity and root-seeking, race relations, family and kinship, personal growth and self-discovery, gender roles, etc. It explores how blacks in American society find their cultural roots and identity, and how they achieve self-worth and growth in a racially discriminatory environment.
- 答：这部小说的主题丰富多样，包括黑人身份与寻根、种族关系、家庭与亲情、个人成长与自我发现、性别角色等，探讨美国社会中的黑人如何寻找自己的文化根源和身份，以及他们如何在种族歧视的环境中实现自我价值和成长。
3. Question: Who is the protagonist of the novel?
3.问：小说的主人公是谁？
- Answer: The protagonist of the novel is Milkman Dead. The story mainly unfolds around his growth experience and root-seeking journey.
- 答案：小说的主角是《送奶工之死》。故事主要围绕他的成长经历和寻根之旅展开。
4. Question: What is the meaning of the title "Song of Solomon"?
4. 问：《所罗门之歌》的标题是什么意思？
- Answer: "Song of Solomon" originally refers to the "Song of Songs" in the Bible. In the novel, it has multiple meanings. On the one hand, it symbolizes the ancient legends and spiritual inheritance in black culture, representing blacks' longing for freedom, equality and a better life. On the other hand, it also implies the true meaning of life and spiritual sublimation that the protagonist Milkman gradually realizes in the process of seeking himself and his family roots.
- 答：“所罗门之歌”原指圣经中的“雅歌”。在小说中，它有多重含义。一方面，它象征着黑人文化中古老的传说和精神传承，代表着黑人对自由、平等和美好生活的向往。另一方面，也寓意着主人公奶娃在寻根、寻根的过程中逐渐领悟的生命真谛和精神升华。
5. Question: What is Milkman's growth experience in the novel?
5.问：小说中奶娃的成长经历是怎样的？
- Answer: At first, Milkman is a selfish, indifferent young man driven by material desires. After learning the family secrets and legends, he embarks on a root-seeking journey. In this process, he experiences many difficulties and challenges, gradually realizes his responsibilities and missions, and begins to understand and respect black culture and traditions, finally achieving self-growth and transformation.
- 答：起初，送奶人是一个自私、冷漠、受物欲驱使的年轻人。在得知家族秘密和传说后，他踏上了寻根之旅。在这个过程中，他经历了许多困难和挑战，逐渐认识到自己的责任和使命，并开始理解和尊重黑人文化和传统，最终实现自我成长和转变。
6. Question: How is the racial issue reflected in the novel?
6.问：小说中如何体现种族问题？
- Answer: In the novel, racial issues are deeply reflected by describing the unequal status of blacks in society, the discrimination and oppression they suffer, and the conflicts and contradictions between blacks and whites. For example, the poverty of black communities, the difficulties of blacks in employment and education, and the prejudice and hostility of whites towards blacks.
- 答：小说中通过描写黑人在社会中的不平等地位、遭受的歧视和压迫以及黑人和白人之间的冲突和矛盾，深刻地反映了种族问题。比如黑人社区的贫困、黑人就业和教育的困难、白人对黑人的偏见和敌意等。
7. Question: What are the characteristics of female characters in the novel?
7、问：小说中的女性人物有什么特点？
- Answer: The female characters in the novel are rich and diverse. They are strong, brave, and independent, and at the same time full of maternal love and wisdom. For example, Milkman's mother, Ruth, raises her child alone in a difficult living environment and shows tenacious qualities. And Pilate, Milkman's aunt, is a mysterious and powerful woman who has an important influence on Milkman's growth.
- 答：小说中的女性人物形象丰富多样。她们坚强、勇敢、独立，同时又充满母爱和智慧。比如送奶人的母亲露丝，在艰苦的生活环境中独自抚养孩子，表现出了顽强的品质。而送奶人的姨妈彼拉多是一位神秘而强大的女性，对送奶人的成长有着重要的影响。
8. Question: What are the characteristics of the narrative structure of the novel?
8、问：小说的叙事结构有何特点？
- Answer: The narrative structure of the novel is unique. It adopts a nonlinear narrative method, interweaving the past, present and future. The story shuttles through different times and spaces, and gradually reveals the family's history and secrets through memories, legends and dreams, enabling readers to understand the theme and characters of the novel more comprehensively.
- 答：小说的叙事结构独特。它采用非线性叙事方式，将过去、现在和未来交织在一起。故事穿梭于不同的时空，通过记忆、传说和梦境逐步揭开家族的历史和秘密，让读者更全面地理解小说的主题和人物。
9. Question: What are the applications of symbolic techniques in the novel?
9. 问：小说中运用了哪些象征手法？
- Answer: The novel uses a large number of symbolic techniques. For example, flight is an important symbol in the novel. It represents freedom, escape and the pursuit of dreams. In the legend of Milkman's ancestor Solomon, his ability to fly symbolizes blacks' longing and pursuit of freedom. In addition, names, colors, objects, etc. in the novel all have symbolic meanings. For example, the name "Milkman" symbolizes his naivety and immaturity, while "golden" symbolizes wealth and power.
- 答：小说运用了大量的象征手法。例如，飞行是小说中的一个重要象征。它代表着自由、逃避和对梦想的追求。在送奶人祖先所罗门的传说中，他的飞翔能力象征着黑人对自由的向往和追求。此外，小说中的名字、颜色、物体等都具有象征意义。例如，“送奶工”这个名字象征着他的天真和不成熟，而“金”则象征着财富和权力。
10. Question: What is the contribution of "Song of Solomon" to American literature?
10.问：《所罗门之歌》对美国文学有何贡献？
- Answer: "Song of Solomon" has made great contributions to American literature. It has added a unique black perspective to American literature and enriched the themes and expressions of American literature. With her exquisite narrative skills and profound ideological connotations, Morrison has shown the unique charm and value of black culture and has played an important role in promoting the diversified development of American literature.
- 答：《所罗门之歌》对美国文学做出了巨大贡献。它为美国文学增添了独特的黑人视角，丰富了美国文学的主题和表现形式。莫里森以其精湛的叙事技巧和深刻的思想内涵展现了黑人文化的独特魅力和价值，为推动美国文学的多元化发展发挥了重要作用。
论述题
发言题
1. Essay question: Analyze the theme of black identity and root-seeking in "Song of Solomon".
1、问答题：分析《所罗门之歌》中黑人身份和寻根的主题。
- Answer: In "Song of Solomon", black identity and root-seeking are one of the core themes. Blacks in American society have always been facing the dilemma of identity. They have been deprived of their own cultural traditions and history and are forced to accept the culture and values of whites. The protagonist Milkman in the novel is initially confused and puzzled about his black identity. He doesn't know who he is or where his roots are. However, in the process of root-seeking, he gradually learns about his family's history and culture and begins to recognize and accept his black identity again. For example, through communicating with his aunt Pilate, he learns about the family's legends and stories, which become important clues for him to find himself. At the same time, the novel also describes other black characters' pursuit of identity. They look for their cultural roots in various ways and try to find their own place in a society dominated by whites. This description of identity and root-seeking reflects the living conditions and spiritual pursuits of blacks in American society and also expresses the author's respect and praise for black culture.
- 答：在《所罗门之歌》中，黑人身份和寻根是核心主题之一。美国社会的黑人一直面临着身份的困境。他们被剥夺了自己的文化传统和历史，被迫接受白人的文化和价值观。小说中的主人公送奶人最初对自己的黑人身份感到困惑和不解。他不知道自己是谁，也不知道自己的根在哪里。然而，在寻根的过程中，他逐渐了解了家族的历史和文化，并开始重新认识和接受自己的黑人身份。比如，通过与姨妈彼拉多的交流，他了解了这个家族的传说和故事，这些成为他寻找自我的重要线索。同时，小说还描写了其他黑人人物对身份的追求。他们以各种方式寻找自己的文化根源，试图在白人主导的社会中找到自己的位置。这种对身份和寻根的描述，反映了美国社会黑人的生存状况和精神追求，也表达了作者对黑人文化的尊重和赞美。
2. Essay question: Discuss the family and kinship relationships in "Song of Solomon".
2.论述题：讨论《雅歌》中的家庭和亲属关系。
- Answer: Family and kinship relationships occupy an important position in "Song of Solomon". The family relationships in the novel are complex and diverse, with both warm kinship and contradictions and conflicts. The relationship between Milkman and his parents and aunt is one of the important clues in the novel. His father is a selfish and indifferent person and lacks communication and understanding with Milkman. His mother Ruth is a gentle and kind woman, and her love for Milkman is deep and selfless. Aunt Pilate is an important guide in Milkman's growth process. Her strength and wisdom have a profound impact on Milkman. In addition, the novel also describes the relationships between other family members, such as competition and
- 答：家庭和亲属关系在《所罗门之歌》中占有重要地位。小说中的家庭关系复杂多样，既有温馨的亲情，也有矛盾冲突。送奶人与父母、姑妈的关系是小说的重要线索之一。他的父亲是一个自私、冷漠的人，与送奶工缺乏沟通和理解。他的母亲露丝是一位温柔善良的女人，她对送奶工的爱深沉而无私。彼拉多阿姨是送奶人成长过程中的重要引导者。她的力量和智慧对送奶人产生了深远的影响。此外，小说还描写了其他家庭成员之间的关系，例如竞争和关系。cooperation between siblings and mutual help and support among relatives. These family and kinship relationships not only show the characteristics and cultural traditions of black families but also reflect the common emotions and needs of humanity. Through the description of family and kinship relationships, the author expresses her emphasis on family and care for humanity and also reveals the important role of family in personal growth and social development.
兄弟姐妹之间的合作，亲戚之间的互相帮助和支持。这些家庭和亲属关系不仅展现了黑人家庭的特征和文化传统，也反映了人类的共同情感和需求。作者通过对家庭、亲情关系的描写，表达了作者对家庭的重视和对人性的关怀，也揭示了家庭在个人成长和社会发展中的重要作用。
3. Essay question: Analyze the artistic features of "Song of Solomon" from the perspective of narrative techniques.
3、论述题：从叙事手法的角度分析《所罗门之歌》的艺术特色。
- Answer: The narrative techniques of "Song of Solomon" are unique and have high artistic value. First of all, the novel adopts a nonlinear narrative method, breaking the time sequence and plot development mode of traditional novels. The author interweaves the past, present and future through memories, legends and dreams, enabling readers to understand the theme and characters of the novel more comprehensively. This narrative method not only increases the mystery and attraction of the novel but also enables readers to think more deeply about the meaning of time, history and life. Secondly, the characterization in the novel is delicate and vivid. The author shows the personality characteristics and inner world of the characters through the description of their language, behavior and psychology. For example, Milkman's selfishness, indifference and confusion, and Pilate's strength, courage and wisdom all leave a deep impression on readers. In addition, the novel also uses a large number of symbolic techniques and metaphors, making the theme of the novel more profound and implicit. For example, the symbolic meaning of flight and the symbolic meaning of colors all add rich connotations and artistic charm to the novel. In short, the narrative techniques of "Song of Solomon" are unique, the characterization is delicate, and the symbolic techniques are skillfully used. These artistic features make the novel a classic of American literature.
- 答：《所罗门之歌》的叙事手法独特，具有很高的艺术价值。首先，小说采用非线性叙事方式，打破了传统小说的时间顺序和情节发展模式。作者通过记忆、传说和梦境将过去、现在和未来交织在一起，让读者更全面地理解小说的主题和人物。这种叙事方式不仅增加了小说的神秘感和吸引力，也让读者能够更加深入地思考时间、历史和人生的意义。其次，小说人物塑造细腻、生动。作者通过对人物语言、行为、心理的描写，展现了人物的性格特征和内心世界。比如送奶人的自私、冷漠和迷茫，彼拉多的力量、勇气和智慧，都给读者留下了深刻的印象。此外，小说还运用了大量的象征手法和隐喻，使小说的主题更加深刻和含蓄。例如，飞行的象征意义、色彩的象征意义，都为小说增添了丰富的内涵和艺术魅力。总之，《所罗门之歌》的叙事手法独特，人物塑造细腻，象征手法运用巧妙。这些艺术特色使这部小说成为美国文学的经典之作。
4. Essay question: The role and significance of female characters in "Song of Solomon".
4、论述题：《所罗门之歌》中女性角色的作用和意义。
- Answer: In "Song of Solomon", female characters have important roles and significance. First of all, female characters are important carriers of black cultural inheritance. The females in the novel, such as Pilate, adhere to the family's traditions and culture and pass on the family's history and legends, making important contributions to the continuation of black culture. Secondly, female characters are important guides for male growth. During Milkman's growth process, he is influenced and inspired by his aunt Pilate. Her strength, courage and wisdom become examples for Milkman to learn from and help him gradually grow into a responsible and accountable person. In addition, female characters also show the independence and
- 答：在《所罗门之歌》中，女性角色具有重要的作用和意义。首先，女性角色是黑人文化传承的重要载体。小说中的彼拉多等女性坚守家族的传统和文化，传承家族的历史和传说，为黑人文化的延续做出了重要贡献。其次，女性角色是男性成长的重要引导者。在送奶人的成长过程中，他受到姑姑彼拉多的影响和启发。她的坚强、勇气和智慧成为奶娃学习的榜样，帮助他逐渐成长为一个有责任心、有担当的人。此外，女性角色也表现出独立性和独立性。autonomy of black women. When facing difficulties such as racial discrimination and gender discrimination, they are indomitable and bravely pursue their own happiness and freedom, setting an example for black women. In short, the female characters in "Song of Solomon" not only enrich the content and plot of the novel but also show the unique charm and value of black women and play an important role in the theme and characterization of the novel.
