问题反馈
3.5Population and Sampling Selection
3.5总体和抽样选择
Population: The population of this study consists of all small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia that have initiated or possess the potential for digital transformation. These enterprises are mainly in manufacturing, and meet the criteria for employee count, annual turnover, total assets, etc., to ensure that the research subjects align with the actual composition of Malaysian SMEs.
人口 ：本研究的人群包括马来西亚所有已经启动或具有数字化转型潜力的中小企业 （SME）。这些企业以制造业为主，并符合员工人数、年营业额、总资产等标准，以确保研究对象与马来西亚中小企业的实际构成相吻合。
Sampling: Considering the wide distribution and differences among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia's manufacturing sector across industries and sizes, a stratified random sampling method is employed. Stratified random sampling is a probability sampling technique that is applicable in situations where there is significant heterogeneity within the population. In this method, the population is divided into several "strata", each stratum having similar characteristics within it. Then, random sampling is carried out from each stratum to ensure that the sample is fully representative of all sub - groups of the population.（Lohr, 2021）。This study mainly extracted 300 samples.The sample is first stratified by industry (Food and Beverage Manufacturing, Textile and Clothing Manufacturing, Electronics and Electrical Equipment Manufacturing, Chemical and Plastic Manufacturing, Metal and Machinery Manufacturing) and enterprise size. SMEs in different industries and sizes have varying digital transformation processes and key influencing factors, and stratification effectively controls the sampling bias caused by these differences. Subsequently, within each stratum, samples are selected using a random sampling method. Using the stratified sampling formula, the number of samples to be drawn from each stratum is determined based on the overall size of each stratum, ensuring the representativeness of the sample.
抽样 ：考虑到马来西亚制造业中小型企业 （SME） 在不同行业和规模之间的广泛分布和差异，采用分层随机抽样方法。 分层随机抽样是一种概率抽样技术，适用于总体中存在显著异质性的情况。在这种方法中，人口被划分为几个“层”，每个层内部都有相似的特征。然后，从每个层进行随机抽样，以确保样本完全代表总体的所有子组。（Lohr， 2021）。 本研究主要提取了 300 份样本 。 样本首先按行业（食品和饮料制造、纺织和服装制造、电子和电气设备制造、化学和塑料制造、金属和机械制造）和企业规模进行分层。不同行业和规模的 SME 具有不同的数字化转型流程和关键影响因素，分层有效控制了这些差异导致的抽样偏差。随后，在每个层内，使用随机抽样方法选择样本。使用分层抽样公式，根据每层的整体大小确定从每层抽取的样本数量，确保样本的代表性。
Reasons for Sampling Selection: Stratified random sampling can target the diverse characteristics of Malaysian SMEs. Through industry and scale stratification, it can accurately capture the differences in influencing factors of digital transformation among different types of enterprises. Compared with simple random sampling, it significantly reduces sampling errors, improves the accuracy of research results, and infers the overall situation of digital transformation factors of Malaysian SMEs from the sample.
抽样选择的原因 ：分层随机抽样可以针对马来西亚中小企业的不同特征。通过行业和规模分层，准确捕捉不同类型企业之间数字化转型影响因素的差异。与简单的随机抽样相比，它显着减少了抽样误差，提高了研究结果的准确性，并从样本中推断出马来西亚中小企业数字化转型因素的整体情况。
3.6 Data Collection Procedure
3.6 数据收集程序
Data Preparation
数据准备
Data quality has become an area of increasing concern in market research. Therefore, when preparing data, special attention is paid to data quality. (Moore et al. 2021).Obtain lists of SMEs that meet the overall definition from formal channels such as the SMEDA official database, Malaysian industry associations (e.g., the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers for manufacturing SMEs), and business directory platforms. By reviewing officially published materials, understand the enterprises, deeply analyze factors related to digital transformation, invite enterprises to participate in questionnaire research, and initially establish a communication bridge.
数据质量已成为市场研究中日益关注的领域。因此，在准备数据时，需要特别注意数据质量。（Moore 等人 。 2021 年）。 从 SMEDA 官方数据库、马来西亚行业协会（例如，针对制造业中小企业的马来西亚制造商联合会）和企业名录平台等正规渠道获取符合整体定义的中小企业名单。通过查阅官方发布的资料，了解企业，深入分析数字化转型相关因素，邀请企业参与问卷调研，初步建立沟通桥梁。
Data Collection Methods
数据收集方法
Questionnaire Survey: The questionnaire is designed as a structured questionnaire based on online survey platforms such as Google Forms and Survey Monkey, combined with the actual context of local Malaysian SMEs. The questionnaire content includes basic information of the enterprise or respondents, and expands from the aspects of technology, organization, environment, and degree of digital transformation to design a questionnaire that helps us better study the influencing factors of digital transformation of Malaysian SMEs (Ling et al., 2023).
问卷调查：该问卷是基于 Google Forms 和 Survey Monkey 等在线调查平台，结合马来西亚当地中小企业的实际情况而设计的结构化问卷。问卷内容包括企业或受访者的基本信息，并从技术、组织、环境和数字化转型程度等方面展开，设计出一份问卷，帮助我们更好地研究马来西亚中小企业数字化转型的影响因素（Ling et al.， 2023）。
In-depth Interviews: Conduct semi-structured interviews with part of the SMEs that are willing to communicate in depth and have typical characteristics in the industry or digital transformation (such as significant transformation effects or unique challenges). Use video conferencing tools such as Zoom and Microsoft Teams, or conduct face-to-face interviews when geographical conditions permit. Deeply discuss the driving factors, obstacles, and practical paths of digital transformation, excavate detailed information that is difficult to present in the questionnaire, and supplement the shortage of quantitative data.
