英国文学

Chapter I The Renaissance Period
第一章 文艺复兴时期

一、学习目的和要求

　　通过本章学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

二、考核要求

(一) 文艺复兴时期概述

　　1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定

　　　　　　 （2）历史文化背景

　　2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响

　　　　　　 （2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点

　　　　　　 （3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响

　　3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释

　Brief Introduction to the Renaissance Period
文艺复兴时期简介

　I. 应用　

　Definitions of the Literary Terms:
文学术语的定义：

　1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
1. 文艺复兴：文艺复兴标志着从中世纪到现代世界的过渡。通常，它指的是14世纪和17世纪之间的时期。它最初始于意大利，随着绘画、雕塑和文学的蓬勃发展。该运动从意大利开始，扩展到欧洲其他地区。文艺复兴，意为“重生”或“复兴”，实际上是由一系列历史事件刺激的运动，例如古罗马和希腊文化的重新发现，地理和占星学的新发现，宗教改革和经济扩张。因此，文艺复兴本质上是一个历史时期，在这个时期，欧洲人文主义思想家和学者试图摆脱中世纪欧洲的那些旧的封建主义思想，引入表达新兴资产阶级利益的新思想，并从罗马天主教会的腐败中恢复早期教会的纯洁性。

　2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.
2. 人文主义：人文主义是文艺复兴的精髓。它源于恢复中世纪对古代作家的崇敬的努力，并经常被视为文艺复兴在意识和知识方面的开端，因为希腊和罗马文明是基于这样一种观念，即人是万物的尺度。通过新的学习，人文主义者不仅看到了辉煌和启蒙的艺术，还看到了作品中所代表的人类价值观。文艺复兴时期的人文主义者在经典中找到了高举人性的理由，并逐渐看到人类是光荣的生物，能够朝着完美的方向发展，他们所居住的世界不是他们的鄙视，而是质疑、探索和享受的。因此，通过强调人的尊严和现世的重要性，他们表达了他们的信念，即人不仅有权享受今生的美好，而且有能力完善自己和创造奇迹。托马斯·莫尔、克里斯托弗·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义者的最佳代表。

　3. Spenserian stanza:
3. 斯宾塞节：

Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.
斯宾塞节是由埃德蒙·斯宾塞 （Edmund Spenser） 发明的。这是一首由九行组成的诗节，前八行是抑扬格五音节，最后一行是抑扬格六音节，押韵ababbcbcc。

　4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.
4. 形而上学诗歌：“形而上学诗歌”一词通常用于命名 17 世纪在约翰·多恩 （John Donne） 影响下写作的作家的作品。形而上学的诗人怀着叛逆的精神，试图打破伊丽莎白时代爱情诗的传统法紫舵。与伊丽莎白时代或新古典主义时期的措辞相比，措辞简单，与普通语言的单词和节奏相呼应。从实际生活中汲取的意象。这种形式通常是与诗人的爱人、上帝或他自己的争论。

　5. The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit.
5. 文艺复兴时期的英雄：文艺复兴时期的英雄是指克里斯托弗·马洛 （Christopher Marlowe） 在他的戏剧中创造的英雄。这样的英雄总是个人主义和充满野心，勇敢面对来自神人和人的挑战。他体现了马洛关于人类尊严和能力的人文主义理念。与中世纪戏剧中通过救赎和上帝的旨意寻求通往天堂之路的悲剧英雄不同，他反对常规道德，通过自己的努力努力获得人间天堂。凭借对权力、知识和荣耀的无尽渴望，英雄诠释了真正的文艺复兴精神。Tamburlaine 和 Faustus 都是拥有这种精神的典型代表。

（二） 该时期的重要作家

　1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯

　2.识记：重要作品及主要内容

　3.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法，社会意义等。

　4.应用：（1）莎士比亚和邓恩诗歌的主题，意象

　　　　　（2）喜剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物性格分析

　　　　　（3）哈姆雷特的性格分析

　　　　　（4）史诗《失乐园》的结构，人物性格，语言特点等的分析

I. Edmund Spenser
I. 埃德蒙·斯宾塞

1. 一般识记

　Brief Introduction to the Author
作者简介

English poet，born in London, England, about 1552,and died in London, Jan 13, 1599.
英国诗人，约 1552 年出生于英国伦敦，1599 年 1 月 13 日卒于伦敦。

2. 识记His Major Works
2. 识记他的主要著作

Spenser's most important work & masterpiece is The Faerie Queene, a great poem of its age. A complex moral, religious, & political allegory, it is also an epic that exalts Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ& the English nation. According to Spenser's own explanation, his principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentleman: "to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous & gentle discipline." Its principal hero is the Arthur of medieval legend. The six books of the poem illustrate the nature of particular virtues, such as, temperance & justice. Other major works of Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender(1579), a poem consisting of 12 eclogues-corresponding to the 12 months of the year; Epithalamion (1595), a poem expressing the deep personal feelings occasioned by the poets second marriage; Amoretti (1595), a series of sonnets.
斯宾塞最重要的作品和杰作是《仙后》，这是那个时代的伟大诗歌。这是一个复杂的道德、宗教和政治寓言，也是一部赞颂伊丽莎白一世女王和英格兰民族的史诗。根据斯宾塞自己的解释，他的主要意图是通过一首“历史诗”来呈现一个完美绅士的榜样：“以高尚和温柔的纪律塑造一个绅士或高尚的人。它的主要英雄是中世纪传说中的亚瑟王。这首诗的六本书说明了特定美德的本质，例如节制和正义。斯宾塞的其他主要作品是 The Shepheardes Calender （1579），这是一首由 12 首诗组成的诗——对应于一年的 12 个月;Epithalamion （1595），一首表达诗人第二次婚姻所引发的深刻个人情感的诗;Amoretti （1595），一系列十四行诗。

3. 领会His Influence

　1) Main qualities of Spenser's poetry
1） 斯宾塞诗歌的主要品质

　　①a perfect melody
（1）完美的旋律

　　②a rare sense of beauty
（2）难得的美感

　　③a splendid imagination
（3）精彩的想象力

　　④a lofty moral purity & seriousness
（4）崇高的道德纯洁和严肃

　　⑤a dedicated idealism
（5）执着的理想主义

　2) In his writing, Spenser drew on the conventions & thought of Classical, medieval, & Renaissance literature. However, he added to his fusion of these diverse elements much that was original, & his works inspired many later English poets. He created a new stanza, called the Spenserian stanza, which is well suited to narrative verse. His skills in writing melodious English verse & his combination of emotion, erudition, & spiritual vision have won him the admiration of generations of English poets. It is his idealism, his love of beauty, &his exquisite melody that make him known as "the poets' poet."
2） 在他的写作中，斯宾塞借鉴了古典、中世纪和文艺复兴时期文学的惯例和思想。然而，他在这些不同元素的融合中加入了许多原创性元素，他的作品激发了许多后来的英国诗人。他创作了一首名为Spenserian 节的 ne w 节，非常适合叙事诗。他写出悠扬的英语诗歌的技巧以及他的情感、博学和精神视野的结合，为他赢得了几代英国诗人的钦佩。正是他的理想主义、他对美的热爱和优美的旋律使他被称为“诗人的诗人”。

　4. 应用

　The Faerie Queene:
仙后：

　1) It is a long, allegorical poem. In the poem, Spenser dramatized political, religious, & moral themes by personifying them, or making them characters.
1） 这是一首长篇寓言诗。在这首诗中，斯宾塞通过将政治、宗教和道德主题拟人化，或者使他们成为角色来戏剧化。

　2)Plot: The story, which is set against a background of Arthur & medieval legend, deals with the adventures of six knights of the court of the fairy queen named Gloriana, who represents Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ of English.
2）剧情：这个故事以亚瑟和中世纪传说为背景，讲述了代表英国女王伊丽莎白一世的仙女女王格洛丽安娜的六位骑士的冒险经历。

　 The faerie Queen was left unfinished at Spenser's death. It was originally planned as a 12-book poem. But only 6 books were completed. The poem is particularly admired for the melodic beauty of its language & for its rich content of philosophical & mythological material presented in the form of vivid narratives.
仙女女王在斯宾塞去世时未完成。它最初计划写成一首 12 本书的诗。但只完成了 6 本书。这首诗因其语言的旋律美感以及其丰富的哲学和神秘学材料内容而备受推崇，这些内容以生动的叙述形式呈现。

II. Christopher Marlowe
II. 克里斯托弗·马洛

1. 一般识记

　Brief Introduction
简介

　English dramatist & poet,born in Canterbury, England, Feb, 6,1567, died in Deptford, England, May 30, 1593. Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. He brought to the English stage a new concept of tragedy, one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a man overwhelmed by his passions & ambitions.
英国戏剧家和诗人，1567年2月6日出生于英格兰坎特伯雷，1593年5月30日在英国德普特福德去世。马洛是第一位伟大的英国剧作家。他为英国舞台带来了一种新的悲剧概念，其中戏剧围绕着一个被他的激情和抱负压倒的男人的挣扎展开。

　2. 识记

　His Major Works
他的主要著作

　His most famous tragedies are Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta, Tamburlaine & Edward Ⅱ. In his plays, Marlowe used blank verse, which he molded into a superb instrument for expressing intense emotions. After his development of blank verse it became the standard medium for English dramatic & epic poetry. His non-dramatic poetry includes Hero & Leander, "the Passionate shepherd to His love," & a verse translation of Ovid's Amores.
他最著名的悲剧是浮士德医生，马耳他的犹太人，坦布尔莱恩和爱德华二世。在他的戏剧中，马洛使用空白诗句，并将其塑造成表达强烈情感的极好工具。在他发展出空白诗歌之后，它成为英国戏剧和史诗的圣标准媒介。他的非戏剧性诗歌包括《英雄与利安德》、《“对他的爱充满热情的牧羊人》以及奥维德的《爱》的诗歌翻译。

Marlowe's Doctor Faustus (about 1589), generally considered his best play, was based on a real Dr. Faustus, who was later associated with a medieval legend of a man selling his soul to the devil. The play's dominant moral is human rather than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power & happiness; it also reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. The last scene, in which Faustus confronts his doom, brilliantly renders the fear & agony of a condemned man.
马洛的《浮士德博士》（Doctor Faustus，约 1589 年）被普遍认为是他最好的戏剧，改编自真实的浮士德博士，他后来与一个中世纪的传说有关，即一个人将自己的灵魂出卖给魔鬼。该剧的主要寓意是人性而不是宗教。它庆祝人类对知识、力量和幸福的热情;它还揭示了人类在敌对的道德秩序中实现崇高抱负的挫败感。最后一幕，浮士德面对他的厄运，出色地描绘了一个被判刑的人的恐惧和痛苦。

　The Jew of Malta (about 1589) illustrates Marlowe's outstanding portrayal of character. Its hero, Barabas the Jew, served as the model for Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. In about 1592. Marlowe wrote one of the first successful English historical dramas, Edward Ⅱ。 It is his most dramatically mature play & exhibits his mastery of characterization, stage craft & rhetoric.
《马耳他的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta，约 1589 年）描绘了马洛对性格的杰出刻画。它的主人公犹太人巴拉巴斯是莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克的原型。大约在 1592 年。马洛创作了最早成功的英国历史剧之一《爱德华二世》。这是他最戏剧化的成熟戏剧，展示了他对角色塑造、舞台技巧和修辞的精通。

　Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious & pitiless Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering King. By depicting a great hero with high ambition & sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power & authority.
Tamburlaine 是一部关于十四世纪一位雄心勃勃且无情的鞑靼征服者的戏剧，他从一个牧羊人崛起为一位强大的国王。通过描绘一个有着远大抱负和纯粹残酷力量征服一个又敌人的伟大英雄，我们表达了文艺复兴时期的男人对无限权力和权威的至高渴望。

　3. 领会His Achievements & Influence
3. 领会他的成就和影响

　Achievements: Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he 　perfected the blank verse & made it the principal medium of English drama.
成就：马洛最大的成就在于他完善了空白的诗句，使其成为英国戏剧的主要媒介。