黑人妇女的自主权。在面临种族歧视、性别歧视等困难时，她们不屈不挠，勇敢追求自己的幸福和自由，为黑人女性树立了榜样。总之，《所罗门之歌》中的女性角色不仅丰富了小说的内容和情节，而且展现了黑人女性独特的魅力和价值，对小说的主题和人物塑造发挥了重要作用。
⑲献给艾米莉的玫瑰
"A Rose for Emily" is a short story written by William Faulkner.
《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》是威廉·福克纳的短篇小说。
Theme:
主题：
The story expresses Faulkner's theme of the confrontation of the old South and the civilized modern society. Emily is in collision with the industrialized and mechanized society by clinging to the past and alienating herself from the modern society, which makes her a tragic victim.
故事表达了福克纳旧南方与文明现代社会对抗的主题。艾米丽固守过去、疏远现代社会，与工业化、机械化社会发生碰撞，成为悲剧性的受害者。
Characterization:
特性描述：
The central character is Emily Grierson. She is a symbol of old South and the prisoner of the past. First, she depends on her father for traditionaldominance of father in a family. Second, she was eccentric in refusing to accept the passage of time and inevitable social changes by refusing to pay taxes, buying poison and offering no explanation and refusing to cooperate with modern postalservice. Third, Emily's personality is deformed. Her attempt to cling to the past makes her kill Homer in order to keep him.
中心人物是艾米丽·格里尔森。她是旧南方的象征，也是过去的囚徒。首先，她依赖父亲来维持家庭中父亲的传统主导地位。其次，她古怪地拒绝接受时间的流逝和不可避免的社会变革，拒绝纳税，购买毒药，不提供任何解释，拒绝与现代邮政服务合作。第三，艾米丽的性格畸形。她试图坚持过去，这使得她杀死了荷马以留住他。
Plot:
阴谋：
The story is set in the southern town of Jefterson in Yoknapatawpha County.
故事发生在约克纳帕塔法县南部小镇杰弗森。
Emily Grierson, the protagonist, has been twisted in personality by forces beyondher control. Dominated by her aristocratic father, she has been prevented frommarrying and after his death she is left alone and penniless. She kills her loverHomer Barron in order to keep him with her. She does not accept change of thetime and alienates herself from the community. She is insane and her actions grotesque, but she is a victim, a tragic woman who invites sympathy.
主角艾米丽·格里尔森的性格因她无法控制的力量而扭曲。在她的贵族父亲的控制下，她被禁止结婚，父亲死后，她孤身一人，身无分文。她杀死了她的情人霍默·巴伦，以便让他留在她身边。她不接受时代的变化，与社会疏远。她是个疯子，行为怪诞，但她是一个受害者，一个值得同情的悲剧女人。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
①Use of narrator “we": It is used as the narrator, who speaks for the community orthe town people in general. Faulkner adopts this narrative technique in order toshow that for all her eccentricities, Emily is not an isolated freak with no relationto human being in general or her community in particular; she is rather linked tothe community and forms part of it. Besides, this narrative technique creates a sense of intimacy and involvement in the events of the story.
①叙述者“我们”的使用：它被用作叙述者，为社区或一般镇上的人们说话。福克纳采用这种叙述技巧是为了表明，尽管艾米丽有种种古怪，但她并不是一个与人类无关的孤立怪胎。总体而言，尤其是她的社区；她与社区有相当的联系，并构成了社区的一部分，此外，这种叙事技巧创造了一种亲密感和对故事事件的参与感。
②Manipulation of time: The whole story is a portrait of Emily's refusal to change.
②操纵时间：整个故事就是艾米丽拒绝改变的写照。
Faulkner constantly shifts the focus of attention to the retrospect of her life byway of flashbacks. The displacement in the chronological time helps reinforceone of the themes the relation of the individual and his action to the past,present, and future. And this fragmented structure creates suspense and invites the reader to piece together the story.
福克纳不断地通过倒叙的方式将注意力转移到她的人生回顾上。按时间顺序排列的时间位移有助于强化主题之一：个人及其行为与过去、现在和未来的关系。这种支离破碎的结构创造了悬念，并邀请读者将故事拼凑起来。
③Faulkner makes best use of the Gothic devices in narration to dramatize Emily's deformed personality and abnormality in her relationship with her sweetheart.
③福克纳在叙述中充分利用了哥特式的手法，戏剧性地表现了艾米丽畸形的人格以及她与心上人的不正常关系。
④Symbolism is another prominent feature of the story.
④象征主义是故事的另一个显着特点。
The decaying house, the dusty interior, and the faded elegance of Emily's surroundings serve as symbols of the dying Southern aristocracy.
破败的房屋、尘土飞扬的内部空间以及艾米丽周围环境的褪色优雅，成为垂死的南方贵族的象征。
Emily as "the fallen monument " is the symbol of tradition, the old South and old way of life, while gin and gasoline pumps,taxes, postal service are symbols of mechanized and civilized modern society.
艾米丽作为“倒下的纪念碑”是传统、老南方和旧生活方式的象征，而杜松子酒和汽油泵、税收、邮政则是机械化和文明的现代社会的象征。
Rose is associated with love, but here "a dead rotten love." It shows Faulkner's sympathy or respect for Emily. Rose is always interpreted conventionally as a symbol of love. But actually "rose" here is used in a rather ironical sense, for Emily kills the man so as to keepeternally the love she "obtains". When the town people find Homer's body, they also find the valance curtains of faded rose color and the rose-shaded lights inthe room. Hence, as an ironic romantic tribute to Emily, rose has become asymbol of decay and death. Besides, rose could possibly stand for the pity,sympathy or lament that the narrator, "we" or the reader, shows for Emily and all those who are imprisoned in the past and fail to adapt successfully to the change.
玫瑰与爱情联系在一起，但这里是“死而腐烂的爱情”。它显示了福克纳对艾米丽的同情或尊重。玫瑰总是被传统地解释为爱情的象征。但实际上，这里的“玫瑰”具有相当讽刺的意义，因为艾米丽杀死了这个男人，以永远保留她“获得”的爱。当镇上的人们找到荷马的尸体时，他们还发现了褪色的玫瑰色帷幔和房间里玫瑰色的灯光。因此，作为对艾米丽的讽刺性浪漫致敬，玫瑰已成为腐烂和死亡的象征。此外，玫瑰还可能代表叙述者、“我们”或读者对艾米丽以及所有那些在过去被囚禁而未能成功适应变化的人所表现出的怜悯、同情或哀叹。
补充问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "A Rose for Emily"?
1.问：《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的作者是谁？
Answer: The author of this novel is William Faulkner. He is a representative writer of American Southern literature and one of the most important American writers in the 20th century.
答：这本小说的作者是威廉·福克纳。他是美国南方文学的代表作家，也是20世纪美国最重要的作家之一。
2. Question: What is the background of the story?
2.问：故事的背景是什么？
Answer: The story takes place in a small town called Jefferson in the American South after the Civil War. After the Civil War, great changes have taken place in the South in terms of society, economy, and culture. The old order and traditions are gradually broken, and new concepts and lifestyles begin to emerge. The old southern aristocratic class represented by Emily is gradually declining in this change.
答：故事发生在南北战争后的美国南部一个名叫杰斐逊的小镇。南北战争结束后，南方社会、经济、文化发生了巨大变化。旧的秩序和传统逐渐被打破，新的观念和生活方式开始出现。以艾米丽为代表的旧南方贵族阶级在这场变革中逐渐走向没落。
3. Question: Why does Emily refuse to pay taxes?
3. 问：为什么艾米丽拒绝纳税？
Answer: On the one hand, Emily is a representative of the old southern aristocracy. She thinks she has a special status and identity and should not pay taxes like ordinary people. On the other hand, she has a resistant emotion towards the new social order and government management methods and refuses to accept this change.
答：一方面，艾米丽是南方老贵族的代表。她认为自己有特殊的地位和身份，不应该像普通人一样纳税。另一方面，她对新的社会秩序和政府管理方式抱有抵触情绪，拒绝接受这种改变。
4. Question: What is the purpose of Emily's purchase of arsenic?
4. 问：Emily 购买砒霜的目的是什么？
Answer: At first, the people in the town thought that Emily bought arsenic to commit suicide, but later it was found that she poisoned her lover Homer Barron with arsenic in order to keep him by her side forever.
答案：一开始镇上的人以为艾米丽买砒霜是为了自杀，后来发现她用砒霜毒死了自己的爱人霍默·巴伦，就是为了让他永远留在自己身边。
5. Question: What is the symbolic meaning of "rose" in the novel?
5、问：小说中“玫瑰”的象征意义是什么？
Answer: "Rose" is a multiple symbol in the novel. It can symbolize Emily's love, once beautiful but finally withering; it can also symbolize Emily's life, from the delicacy of youth to the decline of old age; it also symbolizes death, which is a kind of memorial to Emily's tragic life; at the same time, it also contains the complex emotions of the townspeople and many others towards Emily, including pity, curiosity, and fear.
答：“玫瑰”在小说中是多重象征。它可以象征艾米丽的爱情，曾经美丽却最终枯萎；它也可以象征艾米丽的一生，从青春的娇嫩到老年的衰落；它也象征着死亡，是对艾米丽悲惨一生的一种纪念；同时，它也包含了镇民和其他许多人对艾米丽的复杂情感，包括怜悯、好奇和恐惧。
6. Question: What kind of person is Homer Barron?
6. 问：荷马·巴伦是一个什么样的人？
Answer: Homer is a northern worker who comes to work in a southern town. He is full of personal charm and is the center of attention and the object of Emily's admiration. But he is more like a bachelor who plays around in the world. He has said that he will not consider marriage. He represents modernization and industrialization and is a sign of change in the South. His appearance challenges traditionalism.
答案：荷马是一名北方工人，来到南方城镇工作。他充满个人魅力，是众人瞩目的焦点，也是艾米丽钦佩的对象。但他更像是一个浪迹天涯的光棍。他曾表示不会考虑结婚。他代表着现代化和工业化，是南方变革的标志。他的外表挑战了传统主义。
7. Question: What is the narrative perspective of the novel?
7.问：小说的叙事视角是怎样的？
Answer: The novel adopts the narrative perspective of the first-person plural. It tells Emily's story from the perspective of the townspeople. This narrative perspective enables readers to feel the views and attitudes of the townspeople towards Emily, and at the same time increases the mystery and suspense of the story.
答：小说采用第一人称复数的叙事视角。它从镇民的角度讲述了艾米丽的故事。这样的叙事视角让读者能够感受到镇民们对艾米丽的看法和态度，同时也增加了故事的神秘感和悬念。
8. Question: What is the meaning of "dust" mentioned many times in the novel?
8、问：小说中多次提到的“尘埃”是什么意思？
Answer: "Dust" has been covering the entire story. It symbolizes the passage of time and the decline of old things. Emily's house is full of dust, symbolizing her closed and old life, isolated from the changes of the outside world. At the same time, dust also hides Emily's real life and her secrets to a certain extent.
答：《尘埃》一直覆盖着整个故事。它象征着时间的流逝和旧事物的衰落。艾米丽的房子里满是灰尘，象征着她封闭而陈旧的生活，与外界的变化隔绝。同时，灰尘也在一定程度上隐藏了艾米丽的真实生活和她的秘密。
9. Question: What kind of influence does Emily's father have on her?
9. 问：艾米丽的父亲对她有什么样的影响？
Answer: Emily's father has a serious patriarchal tendency. He maintains the so-called hierarchy and dignity and drives away all the men who court Emily, depriving her of the right to happiness. Under the influence of her father, Emily's personality becomes eccentric . She has long lived under the shadow of her father and cannot get rid of the shackles of family dignity.
答：艾米丽的父亲有严重的重男轻女倾向。他维护着所谓的等级和尊严，赶走了所有追求艾米丽的男人，剥夺了她获得幸福的权利。在父亲的影响下，艾米丽的性格变得古怪。她长期生活在父亲的阴影之下，无法摆脱家庭尊严的束缚。
10. Question: Why is the ending of the novel shocking?
10.问：为什么小说的结局令人震惊？
Answer: The ending of the novel reveals that Emily has been sharing a bed with Homer's corpse for 40 years. This astonishing fact echoes Emily's mysterious behavior and eerie atmosphere in the previous story. While shocking readers, it also gives them a deeper understanding of Emily's tragic life. This ending breaks readers' expectations and makes the novel have a strong artistic appeal.
答：小说的结局揭示了艾米丽与荷马的尸体同床共枕了四十年。这个惊人的事实与前一个故事中艾米丽的神秘行为和诡异气氛相呼应。在给读者带来震撼的同时，也让他们对艾米丽的悲惨人生有了更深刻的认识。这样的结局打破了读者的期待，也让小说具有了很强的艺术感染力。
补充论述题
1.Analyze the themes of "A Rose for Emily".
1.分析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰花》的主题。
The themes of this novel are multifaceted.
这部小说的主题是多方面的。
Firstly, it reflects the decline of the old southern aristocracy. Emily, as a representative of the old southern aristocracy, had a glorious family in the past. However, as time passed, the family gradually declined, and her life became poor and lonely.
首先，它反映了南方旧贵族的衰落。艾米丽作为南方旧贵族的代表，曾经拥有一个辉煌的家庭。然而，随着时间的推移，家庭逐渐衰落，她的生活变得贫穷而孤独。
Secondly, the novel explores the conflict between old and new cultures. After the American Civil War in the South, new cultures and concepts gradually emerged, conflicting with the old cultures and traditions. Emily has a resistant attitude towards the new social order and lifestyle. She adheres to her traditional lifestyle, which ultimately leads to her tragedy.