深度访谈：对愿意深入沟通并具有行业或数字化转型典型特征（如显著转型效应或独特挑战）的部分中小企业进行半结构化访谈。使用 Zoom 和 Microsoft Teams 等视频会议工具 ，或在地理条件允许的情况下进行面对面访谈。深入探讨数字化转型的驱动因素、阻碍点和实践路径，挖掘问卷中难以呈现的细节信息，补充量化数据的不足。
Document Analysis: Collect documents such as annual reports, business plans, and digital transformation strategy documents (if any) of participating enterprises. Extract information such as enterprise digital investment, transformation goal setting, and business process digital planning from the documents, verify with questionnaire and interview data, and construct a more comprehensive data dimension.
文件分析：收集参与企业的年报、商业计划书和数字化转型战略文件（如有）等文件。从文档中提取企业数字化投资、转型目标设定、业务流程数字化规划等信息，通过问卷和访谈数据进行验证，构建更全面的数据维度。
Survey Follow-up
调查跟进
After sending the online questionnaire or confirming the interview arrangement, carry out regular follow-up:
在发送网上问卷或确认访谈安排后，进行定期跟进：
For enterprises that have not submitted the questionnaire, send friendly reminder emails in stages within the answering period;
对于未提交问卷的企业，在回答期内分阶段发送友好提醒邮件 ;
For enterprises with arranged interviews, reconfirm the time and process 1-2 days in advance;
对于安排面谈的企业，提前 1-2 天再次确认时间和流程 ;
Timely respond to enterprise questions, such as data filling guidance and interview content clarification, to ensure the efficiency and quality of data collection;
及时响应企业问题，如数据填写指导、访谈内容澄清等，确保数据采集的效率和质量 ;
Initially check the integrity and logic of the recovered data, and filter out invalid questionnaires or interview records.
首先检查恢复数据的完整性和逻辑 ，并过滤掉无效的问卷或访谈记录。
3.7Questionnaire Design
3.7 问卷设计
Introduction: The questionnaire focuses on several core aspects including the basic information of enterprises, technological factors, organizational factors, environmental factors, and the degree of digital transformation. It covers multiple dimensions such as the complexity of digital technology, the degree of innovation in digital organizational management, and the level of government support for digitalization. It is comprehensive, reliable, and valid. By using a variety of measurement instruments, such as nominal scales, Likert scales, and ordinal scales, the question settings of the entire questionnaire are diverse. This not only reflects the quality of the questionnaire but also provides a guarantee for subsequent statistical analysis.
介绍： 问卷主要围绕企业基本信息、技术因素、组织因素、环境因素、数字化转型程度等几个核心方面展开。它涵盖了数字技术的复杂性、数字化组织管理的创新程度、政府对数字化的支持程度等多个维度。它是全面、可靠和有效的。通过使用多种测量工具，例如名义量表、李克特量表和序数量表，整个问卷的问题设置是多样化的。这不仅反映了问卷的质量，也为后续的统计分析提供了保障。
Questionnaire Structure:
问卷结构：
1.All questions are closed-ended with fixed options.
1. 所有问题均为封闭式问题，有固定选项。
2.The scale format is unified.
2. 刻度格式统一。
3.There are no open-ended or semi-structured interview questions.
3. 没有开放式或半结构化的面试问题。
4.Suitable for quantitative statistical analysis (such as descriptive statistics, reliability and validity tests, PLS-SEM).
4. 适用于定量统计分析（如描述性统计、信效度检验、PLS-SEM）。
Questionnaire Design Source and Modification Description:
问卷设计来源和修改说明：
The source of the questionnaire has been noted in the first table.
调查问卷的来源已在第一个表中注明。
Author | name of document | page number |
Raymond, Disu and Yo, Ming En | A study of understanding SMEs digitalization adoption through t-o-e framework in Malaysia, Klang valley | 113-120 |
Questionnaire questions | The way to change | Modified questionnaire questions | Reasons |
Gender: □ Male □ Female | Delete | no | There is no necessary connection between gender and digital transformation of SMEs |
What type of ownership your company is? □Local-owned □Foreigner-owned □Others. Please specify | Delete | no | The questionnaire has covered a number of questions about basic information, such as industry type. The question about ownership type will cause duplication |
Do you agree digitalization is obligated in today business environment? □Agree, digitalization will improve market competitive. □Disagree, digitalization is a waste of funds toward organization. | Delete | no | The environmental component of the questionnaire has already addressed the issue of competition |
Our enterprise intends to adopt digitalization.1□2□3□4□5□6□7□ | Modify | The extent to which digitalization is prevalent in our company.1□2□3□4□5□6□7□ | The original questionnaire mentioned that it was intended to be digitized, which was aimed at enterprises that had not yet been digitized. We changed it to the degree of digitization and covered a wider range. |
What type of industry your organization is in? □Manufacturing □Services □Others | Modify | What type of industry your organization is in? □Food and Beverage Manufacturing □Textile and Clothing Manufacturing □Others | This questionnaire is mainly aimed at the manufacturing industry, and this topic will be changed to the segmentation of the manufacturing industry. |
In the second table, partial deletions and modifications were made based on the original questionnaire, along with the reasons for the deletions.
