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Association between constipation and coronary heart disease in adult Americans: evidence from NHANES 2005–2010
美国成年人便秘与冠心病之间的关联:来自 NHANES 2005-2010 的证据

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the sample selection from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2010.
图 1.2005-2010 年国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 的样本选择流程图。

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants in the CHD and non-CHD groups.
表 1.冠心病和非冠心病组参与者的特征。

Variables

Total (n = 12794)

Non-CHD a

CHD

P value

0 (n = 11858)

1 (n = 936)

Gender, n (%)

< 0.001

Male

6476 (50.6)

5861 (49.4)

615 (65.7)

Female

6318 (49.4)

5997 (50.6)

321 (34.3)

Age, years Mean ± SD

49.6 ± 17.7

48.3 ± 17.4

66.6 ± 12.8

< 0.001

BMI, n (%)

< 0.001

Under/normal weight (< 25.0)
体重不足/正常体重 (< 25.0)

3672 (28.7)

3480 (29.3)

192 (20.5)

Overweight (25.0–29.9)

4367 (34.1)

4046 (34.1)

321 (34.3)

Obese (≥30.0)

4755 (37.2)

4332 (36.5)

423 (45.2)

Race/Ethnicity, n (%) b
种族/民族,n (%) b

< 0.001

Non-Hispanic White

6486 (50.7)

5885 (49.6)

601 (64.2)

Non-Hispanic Black

2557 (20.0)

2399 (20.2)

158 (16.9)

Mexican American

2244 (17.5)

2144 (18.1)

100 (10.7)

Other race c
其他种族 c

1507 (11.8)

1430 (12.1)

77 (8.2)

Marital Status, n (%)

< 0.001

Married or living with partner
已婚或与伴侣同居

7821 (61.2)

7265 (61.3)

556 (59.4)

Windowed, divorce or separated
开窗、离婚或分居

2889 (22.6)

2557 (21.6)

332 (35.5)

Never married
从未结过婚

2077 (16.2)

2029 (17.1)

48 (5.1)

Education, n (%)
教育, n (%)

< 0.001

≤high school
≤高中

6548 (51.2)

5973 (50.4)

575 (61.4)

>high school
>高中

6246 (48.8)

5885 (49.6)

361 (38.6)

Family income PIR, n (%)
家庭收入 PIR, n (%)

< 0.001

<1.3

3720 (29.1)

3409 (28.7)

311 (33.2)

1.3~3.4

4929 (38.5)

4529 (38.2)

400 (42.7)

≥3.5

4145 (32.4)

3920 (33.1)

225 (24)

Smoke, n (%)

< 0.001

Never

6643 (51.9)

6316 (53.3)

327 (34.9)

Former

3275 (25.6)

2868 (24.2)

407 (43.5)

Current

2876 (22.5)

2674 (22.6)

202 (21.6)

Alcohol, n (%)

0.05

No

3556 (27.8)

3270 (27.6)

286 (30.6)

Yes

9238 (72.2)

8588 (72.4)

650 (69.4)

Diabetes, n (%)

< 0.001

No

11343 (88.7)

10690 (90.2)

653 (69.8)

Yes

1451 (11.3)

1168 (9.8)

283 (30.2)

Hypertension, n (%)
高血压,n (%)

< 0.001

No

8313 (65.0)

8049 (67.9)

264 (28.2)

Yes

4481 (35.0)

3809 (32.1)

672 (71.8)

Dietary protein intake, n (%)

< 0.001

Lowest quartile
最低四分位数

3199 (25.0)

2880 (24.3)

319 (34.1)

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2927 (24.7)

271 (29)

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

3198 (25.0)

3005 (25.3)

193 (20.6)

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

3199 (25.0)

3046 (25.7)

153 (16.3)

Carbohydrate intake, n (%)

< 0.001

Lowest quartile
最低四分位数

3199 (25.0)

2890 (24.4)

309 (33)

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2934 (24.7)

264 (28.2)

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2977 (25.1)