其次，小说探讨了新旧文化之间的冲突。美国南北战争后，南方逐渐出现新的文化和观念，与旧的文化和传统发生冲突。艾米丽对新的社会秩序和生活方式持抵制态度。她坚持传统的生活方式，最终导致了她的悲剧。
In addition, the novel also involves themes such as love, death, and human nature. Emily's abnormal love for Homer and the extreme actions she takes to retain love reveal the complexity and distortion of human nature. The atmosphere of death runs through the entire novel, symbolizing not only the end of Emily's life but also the end of an old era.
此外，小说还涉及爱情、死亡、人性等主题。艾米丽对荷马的变态爱情以及她为挽留爱情所采取的极端行动，揭示了人性的复杂与扭曲。死亡的气氛贯穿整部小说，不仅象征着艾米丽生命的结束，也象征着一个旧时代的结束。
2.Discuss the narrative techniques of "A Rose for Emily" and their impact on the novel.
2.讨论《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的叙事技巧及其对小说的影响。
The novel mainly uses narrative techniques such as flashback, interlude, supplementation, and elaboration.
小说主要采用倒叙、插曲、补充、阐述等叙事手法。
The author takes the townspeople's attendance at Emily's funeral after her death as a fuse to introduce Emily's story before her death. By using flashback, the author tells the readers the result of the story first, arousing their curiosity and making the plot mysterious and attracting readers' attention. The interlude describes Emily's house and her appearance characteristics, showing Emily's stubborn, traditional, and conservative character traits from the side. Supplementation enhances the narrative effect. The opening of the article mentions Emily's death and funeral, and then describes the funeral again in the penultimate fifth paragraph, making the article coherent. Elaboration is particularly prominent in the description of Emily's appearance. The author uses simile and exaggeration to humorously and satirically describe Emily's appearance characteristics, making the article vivid and lifelike. The application of these narrative techniques makes the plot of the novel interlocking, breaking the traditional narrative pattern and bringing unexpected reading experiences to readers.
作者以艾米丽死后镇民参加葬礼为导火索，介绍了艾米丽生前的故事。作者通过倒叙的方式，先向读者讲述故事的结果，引起读者的好奇心，使情节变得神秘，吸引读者的注意力。插曲描述了艾米丽的房子和她的外表特征，从侧面展现了艾米丽固执、传统、保守的性格特征。补充增强了叙事效果。文章开头提到了艾米丽的死亡和葬礼，然后在倒数第五段再次描述了葬礼，使文章连贯起来。对艾米丽外貌的描写尤为突出。作者运用明喻、夸张的手法，幽默讽刺地描述了艾米丽的外貌特征，使文章生动、栩栩如生。这些叙事手法的运用使得小说情节环环相扣，打破了传统的叙事模式，给读者带来意想不到的阅读体验。
3.Analyze the character image of Emily.
3.分析艾米丽的人物形象。
Emily is a complex and contradictory character. She is a representative of the old southern aristocracy, with noble birth and proud character. However, her life is full of tragedy and loneliness. She has long lived under the shadow of her father, and her personality has become eccentric,withdrawn, and isolated from the outside world. She longs for love, but her concept of love is abnormal. She thinks that love is possession. In order to retain love, she is willing to take extreme actions. Emily's image reflects the plight and struggle of the old southern aristocracy in social changes, and also reveals the weaknesses and distortions of human nature. She is both a victim and a creator of tragedy.
艾米丽是一个复杂而矛盾的人物。她是南方旧贵族的代表，出身高贵，性格傲慢。然而，她的一生却充满了悲剧和孤独。她长期生活在父亲的阴影下，性格变得孤僻、孤僻、与外界隔绝。她渴望爱情，但她的爱情观念不正常。她认为爱就是占有。为了留住爱情，她愿意采取极端的行动。艾米丽的形象反映了南方老贵族在社会变迁中的困境和挣扎，也揭示了人性的弱点和扭曲。她既是悲剧的受害者，又是悲剧的制造者。
4. The application of symbolism in "A Rose for Emily".
4.《献给艾米丽的玫瑰花》中象征主义的运用。
Answer: The novel is full of symbolic elements. "Rose" is the most obvious symbol, which symbolizes Emily's love, life, and death. Emily's house is also an important symbol. Like Emily herself, it is a sign of the struggling southern aristocracy, representing alienation, mental illness, and death. "Dust" symbolizes the passage of time and the decline of old things. It hides Emily's real life and her secrets. In addition, Emily's father's portrait and Homer's identity as a northern worker also have symbolic meanings, representing old authority and new power respectively. The application of symbolism makes the theme of the novel more profound and enhances the artistic appeal of the novel.
答：小说充满了象征性的元素。 “玫瑰”是最明显的象征，它象征着艾米丽的爱、生和死。艾米丽的房子也是一个重要的象征。就像艾米丽本人一样，它是挣扎中的南方贵族的标志，代表着疏离、精神疾病和死亡。 “尘埃”象征着时间的流逝和旧事物的衰落。它隐藏了艾米丽的真实生活和她的秘密。此外，艾米丽父亲的肖像和荷马北方工人的身份也具有象征意义，分别代表旧权威和新权力。象征主义的运用使小说的主题更加深刻，增强了小说的艺术感染力。
5. Compare the similarities and differences between "A Rose for Emily" and other American southern literary works.
5、比较《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》与其他美国南方文学作品的异同。
Answer: Like other American southern literary works, "A Rose for Emily" pays attention to the historical, cultural, and social issues of the South, reflecting the decline of the old southern aristocracy and the conflict between old and new cultures. However, it has its uniqueness in narrative techniques and theme expression. Compared with "Gone with the Wind", the narrative of "A Rose for Emily" is more concise and implicit, and the theme is more profound and complex. "Gone with the Wind" shows the changes of southern society through a grand narrative, while "A Rose for Emily" reveals the deep problems of southern society through the story of a small person. Compared with other works of Faulkner such as "The Sound and the Fury", "A Rose for Emily" is shorter in length, but it also has the typical style of Faulkner's works, such as complex narrative structure, profound theme, and exploration of human nature. In general, "A Rose for Emily" is a classic of American southern literature. While inheriting the southern literary tradition, it also has its own unique style and value.
答：与其他美国南方文学作品一样，《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》关注南方的历史、文化、社会问题，反映了南方老贵族的没落和新旧文化的冲突。但它在叙事手法和主题表达上有其独特之处。与《乱世佳人》相比，《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的叙事更加简洁含蓄，主题更加深刻复杂。 《乱世佳人》通过宏大的叙事展现了南方社会的变迁，而《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》则通过一个小人物的故事揭示了南方社会的深层问题。与《喧哗与骚动》等福克纳其他作品相比，《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》篇幅较短，但也具有福克纳作品的典型风格，如复杂的叙事结构、深刻的主题、对人生的探索等。人性。总的来说，《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花》是美国南方文学的经典之作。在继承南方文学传统的同时，也有自己独特的风格和价值。
⑳符号和象征
It is a short story written by Vladimir Nabokov.
这是弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫写的短篇小说。
Theme:
主题：
The central theme is the inherent difficulty of human communication and the subjective nature of perception. The story explores the ways in whichindividuals interpret and misinterpret signs and symbols in their environment,highlighting the struggles and frustrations that arise from thesemiscommunications. It also examines the theme of alienation, portraying theisolation and loneliness experienced by the characters due to their inability to fully connect with one another.
中心主题是人类沟通的固有困难和感知的主观本质。这个故事探讨了人们解释和误解环境中的符号和符号的方式，强调了这些错误沟通所带来的挣扎和挫折。它还探讨了疏离的主题，描绘了人物由于无法彼此充分联系而经历的孤立和孤独。
Characterization:
特性描述：
The story primarily focuses on three main characters: an elderly couple and their mentally ill son. The couple is portrayed as deeplyconcerned and burdened by their son's condition, constantly searching for waysto help him. The son, on the other hand, remains nameless throughout the storyand is described as living in a world of his own, often fixated on minute detailsand seemingly unrelated events. His mental illness causes him to interpret theworld through a lens of extreme sensitivity, making him susceptible to feelings of overwhelming despair.
故事主要围绕三个主角：一对老年夫妇和他们患有精神病的儿子。这对夫妇被描绘成对儿子的病情深感忧虑和负担，不断寻找帮助他的方法。另一方面，儿子在整个故事中保持匿名，被描述为生活在自己的世界中，经常关注微小的细节和看似无关的事件。他的精神疾病使他通过极其敏感的视角来解释世界，使他容易产生压倒性的绝望感。
Plot:
阴谋：
"Signs and Symbols" is a largely plotless story that instead centers around a
《标志与符号》是一个基本上没有情节的故事，而是围绕一个
series of events and reflections that occur over the course of a single day.Thestory begins with the couple receiving a letter from a sanatorium, informing themthat their son has attempted suicide. This event sets the tone for the rest of thenarrative, as the couple engages in a series of conversations and recollectionsabout their son's condition. The story reaches its climax when the couple bringsa birthday present to their son, which he refuses to open. The narrativeconcludes with the son's subsequent breakdown and the couple's realization that they cannot fully comprehend his internal world.
一天中发生的一系列事件和反思。故事开始于这对夫妇收到一封来自疗养院的信，通知他们他们的儿子试图自杀。这一事件为接下来的叙述定下了基调，这对夫妇进行了一系列关于儿子病情的对话和回忆。当这对夫妇给儿子带来生日礼物时，故事达到了高潮，但儿子拒绝打开。故事以儿子随后的崩溃和夫妇俩意识到他们无法完全理解他的内心世界而结束。
The story deals with an old couple who live with a black burden as their son is crazy. The young man is driven insane by his belief that everything he sees has amessage for him. It is evident that a crisis is at hand for their family life becauseof the dream-like nature of reality. In the story there is no real message, noorder, and no easy resolution. Fragments of memory and reality and pervasive sense of indetermination comprise and accompanying the text.
这个故事讲述了一对老夫妇的故事，他们的儿子疯了，他们背负着黑色的负担生活。这个年轻人因为相信他所看到的一切都对他有某种意义而感到疯狂。很明显，由于现实的梦幻般的性质，他们的家庭生活即将面临危机。故事中没有真正的信息，没有顺序，也没有简单的解决方案。记忆和现实的碎片以及普遍的不确定感构成并伴随着文本。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
The story incorporates elements of symbolism and ambiguity,inviting readers to interpret the text in various ways. Nabokov's use of symbolismis evident through the recurring motifs of signs and symbols throughout thenarrative, which serve as metaphors for the complexities of humancommunication.
这个故事融合了象征和歧义的元素，邀请读者以各种方式解释文本。纳博科夫对象征主义的使用在整个叙事中反复出现的符号和符号主题中显而易见，这些主题隐喻了人类交流的复杂性。
There is an ambiguous and uncertain atmosphere in the wholestory. Even the title can be analyzed in numerous ways: as a reference to the“signs and symbols” hiding within the nature, which are all about the son; or asa nod to the “signs” of the son's illness which are shown in the childhoodphotographs. All the detail in the story may be signs and symbols.The last telephone call is a good example. Nabokov makes a lot of ambiguitydeliberately in order to lure the readers to unscramble these clues. But readers'endeavor may be futile, because these clues may be like signs and symbols,normal and unremarkable.
整个故事充满了一种暧昧不明的气氛。即使是标题也可以从多种角度进行分析：作为对隐藏在大自然中的“符号和符号”的参考，这些都是关于儿子的；或者对童年照片中显示的儿子疾病的“迹象”表示认可。故事中的所有细节都可能是符号和符号。最后一个电话就是一个很好的例子。纳博科夫故意制造了很多歧义，以引诱读者去解读这些线索。但读者的努力可能是徒劳的，因为这些线索可能就像标志和符号一样，正常且平淡无奇。
Additionally, the story's structure is non-linear, with flashbacks and digressionsthat provide insight into the characters' past experiences and struggles.
此外，故事的结构是非线性的，有倒叙和离题，可以让我们深入了解角色过去的经历和挣扎。
问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "Signs and Symbols"?
1、问：《记号与符号》的作者是谁？
- Answer: The author of "Signs and Symbols" is Vladimir Nabokov. He is a famous Russian-American writer in the 20th century and is known for his unique writing style and keen insight into details.
- 答案：《标志与符号》的作者是弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫。他是20世纪著名的俄裔美国作家，以独特的写作风格和对细节的敏锐洞察力而闻名。
2. Question: What is the main plot of this novel?
2.问：这本小说的主要情节是什么？
- Answer: The novel mainly tells the story of an elderly Russian Jewish couple. Their son has a mental illness and constantly attempts suicide. After their son's another failed suicide attempt, the couple experiences various psychological torments and pains within one day, including receiving some strange phone calls and some possibly misinterpreted messages. The whole story is filled with a depressing and mysterious atmosphere.
- 答：小说主要讲述了一对老年俄罗斯犹太夫妇的故事。他们的儿子患有精神疾病，经常试图自杀。在儿子再次自杀未遂后，这对夫妇在一天之内经历了各种心理折磨和痛苦，包括接到一些奇怪的电话和一些可能被误解的信息。整个故事充满了压抑、神秘的气氛。
3. Question: What does "signs and symbols" specifically refer to in the novel?
3、问：小说中的“符号”具体指什么？
- Answer: "Signs and symbols" has multiple meanings in the novel. On the one hand, it refers to various signs and symbols in daily life that can be interpreted, such as phone ringtones, letters, photos, etc. These seemingly ordinary things are given special meanings in the novel. On the other hand, it also symbolizes a way for humans to seek meaning and understanding when facing the hardships and uncertainties in life.