　His second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.
他的第二个成就是他为英国戏剧创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄。

The theme of his works is the praise of the Renaissance spirit.
他的作品主题是对文艺复兴精神的赞美。

　His influence: A man of wide learning, Marlowe was one of the extra ordinary poets & playwrights of his time. "Marlowe's mighty line," as Ben Jonson called his blank verse, was one of the most important contributions to the art of English literature.
他的影响：作为一个博学多才的人，马洛是他那个时代最平凡的诗人和剧作家之一。本·琼森 （Ben Jonson） 称他的空白诗句为“马洛的威力诗句”，是对英国文学艺术最重要的贡献之一。

4. 应用Dr. Faustus
4. 应用Dr.浮士德

　The selection of ActⅠfrom Dr. Faustus is mainly about Faustus is showing his great ambition, that is, if he had many souls, he would give them all to the Devil so that he could control the world. In portraying Faustus, a more introspective & philosophical figure than Tamburlaine, Marlowe praises his soaring aspiration for knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since Faustus's downfall was caused by his despair in God & trust in Devil.
选择浮士德博士的 ActI.from 主要是关于浮士德是表现出他的大野心，也就是说，如果他有很多灵魂，他会把它们都交给魔鬼，这样他就可以控制世界。在描绘浮士德这个比坦布尔莱恩更内省和哲学的人物时，马洛赞扬了他对知识的强烈渴望，同时警告人们不要因为浮士德的垮台是由于他对上帝的绝望和对魔鬼的信任而造成的骄傲之罪。

Ⅲ. William Shakespeare
III.. 威廉·莎士比亚

1. 一般识记Brief Introduction
1. 一般识记简介

William Shakespeare was the greatest writer of plays who ever lived. His friend & fellow playwright Ben Jonson said that Shakespeare was "not of an age but for all time." The 18th-century English essayist Samuel Johnson described his work as "the mirror of life." The 19th-century English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge spoke of "myriad-minded Shakespeare." The 20th-century English dramatist George Bernard Shaw stressed his "enormous power over language."
威廉·莎士比亚是有史以来最伟大的戏剧作家。他的朋友和同为剧作家的本·琼森说，莎士比亚“不是一个时代，而是永恒的时代”。18 世纪英国散文家塞缪尔·约翰逊 （Samuel Johnson） 将他的作品描述为“生活的镜子”。19 世纪英国诗人塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 （Samuel Taylor Coleridge） 谈到“思想多变的莎士比亚”。20 世纪英国剧作家乔治·萧伯纳 （George Bernard Shaw） 强调他“对语言的巨大力量”。

2. 识记His Life & Career
2. 识记他的生活和事业

The exact date of Shakespeare's birth is not known, but his baptism was recorded on April 26, 1564, in the parish register of Holy Trinity Church at Stratford-on-Avon. Since it was customary to baptize infants within two or three days of birth, April 23 is regarded as a reasonable birth date. It is also the date on which he died in 1616. Generally, his dramatic career is divided into 4 periods.
莎士比亚的确切出生日期尚不清楚，但他的洗礼记录在 1564 年 4 月 26 日，位于埃文河畔斯特拉特福的圣三一教堂的教区登记册中。由于习惯上在婴儿出生后两三天内为婴儿施洗，因此 4 月 23 日被认为是合理的出生日期。这也是他于 1616 年去世的日期。一般来说，他的戏剧生涯分为 4 个时期。

The First Period (1590-1594)-five historical plays & four comedies:
第一时期（1590-1594）-五部历史剧和四部喜剧：

　　　Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅰ (1590)
亨利六世，第一部分（1590 年）

　　　Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅱ (1590)
亨利六世，第二部分。（1590 年）

　　　Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅲ (1591)
亨利六世，第三部分。（1591 年）

　　　Richard Ⅲ (1592)
理查三世 （1592）

　　　Titus Andronicus (1593)
泰特斯·安德罗尼克斯 （1593）

　　　The Comedy of Errors (1592)
错误的喜剧 The Comedy of Errors （1592）

　　　The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594)
维罗纳的两位绅士 （1594）

　　　The Taming of the Shrew (1593)
驯服鼩鼱 （1593）

　　　Love's Labor's Lost (1594)
爱的劳动迷失 （1594）

　　The Second Period (1595-1600)-five historical plays, six comedies & two tragedies:
第二时期（1595-1600）-五部历史剧，六部喜剧和两部悲剧：

　　　Richard Ⅱ (1595)
理查二世 （1595）

　　　King John (1596)
约翰王 （1596）

　　　Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ & Part Ⅱ(1597)
亨利四世，第一部分和第二部分（1597）

　　　Henry V (1598)
亨利五世 （1598）

　　　A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595)
仲夏夜之梦 （1595）

　　　The Merchant of Venice (1596)
威尼斯商人 （1596）

　　　Much Ado About Nothing (1598)
无事生非 （1598）

　　　As You Like It (1599)
如你所愿 （1599）

　　　Twelfth Night (1600)
第十二夜 （1600）

　　　The Merry Wives of Winsor (1598)
温莎的风流妻子 （1598）

　　　Romeo & Juliet (1595)
罗密欧与朱丽叶 （1595）

　　　Julius Caesar (1599)
尤利乌斯·凯撒 （1599）

　　The Third Period (1601-1609)-Seven tragedies & two dark comedies:
第三时期（1601-1609）-七场悲剧和两场黑暗喜剧：

　　　Hamlet
哈姆雷特

　　　Othello
奥赛罗

　　　King Lear
李尔王

　　　Macbeth
麦克白

　　　Antony & Cleopatra
安东尼与克利奥帕特拉

　　　Troilus & Cressida

　　　Coriolonus
科里奥隆斯

　　　All's Well That Ends Well
一切都很好，结局很好

　　　Measure for Measure
逐个度量

　　The Fourth Period (1609-1612)-Romantic tragic-comedies & two plays:
第四时期（1609-1612）-浪漫悲剧-喜剧和两部戏剧：

　　　Pericles
伯里克利

　　　Cymbeline
辛贝林

　　　The Winte's Tale
温特的故事

The Tempest
暴风雨

Henry Ⅷ
亨利八世。

The Two Noble Kinsmen
两个贵族亲戚

Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus & Adonis & The Rape of Lucrece & his sequence of 154 sonnets.
莎士比亚的真实非戏剧诗歌由两篇长篇叙事诗组成：维纳斯&阿多尼斯&卢克雷斯的强奸&他的154首十四行诗序列。

3. 领会His Influence

1) Contributions to language
1） 对语言的贡献

Many words and commonly used phrases have been added to everyday English vocabulary through their appearance in Shakespeare's works.
许多单词和常用短语通过在莎士比亚作品中的出现而被添加到日常英语词汇中。

2) Effects on literature
2） 对文学的影响

Shakespeare's plays & poetry have had a pervasive influence on world literature. Most of the great literary figures of the world have been inspired & stimulated by his achievement.
莎士比亚的戏剧和诗歌对世界文学产生了广泛的影响。世界上大多数伟大的文学人物都受到了他的成就的启发和激励。

On the whole, however, Shakespeare's contribution has been to the language & spirit of later writing rather than to its form. References & parallels to Shakespeare's phraseology have occurred in literature since the 16th century.
然而，总的来说，莎士比亚的贡献在于后来写作的语言和精神，而不是其形式。自16世纪以来，文学中一直存在对莎士比亚短语的引用和相似之处。

Perhaps the greatest inspiration to subsequent authors has been Shakespeare's capacity to depict life in all its complexity & to illuminate man's character & destiny.
也许对后来的作者最大的启发是莎士比亚能够描绘生活的所有复杂性，并阐明人的性格和命运。

4. 领会 His Major Works
4. 领会 他的主要著作

1) Drama
1） 戏剧

A. The Merchant of Venice
一个。威尼斯商人

Theme: to praise the friendship between Antonio & Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit & loyalty, & to expose the insatiable greed & brutality of the Jew.
主题：赞美安东尼奥和巴萨尼奥之间的友谊，将波西亚理想化为具有伟大美丽、智慧和忠诚的女英雄，并揭露犹太人的贪得无厌和残暴。

Plot: The play has a double plot (P39)
剧情：该剧有双重情节（P39）

B. Hamlet
B. 哈姆雷特

Hamlet is generally regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a "blood-and-thunder" thriller & a philosophical exploration of life & death. And the timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict & searching philosophic melancholy.
哈姆雷特通常被认为是莎士比亚在舞台上最受欢迎的戏剧，因为它具有“血与雷霆”惊悚片的品质和对生与死的哲学探索。而这部强大的戏剧的永恒吸引力在于它结合了阴谋、情感冲突和探索哲学的忧郁。

The play opens with Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, appearing in a mood of world-weariness occasioned by his father's recent death & by his mother's hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father's brother. While encountering his father's ghost, Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father & then taken over both his father's throne & widow. This, Hamlet, is urged by the ghost to seek revenge for his father's "foul & most unnatural murder." Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing & plotting, & apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact & fiction, language & action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life & death.
该剧以丹麦王子哈姆雷特的情绪出现，他的父亲最近去世，以及他的母亲匆忙与他父亲的兄弟克劳狄斯再婚。在遇到他父亲的鬼魂时，哈姆雷特得知克劳狄乌斯已经谋杀了他的父亲，然后接管了他父亲的王位和寡妇。这个，哈姆雷特，被鬼魂催促去为他父亲的“最恶恶&最不自然的谋杀”报仇。被困在一个充满间谍、测试和阴谋的噩梦世界中，显然承担着为他父亲的死复仇的责任带来的无法忍受的负担，哈姆雷特不得不生活在一个阴影世界里，生活在事实与虚构、语言与行动之间。他的生活是不断的角色扮演，审视行动的本质却否认它的可能性，因为他太老练了，无法将自己的本性降低到舞台复仇者的常规角色。通过塑造哈姆雷特，莎士比亚成功地对生与死进行了哲学探索。

C. The Tempest
C. 暴风雨

The Tempest, an elaborate & fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. The characters are rather allegorical & the subject full of suggestion. The humanly impossible events can be seen occurring everywhere, in the play. The playwright resorts to the supernatural atmosphere & to the dreams to solve the conflict. To Shakespeare, the whole life is no more than a dream. Thus, The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life & society in his late years.
暴风雨，一个精心设计的奇幻故事，被誉为他最后浪漫故事中最好的。人物相当寓言，主题充满了暗示。在剧中，到处都可以看到人类不可能的事件。剧作家诉诸超自然的气氛和梦想来解决冲突。对莎士比亚来说，整个人生不过是一场梦。因此，《暴风雨》是他在晚年对人类生活和社会的悲观观点的典型例子。

2) Poems
2） 诗歌

A. Sonnets
A. 十四行诗

The first 126 sonnets are apparently addressed to a handsome young nobleman, presumably the author's patron. The poems express the writer's selfless but not entirely uncritical devotion to the young man.
前 126 首十四行诗显然是写给一位英俊的年轻贵族的，大概是作者的赞助人。这些诗歌表达了作家对这位年轻人的无私但并非完全不加批判的奉献。

Twenty of the sonnets are about a young woman characterized as a " dark lady," whom the poet distrust but cannot resist. The poems addressed directly to her are perhaps the most remarkable in the sequence because their unsentimental tone is unlike that of traditional love sonnets.
其中 20 首十四行诗是关于一位被描述为“黑夫人”的年轻女子，诗人不信任她，但无法抗拒她。直接写给她的诗可能是该系列中最引人注目的，因为它们的冷漠语气与传统的爱情十四行诗不同。

A philosophical theme that appears in many of the sonnets is that of time as the destroyer of all mortal things. Also expressed in the poems is the author's disillusionment with the false ness of earthly life.
许多十四行诗中出现的一个哲学主题是时间是所有凡人事物的毁灭者。诗歌中还表达了作者对尘世生活虚假性的幻灭。