在第二个表中，根据原始调查问卷以及删除原因进行了部分删除和修改。
Overall Questionnaire Presentation：
The questionnaire is divided into two parts: one is the Company Profile, and the other uses a 7-point Likert scale to describe aspects of technology, organization, environment, and digital transformation.The whole questionnaire will be presented in PART A and B.
整体问卷呈现 ： 问卷分为两部分：一是 公司简介，另一部分使用 7 点李克特量表来描述技术、组织、环境和数字化转型的各个方面 。 整个问卷将在 A 部分和 B 部分呈现。
First Part ：The first part of this study's questionnaire is primarily designed to gather background data on the surveyed enterprises and respondents. This section contains 8 questions, using closed-ended items designed with two measurement scales—nominal and ordinal—to address variables such as the respondent's position, age, gender, years of company establishment, industry type, enterprise size, digital literacy, and current status of digital technology adoption.
第一部分 ： 本研究问卷的第一部分主要是为了收集被调查企业和受访者的背景数据。本节包含 8 个问题，使用设计有两个测量量表（名义和有序）的封闭式项目来解决变量，例如受访者的职位、年龄、性别、 公司成立年份、行业类型、企业规模、数字素养和 数字技术采用的现状 。
Questions 1, 4, 6, 7, and 8 employ nominal scale measurement, mainly for classifying respondent attributes or enterprise types. Examples include position level (management/non-management), industry category (Food and Beverage Manufacturing /Textile and Clothing Manufacturing/others), digital cognition (true/false/not sure), and types of digital technologies currently used (multiple-choice). These variables lack order and serve to facilitate sample descriptive statistics, cross-analysis, and group comparisons.
问题 1、4、6、7 和 8 采用名义量表测量，主要用于对受访者属性或企业类型进行分类。示例包括职位级别（管理/非管理）、行业类别（食品和饮料制造 /纺织和服装制造/其他）、数字认知（对/错/不确定）以及当前使用的数字技术类型（多项选择）。这些变量缺乏顺序，用于促进样本描述性统计、交叉分析和组比较。
Questions 2, 3, and 5 use ordinal scale measurement, such as respondent age groups, company establishment years, and enterprise employee size ranges. These questions exhibit a natural progressive order, but the intervals between groups are non-quantifiable, allowing only ranking-based statistical analysis. Ordinal scale measurement helps explore differences in digital adoption willingness and technology adoption status among enterprises of different ages and sizes. Recent research confirms that ordinal scales are appropriate for ranking-based data such as digital training investment levels, as they preserve the order of values without requiring equal intervals between them—making them useful for structured comparisons in applied settings (Sönning, 2024).
问题 2、3 和 5 使用顺序刻度测量，例如受访者年龄组、公司成立年份和企业员工规模范围。这些问题表现出自然的渐进顺序，但组之间的间隔是不可量化的，只允许基于排名的统计分析。序数尺度测量有助于探索不同年龄和规模的企业在数字采用意愿和技术采用状态方面的差异 。 最近的研究证实，序数量表适用于基于排名的数据，例如数字培训投资水平，因为它们保留了值的顺序，而不需要值之间的间隔相等，这使得它们可用于应用环境中的结构化比较 （Sönning，2024）。
The closed-ended, structured design with fixed items and options enables respondents to answer quickly and facilitates subsequent descriptive and group statistical analyses (e.g., frequency distribution, cross-tabulation, chi-square tests). It also lays a sample foundation for the quantitative analysis of the Likert scale section.
具有固定项目和选项的封闭式结构化设计使受访者能够快速回答，并有助于后续的描述性和群体统计分析（例如，频率分布、交叉制表、卡方检验）。它还为李克特量表部分的定量分析奠定了样本基础。
Second Part：The second part of the questionnaire uses a 7-point Likert scale to describe variables from the perspectives of technology, organization, environment, and digital transformation:Technology Factors: Include relative advantage, perceived complexity, and compatibility.Organization Factors: Include top management support, employee capability & knowledge, and management innovativeness.Environment Factors: Include competitive pressure, government support, and vendor support.This design is rooted in sound theoretical foundations and a rigorous variable structure: All independent variables derive from the TOE, which remains widely adopted in recent digital transformation studies for analyzing technology adoption in organizational contexts (Madaki et al., 2023). The variable design follows a mature theoretical system, ensuring scientific and authoritative measurement.
第二部分 ： 问卷的第二部分使用 7 点李克特量表，从技术、组织、环境和数字化转型的角度描述变量 ：技术因素：包括相对优势、感知复杂性和兼容性。组织因素：包括最高管理层的支持、 员工能力和知识以及管理创新性。环境因素：包括竞争压力、政府支持和供应商支持。这种设计植根于坚实的理论基础和严格的变量结构： 所有自变量都源自 TOE，它在最近的数字化转型研究中仍然被广泛采用，用于分析组织环境中的技术采用 （Madaki et al.， 2023）。 变量设计遵循成熟的理论体系，确保测量的科学性和权威性。
It addresses key influencing factors of digital adoption:Technology Factors reflect how technical characteristics (advantages, complexity, compatibility) affect adoption willingness.Organization Factors measure the impact of internal resources, leadership support, employee capabilities, and management culture on digital transformation intent.Environment Factors assess external pressures from government policies, market competition, and vendor ecosystems on enterprises' digital decisions.Variables and items are locally revised based on the TOE framework, combining the status quo of digital transformation and policy context for Malaysian SMEs. This ensures the scale language aligns with practical scenarios, enhancing contextual adaptability and empirical application effectiveness.