221 (23.6)

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

3199 (25.0)

3057 (25.8)

142 (15.2)

Sugar intake, n (%)

< 0.001

Lowest quartile
最低四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2890 (24.4)

308 (32.9)

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

3199 (25.0)

2948 (24.9)

251 (26.8)

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2990 (25.2)

208 (22.2)

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

3199 (25.0)

3030 (25.6)

169 (18.1)

Dietary Fiber intake, n (%)
膳食纤维摄入量,n (%)

0.017

Lowest quartile
最低四分位数

3187 (24.9)

2924 (24.7)

263 (28.1)

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

3182 (24.9)

2945 (24.8)

237 (25.3)

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

3214 (25.1)

2977 (25.1)

237 (25.3)

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

3211 (25.1)

3012 (25.4)

199 (21.3)

Total fat intake, n (%)

< 0.001

Lowest quartile
最低四分位数

3199 (25.0)

2890 (24.4)

309 (33)

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2928 (24.7)

270 (28.8)

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2995 (25.3)

203 (21.7)

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

3199 (25.0)

3045 (25.7)

154 (16.5)

Moisture intake, n (%)

< 0.001

Lowest quartile
最低四分位数

3199 (25.0)

2912 (24.6)

287 (30.7)

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2946 (24.8)

252 (26.9)

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

3198 (25.0)

2971 (25.1)

227 (24.3)

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

3199 (25.0)

3029 (25.5)

170 (18.2)

Constipation, n (%)

0.022

No

12360 (96.6)

11468 (96.7)

892 (95.3)

Yes

434 ( 3.4)

390 (3.3)

44 (4.7)

BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; PIR, poverty income ratio; a Includes congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack. b Race and ethnicity were self-reported. c Includes multiracial participants and NHANES does not provide a detailed list of all races and ethnicities.
BMI,体重指数;冠心病,冠心病;PIR: 贫困收入比; a 包括充血性心力衰竭、冠心病、心绞痛、心脏病发作。 b 种族和民族是自我报告的。 c 包括多种族参与者,NHANES 没有提供所有种族和民族的详细列表。

Table 2. Univariate regression analysis.
表 2.单变量回归分析。

Variable

OR (95%CI)

P value

Gender: Female vs Male

0.51 (0.44~0.59)

<0.001

Age

1.07 (1.07~1.08)

<0.001

BMI:ref.= Under/normal weight (< 25.0)
BMI:ref.= 体重不足/正常体重 (< 25.0)

Overweight (25.0–29.9)

1.44 (1.2~1.73)

<0.001

Obese (≥30.0)

1.77 (1.48~2.11)

<0.001

Race/Ethnicity: ref.= Non-Hispanic White
种族/民族:ref.= 非西班牙裔白人

Non-Hispanic Black

0.64 (0.54~0.77)

<0.001

Mexican American

0.46 (0.37~0.57)

<0.001

Other race
其他种族

0.53 (0.41~0.67)

<0.001

Marital Status: ref.= Married or living with partner
婚姻状况: ref.= 已婚或与伴侣同居

Windowed, divorced or seperated
带窗、离婚或分居

1.7 (1.47~1.96)

<0.001

Never married
从未结过婚

0.31 (0.23~0.42)

<0.001

Education:>high school vs. ≤high school
教育:>高中与≤高中

0.64 (0.56~0.73)

<0.001

Family income PIR: ref.= (<1.3)
家庭收入 PIR: ref.= (<1.3)

1.3~3.4

0.97 (0.83~1.13)

0.681

≥3.5

0.63 (0.53~0.75)

<0.001

Smoke status: ref.=Never
烟雾状态:ref.=从不

Former

2.74 (2.35~3.19)

<0.001

Current

1.46 (1.22~1.75)

<0.001

Alcohol: Yes vs. No
Acohol:是与否

0.87 (0.75~1)

0.05

Diabetes: Yes vs. No

3.97 (3.41~4.62)

<0.001

Hypertension: Yes vs. No
高血压:是与否

5.38 (4.64~6.23)