- 答案：“符号和符号”在小说中具有多重含义。一方面，指日常生活中各种可以解读的符号和符号，比如手机铃声、信件、照片等，这些看似平常的东西在小说中被赋予了特殊的意义。另一方面，它也象征着人类面对生活的艰辛和不确定性时寻求意义和理解的一种方式。
4. Question: What is the narrative perspective of the novel?
4.问：小说的叙事视角是怎样的？
- Answer: The novel adopts a third-person narrative perspective and narrates the story in a calm and objective way. This narrative perspective enables readers to understand the inner world and external environment of the characters in the story more comprehensively, but at the same time it also increases the sense of distance and mystery of the story.
- 答：小说采用第三人称叙事视角，冷静客观地叙述故事。这种叙事视角使读者能够更全面地了解故事中人物的内心世界和外部环境，但同时也增加了故事的距离感和神秘感。
5. Question: What are the characteristics of the characters in the novel?
5、问：小说中的人物有什么特点？
- Answer: The images of the old couple in the novel are full of pain, helplessness and tenacity. They have experienced countless hardships but still live strong. Their love for their son makes them constantly bear pain. And their son is a poor person tortured by mental illness. His behavior and thoughts are full of chaos and pain.
——答：小说中老两口的形象充满了痛苦、无奈和坚韧。他们经历了无数磨难，却依然坚强地生活着。对儿子的爱让他们不断承受痛苦。而他们的儿子是一个饱受精神疾病折磨的穷人。他的行为和思想充满了混乱和痛苦。
6. Question: What is the theme of the novel?
6.问：小说的主题是什么？
- Answer: The themes of the novel include human loneliness, pain, the pursuit of meaning, and the impermanence of fate. Through the story of an ordinary family, it reveals human helplessness and struggle in the face of life's hardships, as well as human longing for love, understanding and hope.
- 答：小说的主题包括人的孤独、痛苦、意义的追求、命运的无常。通过一个普通家庭的故事，揭示了人类面对生活磨难的无奈和挣扎，以及人类对爱、理解和希望的渴望。
7. Question: What writing techniques are used in the novel?
7、问：小说运用了哪些写作技巧？
- Answer: The novel uses writing techniques such as symbolism, metaphor and implication. For example, the phone ringtone and the image of birds in the novel all have symbolic meanings, implying the inner world and fate of the characters. At the same time, the language in the novel is also very delicate and precise. Through the description of details, it enhances the appeal and expressiveness of the story.
- 答：小说运用了象征、隐喻、暗示等写作手法。例如，小说中的手机铃声、鸟的形象都具有象征意义，暗示着人物的内心世界和命运。同时，小说中的语言也非常细腻、精准。通过细节的描写，增强了故事的感染力和表现力。
8. Question: What are the characteristics of the ending of the novel?
8、问：小说的结局有什么特点？
- Answer: The ending of the novel is open-ended, leaving a lot of room for readers' imagination. The story ends when the old couple is preparing to visit their son. Readers don't know if they can see their son or what the fate of their son will be. This ending method increases the suspense and mystery of the story.
- 答：小说的结局是开放式的，给读者留下了很大的想象空间。当老夫妇准备去看望儿子时，故事结束了。读者不知道是否能见到自己的儿子，也不知道儿子的命运会如何。这种结局方式增加了故事的悬念和神秘感。
9. Question: What is the role of the description of the environment in the novel?
9、问：环境描写在小说中起什么作用？
- Answer: The description of the environment in the novel plays a role in creating an atmosphere, expressing the characters' psychology and promoting the development of the plot. For example, the description of the environment of the old couple's living room and street in the novel creates a depressing and lonely atmosphere, reflecting the inner world of the characters. At the same time, changes in the environment also promote the development of the plot. For example, changes in the weather imply changes in the fate of the characters.
- 答：小说中的环境描写起到了营造气氛、表达人物心理、推动情节发展的作用。例如，小说中对老夫妇客厅和街道环境的描写，营造出一种压抑、孤独的气氛，反映了人物的内心世界。同时，环境的变化也促进了剧情的发展。例如，天气的变化意味着人物命运的变化。
论述题
发言题
1. Essay question: Analyze the application of symbolism in "Signs and Symbols" and its significance.
1.论述题：分析象征主义在《符号与符号》中的应用及其意义。
- Answer: In "Signs and Symbols", symbolism is widely used. For example, the image of birds in the novel is an important symbol. Birds appear multiple times in the novel. They represent freedom and hope on the one hand, and imply the loneliness and helplessness of the characters on the other. When the old couple sees the birds outside the window, they long to be as free as birds, but they are bound by the hardships of life. In addition, the ringing of the telephone is also an important symbol. The telephone rings continuously in the novel, bringing hope and fear to the old couple. The uncertainty of the telephone ringing symbolizes the uncertainty of life. The old couple does not know what message is hidden behind each ringing, and this uncertainty fills their hearts with anxiety and fear.
- 答：在《标志与符号》中，象征主义被广泛使用。例如，小说中的鸟形象就是一个重要的象征。小说中多次出现鸟类。它们一方面代表着自由和希望，另一方面也暗示着人物的孤独和无助。老两口看到窗外的鸟儿，渴望像鸟儿一样自由，却又被生活的艰辛所束缚。此外，电话铃声也是一个重要标志。小说中电话铃声不断响起，给老两口带来希望和恐惧。电话铃声的不确定性象征着生活的不确定性。老两口不知道每一次铃声背后都隐藏着什么信息，这种不确定性让他们心里充满了焦虑和恐惧。
- The significance of symbolism lies in that it makes the theme of the novel more profound and implicit. Through symbolism, Nabokov transforms abstract themes into specific images, enabling readers to more intuitively feel the inner world of the characters in the novel and the impermanence of fate. At the same time, symbolism also increases the artistic appeal of the novel, making readers constantly think and explore the deep meaning of the novel during the reading process.
——象征主义的意义在于它使小说的主题更加深刻和含蓄。纳博科夫通过象征主义，将抽象的主题转化为具体的形象，使读者能够更直观地感受到小说中人物的内心世界和命运的无常。同时，象征主义也增加了小说的艺术感染力，使读者在阅读过程中不断思考和探索小说的深层含义。
2. Essay question: Discuss the loneliness of the characters in "Signs and Symbols" and its causes.
2、问答题：讨论《记号与符号》中人物的孤独感及其原因。
- Answer: The characters in the novel are all filled with loneliness. The loneliness of the old couple mainly comes from their life experiences and social environment. They are Russian Jewish immigrants and face cultural differences and social exclusion in a foreign country. Their son has a mental illness and cannot communicate with them normally, which makes their hearts even more lonely. In addition, the age of the old couple also creates a gap between them and the surrounding world, and they feel forgotten by society.
- 答：小说中的人物都充满了孤独。老两口的孤独感主要来自于他们的生活经历和社会环境。他们是俄罗斯犹太移民，在异国他乡面临着文化差异和社会排斥。他们的儿子患有精神疾病，无法与他们正常交流，这让他们的内心更加孤独。此外，老两口的年龄也让他们与周围的世界产生了隔阂，感觉被社会遗忘了。
- The loneliness of the son mainly comes from his mental illness. His thinking and behavior are different from those of ordinary people. He cannot understand the surrounding world and cannot be understood by others. His loneliness makes him fall into deep pain and constantly attempts suicide to get rid of this pain.
- 儿子的孤独感主要来自于他的精神疾病。他的思想和行为与常人不同。他无法理解周围的世界，也无法被别人理解。他的孤独使他陷入深深的痛苦之中，并不断地尝试自杀来摆脱这种痛苦。
- The loneliness of the characters reflects the universal dilemma of human beings in modern society. In a society full of competition and pressure, people often feel that their connections with others are getting fewer and fewer, and their inner loneliness is getting stronger and stronger. Nabokov expresses his concern and thinking about human fate by depicting the loneliness of the characters.
——人物的孤独反映了现代社会人类的普遍困境。在充满竞争和压力的社会里，人们常常感觉自己与他人的联系越来越少，内心的孤独感也越来越强烈。纳博科夫通过描写人物的孤独来表达他对人类命运的关心和思考。
3. Essay question: What kind of view of fate is reflected in "Signs and Symbols"?
3、问答题：《征兆》体现了怎样的命运观？
- Answer: In "Signs and Symbols", fate is depicted as an unpredictable and irresistible force. The characters in the novel seem unable to escape the捉弄 of fate. Their lives are full of hardships and setbacks. The old couple's son has a mental illness and constantly attempts suicide. This seems to be a punishment from fate for them. Although the old couple live hard, their lives are full of pain and helplessness. They cannot change their fate.
- 答：在《征兆与符号》中，命运被描绘成一种不可预测、不可抗拒的力量。小说中的人物似乎都无法逃脱命运的捉弄。他们的生活充满艰辛和挫折。老夫妇的儿子患有精神疾病，经常企图自杀。这似乎是命运对他们的惩罚。老两口虽然生活艰难，但生活却充满了痛苦和无奈。他们无法改变自己的命运。
- However, Nabokov does not completely deny human free will. In the novel, the characters are still constantly striving and struggling to change their fate. For example, although the old couple know that their son's illness cannot be cured, they still insist on visiting their son, hoping to give him some comfort. This struggle against fate reflects human dignity and courage.
——然而，纳博科夫并没有完全否定人类的自由意志。小说中，人物们仍在不断地努力、奋斗，以改变自己的命运。比如，老两口虽然知道儿子的病无法治愈，但仍然坚持去看望儿子，希望能给他一些安慰。这种与命运的斗争体现了人的尊严和勇气。
- In general, the view of fate in "Signs and Symbols" is a complex and contradictory one. It not only emphasizes the unpredictability and irresistibility of fate, but also affirms human free will and the spirit of struggle. This view of fate makes the theme of the novel more profound and also makes readers think more deeply about human fate.
- 总的来说，《征兆》中的命运观是一种复杂而矛盾的观。它不仅强调命运的不可预测性和不可抗拒性，而且肯定了人的自由意志和奋斗精神。这种命运观使得小说的主题更加深刻，也让读者对人类的命运更加深入的思考。
4. Essay question: Analyze the artistic features of "Signs and Symbols" from the perspective of narrative structure.
4、论述题：从叙事结构的角度分析《符号与符号》的艺术特色。
- Answer: The narrative structure of "Signs and Symbols" has unique artistic features. The novel adopts a fragmented narrative method, dividing the story into multiple fragments, and each fragment unfolds around a theme or an event. This narrative method makes the plot of the novel more compact and also increases the suspense and mystery of the story.
- 答：《符号与符号》的叙事结构具有独特的艺术特色。小说采用碎片化的叙事方式，将故事分成多个片段，每个片段都围绕一个主题或一个事件展开。这种叙事方式使得小说的情节更加紧凑，也增加了故事的悬念和神秘感。
- The narrative structure of the novel also has circularity. The beginning and end of the story echo each other, forming a closed circle. For example, the beginning of the novel describes the old couple's waiting at night, and the end describes their outing during the day. This circular narrative structure makes the theme of the novel more profound and also makes readers' understanding of the novel deeper.
——小说的叙事结构也具有循环性。故事的开头和结尾相互呼应，形成一个封闭的循环。比如，小说的开头描写了老两口晚上的等待，结尾描写了他们白天的郊游。这种循环的叙事结构使得小说的主题更加深刻，也让读者对小说的理解更加深入。
- In addition, the narrative structure of the novel is also open-ended. The ending of the novel is open-ended, leaving a lot of room for readers' imagination. This open-ended narrative structure makes the theme of the novel more extensive and also enables readers to think and explore the deep meaning of the novel more freely.
——此外，小说的叙事结构也是开放式的。小说的结局是开放式的，给读者留下了很大的想象空间。这种开放式的叙事结构使小说的主题更加广泛，也使读者能够更加自由地思考和探索小说的深层含义。
⑳①麦田里的守望者
"The Catcher in the Rye" is a novel written by J.D.Salinger.
《麦田里的守望者》是J·D·塞林格创作的长篇小说。
Theme:
主题：
1. " Phoniness," which is probably the most famous phrase in this story,is one of Holden's favorite concepts. Phoniness, for Holden, stands as an emblem of everything that is wrong in the world around him and provides an excuse for him to withdraw into his cynical isolation. Though oversimplified, Holden's observations are not entirely inaccurate. He can be a highly insightful narrator,and he is very aware of superficial behavior in those around him.Although Holden expends so much energy searching for phoniness in others, he never directly observes his own phoniness.His deceptions are generally pointless and cruel, and he notes that he is a compulsive liar. For example, on the train to New York, he makes a needless prank on Mrs.Morrow.
1.“虚假”可能是这个故事中最著名的短语，也是霍尔顿最喜欢的概念之一。对于霍尔顿来说，虚假是他周围世界中一切错误的象征，并为他提供了逃避愤世嫉俗的孤立的借口。尽管过于简单化，霍尔顿的观察并非完全不准确。他可以是一个极具洞察力的叙述者，他对周围人的肤浅行为非常敏感。尽管霍尔顿花费了如此多的精力寻找别人的虚假，但他从不直接观察自己的虚假。他的欺骗通常是毫无意义和残酷的，而且他指出他是一个强迫性的说谎者。例如，在开往纽约的火车上，他对莫罗夫人做了一个不必要的恶作剧。
2.Alienation as a form of Self-protection: Throughout the novel, Holden seems to
2.作为一种自我保护形式的疏离：在整部小说中，霍尔顿似乎
be excluded from and victimized by the world around him. As the novel progresses, we begin to perceive that Holden's alienation is his way of protecting himself. Just as he wears his hunting hat to advertise his uniqueness, he uses his isolation as proof that he is better than everyone else around him. The truth is that interactions with other people usually confuse and overwhelm him. As readers, we can see that Holden's alienation is both the source of Holden's strength and the source of his problems. He never addresses his own emotions directly, nor does he attempt to discover the source of his troubles. For example, his loneliness propels him into his date with Sally Hayes, but his need for isolation causes him to insult her and drive her away.