The form of the poems is the English Variation of the traditional Italian, or Petrarchan, sonnet, Shakespeare's sonnets have three quatrains, or groups of four lines, & a final couplet. Their rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg. A theme is developed & elaborated in the quatrains, & a concluding thought is presented in the couplet.
诗歌的形式是传统意大利语或彼特拉克十四行诗的英语变体，莎士比亚的十四行诗有三首四行诗，或四行一组，以及最后一副对联。他们的押韵方案是 abab、cdcd、efef、gg。在四行诗中发展了一个主题并进行了阐述，在对联中呈现了一个结论性的想法。

B. Other poems
B.其他诗歌

Venus & Adonis, in which Shakespeare made his first bid for literary patronage & fame, is a conventional Elizabethan narrative poem. Its mythological story, taken from Ovids Metamorphoses, tells of the passionate love goddess who woos the reluctant youth Adonis.
在《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》中，莎士比亚首次为文学赞助和声誉做出了努力，这是一首传统的伊丽莎白时代叙事诗。它的神话故事取自奥维德的《变形记》，讲述了热情的爱情女神追求不情愿的青年阿多尼斯的故事。

The Rape of Lucrece, another narrative of passion, is based on the semi historical story of the rape of a chaste Roman matron by Tarquin, son of the king of Rome.
《卢克雷斯的强奸》是另一部关于激情的叙事，改编自罗马国王的儿子塔昆强奸一位贞洁的罗马女主人的半历史故事。

5. 领会His Major Theme
5. 领会他的主旋律

1) Shakespeare is against religious persecution & racial discrimination, against social inequality & the corrupting influence of gold & money.
1） 莎士比亚反对宗教迫害和种族歧视，反对社会不平等以及黄金和金钱的腐败影响。

2) He was a humanist of the time & accepted the Renaissance views on literature.
2） 他是当时的人文主义者，接受了文艺复兴时期的文学观点。

6. 领会His Literary Achievements
6. 领会他的文学成就

　　1) Characterization
1） 特征

　　His major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others. The soliloquies in his plays fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.
他的主要人物既不是单纯的个体，也不是典型的人物，而是代表某种类型的个体。每个角色都有自己的个性;同时，他们可能会与他人共享功能。他戏剧中的独白充分反映了他笔下人物的内心冲突。莎士比亚还成对描绘他的人物。对比经常被用来为他的人物带来生动感。

　　The women in the plays are vivid creations, each differing from the others. Shakespeare was fond of portraying "mocking wenches," such as Kate of the Taming of the Shrew, Rosaline of Love's Labor's Lost, & Beatrice of Much Ado About Nothing, but he was equally adept at creating gentle & innocent women, such as Ophelia in Hamlet, Desdemona in Othello, & Cordelia in King Lear. His female characters also include the treacherous Goneril & Regan, the iron-willed Lady Macbeth, the witty & resourceful Portia, the tender & loyal Juliet, & the alluring Cleopatra.
剧中的女性是生动的创造物，每个人都与众不同。莎士比亚喜欢描绘“嘲笑的女人”，比如《驯服鼩鼱》中的凯特，《爱的劳动迷失》中的罗莎琳，以及《无事生非》中的比阿特丽斯，但他非常擅长塑造温柔无辜的女性，如《哈姆雷特》中的奥菲莉亚，《奥赛罗》中的苔丝狄蒙娜，以及《李尔王》中的科迪莉亚。他的女性角色还包括奸诈的戈纳里尔和里根，铁石心肠的麦克白夫人，机智且足智多谋的波蒂亚，温柔而忠诚的朱丽叶，以及迷人的克利奥帕特拉。

　　2) Plot Construction
2） 剧情搭建

　　Shakespeare's plays are well known for their adroit plot construction. He seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek & Roman sources. There are usually several threads running through the play, thus providing the story with suspense & apprehension.
莎士比亚的戏剧以其娴熟的情节结构而闻名。他很少编造自己的情节;相反，他从一些古老的戏剧或故事书中借用它们，或者从古希腊和罗马的来源中借用它们。通常有几个线索贯穿整个剧中，从而为故事提供了悬念和忧虑。

　　3) Language
3） 语言

　　In Shakespeare's time, English grammar & spelling were not yet formalized, so Shakespeare could freely inter charge the various parts of speech, using nouns as adjectives or verbs, adjectives as adverbs, & pronouns as nouns. Such freedom gave his language an extraordinary flexibility, which enabled him to express his thoughts as easily in poetry as in prose.
在莎士比亚的时代，英语语法和拼写尚未正式化，因此莎士比亚可以自由地使用各种词性，使用名词作为形容词或动词，使用形容词作为副词，使用代词作为名词。这种自由使他的语言具有非凡的灵活性，使他能够像用散文一样轻松地表达自己的想法。

　　Most of Shakespeare's dramatic poetry is in blank verse, or unrhymed iambic pentameter. His bland verse is especially beautiful & mighty. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary & idiom. His coinage of new words & distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.
莎士比亚的大部分戏剧诗歌都是空白诗句，或不押韵的抑扬格五音节。他平淡无奇的诗句特别美丽和强大。他拥有惊人的词汇和习语财富。他对新词的创造和对旧词含义的扭曲也对读者产生了惊人的影响。

7. 应用Selected Readings

1) Sonnet 18
1） 十四行诗 18

Theme: a profound meditation on the destructive power of time & the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.
主题：对时间的破坏力和诗歌对他所爱的人带来的永恒之美的深刻思考。

Imagery: a summer's day-youth
意象：夏日-青春

　he eye of heaven-the sun
天眼——太阳

　2) The Merchant of Venice
2） 威尼斯商人

　　Theme: To praise the friendship between Antonio & Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit & loyalty, & to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.
主题：赞美安东尼奥和巴萨尼奥之间的友谊，将波西亚理想化为美丽、机智和忠诚的女英雄，并揭露犹太人的贪得无厌和残忍。

3) Hamlet
3） 哈姆雷特

　　This is one part of Hamlet's most famous monologue. Hamlet, facing the dilemma of action & mind, is hesitating whether he should revenge for his father, which may bring him death, or he should suffer & hide his hatred for his uncle in his deep heart, which may secure his life.
这是哈姆雷特最著名的独白的一部分。哈姆雷特，面对行动与心灵的困境，正在犹豫是否应该为他的父亲报仇，这可能会给他带来死亡，还是应该痛苦并隐藏对叔叔的仇恨在他的内心深处，这样才能确保他的生命。

IV. Francis Bacon
IV. 弗朗西斯·培根

1. 一般识记Brief Introduction
1. 一般识记简介

English Renaissance philosopher, essayist, statesman, born in London, England, Jan 22,1561 and died in London, April 9 1626.
英国文艺复兴时期哲学家、散文家、政治家，1561 年 1 月 22 日生于英国伦敦，1626 年 4 月 9 日卒于伦敦。

One of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance, Bacon made important contributions to several fields. His chief interest were science philosophy, but he was also a distinguished man of letters & held several high governmental positions during the reign of king JamesⅠ. He was one of the earliest & most eloquent spokesmen for experimental science. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking & fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.
作为文艺复兴时期的杰出人物之一，培根在多个领域做出了重要贡献。他的主要兴趣是科学哲学，但他也是一位杰出的文学家，并在詹姆斯一世国王统治期间担任了几个高级政府职务。他是实验科学最早且最雄辩的代言人之一。他坚持科学的思维方式和新鲜的观察，而不是权威作为获取知识的基础，为现代科学奠定了基础。

2. 识记His works
2. 识记他的作品

As an author, Bacon is most famous for his Essays, which deal with such subjects as honor, friendship, love, & riches. Written in a terse, polished style, with many learned allusions & metaphors, the essays rank with the finest in English literature.
作为一名作家，培根最出名的是他的散文，这些散文涉及荣誉、友谊、爱情和财富等主题。这些散文以简洁、优美的风格写作，有许多博学的典故和隐喻，是英国文学中最好的文章之一。

Bacon's other important literary works include The New Atlantis, an account of an ideal society & an imaginary voyage, & The History of the Reign of King Henry Ⅶ, a perceptive psychological study of Henry's mind & characters.
培根的其他重要文学作品包括《新亚特兰蒂斯》，一个理想社会和一次想象中的航行的描述，以及《亨利七世国王统治的历史》，这是对亨利的思想和人物的洞察力心理学研究。

His works can be divided into three groups：
他的作品可以分为三组：

First group: The Advancement of Learning (1605)
第一组：学习的进步 （1605）

　　　　　Novum Organum (1620) (Latin version)
Novum Organum （1620） （拉丁文版）

Second group: Essays
第二组：论文

　　　　　　　　 Apophthagmes New & Old (1605)
Apophthagmes 新旧 （1605）

　　　　　　　　 The History of the Reign of Henry Ⅶ (1622)
亨利七世统治史 （1622）

　　　　　　　　 The New Atlantis (unfinished)
新亚特兰蒂斯（未完工）

Third group: Maxims of Law
第三组：法律格言

　　　　　　　　 The Learned Reading upon the
博学的阅读

　　　　　　　　 Stature of Uses (1642)
用途 （1642）

3. 领会 His Major Works
3. 领会 他的主要著作

　　Essays
论文

　　The term "essay" was borrowed from Montaigne's Essais, which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Bacon learned from Montaigne, the first great modern essayist, the economic & flexible way of writing. However, as a practical & prudential man, he intends to write for the ambitious Elizabethan & Jacobean youth of his class & tell them how to be efficient & make their way in public life.
“散文”一词借用自 1580 年至 1588 年出版的蒙田的 Essais。培根从第一位伟大的现代散文家蒙田那里学到了经济且灵活的写作方式。然而，作为一个务实且谨慎的人，他打算为他那个阶层中雄心勃勃的伊丽莎白和詹姆士青年写作，告诉他们如何提高效率并在公共生活中出人头地。

Bacon's essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness. The essays are well arranged & enriched by Biblical allusions, Metaphors & cadence.
培根的散文以其简洁、紧凑和有力而闻名。这些文章安排得很好，并通过圣经的暗示、隐喻和节奏进行了丰富。

4. 领会His achievements
4. 领会他的成就

As a literary man, Bacon is the first English essayist, whose Essays won him a high place in the history of English literature.
作为一名文学家，培根是第一位英国散文家，他的散文为他赢得了英国文学史上的崇高地位。

As a philosopher, he is the founder of English materialistic philosophy. He advocates the inductive method of reasoning. In his famous plea for progress, Bacon demands three things: 1) the free investigation of nature, 2) the discovery of facts instead of the blind belief in theories 3) the verification of results by experiment rather than by argument. In our day, these are the ABC of science, but in Bacon's time they were revolutionary, Marx called him "the real father of English materialism & experimental science of modern times in general."
作为一名哲学家，他是英国唯物主义哲学的奠基人。他提倡归纳推理方法。在他著名的进步呼吁中，培根要求三件事：1） 对自然的自由调查，2） 发现事实而不是盲目相信理论 3） 通过实验而不是论证来验证结果。在我们这个时代，这些是科学的ABC，但在培根的时代，它们是革命性的，马克思称他为“英国唯物主义和现代实验科学的真正父亲”。

5. 应用 Of Studies

Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon's 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, & how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful & persuasive, compact & precise, Of Studies reveals to us Bacon's mature attitude towards learning. Bacon's language is neat, priest, & weighty. It is some what affected, like the water in the reservoir, restricted & confined.
Of Studies 是培根 58 篇论文中最受欢迎的一篇。它分析了研究主要服务于什么，不同的人采用不同的方式进行研究，以及研究如何对人的性格产生影响。有力且有说服力，简洁而精巧，《研究》向我们揭示了培根对学习的成熟态度。培根的语言整洁、牧师、有分量。就像水库中的水一样，是一些影响因素受到限制和限制的。