它解决了数字采用的关键影响因素 ：技术因素 反映了技术特性（优势、复杂性、兼容性）如何影响采用意愿。组织因素衡量 内部资源、领导支持、员工能力和管理文化对数字化转型意图的影响 。环境因素 评估政府政策、市场竞争和供应商生态系统对企业数字化决策的外部压力 。变量和项目根据 TOE 框架进行本地修订，结合数字化转型的现状和马来西亚中小企业的政策背景。这确保了量表语言与实际场景保持一致，增强了上下文适应性和实证应用的有效性。
3.8Measurement instruments
3.8测量仪器
In terms of technology, organization, environment, and digital transformation, the measurement tool mainly adopts the Likert scale. In recent years, this scale has been widely used to analyze the attitudes and behaviors of enterprises affected by multiple factors in digital transformation (Tungpantong, Nilsook, & Wannapiroon, 2022). The Likert scale usually requires respondents to choose a rating from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" according to their attitude or opinion towards a certain statement (usually using a 5 - point or 7 - point rating method), which helps to quantify subjective feelings into statistically analyzable data.
在技术、组织、环境和数字化转型方面，测量工具主要采用李克特量表。近年来，这个量表被广泛用于分析受数字化转型中多种因素影响的企业的态度和行为 （TungpantongNilsook 和 Wannapiroon，2022）。 李克特量表通常要求受访者根据他们对某一陈述的态度或意见，从“非常不同意”到“非常同意”中选择评分（通常使用 5 分或 7 分评分法），这有助于将主观感受量化为统计可分析的数据。
3.8.1Measurement technology factors
3.8.1测量技术因素
The measurement of technological factors employs a Likert 7-point Scale across three dimensions: Relative Advantages, Perceived Complexity, and Compatibility. As abstract concepts (e.g., "relative advantages" and "complexity"), technological factors require respondents to subjectively judge the degree to which digital technologies possess certain attributes, converting abstract perceptions into quantitative data on a 1-7 scale. The core objective is to use continuous numerical values to reflect the intensity of attitudes, capturing nuances more precisely than simple classifications (e.g., "agree/disagree").
技术因素的测量采用李克特 7 分制量表，涵盖三个维度：相对优势、感知复杂性和兼容性。作为抽象概念（例如，“相对优势”和“复杂性”），技术因素要求受访者主观判断数字技术具有某些属性的程度，将抽象的感知转化为 1-7 分制的定量数据。核心目标是使用连续的数值来反映态度的强度，比简单的分类（例如，“同意/不同意”）更精确地捕捉细微差别。
Relative Advantages of Technological Factors
技术因素的相对优势
This dimension assesses the perceived value enhancement of digital technologies for enterprises, including:
该维度评估数字技术对企业的感知价值提升，包括：
Marketing Value: The optimization of product/service promotion through digitalization.Customer Communication Value: The improvement of customer interaction enabled by digitalization.Business Management Value: The optimization of business activity management via digitalization.Cost Control Value: The reduction of operational costs through digitalization.Competitive Advantage Value: The enhancement of competitive edge via digitalization.
营销价值：通过数字化优化产品/服务推广 。客户沟通价值：数字化使客户互动的改善 。业务管理价值：通过数字化优化业务活动管理 。成本控制价值：通过数字化降低运营成本 。竞争优势价值：通过数字化增强竞争优势。
Perceived Complexity of Technological Factors
技术因素的感知复杂性
This dimension evaluates the perceived difficulty of mastering digital technologies, including:
该维度评估掌握数字技术的感知难度，包括：
Technical Difficulty: The ease of use of digital technologies themselves.Marketing Scenario Difficulty: The ease of applying digitalization in marketing contexts.Employee Skill Difficulty: The challenge for enterprises and employees to acquire digital skills.Interaction Comprehension Difficulty: The clarity and understandability of interactions with digital technologies.Mastery Difficulty: The challenge of becoming proficient in using digital technologies.
技术难度： 数字技术本身的易用性 。营销场景难度：在营销环境中应用数字化的难易程度 。员工技能难度：企业和员工获得数字技能的挑战 。交互理解难度： 与数字技术交互的清晰度和可理解性。精通难度： 精通使用数字技术的挑战。
Compatibility of Technological Factors
技术因素的兼容性
This dimension assesses the alignment between digital technologies and existing enterprise systems (business models, strategies, infrastructure, etc.), including:
该维度评估数字技术与现有企业系统（商业模式、战略、基础设施等）之间的一致性，包括：
Business Model Fit: The compatibility of digitalization with the enterprise's operational approach.Procurement Activity Fit: The compatibility of digitalization with the enterprise's procurement processes.Strategic Alignment: The compatibility of digitalization with the enterprise's business strategy.IT Infrastructure Fit: The compatibility of digitalization with the enterprise's IT infrastructure.Innovative Experience Supplement: Whether digitalization represents a new experience for the enterprise (reverse verification of compatibility: full compatibility typically does not yield a "new experience").