被周围的世界排斥并成为受害者。随着小说的进展，我们开始意识到霍尔顿的疏远是他保护自己的方式。正如他戴着狩猎帽来宣传自己的独特性一样，他也用自己的孤独来证明自己比周围的其他人都优秀。事实上，与其他人的互动通常会让他感到困惑和不知所措。作为读者，我们可以看到，霍尔顿的异化既是霍尔顿力量的源泉，也是他问题的根源。他从不直接表达自己的情绪，也不试图发现自己烦恼的根源。例如，他的孤独感促使他与莎莉·海耶斯约会，但他对孤立的需求导致他侮辱她并将她赶走。
3. The painfulness of growing up: The Catcher in the Rye is a bildungsroman（成长小说）.
3、成长的痛苦：《麦田里的守望者》是一部成长小说。
Holden Caulfield is an unusual protagonist for a bildungsroman because his central goal is to resist the process of maturity itself. He wants everything to be easily understandable and eternally fixed. He is frightened because he is guilty of the sins he criticizes in others, and because he can't understand everything around him. As the book progresses, Holden's experiences,particularly his encounters with Mr.Antolini and Phoebe, reveal the shallowness of his conceptions.
霍尔顿·考尔菲尔德（Holden Caulfield）是成长小说中的一个不同寻常的主角，因为他的中心目标是抵制成熟过程本身。他希望一切都容易理解并且永远固定。他感到害怕，因为他对自己批评别人的罪感到内疚，也因为他无法理解周围的一切。随着书的进展，霍尔顿的经历，特别是他与安托里尼先生和菲比的遭遇，揭示了他的观念的肤浅。
Plot: （书中原话）
剧情：（书籍原话）
It deals with the 16-year-old boy Holden Caulfield, a modern Huck Finn,who, expelled from his private school in Pennsylvania, goes to New York City.He has an unsuccessful encounter with a prostitute and ends up in a mirrorskirmish with her pimp. The next day he meets an old girlfriend and takes herskating. Then he sneaks home to see his sister Phoebe, telling her that he plansto go West. Later that night he has an unsettling reunion with his former teacherwho makes homosexual advances to him. The next morning he goes to Phoebe'sschool to say goodbye, but he is overwhelmed by his love for her and decides tostay. He then has a nervous breakdown and tells his story as he is recovering inthe hospital. Holden is out of step with the educational, commercial, and sexualcustoms of the adult world and able to see through and expose its falsities and"phoniness". As he believes that all children are in danger of losing theirinnocence and integrity in a corrupt and decadent world, he wishes to be acatcher in the rye. Rebellious against the dubious values of the adult world, he represents the young people who are unable to talk to their parents or accept the "American way of life".
该剧讲述了 16 岁男孩霍尔顿·考尔菲尔德 (Holden Caulfield) 饰演的现代版哈克·费恩 (Huck Finn)，他被宾夕法尼亚州的私立学校开除，前往纽约市。他与一名妓女有一次不成功的邂逅，最终与她发生了一场镜子冲突拉皮条。第二天，他遇到了一位老女友，并带她去滑冰。然后他偷偷回家看望他的妹妹菲比，告诉她他计划去西部。那天晚上晚些时候，他与他的前任老师有一次令人不安的重聚，这位老师向他进行了同性恋求爱。第二天早上，他去菲比的学校告别，但他被对她的爱所感动，决定留下来。然后他精神崩溃，在医院康复期间讲述了自己的故事。霍尔顿与成人世界的教育、商业和性习俗格格不入，能够识破并揭露其中的虚假和“虚假”。由于他相信所有的孩子都面临着在腐败颓废的世界中失去纯真和正直的危险，因此他希望成为麦田里的守望者。他反抗成人世界可疑的价值观，代表了无法与父母交谈或接受“美国生活方式”的年轻人。
Characterization:
特性描述：
Holden Caulfield is the main character and narrator of the story. He is a troubled and disillusioned sixteen-year-old boy who has been expelled from his prep school. Holden is highly critical of society, often perceiving people as phony and inauthentic. He has become the representative adolescent in American literature.
霍尔顿·考菲尔德是故事的主角和叙述者。他是一个陷入困境、幻想破灭的十六岁男孩，被预科学校开除。霍尔顿对社会持高度批评态度，经常认为人们虚伪、不真实。他已成为美国青少年文学的代表人物。
Writing Features:
写作特点：
①"The Catcher in the Rye" is notable for its first-person narrative voice, with Holden Caulfield serving as the unreliable narrator.
① 《麦田里的守望者》以其第一人称叙事声音而闻名，霍尔顿·考菲尔德担任不可靠的叙述者。
②Salinger employs a distinctive writing style that reflects the teenage vernacular and colloquialisms of the time, capturing Holden's unique voice and perspective.
②塞林格采用了独特的写作风格，反映了当时青少年的白话和口语，捕捉了霍尔顿独特的声音和视角。
③The prose is often characterized by its stream-of-consciousness structure, as Holden's thoughts and observations flow freely and spontaneously.
③散文的特点往往是意识流结构，霍尔顿的思想和观察自由而自发地流动。
④The novel also incorporates elements of symbolism, such as the recurring motif of the title, which represents Holden's desire to protect innocent children from the bad influences of the adult world.
④小说还融入了象征主义元素，例如标题中反复出现的主题，代表了霍尔顿保护无辜儿童免受成人世界不良影响的愿望。
问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "The Catcher in the Rye"?
1、问：《麦田里的守望者》的作者是谁？
Answer: The author of this novel is Jerome David Salinger.
答：这本小说的作者是杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格。
2. Question: Who is the protagonist of the novel?
2.问：小说的主人公是谁？
Answer: The protagonist of the novel is Holden Caulfield, a 16-year-old middle school student.
答：小说的主人公是霍尔顿·考菲尔德，一名16岁的中学生。
3. Question: Why is Holden expelled from school?
3. 问：霍顿为什么被学校开除？
Answer: Holden is thoroughly fed up with everything in school, including teachers, classmates, schoolwork, ball games, etc. His rebelliousness and uniqueness lead to his failing grades. Eventually, he is expelled by the school because he fails four out of five subjects.
答：霍尔顿彻底厌倦了学校里的一切，包括老师、同学、功课、球赛等等。他的叛逆和独特导致了他的成绩不及格。最终，他被学校开除，因为他五门科目中有四门不及格。
4. Question: What is Holden's ideal?
4.问：霍尔顿的理想是什么？
Answer: Holden's ideal is to be a "catcher in the rye". He imagines himself standing by the cliff, catching every child running towards the cliff and guarding them.
答：霍尔顿的理想是成为“麦田里的守望者”。他想象自己站在悬崖边，抓住每一个跑向悬崖的孩子并守护着他们。
5. Question: What is the symbolic meaning of the "red hunting cap" that appears repeatedly in the novel?
5、问：小说中多次出现的“红猎帽”的象征意义是什么？
Answer: The "red hunting cap" is a symbol of Holden's resistance to the adult world and his pursuit of purity and truth. Wearing the cap and turning the brim to the back means that he avoids the "phony" adult world.
答：“红色猎帽”是霍尔顿对成人世界的反抗和追求纯洁与真实的象征。戴上帽子并将帽檐翻到后面意味着他避开了“虚假”的成人世界。
6. Question: Who does Holden meet during his experience in New York?
6. 问：霍尔顿在纽约的经历中遇到了谁？
Answer: He meets men in women's clothing, men and women spraying and splashing water and wine on each other, nuns, his girlfriend Sally, old classmates, teachers and all kinds of people.
答：他遇到了女装男人、互相泼水、泼酒的男女、修女、女友莎莉、老同学、老师以及形形色色的人。
7. Question: Why does Holden want to go to the West?
7、问：霍顿为什么想去西方？
Answer: Holden is disgusted with the social environment in New York. He wants to escape this hypocritical world and go to the West to live a simple and innocent life.
答：霍尔顿对纽约的社会环境感到厌恶。他想逃离这个虚伪的世界，去西方过简单纯真的生活。
8. Question: What is the ending of the novel?
8.问：小说的结局是什么？
Answer: Holden falls seriously ill and is sent to a sanatorium for treatment. In the end, he compromises with the real society and does not truly become a rebel.
答：霍尔顿病重，被送往疗养院治疗。最终他向现实社会妥协，并没有真正成为叛逆者。
9. Question: What is the writing style of the novel?
9. 问：小说的写作风格是什么？
Answer: The novel uses colloquial language and has a unique style. It is interspersed with many vulgar expressions. In the first-person narrative way, it truly presents the feelings, thoughts and psychology of teenagers.
答：小说采用白话语言，风格独特。其中夹杂着许多粗俗的表达方式。以第一人称的叙事方式，真实地呈现了青少年的感受、思想和心理。
10. Question: What is the historical background of the novel?
10.问：小说的历史背景是什么？
Answer: The historical background of the novel is the United States after World War II. At that time, the American economy developed rapidly and the material living standard significantly improved. However, there was an atmosphere of suppressing individuality in society. The young generation indulged in material enjoyment and showed a state of numbness spiritually.
答：小说的历史背景是二战后的美国。当时美国经济迅速发展，物质生活水平显着提高。然而，社会上却存在着压抑个性的风气。年轻一代沉迷于物质享受，精神上表现出麻木状态。
补充论述题
1. Analyze the themes of "The Catcher in the Rye".
1、分析《麦田里的守望者》的主题。
Answer: The themes of this novel have multiple connotations.
答：这部小说的主题有多重内涵。
Firstly, it shows the growth dilemmas and confusion of adolescents. Holden is in adolescence and is dissatisfied and confused with school, family and society. In the process of searching for his self-identity, he constantly explores and struggles. He is disgusted by the hypocrisy and indifference of the adult world but cannot completely break away from it.
首先，展现了青少年的成长困境和困惑。霍尔顿正处于青春期，对学校、家庭和社会感到不满和困惑。在寻找自我认同的过程中，他不断探索、奋斗。他厌恶成人世界的虚伪和冷漠，却又无法完全脱离。
Secondly, the novel criticizes the hypocrisy and degeneration of society. Most of the people Holden comes into contact with are hypocrites who are full of pretentiousness. Society is full of utilitarianism and materialism, and people lack sincerity and care.
其次，小说批判了社会的虚伪和堕落。霍尔顿接触到的大多数人都是充满了自命不凡的伪君子。社会充满了功利主义和物质主义，人们缺乏真诚和关怀。
Thirdly, the novel expresses the yearning for innocence and beauty. Holden longs to be the catcher in the rye and guard the innocence of children, which reflects his deep longing and pursuit for a beautiful world.
第三，小说表达了对纯真和美好的向往。霍尔顿渴望成为麦田里的守望者，守护孩子们的纯真，这体现了他对美好世界的深深向往和追求。
Finally, the novel also explores the themes of loneliness and isolation. Holden feels lonely and isolated from others. He tries to find understanding and resonance but often fails, which makes him fall into deeper loneliness.
最后，小说还探讨了孤独和孤立的主题。霍尔顿感到孤独并与他人隔绝。他试图寻找理解和共鸣却常常失败，这让他陷入更深的孤独。
2. Discuss the characterization in "The Catcher in the Rye".
2.讨论《麦田里的守望者》中的人物塑造。
Answer: The novel successfully creates Holden, a complex and contradictory character.
答：小说成功地塑造了霍尔顿这个复杂、矛盾的人物形象。
On the one hand, he has qualities of kindness, sensitivity and innocence. He is generous to the suffering and unfortunate, is full of love for his sister Phoebe and has a longing for pure love.On the other hand, he is rebellious, cynical and unambitious. He uses vulgar language and engages in all kinds of bad behaviors such as smoking, drinking and fighting. His contradictory personality stems from the lack of family care, his own lack of experience and insufficient cognition, and the influence of social background.
一方面，他具有善良、敏感和纯真的品质。他对苦难和不幸慷慨大方，对妹妹菲比充满爱意，向往纯洁的爱情。另一方面，他又叛逆、愤世嫉俗、胸无大志。他的语言粗俗，有抽烟、喝酒、打架等各种不良行为。他的矛盾性格源于缺乏家庭关爱、自身经验不足和认知不足以及社会背景的影响。
In addition, other characters in the novel also have their own characteristics. For example, Holden's sister Phoebe is innocent and lovely and very dependent on her brother. Holden's brother D.B. becomes snobbish after going to Hollywood. These characters enrich the theme of the novel from different angles.
此外，小说中的其他人物也各有特色。比如霍尔顿的妹妹菲比天真可爱，非常依赖哥哥。霍顿的弟弟DB去好莱坞后变得势利。这些人物从不同的角度丰富了小说的主题。
3. Analyze the narrative techniques of "The Catcher in the Rye".
3、分析《麦田里的守望者》的叙事技巧。
Answer: The novel adopts the first-person narrative technique, enabling readers to penetrate into the inner world of the protagonist and enhancing the authenticity and appeal of the story.
答：小说采用第一人称叙事手法，使读者能够深入主人公的内心世界，增强故事的真实性和感染力。
Holden's narration is full of colloquial expressions and inner monologues, allowing readers to get closer to his thoughts and emotions.