V. John Donne
V. 约翰·多恩

1.一般识记 Donne & the Metaphysical Poetry
1.一般识记 多恩与形而上学的诗歌

John Donne: English poet & Clergyman, born in London, England, 1572, and died in London, Mar. 31 1631. Donne is the leading figure of the 17th-century "metaphysical school." His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences & attitudes, & a free range of feelings & attitudes, & a free range of feelings & moods. The mode is dynamic rather than static, with ingenuity of speech, vividness of imagery & vitality of rhythms, which show a notable contrast to the other Elizabethan lyric poems, which are pure, serene, tuneful, & smooth running. The most striking feature of Donne's poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world. "Metaphysical Poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellions spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan Love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with echoes the words & cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, Abraham Cowley, & Thomas Traherne are also considered to be metaphysical poets. They wrote on a variety of religious & secular themes, & to express their ideas, they used startling, highly imaginative comparisons known as conceits. A conceit is a combination of thoughts or images that are not usually associated with one another.
约翰·多恩：英国诗人和神职人员，1572年出生于英国伦敦，1631年3月31日卒于伦敦。多恩是 17 世纪“形而上学学派”的领军人物。他的诗通过展示看似不专注的多样化经验和态度，自由的感情和态度，以及自由的感情和情绪，给人一种更具有内在戏剧性的印象。模式是动态的而不是静态的，具有独创的言语、生动的意象和节奏的活力，这与其他伊丽莎白时代的抒情诗形成了显著的对比，这些诗歌纯净、宁静、优美、流畅。多恩诗歌最引人注目的特点恰恰是它对现实的冲击，从某种意义上说，它似乎反映了一个真实的世界，而不是一个诗意的世界。“形而上学诗歌”通常用于命名 17 世纪在约翰·多恩 （John Donne） 影响下写作的作家的作品。凭借反叛的精神，形而上学的诗人试图打破伊丽莎白时代爱情诗歌的传统时尚。与常见语音的单词和节奏相比，措辞简单。这些意象取材于现实生活。这种形式通常是与诗人的爱人、上帝或他自己的争论。乔治·赫伯特，安德鲁·马维尔，理查德·克拉肖，亨利·沃恩，亚伯拉罕·考利和托马斯·特拉赫恩也被认为是形而上学的诗人。他们写各种宗教和世俗主题，为了表达他们的想法，他们使用了被称为自负的惊人、极富想象力的比较。自负是通常彼此无关的思想或图像的组合。

The finest works of the metaphysical poets combine intellectual subtlety with great emotional power. The poems reflect a broad knowledge of science, art, & other branches of learning. At the same time, metaphysical poems express an intense awareness of common human feelings & experiences, such as jealousy, the loss of religious faith, the complexities of love & the fear of death. Although the imagery of metaphysical poetry is frequently strained, the language is often as natural & direct as ordinary speech.
形而上学诗人最优秀的作品将智力的微妙与强大的情感力量相结合。这些诗反映了对科学、艺术和其他学习分支的广泛知识。与此同时，形而上学的诗歌表达了对人类情感和经历的强烈认识，如嫉妒、宗教信仰的丧失、爱情的复杂性和对死亡的恐惧。尽管形而上学诗歌的意象经常紧张，但语言往往像普通语言一样自然和直接。

2识记His major works
2识记主要著作

In his life, Donne wrote a large number of poems & prose works, His poems are especially admired for their unique combination of passionate feeling & intellectual wit. Many of his poems rank with the finest in the English language. Among his most famous works are the poems Death Be Not Proud, "Go & Catch a Falling Star," The Ecstacy, & A Valediction Forbidding Mourning.
在他的一生中，多恩写了大量的诗歌和散文作品，他的诗歌因其独特的激情情感和智慧的结合而受到特别的赞赏。他的许多诗歌在英语中名列前茅。他最著名的作品包括诗歌《死亡不要骄傲》、《去捕捉一颗流星》、《狂喜》和《禁止哀悼的告别》。

Most of The Elegies & Satires & a good many of The Songs & Sonnets were written in the early period. He wrote prose works mainly in the later period. His sermons, which are very famous, reveal his spiritual devotion to God as a passionate preacher.
大部分的挽歌和讽刺诗以及大量的歌曲和十四行诗都是在早期写的。他主要在后期写散文作品。他的布道非常有名，揭示了他作为一个充满激情的传教士对上帝的属灵奉献。

His works are classified as songs & sonnets, epistles, elegies, & satires. When read in chronological order, the poems reveal his development from "Gay Jack Donne," a reckless & cynical youth, to Dean John Donne, a man devoted to God.
他的作品被归类为歌曲和十四行诗、书信、挽歌和讽刺。按时间顺序阅读时，这些诗揭示了他从“同性恋杰克·多恩”，一个鲁莽且愤世嫉俗的青年，到迪恩·约翰·多恩，一个致力于上帝的人的发展。

Donne's great prose works are his sermons, which are both rich & imaginative, exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor & scholastic complexity as his poetry. For example, the well-known Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (1623-1624). Written when he was seriously ill, they contain the famous passage: "No Man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main… Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind, & therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee."
多恩的伟大散文作品是他的布道，这些布道既丰富又富有想象力，展现出与他的诗歌相同的物理活力和学术复杂性。例如，著名的《紧急场合的灵修》（1623-1624）。这些信件写于他病重时，其中包含著名的段落：“没有人是一座完整的岛屿;每个人都是大陆的一部分，是主要大陆的一部分......任何人的死亡都会使我贬低，因为我与人类有关，因此从不派人去知道钟声为谁鸣响;它为你而苦。

3. 领会 Characteristics of His Poems
3. 领会 他的诗歌的特点

Donne's poetry is subtle, complex, & often startling. He made expert use of such poetic techniques as the paradox, a statement that seems contradictory but actually contains truth, & the conceit, a pertinent comparison between 2 apparently dissimilar things.
多恩的诗歌微妙、复杂，而且常常令人吃惊。他熟练地运用了诸如悖论等诗意的技巧，一个看似矛盾但实际上包含真理的陈述，以及自负，两个明显不同的事物之间的相关比较。

His early Lyrics most exist in The Songs & Sonnets. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul & body. The operations of the soul depend on the body. Idealism & cynicism about love coexist in Donne's love poetry.
他早期的歌词主要存在于歌曲和十四行诗中。爱是基本主题。多恩认为，爱的本质是灵魂和身体的结合。灵魂的运作取决于身体。理想主义和对爱情的愤世嫉俗在多恩的爱情诗中共存。

As a religious poet, his chief power is shown in the Holy Sonnets & the last hymns.
作为一个宗教诗人，他的主要力量在神圣的十四行诗和最后的赞美诗中得到了展示。

In his poems, Donne frequently applies conceits, i.e. extended metaphors involving dramatic contrasts. His poetry involves a certain kind of argument, sometimes in rigid syllogistic form. With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.
在他的诗中，多恩经常使用自负，即涉及戏剧性对比的扩展隐喻。他的诗歌涉及某种类型的争论，有时是僵化的三段论形式。通过简短、简单的语言，论点贯穿整首诗。

4. 应用Selected Readings

1) Death Be Not Proud, one of Donne's Holy Sonnets, is an almost Startling put-down of poor death. Staunchly Christian in its pare expectation of the resurrection, Donne's poem personifies death as an adversary swollen with false pride & unworthy of being called "mighty & dreadful." Donne gives various reasons in accusing death of being little more than a slave bossed about by fate, chance, kings & desperate men-a craven thing that keeps bad company, such as poison, was & sickness. Finally, Donne taunts death with a paradox: "death, thou shalt die."
1） Death Be Not Proud 是 Donne 的神圣十四行诗之一，几乎令人震惊地贬低了可怜的死亡。多恩的诗坚定地期待着复活，将死亡描绘成一个充满虚假骄傲和不配被称为“强大&可怕”的敌人。多恩给出了各种理由，指责死亡只不过是一个被命运、机会、国王和绝望的人支配的奴隶——一个懦弱的东西，它让坏人陪伴，比如毒药、曾经和疾病。最后，多恩用一个悖论嘲讽死亡：“死亡，你会死。

The sonnet is written in the strict Petrarchan pattern. It reveals the poet's belief in life after death: death is eternal.
十四行诗以严格的彼特拉克模式写成。它揭示了诗人对死后生命的信念：死亡是永恒的。

2) The Sun Rising
2） 太阳升起

The persona apostrophizes the sun as " unruly" because the sun enters the lovers' secret room without their approval. The speaker criticizes the sun pays too much attention to such things as sex & that he should not be behaving so tediously as to stick to his rule & enter without thinking twice into such a place as lovers dwell.
这个角色将太阳撇号为“不守规矩”，因为太阳未经他们的同意就进入了恋人的密室。说话者批评太阳过于关注性等事情，他不应该表现得如此乏味，以至于坚持他的规则，不假思索地进入恋人居住的地方。

Ⅵ. John Milton
VI.. 约翰·米尔顿

1.一般识记 Brief Introduction
1.一般识记 Brief Assignments

　John Milton, English poet & prose writer, born in London, England, Dec. 9, 1608, and died in London, Nov 8, 1674.
约翰·米尔顿，英国诗人和散文作家，1608年12月9日出生于英国伦敦，1674年11月8日卒于伦敦。

　Milton was one of the greatest poets in the English language & one of the towering figures in all literature. His masterpiece, Paradise Lost, is considered the unsurpassed English epic poem. It is a powerfully imaginative & dramatic work, based in part on the Biblical story of the temptation & fall of Adam & Eve in the Garden of Eden. Milton, a deeply religious man, wrote the epic " to justify the ways of God to men." He is also famous for his graceful lyric poems, such as Lycidas, L'Allegro, & for his intensely moving sonnets.　
弥尔顿是英语中最伟大的诗人之一，也是所有文学中的杰出人物之一。他的代表作《失乐园》被认为是无与伦比的英国史诗。这是一部充满想象力和戏剧性的作品，部分基于圣经中亚当和夏娃在伊甸园中遭受诱惑和堕落的故事。弥尔顿是一位虔诚的宗教人士，他写了这部史诗，“为上帝对人的道路辩护”。他也因其优美的抒情诗而闻名，如Lycidas，L'Allegro，以及他的紧张动人的十四行诗。

Milton was a great master of language, & his poetry, both epic & lyric, is admired for its sublime eloquence & rich musical quality.
弥尔顿是一位伟大的语言大师，他的诗歌，无论是史诗还是抒情诗，都因其崇高的雄辩和丰富的音乐品质而受到赞赏。

2. 识记His literary achievements
2. 识记他的文学成就

Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets & the last great poems.
弥尔顿的文学成就可以分为三组：早期的诗歌作品，中期散文小册子和最后的伟大诗歌。

　1) Education & Early Poetry
1） 教育与早期诗歌

　　Milton's education would ordinarily have led him to a post in the Church of England. He was a Puritan, however, & his religious vies conflicted with those of the Church. After his 7 years at Cambridge, therefore, he retired in 1632 to his father's estate at Horton. His famous poems L'Allegro & IL Penseroso were probably written in 1631, before his withdrawal from Cambridge. These are companion pieces that contrast the temperaments of the cheerful, active man & the melancholy, reflective man. In his early works, Milton appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature. Lycidas (1637) is a typical example. All of Milton's early works reflect his interest in Greek & Latin poetry, which greatly influenced his style. His poems contain a wealth of classical references, figures of speech, & other poetic devices, all masterfully blended into his rich verse.
弥尔顿的教育通常会使他在英国教会中担任一个职位。然而，他是个清教徒，他的宗教信仰与教会的信仰相冲突。因此，在剑桥大学度过了 7 年后，他于 1632 年退休，回到了他父亲在霍顿的庄园。他的著名诗歌《L'Allegro & IL Penseroso》可能是在他从剑桥退学之前的1631年写的。这些是与开朗、活跃的男人和忧郁、反思的男人的气质形成鲜明对比的配套作品。在他的早期作品中，弥尔顿似乎继承了伊丽莎白时代文学中所有最好的东西。Lycidas （1637） 就是一个典型的例子。弥尔顿的所有早期作品都反映了他对希腊和拉丁诗歌的兴趣，这极大地影响了他的风格。他的诗中包含了大量的古典引用、修辞手法和其他诗歌手法，所有这些都巧妙地融入了他丰富的诗句中。