商业模式契合度：数字化与企业运营方法的兼容性 。采购活动契合度：数字化与企业采购流程的兼容性 。战略一致性：数字化与企业业务的兼容性 strategy.IT 基础设施契合度：数字化与企业 IT 基础设施的兼容性 。创新体验补充：数字化是否代表企业的新体验（兼容性的反向验证：完全兼容通常不会产生“新体验”）。
Benefits of Measuring Technological Factors
测量技术因素的好处
Facilitate strategic decision-making: By evaluating the relative advantages of technologies, enterprises can clarify the actual value of digitalization. For example, they can determine whether it truly optimizes marketing or reduces costs, thus providing a basis for expanding digital initiatives and avoiding blind investment (Al - Alawi et al., 2024; Campagna & Bhada, 2024). Assessing compatibility with aspects such as business strategy and operational models helps ensure that the adoption of digital technologies is consistent with the long - term strategy of the enterprise, making technology a tool for strategy implementation. For instance, verifying whether digital technologies are compatible with the procurement process or business operations helps maintain strategic consistency.
促进战略决策：通过评估技术的相对优势，企业可以明确数字化的实际价值。例如，他们可以确定它是否真正优化了营销或降低了成本，从而为扩大数字计划和避免盲目投资提供基础（Al - Alawi et al.， 2024;Campagna & Bhada，2024 年）。评估与业务战略和运营模式等方面的兼容性有助于确保数字技术的采用与企业的长期战略保持一致，使技术成为战略实施的工具。例如，验证数字技术是否与采购流程或业务运营兼容有助于保持战略一致性。
Optimize technology implementation and application: Measuring perceived complexity can help enterprises identify usability issues (such as employee skill gaps or complex interfaces), and understanding compatibility with existing IT infrastructure enables forward - looking resource planning. Suppose there is a conflict between digitalization and the current system. In that case, enterprises can upgrade the infrastructure in advance or adjust the technology plan to avoid project delays or cost overruns.
优化技术实施和应用：衡量感知的复杂性可以帮助企业识别可用性问题（例如员工技能差距或复杂的界面），了解与现有 IT 基础设施的兼容性有助于前瞻性的资源规划。假设数字化与当前系统之间存在冲突。在这种情况下，企业可以提前升级基础设施或调整技术计划，以避免项目延迟或成本超支。
Enhance enterprise competitiveness: Clarifying the role of digital technologies in enhancing competitive advantages helps enterprises focus on investment directions. If digitalization has significant effects, enterprises can deepen their application and continuously iterate on technologies, achieving differentiation in the market through precision marketing, etc. Exploring whether digitalization brings a "new business experience" can drive innovation. These new experiences may stimulate the expansion potential of business models, form a differentiated competitive advantage, create new value for customers, and consolidate the enterprise's market position (Gloria Eyieyien et al., 2024).
提升企业竞争力：明确数字技术在增强竞争优势中的作用，有助于企业聚焦投资方向。如果数字化效果显著，企业可以深化应用，不断迭代技术，通过精准营销等方式实现市场差异化。探索数字化是否带来“新业务体验”可以推动创新。这些新的体验可能会刺激商业模式的扩展潜力，形成差异化的竞争优势，为客户创造新的价值，并巩固企业的市场地位（Gloria Eyieyien et al.， 2024）。
3.8.2Measurement organization factors
3.8.2测量组织因素
Focusing on three dimensions of Top Management Support, Employee Capability and Knowledge, and Management Innovativeness, the Likert 7-point Scale tool is adopted to comprehensively capture the "support force, human resource reserve, and innovative atmosphere" of the organization in the digitalization process.
围绕高层管理支持、员工能力与知识、管理创新三个维度，采用李克特 7 点量表工具，全面捕捉组织在数字化过程中的“支撑力、人力资源储备、创新氛围”。
Top Management Support in Organizational Factors
组织因素中的最高管理层支持
It mainly evaluates the "resource investment, attitude, leadership, and risk-taking" of top managers towards digital adoption, including the following specific measurements:
它主要评估高层管理者对数字化采用的“资源投入、态度、领导力和冒险精神”，包括以下具体衡量标准：
Resource Investment: Whether top management provides resources such as funds to support digitalization.Action Support: Whether top management supports the implementation of digitalization in practice.Positive Attitude: Whether top management holds a positive and enthusiastic attitude towards digitalization.Leadership: Whether top management demonstrates leadership and deep involvement in the digitalization process. Emphasize the crucial role of strategic synergy and leadership in the successful implementation of the transformation plan.(Chandratreya, 2024).Risk Willingness: Whether top management is willing to assume risks brought by digitalization.
资源投入：最高管理层是否提供资金等资源来支持数字化。行动支持：最高管理层是否支持在实践中实施数字化 。积极的态度：高层管理人员是否对数字化持积极热情的态度 。领导力 ：高层管理人员是否表现出领导力并深入参与数字化过程。 强调战略协同作用和领导力在成功实施转型计划中的关键作用 。Chandratreya，2024 年）。 风险意愿：高层管理人员是否愿意承担数字化带来的风险。
Employee Capability and Knowledge in Organizational Factors
员工在组织因素中的能力和知识
It mainly evaluates employees' capabilities in "learning, applying, and innovating digital technologies", including the following specific measurements:
它主要评估员工在“学习、应用和创新数字技术”方面的能力，包括以下具体衡量标准：
Learning Ability: Whether employees believe they can easily learn new digital technologies.Business Application: Whether employees believe they can use digital systems to solve business problems.Customer Interaction: Whether employees believe they can interact with customers using new digital systems.Innovative Contribution: Whether employees believe they can propose innovative ideas for digital applications.Technical Launch: Whether employees believe they have the knowledge or ability to launch new digital systems.
