Manufacturers of photovoltaic (PV) modules are always trying to find new, more advanced alternatives to increase solar panel efficiencies. Efficiency improvements can be achieved by innovative cell manufacturing technologies, and now, there are a few competing in the Solar PV market.
光伏 （PV） 元件製造商一直在努力尋找新的、更先進的替代品來提高太陽能電池板的效率。創新的電池製造技術可以提高效率，現在，太陽能光伏市場有一些競爭者。
The latest module trend expects that the market growth will be centred on HJT and TOPCon solar cells.
最新的元件趨勢預計市場增長將集中在HJT和TOPCon太陽能電池上。
The 2022 report from International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) shows some expected trends for the next 10 years:
國際光伏技術路線圖 （ITRPV） 的 2022 年報告顯示了未來 10 年的一些預期趨勢：
♦ PERC (Passivated Emitter Rear Contact) solar cell technology currently is the market leader with market share of around 75%. But the forecast is that the share of p-type mono-Si PERC cells will decrease to about 10% within the next 10 years.
♦ PERC（鈍化發射極後接觸）太陽能電池技術目前是市場領導者，市場份額約為75%。但據預測，未來10年內，p型單晶PERC電池的份額將降至10%左右。
♦ N-type TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) technology will gain market share from about 10% in 2022 up to 60% in 2033, becoming the mainstream silicon wafer type. It’s predicted that the biggest increase will happen from 2024.
♦ N型TOPCon（隧道氧化物鈍化接觸）技術的市場份額將從2022年的10%左右上升到2033年的60%，成為主流矽片類型。據預測，最大的增長將從 2024 年開始。
♦ N-type HJT (Heterojunction solar cells) is expected to increase from about 9% (2023) to over 25% share within the next ten years. The implementation of HJT cell technology still suffers difficulties because of the higher production costs for solar cells and the incompatible production line with current technologies. This process won’t be covered in this article.
♦ N型HJT（異質結太陽能電池）的份額預計將在未來十年內從約9%（2023年）增加到25%以上。由於太陽能電池的生產成本較高，生產線與現有技術不相容，HJT電池技術的實施仍然面臨困難。本文不會介紹此過程。
PERC technology is a cost-effective compromise between efficiency and mass production. But increasing solar panel efficiencies using this method happens at a slow rate. Today’s mainstream P-type modules reach efficiencies of around 21.4% that will increase to 22.75% within the next 10 years.
PERC技術是效率和大規模生產之間的一種經濟高效的折衷方案。但是使用這種方法提高太陽能電池板效率的速度很慢。目前主流的P型元件效率約為21.4%，未來10年內將提高到22.75%。
A N-type TOPCon solar cell installed in a PV module looks identical to a PERC cell. P-type and N-type solar cells are both made from a silicon wafer. The difference between them lies in the way the wafers are doped with chemicals to improve electricity production.
安裝在光伏元件中的N型TOPCon太陽能電池看起來與PERC電池相同。P型和N型太陽能電池均由矽片製成。它們之間的區別在於晶圓摻雜化學物質以提高發電量的方式。
In a nutshell, P-type cells are doped with boron, while N-type cells are doped with phosphorus. Comparatively, phosphorus degrades less than boron when exposed to oxygen. In addition, phosphorus doping adds free electrons to the wafer, which increases efficiency.
簡而言之，P型細胞摻雜了硼，而N型細胞摻雜了磷。相比之下，當暴露於氧氣時，磷的降解程度低於硼。此外，磷摻雜在晶圓上增加了自由電子，從而提高了效率。
So, N-type based modules can achieve higher efficiencies. Today’s efficiencies of close to 22.5% will increase up to 24% or so within the next 10 years according to estimates.
因此，基於N型的元件可以實現更高的效率。據估計，目前接近22.5%的效率將在未來10年內提高到24%左右。
The problem with the N-type manufacturing process is that it is still more expensive.
N型製造工藝的問題在於它仍然更昂貴。
TOPCon modules can be manufactured with practically the same machines as P-type modules, which means the employment of TOPCon cells doesn’t require high capital investment for manufacturers.
TOPCon模組可以用與P型模組幾乎相同的機器製造，這意味著使用TOPCon電池不需要製造商進行高額的資本投資。
According to the Fraunhofer ISE institute, efficiencies can go beyond 25%. PERC cell maximum theoretical efficiency is around 24%.
根據弗勞恩霍夫ISE研究所的數據，效率可以超過25%。PERC電池的最大理論效率約為24%。
TOPCon modules have a lower power degradation power during the 1st year and during the 30 years of PV panels use, compared to PERC panels.
與PERC面板相比，TOPCon元件在光伏面板使用的第一年和30年內具有較低的功率衰減功率。
TOPCon cells have a better resistance to extreme weather scenarios.
TOPCon電池對極端天氣情況具有更好的抵抗力。
The bifacial factor for PERC PV modules has been determined on average to be at around 70% compared to up to 85% for TOPCon panels. They collect more energy from the rear side compared to PERC bifacial modules, which is favourable for ground-mount utility projects. Aesthetically, they can also be more attractive than PERC solar panels.
PERC光伏元件的雙面係數平均為70%左右，而TOPCon元件的雙面係數高達85%。與PERC雙面元件相比，它們從背面收集更多的能量，這有利於地面安裝公用事業專案。從美學上講，它們也可以比PERC太陽能電池板更具吸引力。
TOPcon modules have a higher efficiency in low light condition, which extends the electricity generation period during the day and improve the performance of the installation over time.
TOPcon元件在弱光條件下具有更高的效率，從而延長了白天的發電週期，並隨著時間的推移提高了安裝性能。
One of the major issues of TOPCon cells compared to PERC cells is that they require a larger amount of silver (Ag) for production.
與PERC電池相比，TOPCon電池的主要問題之一是它們需要更多的銀（Ag）進行生產。
Both TOPCon and PERC use silver paste during production. However, TOPCon uses silver paste on both sides of the cells. This means that costs will never go lower than that of PERC.
TOPCon和PERC在生產過程中都使用銀漿。然而，TOPCon在電池的兩側都使用銀膏。這意味著成本永遠不會低於PERC的成本。
New manufacturing processes might be effective in reducing the required amount of silver, while still delivering similar or higher efficiencies. Lower costs, in return, will allow this technology to hit the market at reasonable prices.
新的製造工藝可能有效地減少所需的白銀量，同時仍能提供類似或更高的效率。作為回報，較低的成本將使這項技術能夠以合理的價格進入市場。
There are other technical issues mentioned elsewhere: boron deposition, different requirements for clean room conditions that must be met, and the inability of the current selective emitter to apply to the TOPCon front emitter. These issues are beyond the scope of this article.
其他地方還提到了其他技術問題：硼沉積、必須滿足的潔凈室條件的不同要求，以及電流選擇性發射極無法應用於 TOPCon 前發射極。這些問題超出了本文的討論範圍。