　　2) Middle Period & Prose Pamphlets
2） 中期和散文小册子

　　In 1638, Milton began a 15-month tour of the Continent, where he met the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. Upon his return to England he became deeply involved in the political & religious struggle between Parliament, which was then dominated by the Presbyterians, & the followers of king CharlesⅠ, who supported the Church of England. Milton sided with Parliament & began to write a series of pamphlets attacking the power of the bishops & the rituals of the Church. In 1652 he suffered great personal tragedy with the total loss of his eyesight & the death of his wife & infant son In spite of his blindness, Milton continued his official duties until 1655. During these tragic years of his life he wrote some of his most poignant & beautiful sonnets. They include On His Blindness, which reveals the consolation he found in religious faith, & Methought 1 Saw My Late Espoused Saint, written as a tribute to his second wife. Another of his greatest sonnets, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont, commemorated the slaughter of a sect of religious martyrs in 1655. Areopagitica (1644) is probably his most memorable prose work. It is a great plea for freedom of the press. Its style is smooth & calm.
1638 年，弥尔顿开始了为期 15 个月的欧洲大陆之旅，在那里他遇到了意大利科学家伽利略·伽利莱。回到英格兰后，他深深参与了当时由长老会主导的议会与支持英格兰教会的查理一世国王的追随者之间的政治和宗教斗争。米尔顿站在议会一边，开始写一系列小册子攻击主教的权力和教会的仪式。在1652年，他遭受了巨大的个人悲剧，完全失去了视力，他的妻子和婴儿儿子也去世了。 尽管他失明了，弥尔顿仍然继续他的公务直到1655年。在他生命中的这些悲惨岁月里，他写下了一些他最深刻和美丽的十四行诗。他们包括《论他的盲目》，揭示了他在宗教信仰中找到的安慰，以及《我以为1看到了我已故的圣人》，这是为了向他的第二任妻子致敬而写的。他的另一首最伟大的十四行诗《论皮埃蒙特晚期大屠杀》（On the Late Massacre in Piedmont）纪念了 1655 年一个宗教殉道者教派的屠杀。Areopagitica （1644） 可能是他最令人难忘的散文作品。这是对新闻自由的伟大呼吁。它的风格是流畅和平静的。

3) Later Years & Major Poetry
3） 晚年和主要诗歌

After the Restoration in 1660, Milton was imprisoned. His release was brought about mainly through the efforts of his friends, notably the poet Andrew Marwell, After that time he devoted himself to his 3 major poetical works: Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), & Samson Agonistes (1671). Among the three, the first is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf; & the last one is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.
1660 年复辟后，弥尔顿被监禁。他的释放主要是通过他的朋友们的努力促成的，特别是诗人安德鲁·马威尔，之后他全身心投入到他的三部主要诗歌作品中：《失乐园》（1667年），《天堂的回归》（1671年）和《参孙激动者》（1671年）。在这三部史诗中，第一部是自《贝奥武夫》以来最伟大的，实际上是唯一一部在英国文学中得到普遍承认的史诗;&最后一个是继英语希腊风格之后诗歌戏剧的最完美例子。

3.领会His Major Works
3.领会主要著作

　　 1) Lycidas
1） 利西达斯

It is a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward king, a fellow undergraduate of Milton's at Cambridge, who was drowned in the Irish Sea. The poem begins with grief & a feeling of immaturity; then the grief is deepened by the sense of irrecoverable loss in the silencing of a young poet. With this bitter sense of loss, Milton asks why the just & good should suffer. These emotions swell to a passionate call for the consolation of art. The poem moves from a sad apprehension of death, through regret, to passionate questioning, rage, sorrow & acceptance. The feelings begin in a low key but move on to the large questions of divine justice & human accountability. The climax of the poem is the blistering attack on the clergy, i.e. the "Shepherds," who are corrupted by self-interest.
这是一本献给爱德华·金 （Edward King） 的挽歌集，爱德华·金是剑桥大学弥尔顿学院的本科生，他在爱尔兰海中溺水身亡。这首诗以悲伤和不成熟的感觉开始;然后，一位年轻诗人被噤声的无可挽回的失落感加深了悲伤。带着这种痛苦的失落感，米尔顿问为什么公正和善良的人应该受苦。这些情绪膨胀成对艺术安慰的热情呼吁。这首诗从对死亡的悲哀忧虑，到遗憾，再到热情的提问、愤怒、悲伤和接受。感情开始时很低调，但后来转向了神圣公正和人类责任的大问题。这首诗的高潮是对神职人员的猛烈攻击，即被自私自利腐蚀的“牧羊人”。

2) Paradise Lost
2） 失乐园

Paradise Lost, an epic poem in 12 books, written in blank verse, represents the fullest expression of Milton's genius. The poem vividly portrays the story of Satan's rebellion against God & his tempting of Adam & Eve to eat the fruit of the forbidden Tree of Knowledge. The theme is the "Fall of Man," i.e. man's disobedience & the loss of Paradise, with its prime cause-Satan. Although Adam is the central figure in Paradise Lost, it is the villain, Satan, who emerges for many readers as the most interesting character in the poem, In Paradise Lost, Milton used the conventions of ancient Greek & Latin epics & enriched his poem with reference to classical mythology & literature.
《失乐园》是一首史诗，共 12 本书，以空白诗句写成，最充分地表达了弥尔顿的天才。这首诗生动地描绘了撒旦反抗上帝以及他诱惑亚当和夏娃吃被禁止的知识之果的故事。主题是“人类的堕落”，即人类的不服从和天堂的丧失，其主要原因--撒旦。尽管亚当是《失乐园》的中心人物，但反派撒旦在诗中成为许多读者最有趣的角色，在《失乐园》中，弥尔顿使用了古希腊和拉丁史诗的惯例，并通过引用古典神话和文学丰富了他的诗歌。

Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan & to "justify the ways of God to men." At the center of the conflict between human love & spiritual duty lies Milton's primary concern with freedom & choice; the freedom to obey God's prohibition on eating the apple & the choice of disobedience made for love. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But man's fall is the sequel to another & more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels. By lifting his argument to that degree, Milton raises the problem of evil in a more intractable form. Milton holds that God created all things out of Himself, including evil. There was evil in Heaven before Satan rebelled: Pride, Lust, Wrath, & Avarice were there. At the glorification of the son these forces erupted & were cast forth. But God suffered them to escape from Hell & infect the Earth. And then the tragedy was re-enacted, but with a difference-"Man shall find grace." But he must lay hold of it by an act of free will. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton's creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God just allows Adam & Eve to be tempted &, of their free will, to choose sin & its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it paves the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.
通过基督教人文主义的传统，弥尔顿写了《失乐园》，意在揭示撒旦的方式并“向人们证明上帝的道路是合理的”。在人类爱与精神责任之间的冲突的中心，是弥尔顿对自由和选择的主要理解;服从上帝禁止吃苹果的自由，以及为爱而选择的不服从。在人类的堕落中，亚当发现了他完整的人性。但是，人类的堕落是另一个更惊人的悲剧，天使的堕落的续集。通过将他的论点提升到这种程度，弥尔顿以一种更棘手的形式提出了邪恶的问题。弥尔顿认为，上帝从自己创造了万物，包括邪恶。在撒旦反叛之前，天堂里就有邪恶：骄傲、欲望、愤怒和贪婪都在那里。在荣耀儿子时，这些力量爆发并被驱逐出去。但是上帝让他们逃离地狱并感染地球。然后悲剧重演，但有所不同——“人将找到恩典”。但他必须通过自由意志的行动来抓住它。意志的自由是弥尔顿信条的基石。他的诗试图说服我们，圣经启示的无可置疑的真理意味着，一位全知的上帝只是允许亚当和夏娃受到诱惑，并且出于他们的自由意志，选择罪恶及其不可避免的惩罚。因此，它为基督的自愿牺牲铺平了道路，这表明了上帝的怜悯，使善出恶。

3) Paradise Regained
3） 重获天堂

Milton followed Paradise Lost with a shorter & less brilliant religious religious epic, Paradise Regained, which describes the New Testament story of Christ's victory over Satan in the wilderness.
弥尔顿在《失乐园》之后，又创作了一部较短且不那么精彩的宗教史诗《重获乐园》，该剧描述了基督在荒野中战胜撒旦的新约故事。

4) Samson Agonistes
4） 参孙激动剂

Milton's last important work was the magnificent poetic drama Samson Agonistes, which presents the Biblical story of Samson in the form of a Greek tragedy. The blind & suffering Samson is strongly reminiscent of Milton himself.
弥尔顿的最后一部重要作品是宏伟的诗歌戏剧《参孙激动者》，它以希腊悲剧的形式呈现了参孙的圣经故事。盲人和受苦的参孙强烈地让人想起弥尔顿本人。

The theme of Samson Agonistes is a more vital & personal one. The picture of Israel's mighty champion, blind, alone, afflicted by thoughtless enemies but preserving a noble ideal to the end, is a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself. The poet's aim was to present in English a pure tragedy, with all the passion & restraint which marked the old Greek dramas. The whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. In this sense, Samson is Milton.
参孙激动的主题是一个更重要和更个人化的主题。以色列强大的冠军，盲目、孤独，饱受轻率敌人的折磨，但始终保持着崇高的理想，这与诗人本人的毕生事业相得益彰。该诗歌的目标是用英语呈现一个纯粹的悲剧，充满了旧希腊戏剧中所有的激情和克制。整首诗强烈地表达了弥尔顿的强烈渴望，即他也可以以自己的生命为代价给敌人带来毁灭。从这个意义上说，参孙就是弥尔顿。

6. 应用Selected Reading

Analyze Satan, the hero in John Milton's Paradise Lost.
分析一下约翰·弥尔顿 （John Milton） 的《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） 中的英雄撒旦 （Satan）。

Milton's Paradise Lost is a long epic of which the theme is the "Fall of Man" with its prime cause-Satan. In Heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God. Defeated, he & his angels were cast into Hell, However, Satan refused to accept his failure, vowing that "all was not lost" & that he would seek revenge for his down fall. In order to achieve his ambition, Satan managed to tempt Adam & Eve, the first human beings created by God, to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge against God's instruction. Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered & banished giant, he remains obeyed & admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. It is he, who, passing through the guarded gates of hell & boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, & overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he was won from God the third part of his angels, & almost all the sons of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder which overwhelmed him left heart still unvanquished.
弥尔顿的《失乐园》是一部长篇史诗，其主题是“人类的堕落”，其主要原因——撒旦。在天堂，撒旦领导了一场反叛上帝的运动。被击败后，他和他的天使们被扔进了地狱，然而，撒旦拒绝接受他的失败，发誓“一切都没有失去”，他将为他的失败寻求报复。为了实现他的野心，撒旦设法诱惑亚当和夏娃，他们是上帝创造的第一批人类，违背上帝的指示，从知识树上吃果子。撒旦是这首诗的真正英雄。就像一个被征服和放逐的巨人一样，他仍然被那些跟随他下地狱的人服从和钦佩。他比其他堕落的天使更坚定。就是他，穿过了地狱和无尽混乱的守卫之门，在如此多的危险中，克服了如此多的障碍，使人反抗上帝。虽然被打败了，但他还是胜利了，因为他从上帝那里赢得了他的天使的三分之一，以及几乎所有的亚当的儿子。虽然受伤了，他还是取得了胜利，因为那声轰炸他的雷声使他的心还没有被征服。

Chapter II The Neoclassical Period
第二章 新古典主义时期

一.新古典主义时期概述　　　　　　　　

　　1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定

　　　　　　 （2）政治经济背景

　　　　　　 （3）启蒙运动的意义与影响

2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点

　　　　　 　（2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点

3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释

1. 识记Definitions of literary terms
1. 识记文学术语定义

1) The Enlightenment Movement
1） 启蒙运动

The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.
18 世纪的英格兰被称为启蒙时代或理性时代。启蒙运动是一场在法国蓬勃发展并在当时席卷整个西欧的进步知识分子运动。这个运动是15世纪和16世纪文艺复兴时期的延续。它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术思想的光芒照亮全世界。启蒙者们赞颂理性或理性，平等和科学。他们呼吁参考秩序、理性和规则，并倡导全民教育。在英国的伟大启蒙者中，有那些伟大的作家，如约翰·德莱顿、亚历山大·波普等。

2) Neoclassicism
2） 新古典主义

In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.3) The heroic couplet
在文学领域，启蒙运动带来了人们对旧古典作品的兴趣的复兴。这种倾向被称为新古典主义。根据新古典主义者的说法，所有形式的文学都应该以古希腊和罗马作家（荷马、维吉尔等）的经典作品以及当代法国的经典作品为蓝本。他们认为艺术理想应该是秩序、逻辑、克制的情感和准确性，文学应该根据其对人类的服务来评判。这种信念使他们在文学表达中寻求比例、统一、和谐和优雅，以努力取悦、指导和纠正人类，主要是作为社会动物。就这样，一种礼貌、文雅、机智和智慧的艺术发展起来。3） 英姿飒爽的对联

It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme & are written with five beats each..
这意味着一对曾经在英语诗歌中常见的类型的行，押韵并且每个都用五拍写成..