学习能力：员工是否认为他们可以轻松学习新的数字技术。业务应用程序：员工是否相信他们可以使用数字系统来解决业务问题。客户互动：员工是否相信他们可以使用新的数字系统与客户互动 。创新贡献：员工是否相信他们可以为数字应用程序提出创新想法 。技术发布：员工是否认为他们拥有启动新数字系统的知识或能力。
Management Innovativeness in Organizational Factors
组织因素中的管理创新性
It mainly evaluates the "concept transmission, action encouragement, and culture shaping" of organizational management in promoting "digital innovation", including the following specific measurements:
主要评价组织管理在推动“数位创新”中的「观念传递、行动激励、文化塑造」，包括以下具体衡量标准：
Trend Communication: Whether management conveys to employees the importance of "digitalization aligning with technological trends".Value Persuasion: Whether management makes efforts to persuade employees to recognize the value of digitalization.Technology Promotion: Whether management encourages employees to use new technology systems.Innovation Exploration: Whether management proactively seeks innovative ideas.Innovation Culture: Whether the organization easily accepts innovation and shapes an innovative culture.
趋势沟通：管理层是否向员工传达“数字化与技术趋势保持一致”的重要性 。价值说服：管理层是否努力说服员工认识到数字化的价值 。技术推广：管理层是否鼓励员工使用新的技术系统。创新探索：管理层是否积极寻求创新想法。创新文化：组织是否容易接受创新并塑造创新文化。
Benefits of Measuring Organizational Factors
衡量组织因素的好处
Clarify Top Management Support: It can clearly understand top management's performance in digital resource investment (funds, etc.), action support, attitude enthusiasm, leadership, and risk-taking. For example, if the measurement finds that top management is enthusiastic but lacks resource investment, the enterprise can conduct targeted communication to promote the availability of funds, human resources, etc., and consolidate the top-level foundation for digital transformation.
明确高层管理支持：可以清楚地了解最高管理层在数字资源投资（基金等）、行动支持、态度热情、领导力和冒险性方面的表现。例如，如果测评发现高层热情但缺乏资源投入，企业可以进行针对性的沟通，促进资金、人力资源等的到位，夯实数字化转型的顶层基础。
Facilitate Optimal Resource Allocation and Improve Transformation Efficiency: Based on the measurement results of each dimension, enterprises can reasonably allocate resources. If top management support is already sufficient, more resources can be tilted towards employee capability cultivation; if employee capabilities are acceptable but management innovativeness is lacking, invest resources to build an innovative incentive system, avoiding scattered resource waste and ensuring that every investment precisely supports digital transformation.
促进资源优化配置，提高转型效率：根据各个维度的测算结果，企业可以合理配置资源。如果高层管理人员的支持已经足够，则可以将更多资源倾斜到员工能力培养上;如果员工能力尚，但管理创新能力不足，则投入资源构建创新激励体系，避免资源分散浪费，确保每一次投资都精准支持数字化转型。
Strengthen Organizational Collaboration and Converge Transformation Synergy: The measurement covers contents from top management to employees, from attitudes to actions. By promoting the participation of all levels in measurement and result discussion, it can enhance understanding and collaboration among top management, management, and employees.
加强组织协作，融合转型协同：衡量涵盖从高层管理人员到员工，从态度到行动的内容。通过促进各级参与测量和结果讨论，它可以增强高层管理人员、管理层和员工之间的理解和协作。
3.8.3Measurement environmnet factors
3.8.3 测量环境因素
Adopting a Likert 7-point scale, respondents are asked to rate the "degree of agreement" for each statement from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), transforming the abstract perception of "the impact of environmental factors on digital adoption" into quantifiable and comparable data.
采用李克特 7 分制，受访者被要求对每个陈述的“同意程度”进行评分，从 1（非常不同意）到 7（非常同意），将“环境因素对数字采用的影响”的抽象认知转化为可量化和可比较的数据。
Competitive Pressure in Environmental Factors
环境因素中的竞争压力
This dimension assesses the "compulsive force for digital adoption" formed by industry competition, i.e., how competitors' actions drive the enterprise's digitalization, including:
该维度评估了行业竞争形成的“数字化采用的强制力”，即竞争对手的行为如何驱动企业的数字化，包括：
Benchmarking with Peers: Whether the enterprise's digital decision-making is strongly influenced by the actions of industry competitors.Competitive Pressure: Whether the enterprise needs to adopt digital systems due to pressure from competitors.Passive Following: Whether the enterprise passively adopts digital systems in response to competitors.Disadvantage Concern: Whether the enterprise worries about falling into a competitive disadvantage without digital adoption.Customer Churn Risk: Whether the enterprise fears losing customers to competitors due to non-adoption of digitalization.