霍尔顿的叙述充满口语化表达和内心独白，让读者更加接近他的思想和情感。
At the same time, the novel uses a large number of detailed descriptions and scene enhancements, such as the descriptions of the street scenes in New York and the people in the hotel, vividly showing the ugliness of society and Holden's loneliness.
同时，小说运用了大量的细节描写和场景增强，如对纽约街景、酒店里人的描写，生动地展现了社会的丑陋和霍尔顿的孤独。
In addition, the plot arrangement of the novel seems loose, but in fact it unfolds around Holden's inner conflicts and growth experiences, having a certain coherence and logic.
另外，小说的情节安排看似松散，实则围绕霍尔顿的内心冲突和成长经历展开，具有一定的连贯性和逻辑性。
4. The influence of the social background of "The Catcher in the Rye" on the novel.
4、《麦田里的守望者》的社会背景对小说的影响。
Answer: After World War II, American society was economically prosperous, but there were problems at the spiritual level. People pursued material enjoyment and neglected spiritual pursuit, and society became hypocritical and indifferent. This social background had a profound impact on Holden's growth, making him feel disappointed and disgusted with society.
答：二战后，美国社会经济繁荣，但精神层面存在问题。人们追求物质享受而忽视精神追求，社会变得虚伪、冷漠。这种社会背景对霍尔顿的成长产生了深远的影响，使他对社会感到失望和厌恶。
At the same time, the novel also reflects the mental state of the young generation at that time. Their dissatisfaction and confusion with society and their questioning of traditional values. The publication of the novel aroused widespread resonance and became one of the representative works of the "Beat Generation", having a certain impact on society at that time.
同时，小说也反映了当时年轻一代的精神状态。他们对社会的不满和困惑，对传统价值观的质疑。小说出版后引起广泛共鸣，成为“垮掉的一代”的代表作品之一，在当时的社会产生了一定的影响。
⑳②魔桶
"The Magic Barrel" is a short story written by Bernard Malamud. It is one of his best works that portray some unique aspects of Jewish life in American society.
《魔桶》是伯纳德·马拉默德的短篇小说。这是他最好的作品之一，描绘了美国社会犹太人生活的一些独特方面。
Theme:
主题：
The primary theme is the search for identity and redemption. The story follows Leo, a young rabbinical student, who is struggling to find asuitable wife. As he seeks the help of a marriage broker named Pinye Salzman,he becomes entangled in a journey of self-discovery and personal transformation.Leo's quest of a bride is not only a process of soul suffering, but also a process of self-discovery and moral perfection. He is determined to convert the fallen woman to goodness with love. At the same time, he is also making self-salvation-he gains the sense of love and sincerely converts to God.The novel not only reflects the Jewish conception of suffering, but also transcends it for the novel focuses on the sublimation of the character's soul and perception of morality after suffering. In a sense, this is salvation that Jews aspire to.
主要主题是寻找身份和救赎。故事讲述了年轻的拉比学生利奥（Leo）正在努力寻找合适的妻子。在寻求婚姻经纪人皮涅·萨尔兹曼（Pinye Salzman）的帮助时，他陷入了自我发现和个人转变的旅程。利奥寻找新娘的过程不仅是一个灵魂受苦的过程，也是一个自我发现和自我转变的过程。道德完美。他决心用爱将堕落的女人转变为善良的人。同时，他也在进行自我救赎——他获得了爱的感觉，真诚地皈依了上帝。小说不仅体现了犹太人的苦难观，而且超越了犹太人的苦难观，小说着眼于人物性格的升华。受苦后的灵魂和道德感。从某种意义上说，这就是犹太人所渴望的救赎。
Plot: （⭐️书中原话，2020年考过）
剧情：（⭐️书籍原话，2020年考过）
The protagonist Leo Finkle is soon to be ordained as a rabbi and it may be
主角利奥·芬克尔即将被任命为拉比，这可能是
easier for him to win a congragation if he were married. As he has for six years devoted himself to his studies, he has no time for social life and the company of young women. Therefore, he calls the marriage broker Pinye Salzman for help.However, his quest of a bride only aflicts him with anxiety and frustration.Even when he is finally fascinated with Stella, Salzman's own daughter, he is not sure if Salzman has planned it all as a trick.
如果他结婚了，他就更容易赢得祝贺。由于六年来他全身心投入学业，没有时间参加社交生活，也没有时间与年轻女性交往。因此，他打电话给婚姻经纪人皮耶·萨尔兹曼寻求帮助。然而，他对新娘的追求却让他感到焦虑和沮丧。即使他最终迷上了萨尔兹曼的女儿斯特拉，他也不确定这一切是否是萨尔兹曼计划好的。作为一个技巧。
This story displays the search for a bridemade by a bereft, bewildered young man who yearns, but fails, to find the secret of life and happiness. He struggles for love and self-understanding in the midst of folly and tricks. The caricature of Salzman's Jewish qualities as observed through Leo's anxious eyes gives readers a comic picture of Jewish life.
这个故事讲述了一个失去亲人、困惑的年轻人寻找新娘的故事，他渴望找到生命和幸福的秘密，但未能成功。他在愚蠢和诡计中为爱和自我理解而奋斗。通过利奥焦虑的眼神观察萨尔兹曼的犹太品质，为读者呈现了一幅犹太生活的喜剧画面。
Characterization:
特性描述：
Leo Finkle is the central character. Initially depicted as a rigid and isolated
里奥·芬克尔是主角。最初被描述为僵化且孤立的
individual, he is not sure if he really wants to meet anyone and he may not be able to adopt to their life as needed. He gradually sheds his preconceived notions and prejudices, learning to embrace his own desires and the complexities of human relationships.
作为个人，他不确定自己是否真的想认识任何人，而且他可能无法根据需要适应他们的生活。他逐渐摆脱先入为主的观念和偏见，学会拥抱自己的欲望和人际关系的复杂性。
Writing features:
写作特点：
a.Malamud's characters are deeply flawed yet relatable, with Leo's indecisiveness and Salzman's eccentricities adding depth and complexity to the story.
a.马拉默德的人物性格有严重缺陷，但又让人产生共鸣，利奥的优柔寡断和萨尔兹曼的古怪增加了故事的深度和复杂性。
b.Malamud's use of colloquial language and Yiddish expressions adds authenticity to the setting and characters.
b.马拉默德对口语和意第绪语的使用增加了背景和人物的真实性。
c.Malamud's writing style in "The Magic Barrel" is characterized by its realism and attention to detail. The story is set in a vibrant and vivid depiction of New York City,which serves as a backdrop for the characters' experiences.
c.马拉默德《魔桶》写作风格的特点是现实主义和注重细节。故事以纽约市充满活力和生动的描绘为背景，作为人物经历的背景。
d.Malamud's prose is often lyrical and contemplative, delving into the inner thoughts and emotions of the characters.
d.马拉默德的散文常常抒情而沉思，深入探究人物的内心思想和情感。
e.The story also incorporates elements of Jewish culture and tradition, exploring themes of faith and morality.
e.故事还融入了犹太文化和传统的元素，探讨了信仰和道德的主题。
f.Symbolism: The "magic barrel" serves as a symbol of the unknown and the mysterious workings of fate, while the photograph represents Leo's hopes and dreams for a fulfilling relationship.
f.象征意义：“魔桶”象征着未知和神秘的命运运作，而照片则代表了狮子座对充实关系的希望和梦想。
补充问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of "The Magic Barrel"?
1.问：《魔桶》的作者是谁？
Answer: The author of "The Magic Barrel" is Bernard Malamud.
答：《魔桶》的作者是伯纳德·马拉默德。
2. Question: Who are the main characters of the story?
2.问：故事的主要人物是谁？
Answer: The main characters of the story are Leo Finkle, a young Jewish student about to become a rabbi, and Pinye Salzman, a matchmaker.
回答：故事的主角是即将成为拉比的年轻犹太学生利奥·芬克尔（Leo Finkle）和媒人皮涅·萨尔兹曼（Pinye Salzman）。
3. Question: Why does Leo look for a matchmaker?
3.问：狮子座为什么要找媒人？
Answer: Leo is about to be ordained as a rabbi. A acquaintance suggests that he should get married first, as it will be easier for him to gain the trust of the congregants. Since he has been focused on his studies and has no social life or girlfriend, he wants to find a suitable marriage partner through a matchmaker.
答案：利奥即将被任命为拉比。一位熟人建议他先结婚，这样更容易获得会众的信任。由于他一直专注于学业，没有社交生活，也没有女朋友，所以他想通过媒人找到一个合适的结婚对象。
4. Question: Who is the first girl Salzman introduces to Leo?
4. 问：Salzman 向 Leo 介绍的第一个女孩是谁？
Answer: The first girl Salzman introduces to Leo is Lily. She is a girl who works in a photo studio. She is very beautiful in the photo, but in reality, her appearance is very different from the photo.
答案：萨尔兹曼向利奥介绍的第一个女孩是莉莉。她是一个在照相馆工作的女孩。照片中的她非常漂亮，但现实中的她的样子与照片有很大的不同。
5. Question: What is Leo's initial impression of Salzman?
5. 问：Leo 对 Salzman 的初步印象是什么？
Answer: At first, Leo thinks Salzman is small and thin but has an elegant appearance. He wears an old hat and his coat looks short and tight. He often gives off a fishy smell, but he is kind and amiable. His eyes have a touch of sadness and he speaks in a gentle way. These characteristics ease Leo's nervousness in this situation.
答：一开始，Leo 认为 Salzman 身材瘦小，但外表优雅。他戴着一顶旧帽子，外套看起来又短又紧。他经常散发出一股腥味，但他心地善良，和蔼可亲。他的眼神里带着一丝悲伤，说话的语气也很温柔。这些特征缓解了狮子座在这种情况下的紧张情绪。
6. Question: What is the symbolic meaning of the "magic barrel" in the novel?⭐️
6、问：小说中“魔桶”的象征意义是什么？ ⭐️
Answer: The "magic barrel" symbolizes the mystery and unpredictability of fate. It seems to be a tool used by Salzman to store information about girls. But in fact, its appearance and the information about the girls inside bring unexpected changes to Leo's life, making Leo start to reexamine his views on love and marriage.
答：“魔桶”象征着命运的神秘和不可预测。它似乎是萨尔兹曼用来存储女孩信息的工具。但事实上，它的出现和里面女孩的信息给狮子座的生活带来了意想不到的变化，让狮子座开始重新审视自己的爱情观和婚姻观。
7. Question: What is Leo's reaction after seeing the photos of the girls?
7. 问：Leo看到女孩们的照片后有何反应？
Answer: After seeing the photos of the girls, Leo is disappointed by the appearance of some girls and confused by the information about some other girls. He begins to doubt Salzman's way of introduction.
答：看到女孩的照片后，狮子座对一些女孩的外表感到失望，并对其他一些女孩的信息感到困惑。他开始怀疑萨尔兹曼的介绍方式。
8. Question: What changes does Leo's inner world experience in the story?
8.问：故事中狮子座的内心世界经历了哪些变化？
Answer: At first, Leo is eager to find a suitable marriage partner through a matchmaker. But after seeing the girls introduced by Salzman, he feels disappointed and confused and starts to reflect on his own behavior and thoughts. Finally, after experiencing a series of events, he has a deeper understanding of love and marriage.
答：一开始，狮子座渴望通过媒人找到合适的结婚对象。但看到萨尔兹曼介绍的女孩后，他感到失望和困惑，并开始反思自己的行为和想法。终于，在经历了一系列事件之后，他对爱情和婚姻有了更深的认识。
9. Question: Where is the novel set?
9.问：小说的背景在哪里？
Answer: The novel is set in New York. The environment and atmosphere of this city have a certain influence on Leo's psychology and behavior.
答：小说以纽约为背景。这个城市的环境和氛围对狮子座的心理和行为有一定的影响。
10. Question: Why does Salzman choose to be a matchmaker?
10.问：萨尔兹曼为什么选择做媒人？
Answer: Salzman has been engaged in the profession of matchmaker for many years. He thinks this is an ancient and respected profession in Jewish society. It can turn people's needs into reality and will not become an obstacle to people's happiness afterwards.
答：萨尔兹曼从事媒人职业多年。他认为这是犹太社会古老且受人尊敬的职业。它能够把人们的需求变成现实，不会成为人们事后幸福的障碍。
补充论述题
1. Analyze the themes of "The Magic Barrel".⭐️
1、分析《魔桶》的主题。 ⭐️
Answer: The themes of this novel have multiple connotations.
答：这部小说的主题有多重内涵。
Firstly, it explores the essence of love and marriage. Leo's pursuit of marriage gradually changes from an initial utilitarian purpose (to gain the trust of believers better) to thinking about true love, reflecting that love should not be just a combination based on external conditions or utilitarian factors but should be based on mutual understanding, respect, and emotional foundation.
首先，探讨爱情与婚姻的本质。狮子座对婚姻的追求，从最初的功利目的（更好地获得信徒的信任）逐渐转变为对真爱的思考，体现出爱情不应该只是基于外在条件或功利因素的结合，而应该建立在相互理解的基础上，尊重和情感基础。
Secondly, the novel reveals the weaknesses and complexity of human nature. Leo's vanity, one-sided pursuit of beauty, and his hesitation and confusion when facing choices show the common weaknesses in human nature. Although Salzman is a kind person, his profession also has a certain degree of commercialism and manipulation, which reflects the complexity of human nature.