4) the Realistic Novel
4） 现实主义小说

The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith.
然而，本世纪中叶以一种新兴的文学形式为主，即现代英国小说，与传统的贵族浪漫小说相反，它真实地展示了普通英国人的生活。这是十八世纪英国文学发展史上最重要的现象 - 是工业革命的自然产物，也是英国日益增长的重要性和力量的象征，也是英国中产阶级日益增长的重要性和力量的象征，其中的先驱者包括丹尼尔·笛福，塞缪尔·理查森， 亨利·菲尔丁，劳伦斯·斯特恩，托比亚斯·克雷奥尔格·斯莫洛特和奥利弗·戈德史密斯。

2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature
2. 领会新古典主义文学的特点

According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature, prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.
根据新古典主义者的说法，所有形式的文学作品都应该以古希腊和罗马作家（荷马、维吉尔、贺拉斯、奥维德等）的经典作品以及当代法国作家的经典作品为蓝本。新古典主义者对几乎所有的文学体裁都有一些固定的规律和规则，散文应该是精确、直接、流畅和灵活的。诗歌应该是抒情的、史诗的、说教的、讽刺的或戏剧性的，每个阶级都应该以自己的原则为指导。戏剧应该写在英雄对联中（抑扬格五音节，两行押韵）;应严格遵守时间、空间和行动的三个统一;应遵守结构的规律性和类型字符，而不是个人。

二.该时期的重要作家

　　　1，一般识记：重要作家的创作生涯

　　　2，识记：重要作品及主要内容

　　　3，领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色其代表作的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，艺术特色，社会意义等。

　　　4，应用：（1）《天路历程》中"名利场"的寓义。

　　　　　　　 （2）蒲伯的文学（诗歌）批评观及其诗歌特色。

　　　　　　　 （3）〈〈格列佛游记〉〉的社会讽刺。

　　　　　　　 （4）菲尔丁的"散文体史诗"。

　　　　　　　 （5）格雷诗歌的主题与意象。

　I． John Bunyan
I. 约翰·班扬

一般识记His life
一般识记他的一生

English author & preacher, born in Elstow, England, probably Nov.28, 1628,and died in London, England, Aug, 31, 1688.
英国作家和传教士，可能于1628年11月28日出生于英格兰埃尔斯托，并于1688年8月31日在英国伦敦去世。

2. 识记His major works
2. 识记主要著作

　　John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. Bunyan did not attempt to portray the political confusion & social upheaval of 17th-century England. His concern was rather the study of man's spiritual life.
约翰·班扬 （John Bunyan） 的《天路历程》（The Pilgrim's Progress，1678 年）是 17 世纪杰出的英国宗教文学。200 多年来，这本书的受欢迎程度仅次于圣经。班扬并未试图描绘17世纪英格兰的政治混乱和社会状况。他关心的是研究人的属灵生活。

Bunyan chiefly wrote four prose works - Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), The Life & Death of Mr. Badman (1680), The Holy War (1682) & The Pilgrim's Progress, part II (1684).
班扬主要写了四篇散文作品 - 《罪人之首的恩典》（1666年），《坏人先生的生与死》（1680年），《圣战》（1682年）和《朝圣者的进程》第二部分（1684年）。

3. 领会Characteristics of his works
3. 领会作品特点

Bunyan's style was modeled after that of the English Bible. With his concrete &living language & carefully observed & vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel & to relive the experience of his characters.
班扬的风格是仿照英文圣经的风格。他以具体而生动的语言以及仔细观察和生动呈现的细节，使受教育程度最低的读者能够分享阅读他的小说的乐趣，并了解他笔下人物的经历。

　4. 应用Selected Reading

　　"The Vanity Fair", an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress.
“名利场”，摘自《天路历程》第一部分。

　(1) Theme: The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines & seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness & all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-life as a journey-is simple & familiar.
（1） 主题：The Pilgrim's Progress 是英语中最成功的宗教寓言。它的目的是敦促人们遵守基督教教义，并通过不断与自身弱点和各种社会弊端斗争来寻求救赎。它不仅关乎精神上的东西，而且与时代息息相关。它的主要隐喻-生活就像一次旅程-简单而熟悉。

　(2) "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim's Progress. It tells how Christian & his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven," a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity & that it should last all the year long: therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures & delights of all sorts as harlots, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones & what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they are beaten & put in a cage & then taken out & led in chains up & down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society, law & religion in Bunyan's day.
（2） “名利场”是《天路历程》中最著名的部分。它讲述了基督徒和他的朋友忠诚者如何来到名利场，走向天堂，“这是一个应该出售各种虚荣的东西的集市，而且它应该全年持续：在这个交易会上，所有此类商品都出售，如房屋、土地、贸易、地方、荣誉、特权、头衔、国家、王国、 各种、享乐和快乐，如、妻子、丈夫、孩子、主人、仆人、生命、血液、身体、灵魂、银、金、珍珠、宝石等等。由于他们拒绝购买任何东西，除了真理，他们被打败并被关进笼子里，然后被带出去并被锁链牵着在集市上下下。他们被判处死刑——被处以所能发明的最残忍的死刑。《名利场》是班扬时代英国社会、法律和宗教的讽刺画面。

II. Alexander pope
II. 亚历山大·波普

1. 一般识记His life & career
1. 一般识记他的生活和事业

　English poet & satirist, born in London, England, May 21, 1688, died in Twickenham, England May 30, 1744.
英国诗人和讽刺作家，1688年5月21日出生于英国伦敦，1744年5月30日卒于英格兰特威克纳姆。

　Pope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. He made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. His Dunciad is a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature. He also composed verse essays on philosophy, literature, & criticism. In An Essay on Man, he brilliantly expressed the philosophical trends & concepts of his age.
波普是世界文学中最重要的讽刺作家之一，也是一位伟大的诗人。他写了诙谐而优美的诗句，嘲笑他那个时代的行为。波普的嘲讽英雄诗《锁的强奸》是英国喜剧诗歌的最佳典范之一。他于 1711 年出版了《论批评》，成为一位伟大的诗人。他的《Dunciad》是对文学中的沉闷和迂腐的严厉攻击。他还写了关于哲学、文学和批评的诗篇文章。在《论人的论文》中，他出色地表达了他那个时代的哲学趋势和概念。

2. 识记Pope's literally outlook
2. 识记波普的字面观

As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste & decorum. According to Pope, almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible, Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.
作为启蒙运动的代表，波普是最早将理性主义引入英国的人之一。他是那个时代最伟大的诗人。他强烈倡导新古典主义，强调文学作品应该按照经典的规则来评判，包括秩序、理性、逻辑、克制的情感、良好的品味和礼仪。根据波普的说法，几乎每一种文学类型都应该有一些固定的法律和规则。散文应该是精确、直接、流畅和灵活的，诗歌应该是抒情的、史诗的、说教的、讽刺的或戏剧性的，戏剧应该写在英雄对联中（抑扬格五音节用两行押韵）;应严格遵守时间、空间和行动的三个统一;应遵守结构的规律性，并且应该代表类型字符而不是个人。

3. 识记His major works
3. 识记主要著作

1). The Rape of the Lock
1）. 锁的强奸

A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.
这是一部令人愉快的史诗滑稽剧，嘲笑了英国贵族的举止。这首诗是根据一个真实事件改编的，当时一位年轻的贵族偷了一位女士的一绺头发。

2) An Essay on Criticism
2） 一篇关于批评的文章

His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.
他的第一部重要作品《论批评》是一首英雄对联的长篇说教诗。在这部作品中，他通过倡导良好的品味、常识以及在写作和批评中坚持古典规则，反映了时代的新古典主义精神。整首诗以朴素的风格写成，几乎没有任何意象或雄辩，因此易于阅读。

3） The Dunciad
3） 邓西亚德

Generally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack.
通常被认为是教皇最好的讽刺作品，《邓西亚德》深入到意义中，并在许多层面上发挥作用。它的讽刺是针对一般的沉闷，以及在这个过程中所有的那个时代的文学家。主要是那些与波普为敌的诗人，他难道该嘲笑吗？但这首诗并不局限于人身攻击。

Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.
政府、社会道德、教育甚至宗教的腐败所反映的乏味，被专业地揭露和讽刺。

4. 领会His language style
4. 领会他的语言风格

Pope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style.
波普的作品仍然因其闪亮的智慧、良好的感觉和表达的魅力而受到人们的喜爱。他是继莎士比亚之后，英国文学中被广泛引用的诗人。他煞费苦心地创作诗歌，形成了一种讽刺、简洁、流畅、优雅和平衡的风格。

5. 应用Selected Readings

An Excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.
摘自《论批评》第 2 部分。

An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 744 lines &is divided into three parts. It sums up the art of poetry as up held & practiced by the ancients like Aristotle, Horace, Boileau, etc. & the eighteenth century European classicists.
An Essay on Criticism 是一首以英雄对联写成的说教诗。它由 744 行组成，分为三个部分。它总结了亚里士多德、贺拉斯、布瓦洛等古人以及十八世纪欧洲古典主义者所倡导和实践的诗歌艺术。

In Part 2, Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True wit which is best set in a plain style.
在第 2 部分中，波普建议批评家不要过分强调人为的自负使用或语言的外在美，而要特别注意真正的机智，最好以朴素的风格进行设置。

III. Daniel Defoe
III. 丹尼尔·笛福

1. 一般识记His life
1. 一般识记他的一生

English novelist & journalist, born in London, England, 1660, and died in London, Apr. 26,1731.Like Pope, he never went to university, but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. He started as a small merchant & all his life his business underwent many ups & downs & yet he was never beaten. Defoe also had a zest for politics. He wrote quite a number of pamphlets on the current political issues.
英国小说家和记者，1660年生于英国伦敦，1731年4月26日去世。 像教皇一样，他从未上过大学，但他在最好的异议学院之一接受了良好的教育。他从一个小商人开始，一生中的生意经历了许多起起落落，但他从未被打败。笛福也对 politics 充满热情。他写了不少关于当前政治问题的小册子。

2. 识记His social outlook
2. 识记他的社会观

As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.
作为中产阶级的一员，笛福为他的阶级成员发声，他的小说在不太受教育的读者中享有极高的欢迎。在他的大部分作品中，他赞美了勤奋、坚强的中产阶级，并表达了他对受压迫、不幸的穷人的同情。

3. 识记His major works
3. 识记主要著作

Defoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials, such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages, personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports.
笛福通常被认为是英国小说中第一位伟大的现实主义小说家。他根据时事和材料，如实际海上航行的地图和日志，个人回忆录和历史或目击者报告为基础。

Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe (1719), an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece, Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, & other social institutions of Defoe's era.
也许他最受欢迎的小说是《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe，1719 年），这是一个冒险故事，部分基于一个被困在荒岛上的人的真实经历。《瘟疫年日记》（1722年），有时被认为是他最好的作品，对1664年和1665年的伦敦瘟疫有如此详尽和详细的描述，似乎是由现场的观察者写的。笛福的第三部杰作《莫尔·弗兰德斯》（Moll Flanders，1722 年）是一部生动的小说，描写了一位女性流氓的冒险经历。以“忏悔”的形式讲述，叙述包括对笛福时代的法院、监狱和其他社会机构的生动描述。