与同行进行对标：企业的数字化决策是否受到行业竞争对手行为的强烈影响 。竞争压力：企业是否由于竞争对手的压力而需要采用数字系统 。被动跟随：企业是否被动采用数字系统来应对竞争对手。劣势担忧：企业是否担心在没有数字化采用的情况下陷入竞争劣势 。客户流失风险：企业是否担心由于未采用数字化而将客户流失给竞争对手。
Government Support in Environmental Factors
政府对环境因素的支持
This dimension evaluates the promoting role of the Malaysian government in enterprise digital adoption through "policy incentives and resource investment", including:
该维度评估马来西亚政府通过“政策激励和资源投资”在企业数字化采用方面的促进作用，包括：
Incentive Programs: Whether the Malaysian government provides sufficient digital incentive programs. Grant Support: Whether the government offers various digitalization-related grants. Subsidy Support: Whether the government provides digitalization subsidies. Promotion Actions: Whether the government actively promotes digital system adoption through incentives. Commitment and Determination: Whether the government demonstrates strong determination to promote digitalization.
激励计划：马来西亚政府是否提供足够的数字激励计划。 赠款支持：政府是否提供各种与数字化相关的赠款。 补贴支持：政府是否提供数字化补贴。 推广行动：政府是否通过激励措施积极推动数字系统的采用。 承诺和决心：政府是否表现出推动数字化的坚定决心。
Vendor Support in Environmental Factors
环境因素供应商支持
This dimension assesses the assistance of digital technology vendors in enterprise digital adoption through "technical support, training, and marketing", including:
此维度评估数字技术供应商通过“技术支持、培训和营销”在企业数字化采用方面的帮助，包括：
Technical Support: Whether third parties provide technical support for the effective use of digital technologies.Training Support: Whether institutions provide digitalization training.Marketing Promotion: Whether technology vendors actively promote digital systems by offering incentives.Free Training Promotion: Whether technology vendors promote digital systems through free training sessions.
技术支持：第三方是否为有效使用数字技术提供技术支持 。培训支持：机构是否提供数字化培训。营销推广：技术供应商是否通过提供激励措施来积极推广数字系统 。免费培训推广：技术供应商是否通过免费培训课程推广数字系统。
Benefits of Measuring Environmental Factors
测量环境因素的好处
Facilitate Enterprise Digital Decision-Making and Implementation：Respond to Peers Precisely to Avoid Falling Behind: If the assessment finds that peers' digital actions have exerted obvious pressure, the enterprise can quickly advance digital transformation to avoid being marginalized by the market due to customer loss or competitive disadvantages (Pan, Xu, & Zhu, 2022). Leverage Policy Dividends for Cost Reduction and Efficiency Improvement: By understanding government support in incentive programs, grants, subsidies, etc., enterprises can target resource applications, align with policy directions, and reduce trial and error (Jin & Pan, 2023). For example, if the government strongly promotes digital technology adoption in a certain field, enterprises prioritizing digitalization in this area are more likely to gain sustained policy support and market recognition (Li & Xu, 2024).
促进企业数字化决策和实施 ： 精准回应同行，避免落后：如果评估发现同行的数字化行动产生了明显的压力，企业可以迅速推进数字化转型，避免因客户流失或竞争劣势而被市场边缘化（Pan， Xu， & Zhu， 2022）。利用政策红利降低成本和提高效率：通过理解政府在激励计划、补助、补贴等方面的支持，企业可以针对资源应用，与政策方向保持一致，减少试错 （Jin & Pan，2023）。例如，如果政府大力推动某个领域的数字技术采用，那么在该领域优先考虑数字化的企业更有可能获得持续的政策支持和市场认可 （Li & Xu，2024）。
Optimize Vendor Collaboration and Resource Utilization：Identify Reliable Vendors: Assessing the third-party technical support and training resources in the vendor support dimension helps enterprises find more reliable vendors. For instance, if a vendor offers comprehensive technical support and free training, the digital system can be used more efficiently, and employees can get up to speed faster, reducing project delays caused by technical issues.Harness Vendor Incentives: Knowing whether vendors assist enterprise adoption through incentives and promotional activities allows enterprises to leverage these resources. For example, if a vendor provides free training and adoption incentives for new digital systems, enterprises can organize employees to participate, advancing technology application at lower costs and faster speeds, and shortening the digital transformation cycle.
优化供应商协作和资源利用率 ： 寻找可靠的供应商：在供应商支持维度评估第三方技术支持和培训资源，有助于企业找到更可靠的供应商。例如，如果供应商提供全面的技术支持和免费培训，则可以更有效地使用数字系统，员工可以更快地上手，从而减少因技术问题造成的项目延误 。利用供应商激励措施：了解供应商是否通过激励措施和促销活动帮助企业采用，使企业能够利用这些资源。例如，如果供应商为新的数字系统提供免费的培训和采用激励，企业可以组织员工参与，以更低的成本和更快的速度推进技术应用，缩短数字化转型周期。
3.8.4Measure the degree of digital transformation
3.8.4衡量数字化转型的程度
A seven - point Likert scale is adopted to let respondents rate their “degree of agreement” for each statement, converting the abstract concept of “the degree of digital transformation” into quantifiable and comparable data.