其次，小说揭示了人性的弱点和复杂性。狮子座的虚荣心、对美的片面追求，以及面对选择时的犹豫和迷茫，都表现出了人性中常见的弱点。萨尔兹曼虽然是一个善良的人，但他的职业也带有一定程度的商业化和操纵性，体现了人性的复杂性。
Furthermore, the novel reflects the influence of Jewish culture and traditions on the characters. The story takes place in a Jewish community. Jewish values and traditional concepts play an important role in the thoughts and behaviors of the characters. For example, Leo's view of marriage is influenced by Jewish traditions, and Salzman's matchmaking profession also has a certain status in Jewish culture.
此外，小说还反映了犹太文化和传统对人物的影响。故事发生在一个犹太社区。犹太价值观和传统观念在人物的思想和行为中发挥着重要作用。比如利奥的婚姻观就受到犹太传统的影响，而萨尔兹曼的媒人职业在犹太文化中也有一定的地位。
Finally, the novel also emphasizes the unpredictability of fate and the uncertainty of life. The mystery of the "magic barrel" symbolizes the unpredictability of fate. The various accidents and setbacks that Leo experiences in the process of looking for love make him realize that the path of life is not completely controllable.
最后，小说还强调了命运的不可预测性和人生的不确定性。 “魔桶”之谜象征着命运的不可预测。狮子座在寻找爱情的过程中所经历的各种意外和挫折，让他意识到人生的道路并不是完全可控的。
2. Discuss the characterization in "The Magic Barrel".⭐️
2.讨论《魔桶》中的人物塑造。 ⭐️
Answer: The characterization in the novel is very successful.
答：小说中的人物塑造非常成功。
Leo is a contradictory character. On the one hand, he longs for love and marriage. On the other hand, he has unrealistic expectations of women. His character has both the innocence and simplicity of a young person and the arrogance and conceit of an intellectual. This contradictory character makes him fall into a dilemma when facing love choices and makes his character image more three-dimensional.
狮子座是一个矛盾的性格。一方面，他渴望爱情和婚姻。另一方面，他对女性抱有不切实际的期望。他的性格既有年轻人的天真单纯，又有知识分子的傲慢自负。这种矛盾的性格让他在面对爱情选择时陷入困境，也让他的人物形象更加立体。
Salzman is an experienced, kind but also shrewd matchmaker. His help to Leo has both a sincere side and considerations for professional interests. His image represents a traditional professional role in the Jewish community and also shows the multifaceted nature of human nature.
萨尔兹曼是一位经验丰富、善良而又精明的媒人。他对利奥的帮助既有真诚的一面，也有职业利益的考虑。他的形象代表了犹太社区中传统的职业角色，也展现了人性的多面性。
In addition, although the female characters in the novel are not described in much detail, their existence plays an important role in Leo's growth and transformation. For example, the appearance of Lily makes Leo realize that external beauty is not the same as internal goodness, thus prompting him to reflect on his own view of love.
另外，小说中的女性角色虽然描述得不多，但她们的存在对狮子座的成长转变起到了重要的作用。比如莉莉的出现让狮子座意识到外在的美并不等于内在的善良，从而促使他反思自己的爱情观。
3. Analyze the narrative structure of "The Magic Barrel".
3、分析《魔桶》的叙事结构。
Answer: The novel adopts a linear narrative structure but is full of suspense and turns in the narrative process. The story starts from Leo's decision to find a matchmaker and gradually unfolds his interaction with Salzman and his understanding of the girls. The development of the plot is natural and smooth. However, the author cleverly sets some suspense in the narrative, such as the mystery of the girls' information in the "magic barrel" and the gap between Leo's expectations of the girls and reality. These suspenseful elements attract readers' attention and make the story full of attraction. At the same time, the turns in the novel are also very wonderful. For example, Leo's disappointment in Lily and his unexpected discovery of another girl at the end make the plot of the story more ups and downs and also make readers pay deeper attention to Leo's fate.
答：小说采用线性叙事结构，但叙事过程充满悬念和转折。故事从里奥决定寻找媒人开始，逐渐展开他与萨尔兹曼的互动以及对女孩们的了解。剧情发展自然流畅。不过，作者在叙事中巧妙地设置了一些悬念，比如“魔桶”中女孩们的信息之谜以及狮子座对女孩们的期望与现实的差距等。这些悬疑元素吸引了读者的注意力，让故事充满吸引力。同时，小说中的转折也非常精彩。比如利奥对莉莉的失望以及最后意外发现的另一个女孩，让故事的情节更加跌宕起伏，也让读者更加关注利奥的命运。
4. The significance of Jewish cultural elements in "The Magic Barrel" to the novel.
4、《魔桶》中犹太文化元素对小说的意义。
Answer: Jewish cultural elements have important significance in the novel. Firstly, Jewish culture provides a unique background and atmosphere for the novel. The story takes place in a Jewish community. Jewish beliefs, customs, and values run through the whole story, making the novel have a strong ethnic characteristic and cultural connotation. Secondly, Jewish cultural elements influence the characters' personalities and behaviors. Leo and Salzman's thoughts and behaviors are both influenced by Jewish traditions. Their values and moral concepts determine their choices and behaviors to a certain extent. For example, Leo's cautious attitude towards marriage and sense of responsibility for the family reflect Jewish values. Finally, Jewish cultural elements also provide support for the expression of the novel's themes. The exploration of themes such as love, marriage, and human nature in the novel is closely related to Jewish traditional concepts and value orientations, making the themes more profound and rich.
答：犹太文化元素在小说中具有重要意义。首先，犹太文化为小说提供了独特的背景和氛围。故事发生在一个犹太社区。犹太人的信仰、习俗、价值观贯穿整个故事，使小说具有浓厚的民族特色和文化内涵。其次，犹太文化元素影响着人物的性格和行为。利奥和萨尔兹曼的思想和行为都受到犹太传统的影响。他们的价值观和道德观念在一定程度上决定了他们的选择和行为。例如，狮子座对婚姻的谨慎态度和对家庭的责任感就体现了犹太价值观。最后，犹太文化元素也为小说主题的表达提供了支撑。小说中对爱情、婚姻、人性等主题的探索与犹太传统观念和价值取向密切相关，使得主题更加深刻和丰富。
⑳③玻璃山
This novel was written by Donald Barthelme.
这本小说的作者是唐纳德·巴塞尔姆。
Theme:
主题：
In this story, Barthelme throws away the ultimate meaning of life and existence. In postmodernism, nothing exists, no center, no meanings,no values, no themes-all are vanished in the reality. Thus, nothingness isrepresented as the theme of the story.
在这个故事中，巴塞尔姆抛弃了生命和存在的终极意义。在后现代主义中，什么都不存在，没有中心，没有意义，没有价值观，没有主题——一切都消失在现实中。因此，虚无被代表为故事的主题。
As an important writer of experimental fiction, Barthelme created storiesthat are untraditional by juxtaposing incongruous elements ofcontemporary language and culture. The ironic parody reflects theabsurdity of the modern world, and is a success of
作为一位重要的实验小说作家，巴塞尔姆通过并置当代语言和文化的不协调元素来创作非传统的故事。讽刺性的戏仿反映了现代世界的荒谬，是
Characterization:
特性描述：
The narrator “I”is climbing a glass mountain.Although“I”is occasionally fearful and hesitates in seeking truth and meaning oflife in an absurd society, “I”is a perseverant and painstaking person.
叙述者“我”正在攀登一座玻璃山。虽然“我”在荒诞的社会中寻找生命的真理和意义时偶尔会感到恐惧和犹豫，但“我”是一个坚持不懈、艰苦奋斗的人。
Plot:
阴谋：
The glass mountain is located in the center of a modern city.The
玻璃山位于一座现代化城市的中心。
young man who is climbing is a cynical westerner, who seems to be anintellectual incompatible with his surroundings. He receives fleers from hisacquaintances who are watching and hope to get benefits from his fallingoff. In the last moment when he finally reaches the top of the mountainand finds the prince, he dumps her head firstly off mountain instead of rescuing and cherishing her.
正在登山的年轻人是一个愤世嫉俗的西方人，他似乎是一个与周围环境格格不入的知识分子。他收到了熟人的嘲笑，他们正在观看并希望从他的失败中得到好处。当他终于到达山顶找到王子的最后一刻，他没有去拯救和珍惜她，而是先把她的头扔下了山。
postmodernism.
后现代主义。
Writing features:
写作特点：
repetitions: Repetition has found new application and connotation in Barthelme's Glass Mountain."I was new in the neighborhood.",for instance, occurs 3 times in the 5th, 25th and 33rd paragraph respectively;and the movement of my climbing the mountain also runs through the wholestory. This kind of repetition that seriously breaks the conventional way ofnarration is rarely seen in story-writing, which perfectly exemplifies the postmodern aesthetic features as discontinuity and word expansion.
重复：重复在巴塞尔姆的《玻璃山》中找到了新的应用和内涵。例如，“我是邻居的新人。”，分别在第5段、第25段和第33段中出现了3次；而我爬山的动作也跑了贯穿整个故事。这种严重打破常规叙事方式的重复，在故事写作中是很少见的，它完美地体现了断续性和词语扩张的后现代美学特征。
Pastiche and Fragment: Barthelme particularly focuses himself on creating
拼贴与碎片：巴塞尔姆特别专注于创作
ridiculous and absurd atmosphere by cutting and reforming the originally traditionalstories with the techniques of pastiche and collage. Barthelme discards theconventional rules of fiction writing by tearing all the elements such as time, spaceand language structure apart into fragments and then pastes them. In addition tothat, Barthelme pastes some symbolic famous sayings, quotations of imaginarycharacters, technical terms and excerpts from fairy tales, making a fuss of giving thereferences, which aggravates the fragmental sense by making a further destruction to the coherence of narration, such as the part from the 65th paragraph to the 68th paragraph.
通过模仿、拼贴的手法对原本传统的故事进行剪裁和改造，营造出荒诞荒诞的氛围。巴塞尔姆抛弃了小说写作的常规规则，将时间、空间、语言结构等所有元素撕成碎片，然后将它们粘贴起来。除此之外，巴塞尔姆还粘贴了一些象征性的名言、虚构人物引述、专业术语以及童话故事节选等，大做文章的引用，进一步破坏了叙事的连贯性，加剧了片断感。从第65段至第68段。
Parody: The Glass Mountain is a parody of an old fairy tale named “Princess on the Glass Mountain". In the well-known old fairy tale, a poor young man who is braveand kindhearted climbs to the top of the glass mountain.Encouraged by the cheersof the onlookers, he rescues the enchanted and imprisoned prince and later notonly marries her but gets half of the lands and treasure of her kingdom.InBarthelme's new story Glass Mountain, the main plot is basically retold in the frameof the old story. The glass mountain is located in the center of a modern city.The young man who is climbing is a cynical westerner, who seems to be an intellectualincompatible with his surroundings. Instead of encouragement, he receives fleersfrom his acquaintances who are watching and hope to get benefits from his fallingoff. The ending is even more out of expectation of the readers-in the last momentwhen he finally reaches the top of the mountain and finds the prince, he dumps herhead firstly off mountain instead of rescuing and cherishing her. The contrast isthought-provoking to the readers. In the seemingly absurdity, people see the post-industrialized society, based on modern techniques and information, hascommercialized everything. By overthrowing the classic romance of the braveknight and beautiful prince, which symbolizes an everlasting meaning, Barthelmethrows away the ultimate meaning of life and existence. In postmodernism,nothing exists, no center, no meanings, no values, no themes-all are vanished in the reality. Thus, nothingness is represented as the theme of the story.
戏仿：《玻璃山》戏仿了一个古老的童话故事《玻璃山上的公主》。在这个家喻户晓的古老童话故事中，一个勇敢善良的穷小子爬上了玻璃山顶。在围观者的欢呼声中，他救出了被施了魔法、被囚禁的王子，后来不仅娶了她，还得到了她王国一半的土地和宝藏。 在巴塞尔姆的新故事《玻璃山》中，主要情节基本上是在古老故事的框架中重述的。玻璃山位于一座现代城市的中心。正在攀登的年轻人是一个愤世嫉俗的西方人，他似乎是一个与周围环境格格不入的知识分子，而不是鼓励。他收到了围观的熟人的嘲笑，希望从他的堕落中得到好处。结局更出乎读者的意料——在他终于到达山顶找到王子的最后一刻，他抛弃了。她首先下山了，而不是去拯救和珍惜她。这种对比发人深省。在看似荒诞的背后，人们看到后工业化社会，以现代技术和信息为基础，一切都商品化了。巴塞尔梅斯颠覆了象征永恒意义的勇敢骑士与美丽王子的经典浪漫，抛弃了生命和存在的终极意义。在后现代主义中，什么都不存在，没有中心，没有意义，没有价值，没有主题——一切都消失在现实中。因此，虚无被代表为故事的主题。
The story is composed of 100 sentences, which shows the playfulness of language.The sentences and the content are not continuous, and this kind of dis order gives a hint that the reality is disordered.
故事由100个句子组成，展现了语言的俏皮性。句子和内容并不连续，这种杂乱无序的暗示暗示着现实的无序。
问答题
1. Question: Who is the author of “The Glass Mountain”?
1. 问：《玻璃山》的作者是谁？
- Answer: The author of “The Glass Mountain” is Donald Barthelme. He is a famous American postmodernist writer.
- 答案：《玻璃山》的作者是唐纳德·巴塞尔姆。他是美国著名的后现代主义作家。
2. Question: What is the story background of this novel?
2.问：这本小说的故事背景是什么？
- Answer: The story background of the novel is rather vague. But it can be seen as a fictional world with fairy-tale elements such as “the glass mountain” and a castle on the top. Some people think it may allude to modern society.