4. 领会Characteristics of his works
4. 领会作品特点

Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp & plain, & sometimes long & rambling, which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.
笛福是一个非常好的讲故事的人。他有一种天赋，能够以如此生动的方式组织微小的细节，使他的故事既可信又引人入胜。他的句子有时短小明了，有时又长而漫无边际，给人留下了随意叙述的印象。他的语言流畅、轻松、口语化且大部分是白话。他的语言中没有做作的东西：它是最好的普通英语。

5. 应用Selected Reading

An Excerpt from chapter IV of Robinson Crouse.
摘自《罗宾逊·克劳斯》第四章。

Robinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na?ve & simple youth into a mature & hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence, & get his reward.
罗宾逊·克劳斯 （Robinson Crouse） 是一个非常符合时代精神的冒险故事，被普遍认为是他的杰作。在小说中，笛福追溯了罗宾逊从一个天真而简单的青年成长为一个成熟而坚强的人，在他的多事生活中经历了无数的考验。鲁滨逊单枪匹马与敌对自然的成功斗争的真实呈现证明了小说最好的部分。罗宾逊在这里是一个真正的英雄：一个典型的十八世纪英国中产阶级男人，他有强大的工作能力，无尽的能量，勇气，耐心和毅力，克服障碍，与恶劣的自然环境作斗争。他是帝国建设者的原型，先驱殖民者。在描述鲁滨逊在岛上的生活时，笛福赞美了人类的劳动和清教徒的坚韧，这使鲁滨逊免于绝望，是骄傲和快乐的源泉。他为了生活而辛勤工作，并得到他的回报。

VI. Jonathan Swift
VI. 乔纳森·斯威夫特

1. 一般识记His life
1. 一般识记他的一生

English author, born in Dublin, Ireland, Nov. 30, 1667, and died in Dublin, Oct. 19, 1745. Swift is generally considered the greatest prose satirist in English literature. Through fables, allegories, & pamphlets he savagely exposed the vices &follies of mankind &championed common sense.
英国作家，1667 年 11 月 30 日生于爱尔兰都柏林，1745 年 10 月 19 日卒于都柏林。斯威夫特被普遍认为是英国文学中最伟大的散文讽刺作家。通过寓言、寓言和小册子，他野蛮地揭露了人类的恶习和愚蠢，并倡导常识。

2. 识记Swift's humanist view
2. 识记斯威夫特的人文主义观点

　Swift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience, he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion, human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed, but to redress it is very hard. So, in his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation.
斯威夫特是一个具有极高道德操守和社交魅力的人。他是一个有着痛苦生活经历的人，对所有富有的压迫者有着深深的仇恨，对所有的穷人和被压迫者有着深深的同情。他对人性的理解是深刻的。在他看来，胡人的本性是严重且永久的缺陷。为了改善人类生活，需要开悟，但要纠正它却非常困难。所以，在他的著作中，尽管他并不打算谴责，而是改革和改进人性和人类制度。经常会有一种无助和愤慨的低调或过度。

3 领会His style

Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.
斯威夫特是一位讽刺大师。他的讽刺通常被一个出格的严肃和明显的认真所掩盖，这使得他的讽刺更加有力。

Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems & novels.
斯威夫特是最伟大的英语散文大师之一。他在写简单、直接、精确的散文方面几乎无人能及。他将好的风格定义为 “在适当的地方用适当的词”。清晰、简单、具体的措辞，简单的句子结构，经济和简洁的语言是他所有作品-散文、诗歌和小说的标志。

4. 应用Selected reading

An Excerpt from Chapter III, Part I of Gulliver's Travels.
摘自《格列佛游记》第三章第一部分。

Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift's best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound.
《格列佛游记》是乔纳森·斯威夫特 （Jonathan Swift） 最好的虚构作品，包含四个部分，每个部分都关于一次特定的航行，在此期间，格列佛在遇到海难、海盗或其他不幸后，在某个偏远的岛屿上进行了非凡的冒险。总的来说，这本书是当时英国所有方面的最有效和最具破坏性的批评和讽刺之一，也是对当时英国和欧洲生活的所有方面的讽刺 - 社会、政治、宗教、哲学、科学和道德。它的社会意义是巨大的，它对人性的探索是深刻的。

Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & even immortality. The lost part, where comparison is made through both similarities &differences, leads the reader to a basic question: What on earth is a human being?
格列佛游记也是一部艺术杰作。在这里，我们发现它的作者作为散文大师是最好的。在结构上，这四个部分构成了一个有机的整体，每一个部分都基于一个独立的结构，但又补充了其他部分，并为研究人性和生活的中心关注点做出了贡献。前两部分在第一部分的单词中通常被认为是小的，就像在第二部分中夸张的大一样有效。人类与小人国之间的相似性，以及布罗丁纳吉亚人与人类之间的对比，都与人类状态的可能性有关。第三部分进一步批评了西方文明，并处理了关于科学、哲学、历史的各种弊端和虚假幻觉，以及关于科学、哲学、历史甚至不朽的错误幻觉。丢失的部分，通过相似性和差异性进行比较，将读者引向一个基本问题：人到底是什么？

V. Henry Fielding
V. 亨利·菲尔丁

１. 一般识记：His life & career
1. 一般识记：他的生活和事业

English author, born in Sharpham Park, England, April. 22. 1707, and died in Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. & 1754.
英国作家，4 月出生于英格兰沙普汉姆公园。22. 1707年，10月&1754年在葡萄牙里斯本去世。

During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of plays. Witty comedies of manners or intrigues in the Restoration tradition, farce or ballad operas with political implication, & burlesques & satires that been heavily upon the status quo of England. Of all his plays, the best known are The coffee-House Politician ((1730), The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730), Pasquin (1736) & The Historical Register for the Year 1736(1737).
在他的剧作家生涯中，菲尔丁尝试了相当多的戏剧形式。在复辟传统中，有礼仪或阴谋的诙谐喜剧，带有政治含义的闹剧或民谣歌剧，以及对英格兰现状的恶搞和讽刺。在他的所有戏剧中，最著名的是《咖啡屋政治家》（1730年）、《悲剧中的悲剧》（1730年）、《帕斯金》（1736年）和《1736年的历史登记》（1737年）。

Fielding started to write novels when he was preparing himself for the Bar. In 1742 appeared his first novel, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews & of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, which was first intended as a burlesque of the dubious morality & false sentimentality of Richardson's Pamela. The next year came The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. The novel was followed by The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) & The History of Amelia (1751). The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature & the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.
菲尔丁在为律师资格做准备时开始写小说。1742年，他的第一部小说《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯和他的朋友亚伯拉罕·亚当斯先生的冒险史》出现了，该小说模仿塞万提斯的风格写成，这最初是为了滑稽地描绘理查森的帕梅拉的可疑道德和虚假的感伤。第二年出版了《乔纳森·维尔德大帝的历史》（The History of Jonathan Wild the Great），这是一本讽刺性的传记，让人回想起菲尔丁的早期戏剧。这部小说之后是《汤姆·琼斯的历史》（1749年）和《阿米莉亚的历史》（1751年）。前者是关于人性主题的杰作，后者是一个理想化女性的不幸生活的故事，是当时社会生活的一幅莫德林式的画面。

2. 识记: His major works
2. 识记： 主要著作

1) Joseph Andrews
1） 约瑟夫·安德鲁斯

In this novel, Joseph supposedly the young handsome & chaste brother of Richardson's virtuous heroine Pamela, is tempted by his amorous mistress, supposedly aunt of Pamela's husband, Mr. B. Here, instead of being rewarded for his virtue, Joseph is turned out of doors by his mistress. But the burlesque ends here; the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a "comic epic in prose", whose subject is "the true ridiculous" in human nature, as exposed in all its variety as Joseph & the amiable quixotic parson journey homeward through the heart of England. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances & exits, robustness of tone &hilarious, hearty humor.
在这部小说中，约瑟夫据说是理查森的善良女主角帕梅拉的年轻英俊且贞洁的弟弟，却被他的多情情妇诱惑，据说是帕梅拉的丈夫B先生的阿姨。在这里，约瑟夫没有因为他的美德而得到奖励，而是被他的情妇赶出了家门。但滑稽表演到此结束;这本书很快就变成了一部关于开阔道路的伟大小说，一部“散文中的喜剧史诗”，其主题是人性中的“真正的荒谬”，就像约瑟夫和和蔼可亲的堂吉诃德式的牧师穿越英格兰心脏回家的旅程一样。小说的主要品质是其出色的人物描绘、及时的进场和退出、语气的稳健和搞笑、爽朗的幽默。

2) The History of Jonathan Wild the Great
2） 乔纳森·维尔德大帝的历史

It's a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue & a great politician such as Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister. The ironical praises for the very qualities of the unscrupulous self-aggrandizement of wild point out the way the Prime Minister had achieved his "greatness." The Great Man, properly considered, is no letter than a great gangster.
这是一本讽刺性的传记，让人回想起菲尔丁的早期戏剧。它以一个臭名昭著的现实生活中的小偷的生活为主题，展示了一个伟大的流氓和一个伟大的政治家，如罗伯特·沃波尔爵士，首相之间的微小分裂。对野蛮不择手段的自我吹嘘的品质的讽刺性赞美指出了首相实现其“伟大”的方式。正确地考虑一下，伟人不过是一个伟大的黑帮。

3. 领会：His achievement in English novel

Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel," for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory & practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," the first to give the modern novel its structure & style. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series of letters), as in Richardson's Pamela, or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted " the third-person narration," in which the author becomes the "all-knowing God." He "thinks the thought" of all his characters, so he is able-to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.
菲尔丁被一些人视为“英国小说之父”，因为他对建立现代小说形式做出了贡献。在所有十八世纪的小说家中，他是第一个在理论和实践上都明确提出“散文中的喜剧史诗”的人，第一个赋予现代小说结构和风格的人。在他之前，小说中的故事叙述要么是书信体形式（一系列信件），如理查森的《帕梅拉》，要么是流浪汉式的形式（冒险的流浪），通过主角的口，如笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》，但菲尔丁采用了“第三人称叙述”，其中作者成为“全知的上帝”。他“思考”他所有角色的想法，因此他不仅能够呈现他们的外部行为，还能够呈现他们思想的内部运作。在规划他的故事时，他试图保留古典作品的宏大史诗形式，但同时又忠实于他对普通生活的现实呈现。

4. 领会：Characteristics of his language
4. 领会：他的语言特点

His language is easy, unlabored & familiar, but extremely vivid & vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic & rhythm, & his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues & other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence & unexpectedness.
他的语言简单易懂，不费吹灰之力，但极其生动和充满活力。他的句子总是以逻辑和节奏为特色，他的结构精心规划，以期必然的结局。他的作品也因其生动、戏剧性的对话和其他戏剧手段，如悬念、巧合和意外而受到关注。

5.应用：Selected Reading
5.应用：精选阅读

An Excerpt from chapter VIII, Book Four of Tom Jones.
摘自汤姆·琼斯第四卷第八章。

Tom Jones, generally considered Fielding's masterpiece, brings its author the name of the "Pose Homer." The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country & city life with different places & about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity & suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way & in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."
汤姆·琼斯 （Tom Jones） 通常被认为是菲尔丁的杰作，其作者的名字是“姿势荷马”。它提供的18世纪英国乡村和城市生活的全景，不同的地方和大约40个角色无人能敌。语言是一种清晰和柔韧的语言。最后，剧情构建非常出色。它的18本史诗形式的书被分为3个部分，每个部分6本书，清楚地标明了场景的变化：在乡村，在高速公路上和在伦敦。通过这种方式，菲尔丁确实实现了他写一部“散文漫画史诗”的目标。