采用七点李克特量表，让受访者对他们每个陈述的 “同意程度” 进行评分，将 “数字化转型程度” 的抽象概念转化为可量化和可比较的数据。
Current application breadth of digital transformation
数字化转型的当前应用广度
Whether digitalization has been widely applied in the enterprise. It assesses the current implementation depth of digital transformation, that is, the penetration scope of technology within the enterprise. If the score is high (close to 7), it indicates that the enterprise has achieved relatively comprehensive digital coverage; if the score is low (close to 1), the digital application is still in the stage of local pilot or initial implementation.
数字化是否在企业中得到了广泛的应用。它评估了当前数字化转型的实施深度，即技术在企业内部的渗透范围。如果分数很高（接近 7），则表明企业已经实现了相对全面的数字化覆盖;如果分数较低（接近 1），则数字应用程序仍处于本地试点或初步实施阶段。
Future application intention of digital transformation
数字化转型的未来应用意图
Whether the enterprise plans to use digitalization regularly in the future. It measures the willingness for the continuous promotion of digital transformation and reflects the enterprise's recognition of the long - term value of digitalization. A high score reflects that the enterprise has incorporated digitalization into its long - term planning, while a low score may imply insufficient transformation motivation or doubts about the effect.
企业是否计划在未来定期使用数字化。它衡量的是持续推进数字化转型的意愿，反映了企业对数字化长期价值的认可。高分反映企业已将数字化纳入其长期规划，而低分可能意味着转型动力不足或对效果产生怀疑。
Willingness to recommend the value of digital transformation
愿意推荐数字化转型的价值
Whether the enterprise is willing to highly recommend digitalization to other enterprises. It assesses the enterprise's recognition of the value of digital transformation. The stronger the willingness to recommend (higher score), the more significant benefits the enterprise itself has gained from digitalization, and it also recognizes its industry universality; conversely, it may mean that the enterprise considers the value of digitalization to be limited or there are relatively many pain points.
企业是否愿意向其他企业强烈推荐数字化。它评估了企业对数字化转型价值的认可。推荐意愿越强（得分越高），企业自身从数字化中获得的好处就越显著，也认可了其行业的普遍性;反之，这可能意味着企业认为数字化的价值有限或痛点相对多。
Business function coverage plan of digital transformation
数字化转型业务功能覆盖计划
Whether the enterprise plans to use digitalization to support business functions such as accounting, production services, warehousing and inventory, procurement, electronic data exchange, and information sharing. Detailed to specific business scenarios, it measures the adaptability of digital transformation to core businesses. A high score indicates that in the enterprise's plan, digitalization will be deeply embedded in business processes; a low score may reflect insufficient integration of business and technology, or that the transformation focus does not cover key functions.
企业是否计划使用数字化来支持会计、生产服务、仓储和库存、采购、电子数据交换和信息共享等业务功能。它详细针对特定的业务场景，衡量数字化转型对核心业务的适应性。高分表示在企业的计划中，数字化将深度嵌入到业务流程中;低分可能反映业务和技术集成不足，或者转型重点未涵盖关键功能。
Measure the benefits of digital transformation
衡量数字化转型的好处
1.Accurately Position the Current Status.By measuring various factors of digital transformation, enterprises can clearly understand the extent of their digital applications. They can know the popularization scope of digital technologies within the enterprise, determine whether they are in the initial application stage or have been widely integrated into business processes, and thus clarify their digital position in the industry.
1. 准确定位当前状态 。 通过衡量数字化转型的各种因素，企业可以清楚地了解其数字应用的程度。他们可以了解数字技术在企业内部的普及范围，判断其是否处于初始应用阶段或已经广泛集成到业务流程中，从而明确自己在行业中的数字化地位。
2.Identify Improvement Directions. Measurement can identify the weak links in an enterprise's digital transformation process. If there are deficiencies in digital support for business functions, the enterprise can make targeted improvements. For example, strengthening digital management in the procurement process to enhance supply chain efficiency.
2. 确定改进方向 。 衡量可以识别企业数字化转型过程中的薄弱环节。如果业务功能的数字支持存在不足，企业可以进行有针对性的改进。例如，加强采购过程中的数字化管理，以提高供应链效率。
3.Evaluate Transformation Effects.After implementing digital transformation initiatives, measuring relevant factors again can intuitively assess the effectiveness of transformation strategies. For instance, after promoting digital marketing, an enterprise can judge whether the achievements of its digital transformation have been recognized by measuring the feedback changes to the question "Our enterprise would highly recommend digitization for other enterprises to adopt," thereby providing a basis for subsequent decisions.
3. 评估转型效果 。 实施数字化转型计划后，再次测量相关因素可以直观地评估转型战略的有效性。例如，企业在推进数字营销后，可以通过衡量对“我们企业强烈推荐数字化给其他企业采用”的反馈变化来判断其数字化转型的成果是否得到认可，从而为后续决策提供依据。
4.Optimize Resource Allocation. With a clear understanding of the key factors and needs of digital transformation, enterprises can allocate resources more rationally. If measurement reveals that technical infrastructure is a key constraint on digital transformation, resources can be invested more in server upgrades, network bandwidth expansion, and other aspects to avoid waste.
4. 优化资源分配 。 清晰认识数字化转型的关键因素和需求，企业可以更合理地配置资源。如果实测显示技术基础设施是数字化转型的关键制约因素，则可以将资源投入到服务器升级、网络带宽扩展等方面，以避免浪费 。
References
引用
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