- 答：小说的故事背景比较模糊。但它可以被视为一个虚构的世界，具有童话元素，例如“玻璃山”和山顶的城堡。有人认为这可能暗指现代社会。
3. Question: What is the symbolic meaning of “the glass mountain” in the novel?
3、问：小说中“玻璃山”的象征意义是什么？
- Answer: On one hand, “the glass mountain” symbolizes a difficult goal or challenge that is hard to climb, a tough obstacle for people in pursuit of wealth, success, and so on. On the other hand, it can also be regarded as a symbol of materialism in modern society. People face various difficulties and tests in the process of pursuing it.
- 答：一方面，“玻璃山”象征着难以攀登的艰巨目标或挑战，是人们追求财富、成功等的艰难障碍。另一方面，它也可以被视为现代社会唯物主义的象征。人们在追求的过程中面临着各种各样的困难和考验。
4. Question: What are the characteristics of the characters in the novel?
4、问：小说中的人物有什么特点？
- Answer: The characters in the novel have a certain degree of absurdity and vagueness. For example, the protagonist may be a brave yet somewhat reckless person trying to climb the glass mountain. While the people around show characteristics such as indifference and selfishness. They have both encouragement and an attitude of waiting to see a joke for the climber.
- 答：小说中的人物有一定的荒诞性和模糊性。例如，主角可能是一个勇敢但有些鲁莽的人，试图攀登玻璃山。而周围的人则表现出冷漠、自私等特征。他们既有鼓励，也有等着看登山者笑话的态度。
5. Question: What is the narrative style of the novel?
5、问：小说的叙事风格是怎样的？
- Answer: The narrative style of the novel has postmodernist characteristics. It is fragmented and non-linear. Consisting of 100 sentences, the logical connection between sentences is not tight, giving readers a jumping and incoherent reading experience.
- 答：小说的叙事风格具有后现代主义特征。它是碎片化的、非线性的。由100个句子组成，句子之间的逻辑联系并不紧密，给读者一种跳跃、语无伦次的阅读体验。
6. Question: What repeated sentences or images are there in the novel? What is their role?
6、问：小说中有哪些重复的句子或画面？他们的角色是什么？
- Answer: The sentence “I am new here, but I have some acquaintances” appears repeatedly in the novel. It reflects the falseness and indifference of interpersonal relationships in modern urban society. This seemingly contradictory expression actually reveals the estrangement between people. This repeated sentence enhances the theme expression and artistic appeal of the novel.
- 答：“我是新来的，但我有一些熟人”这句话在小说中多次出现。反映了现代都市社会人际关系的虚伪和冷漠。这种看似矛盾的表达，实际上揭示了人与人之间的隔阂。这句重复的句子增强了小说的主题表达和艺术感染力。
7. Question: What are the connections and differences between “The Glass Mountain” and traditional fairy tales?
7、问：《玻璃山》与传统童话有什么联系和区别？
- Answer: The connection lies in that the story framework has traces of traditional fairy tales. For example, there are difficult challenges (the glass mountain) and final goals (the castle on the top of the mountain, etc.). The difference is that it rewrites and subverts traditional fairy tales. The elements of beauty, kindness, and mutual help in traditional fairy tales are replaced by indifference, selfishness, and absurdity in this novel, with a strong ironic meaning.
- 答：联系在于故事框架有传统童话的痕迹。例如，有困难的挑战（玻璃山）和最终目标（山顶的城堡等）。不同的是，它改写和颠覆了传统童话故事。传统童话中美好、善良、互助的元素在这部小说中被冷漠、自私、荒诞所取代，具有强烈的讽刺意义。
8. Question: What are the characteristics of the environmental description in the novel?
8、问：小说中的环境描写有何特点？
- Answer: The environmental description has surrealistic characteristics. For example, there are strange images such as colorful dog feces on the sidewalk and nightingales with traffic lights tied to their legs. These environmental descriptions are far from the real world, creating an absurd and unfamiliar atmosphere and hinting at the distortion and alienation of modern society.
- 答：环境描写具有超现实主义特征。例如，人行道上有五颜六色的狗屎和腿上绑着红绿灯的夜莺等奇怪的图像。这些环境描写与现实世界相距甚远，营造出一种荒诞陌生的氛围，暗示着现代社会的扭曲和异化。
9. Question: What is the protagonist’s motivation for climbing the glass mountain?
9.问：主角攀登玻璃山的动机是什么？
- Answer: The protagonist’s climbing of the glass mountain may be out of the pursuit of success, wealth, honor, etc. Or it may be a kind of exploration and proof of self-worth. Trying to find his own existential meaning in this absurd world.
- 答：主角攀登玻璃山可能是出于对成功、财富、荣誉等的追求，也可能是一种自我价值的探索和证明。试图在这个荒诞的世界中寻找自己存在的意义。
10. Question: What are the characteristics of the ending of the novel? What feelings does it bring to readers?
10、问：小说的结局有什么特点？给读者带来怎样的感受？
- Answer: The ending of the novel is open-ended. It does not clearly state whether the protagonist successfully climbs the glass mountain, leaving a lot of room for readers’ imagination. This ending method makes readers feel confused and think. At the same time, it also enhances the artistic charm and thematic depth of the novel.
- 答：小说的结局是开放式的。并没有明确说明主角是否成功登上玻璃山，给读者留下了很大的想象空间。这种结尾方式让读者感到困惑和思考。同时也增强了小说的艺术魅力和主题深度。
论述题
发言题
1. Essay question: Analyze the postmodernist features of "The Glass Mountain".
1、问答题：分析《玻璃山》的后现代主义特征。
- Answer: First, from the perspective of narrative structure, the fragmented narrative of the novel is a typical postmodernist feature. It consists of 100 seemingly independent sentences without traditional linear plot development. Readers need to construct the logic and meaning of the story by themselves. This narrative method breaks readers' reading expectations and challenges traditional narrative concepts. Secondly, in terms of character creation, the characters are vague and absurd, lacking the distinct personalities and clear motives of characters in traditional novels. This reflects postmodernism's emphasis on the uncertainty and complexity of characters. Moreover, the language of the novel is playful and self-referential. Language is no longer a simple expression tool but has become the main part of the novel. The author expresses his doubts and reflections on reality through the ingenious use and deformation of language. Finally, the theme of the novel is pluralistic and uncertain. It not only discusses people's pursuit of material things and the indifference of interpersonal relationships in modern society but also involves the exploration of self-identity and the thinking of existential meaning. There is no clear theme orientation, leaving readers to interpret and understand by themselves.
——答：首先，从叙事结构来看，小说的碎片化叙事是典型的后现代主义特征。它由100个看似独立的句子组成，没有传统的线性情节发展。读者需要自己构建故事的逻辑和意义。这种叙事方式打破了读者的阅读预期，挑战了传统的叙事观念。其次，在人物塑造上，人物形象模糊荒诞，缺乏传统小说中人物鲜明的个性和明确的动机。这反映了后现代主义对人物的不确定性和复杂性的强调。此外，小说的语言充满幽默感和自我指涉性。语言不再是简单的表达工具而成为小说的主体部分。作者通过语言的巧妙运用和变形，表达了对现实的质疑和反思。最后，小说的主题是多元的、不确定的。它不仅讨论了现代社会人们对物质的追求和人际关系的冷漠，还涉及到对自我同一性的探索和存在意义的思考。没有明确的主题定位，留给读者自行解读和理解。
2. Essay question: Discuss the criticism of modern society in "The Glass Mountain".
2.论述题：讨论《玻璃山》对现代社会的批判。
- Answer: The novel criticizes modern society through metaphor and symbol. "The glass mountain" symbolizes the goals of success and wealth that people pursue in modern society. However, the difficult process of climbing the glass mountain implies the numerous difficulties and challenges people face when pursuing these goals. The indifferent relationship between characters in the novel, such as the attitude of "acquaintances" towards the climber, reflects the alienation and selfishness of interpersonal relationships in modern society. The various strange images in the environmental description, such as colorful dog feces and nightingales with traffic lights tied to their legs, imply environmental pollution and ecological destruction in modern society as well as people's disrespect for nature and distorted values. In addition, the subversion of traditional fairy tales in the novel also reflects the author's criticism of people's lack of faith and spiritual emptiness in modern society. People no longer believe in traditional beautiful values but fall into an absurd and indifferent living state.
- 答：小说通过隐喻和象征来批判现代社会。 “玻璃山”象征着现代社会人们追求成功和财富的目标。然而，攀登玻璃山的艰难过程，也隐含着人们在追求这一目标时面临的重重困难和挑战。小说中人物之间冷漠的关系，比如对登山者的“熟人”态度，反映了现代社会人际关系的疏离和自私。环境描写中各种奇特的形象，如五颜六色的狗屎、腿上绑着红绿灯的夜莺等，暗示着现代社会的环境污染和生态破坏，以及人们对自然的不尊重和价值观的扭曲。此外，小说中对传统童话的颠覆也体现了作者对现代社会人们缺乏信仰、精神空虚的批判。人们不再相信传统的美好价值观，而陷入荒唐、冷漠的生存状态。
3. Essay question: The embodiment and deconstruction of the "American Dream" in "The Glass Mountain".
3、论述题：《玻璃山》中“美国梦”的体现与解构。
- Answer: In the novel, "the glass mountain" and the "golden castle" on the top can be regarded as symbols of success and wealth in the "American Dream", attracting people to constantly pursue. The protagonist's act of climbing the glass mountain can be understood as the pursuit of the "American Dream". He tries to reach the top and obtain success and wealth by overcoming difficulties. However, through the various difficulties and setbacks encountered by the protagonist during the climbing process and the indifference and selfishness of the people around him, the novel reveals the illusory and unrealizable nature of the "American Dream" in modern society. The author deconstructs the "American Dream" and points out that in real society, people's pursuit of wealth and material things is often accompanied by the indifference of interpersonal relationships, the loss of morality, and spiritual emptiness. The "American Dream" has lost its original meaning and value.
- 答：小说中，“玻璃山”和山顶的“金色城堡”堪称“美国梦”中成功和财富的象征，吸引着人们不断追求。主人公攀登玻璃山的行为可以理解为对“美国梦”的追求。他试图通过克服困难登上顶峰，获得成功和财富。然而，小说通过主人公在攀登过程中遇到的种种困难和挫折以及周围人的冷漠和自私，揭示了现代社会“美国梦”的虚幻和无法实现的本质。作者解构了“美国梦”，指出现实社会中，人们对财富和物质的追求往往伴随着人际关系的冷漠、道德的丧失、精神的空虚。 “美国梦”已经失去了原有的意义和价值。
4. Essay question: Analyze the parody of fairy tales in "The Glass Mountain" from the perspective of literary tradition.
4、问答题：从文学传统的角度分析《玻璃山》中对童话故事的戏仿。
- Answer: In terms of story framework, the novel draws on the model of challenges and goals in traditional fairy tales, with a plot structure similar to that of heroes challenging difficult tasks to obtain beautiful things. But in specific content, it boldly rewrites traditional fairy tales. The qualities of kindness, bravery, and mutual help of characters in traditional fairy tales are subverted in the novel and replaced by
- 答：在故事框架上，小说借鉴了传统童话中的挑战和目标模式，情节结构类似于英雄挑战艰巨的任务以获得美好的东西。但在具体内容上，它大胆改写了传统童话故事。传统童话中人物善良、勇敢、互助的品质在小说中被颠覆，取而代之的是absurdity, selfishness, and indifference. In terms of plot development, traditional fairy tales often have clear causal relationships and logical sequences, while the plot of "The Glass Mountain" is fragmented and non-linear without a clear development context. This kind of parody is not only a challenge and subversion of literary tradition but also the author's expression of his views and thoughts on modern society through the reinterpretation and adaptation of traditional fairy tales, giving the novel unique artistic charm and ideological depth.
荒谬、自私和冷漠。从情节发展来看，传统童话往往有明确的因果关系和逻辑顺序，而《玻璃山》的情节碎片化、非线性，没有明确的发展脉络。这种戏仿不仅是对文学传统的挑战和颠覆，也是作者通过对传统童话故事的重新解读和改编来表达对现代社会的看法和思考，赋予了小说独特的艺术魅力和思想深度。
5. Essay question: The thematic significance of "The Glass Mountain" and its inspiration to contemporary readers.
5、问答题：《玻璃山》的主题意义及其对当代读者的启发。
- Answer: The thematic significance of the novel lies in revealing the absurdity, indifference, and spiritual emptiness of modern society. It allows readers to see the beautiful qualities such as kindness, mutual help, and trust that people may lose in the process of pursuing material things and success. The inspiration for contemporary readers is that we should reflect on our values and lifestyles, not be deceived by material things and interests, and maintain respect for human nature and the pursuit of beautiful things. At the same time, the novel also reminds us to pay attention to the establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relationships and not let indifference and selfishness become the mainstream of society. In the process of reading the novel, contemporary readers can draw strength from it to face the difficulties and challenges in life and find their own existential meaning and value.
- 答：小说的主题意义在于揭示了现代社会的荒诞、冷漠和精神空虚。它让读者看到人们在追求物质和成功的过程中可能失去的善良、互助、信任等美好品质。对当代读者的启示是，我们应该反思自己的价值观和生活方式，不要被物质和利益所欺骗，保持对人性的尊重和对美好事物的追求。同时，小说也提醒我们要注重人际关系的建立和维护，不要让冷漠和自私成为社会的主流。当代读者在阅读小说的过程中，可以从中汲取力量，面对生活中的困难和挑战，找到自己存在的意义和价值。