<0.001

Dietary protein intake: ref.= Lowest quartile
膳食蛋白质摄入量:ref.= 最低四分位数

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

0.84 (0.71~0.99)

0.039

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

0.58 (0.48~0.7)

<0.001

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

0.45 (0.37~0.55)

<0.001

Carbohydrate intake: ref.= Lowest quartile
碳水化合物摄入量:ref.= 最低四分位数

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

0.84 (0.71~1)

0.049

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

0.69 (0.58~0.83)

<0.001

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

0.43 (0.35~0.53)

<0.001

Sugar intake: ref.= Lowest quartile
糖摄入量:ref.= 最低四分位数

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

0.8 (0.67~0.95)

0.012

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

0.65 (0.54~0.78)

<0.001

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

0.52 (0.43~0.64)

<0.001

Dietary Fiber intake: ref.= Lowest quartile
膳食纤维摄入量:ref.= 最低四分位数

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

0.89 (0.75~1.07)

0.233

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

0.89 (0.74~1.06)

0.191

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

0.73 (0.61~0.89)

0.002

Total fat intake: ref.= Lowest quartile
总脂肪摄入量:ref.= 最低四分位数

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

0.86 (0.73~1.02)

0.09

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

0.63 (0.53~0.76)

<0.001

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

0.47 (0.39~0.58)

<0.001

Moisture intake: ref.= Lowest quartile
吸湿量:ref.= 最低四分位数

Middle lower quartile
中下四分位数

0.87 (0.73~1.04)

0.116

Middle upper quartile
中上四分位数

0.78 (0.65~0.93)

0.006

Highest quartile
最高四分位数

0.57 (0.47~0.69)

<0.001

Constipation: Yes vs. No
便秘:是与否

1.45 (1.05~2)

0.022

BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; PIR, poverty income ratio;
BMI,体重指数;冠心病,冠心病;PIR: 贫困收入比;

Table 3. Multivariate regression analysis of the association between constipation and coronary heart disease.
表 3.便秘与冠心病关联的多因素回归分析。

Variable

Normal OR (95%CI)

Constipated OR (95%CI)
便秘或 (95%CI)

P-value

Model Ⅰa

1 (Ref)

1.45 (1.05~2)

0.022

Model Ⅱb

1 (Ref)

2.41 (1.7~3.43)

<0.001

Model Ⅲc

1 (Ref)

2.23 (1.56~3.19)

<0.001

Model Ⅳd 1

1 (Ref)

2.14 (1.48~3.09)

<0.001

Model Ⅴe

1 (Ref)

2.08 (1.44~3.02)

<0.001

a Model Ⅰ: no adjusted.
a 型号 I.:未调整。

b Model Ⅱ: adjusted for age + gender.
b 模型II.:根据年龄+性别进行调整。

c Model Ⅲ: Model Ⅱ+ race/ethnicity + marital status+ education level+ poverty income ratio + body mass index + smoke status + alcohol consumption.
c 模型III.:模型II.+种族/民族+婚姻状况+教育程度+贫困收入比+体重指数+吸烟状况+饮酒量。

d Model Ⅳ: Model Ⅲ + diabetes + hypertension.
d 模型IV.:模型III.+糖尿病+高血压。

e Model Ⅴ: Model IV + protein+ carbohydrate + sugar + dietary fiber + total fat + moisture.

Figure 2.

Association between constipation and coronary heart disease in different subgroups. Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, body mass index, family poverty income ratio, smoking status, alcohol intake, diabetes, hypertension, dietary fiber intake, moisture intake, total fat intake, carbohydrates intake, and protein intake.
不同亚组便秘与冠心病之间的关联。根据年龄、性别、种族/民族、婚姻状况、教育水平、体重指数、家庭贫困收入比、吸烟状况、酒精摄入量、糖尿病、高血压、膳食纤维摄入量、水分摄入量、总脂肪摄入量、碳水化合物摄入量和蛋白质摄入量进行调整。