VI. Samuel Johnson
VI. 塞缪尔·约翰逊

1. 一般识记：His life & literary career
1. 一般识记：他的生活和文学事业

Samuel Johnson, English writer, critic, & lexicographer, born in Richfield, England, Sept. 18.1709, and died in London. England, Dec, 13,1784.
塞缪尔·约翰逊，英国作家、评论家和词典编纂者，1709年9月18日出生于英格兰里奇菲尔德，卒于伦敦。英格兰，1784 年 12 月 13 日。

Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was an energetic & versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.
塞缪尔·约翰逊 （Samuel Johnson），通常被称为约翰逊博士 （Dr. Johnson），是 18 世纪英国文学中最伟大的人物之一。他是一位精力充沛且多才多艺的作家。他参与了文学活动的所有不同分支。他是一位诗人、戏剧家、散文家、传记作家、散文家、评论家、词典编纂者和公关家。

2. 识记：His major works
2. 识记：他的主要著作

His major works include poems: "London"(1738), & "The vanity of Human Wishes"(1749); a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759); a tragedy: Irene (1749); several hundred essays which appeared in the two periodicals under his editorship-The Rambler & The Idler; & literary criticism as found in the preface to his edition of Shakespeare & in his comments on 52 poet in Lives of the Poets (1779-1781). As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly & finished in over seven years.
他的主要作品包括诗歌：“伦敦”（1738）和“人类愿望的虚荣”（1749）;浪漫小说：阿比西尼亚王子拉塞拉斯的历史（1759;悲剧：艾琳（1749）;在他的编辑p-漫步者和闲人; 以及他的莎士比亚版序言中发现的文学批评，以及他在《诗人的生活》（1779-1781）中对52位诗人的评论中的文学批评。作为一名词典编纂者，约翰逊以第一本由英国人编写的英语词典-英语词典（1755年）为作者而著称，这是一项由约翰逊单枪匹马承担并在七年多时间内完成的艰巨任务。

3. 领会：His neoclassical literary outlook &style
3. 领会：他的新古典主义文学观和风格

Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly & hoped to care then of it through his writings. In literary creation & criticism, be was rather conservative, openly showing his dislike for some newly rising form of literature &his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & philosophizing. He held that a writer must adhere to universal truth & experience, i.e. Nature; he must please, but he must also instruct; he must not offend against religion or promote immorality; & he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope, he was particularly fond of moralizing & didacticism.
塞缪尔·约翰逊 （Samuel Johnson） 是 18 世纪后期最后一位伟大的新古典主义启蒙者。他非常关心这个主题的虚荣心。他试图警告人们不要这种愚蠢的行为，并希望通过他的著作来关心它。在文学创作和批评中，他相当保守，公开表现出他对一些新兴文学形式的厌恶，他对那些带有大量道德化内容的著作的欣赏，以及他对那些带有大量道德化和哲学化的著作的欣赏。他认为作家必须坚持普遍的真理和经验，即自然;他必须取悦，但他也必须指示;他不得冒犯宗教或宣扬不道德;他必须让自己遵循旧的原则。像波普一样，他特别喜欢道德化和说教。

Samuel Johnson's language is characteristically general, often Latinate & polysyllabic. His sentences are long & well structured with parallel words & phrases. However, no matter how complex his sentences are, his idea is always clearly expressed; & though he tends to use "learned words," they are always accurately used Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.
塞缪尔·约翰逊的语言具有典型的通用性，通常是拉丁语和多音节的。他的句子长且结构良好，带有平行的单词和短语。然而，无论他的句子多么复杂，他的想法总是清晰地表达出来;他倾向于使用“博学的词汇”，这些词总是被准确地使用。阅读他的作品给读者一种他正在和一个非常博学的人交谈的印象。

4. 领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English Language
4. 领会：他对英语的贡献-英语词典

In 1746, a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755, A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic & interestingly written survey of English usage & the first dictionary to quote from poets & other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole, the work showed great scholarship, although it contained humor & reflected a number of Johnson's prejudices.
1746 年，一群书商委托约翰逊准备一本词典。1755年出版的《英语词典》是首次真正尝试对英语使用情况进行系统且有趣的书面调查，也是第一本引用诗人和其他作家来说明定义的词典。总的来说，这部作品显示出了很高的学术性，尽管它包含了幽默感并反映了约翰逊的一些偏见。

5. 应用：Selected Reading

To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield
向右 尊敬的切斯特菲尔德伯爵

The letter is written in a refined & very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance & anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning & questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the author's strong indignation at the lord's fame-fishing & his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. It expresses explicitly the author's assertion of his independence, signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.
这封信是用一种精致且非常礼貌的语言写的，带有苦涩的蔑视和愤怒的意味。看似平静的回顾、推理和质疑，以最好的讽刺效果表达了作者对领主的名誉掠夺的强烈愤慨，以及他坚决不与虚伪的领主和解。它明确表达了作者对自己独立的主张，标志着文学发展新纪元的开启。

VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
VII. 理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹

1. 一般识记: His dramatic career
1. 一般识记： His dramatic career

Richard B. Sheridan, British dramatist & statesman, born in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 30, 1751, and died in London, England, July 7, 1816.
理查德· B·谢里丹，英国戏剧家和政治家，1751年10月30日出生于爱尔兰都柏林，1816年7月7日在英国伦敦去世。

Sheridan is ranked among the important comic playwrights of the English drama. His masterpiece. The School for Scandal (1777) is considered one of the finest English comedies of manners. A satire on gossip, hypocrisy, & the corrupting influence of fashionable city life, it is also admired for its ingenious plot construction & witty dissection of character. Sheridan's other outstanding comedy. The Rivals (1775), is famous for the character Mrs. Malaprop, whose misuse of words has made her one of the great comic creation of the English theater. Both plays, in their attack on false sentimentalism & moralizing, represent a rebirth of the type of polished, sophisticated comedy written during the Restoration(1660-1700)
谢里丹是英国戏剧的重要喜剧剧作家之一。他的杰作。The School for Scandal （1777） 被认为是最好的英国礼仪喜剧之一。这是对流言蜚语、虚伪和时尚城市生活的腐败影响的讽刺，也因其巧妙的情节构建和对角色的机智剖析而受到赞赏。谢里丹的另一部杰出喜剧。The Rivals （1775） 以 Malaprop 夫人而闻名，她对文字的滥用使她成为英国戏剧中最伟大的喜剧创作之一。这两部剧在对虚假的感伤主义和道德化的攻击中，代表了在复辟期间（1660-1700年，创作的那种精致、复杂的喜剧的重生。

2识记The theme of his plays
2识记他的戏剧主题

Morality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan's plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues & lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.
道德是理查德·谢里丹 （Richard B. Sheridan） 戏剧的永恒主题。他非常关心当前的道德问题，并严厉地抨击当今的社会恶习。

3领会: His writing techniques
3领会： 他的写作技巧

Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability &inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or miner. Are all sharply drawn, & his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity & dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues & neat &decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.
谢里丹的伟大还在于他的戏剧艺术。他似乎从父母那里继承了天生的能力和与生俱来的戏剧知识。他的戏剧是戏剧天才和精通戏剧的人的产物。尽管他的戏剧技巧在很大程度上是传统的。他们被充分利用了。他的情节组织得很好，他的人物，要么是大人物，要么是矿工。他使用诸如伪装、错误身份和戏剧性讽刺等手段的处理非常出色。诙谐的对话和整洁得体的语言也成为了他的戏剧的特点。

4领会：His major works
4领会：他的主要著作

His plays, especially The Rivals & The School for scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare & those of Bernard Shaw, & as true classics in English comedy. In The Rivals, a comedy of manners, he is satirizing the traditional practice of the parents to arrange marriages for their children without considering the latter's opinion. The school for Scandal is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance & love intrigues in the high society, and above all, on the immorality & hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living & high-sounding moral principles.
他的戏剧，特别是《对手》和《丑闻学校》，通常被视为莎士比亚杰作和萧伯纳杰作之间的重要纽带，是英国喜剧中的真正经典。在礼仪喜剧《对手》中，他讽刺了父母在不考虑孩子意见的情况下为孩子安排婚姻的传统做法。《丑闻学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级社会道德堕落的尖锐讽刺，对闲散富人的恶毒丑闻散播，对上流社会的奢侈生活和爱情阴谋的鲁莽生活的尖锐讽刺，最重要的是，对光荣生活和高尚道德原则的面具背后的不道德和虚伪进行了尖锐的讽刺。

Besides The Rivals & The School for Scandal, Sheridan's other works include: St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant (1775), a two act farce; The Duenna(1775), a comic opera; The Critic(1779), a burlesque & a satire on sentimental drama; & Pizarro (1799), a tragedy adapted from a German play.
除了《对手》和《丑闻学校》之外，谢里丹的其他作品包括：圣帕特里克节，或者说诡计多端的中尉（1775，一部两幕的闹剧;The Duenna（1775 年），喜剧歌剧;The Critic（1779），一部滑稽和对感伤戏剧的讽刺;& Pizarro （1799），改编自德国戏剧的悲剧。

5应用：Select reading
5应用：选择读数

An Excerpt from Act 4, Scene III of The School for Scandal
节选自《丑闻学校》第 4 幕第三场

1) Brief Introductions
1） 简介

The School for Scandal is mainly a story about 2 brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface & the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.
《丑闻学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是虚伪的约瑟夫·表面和善良、轻率、挥霍无度的查尔斯·表面。

2) Theme
2） 主题

The School for Scandal is one of the great classics in English drama. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England, on the vicious scandal mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance & love intrigues in the high society & above all, on the immorality & hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living & high-sounding moral principles. And in terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best. No wonder, the play has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.
The School for Scandal 是英国戏剧中最伟大的经典之一。这是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级社会道德堕落的尖锐讽刺，对闲散富人中恶毒的丑闻兜售，对上流社会的奢侈和爱情阴谋的鲁莽讽刺，尤其是对光荣生活和冠冕堂皇的道德原则的面具背后的不道德和虚伪的讽刺。就戏剧艺术而言，它展示了剧作家最好的一面。难怪该剧被认为是自莎士比亚以来最好的喜剧。

VIII. Thomas Gray
VIII. 托马斯·格雷

1. 一般识记：His life
1. 一般识记：他的一生

Thomas Gray (1716-1771), son of a London exchange broker, was born in Cornhill, London on Dec. 26, 1716. He was first educated at Eton. In 1734 he went to Cambridge University & left it in 1738 without taking a degree. In 1768 he was made professor of History & Modern Languages at Cambridge. He died at Cambridge, England, on July 30, 1771.
托马斯·格雷（Thomas Gray，1716-1771 年）是伦敦一位外汇经纪人的儿子，于 1716 年 12 月 26 日出生于伦敦康希尔。他最初在伊顿公学接受教育。1734年他去了剑桥大学，1738年没有拿学位就离开了。1768年，他在剑桥大学被任命为History和现代语言教授。他于 1771 年 7 月 30 日在英国剑桥去世。

2. 识记: His major works
2. 识记： 主要著作

In contrast to those professional writers, Gray's literary output was small. His masterpiece, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" was published in 1751. The poem once & for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially "the Graveyard School." His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past & present.
与那些专业作家相比，格雷的文学作品很少。他的杰作《写在乡村教堂墓地的挽歌》于 1751 年出版。这首诗一劳永逸地确立了他作为当时感性诗歌领导者的声誉，尤其是“墓地学校”。他的诗歌，作为一个整体，大部分致力于对生活，过去和现在的情感哀叹或沉思。

In addition to his elegiac masterpiece, Gray is known for his odes, including "Ode on the Spring"(1742), "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College"(1747), "Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat" (1748), "Hymn to Adversity"(1742), & two translations from old Norse: The Descent of Odin(1761) & The Fatal Sisters(1761).
除了他的挽歌杰作外，格雷还以其颂歌而闻名，包括“春天的颂歌”（1742），“伊顿学院遥远前景的颂歌”（1747），“最喜欢的猫之死的颂歌”（1748），“逆境赞美诗”（1742），以及来自北欧语的两个翻译：奥丁的后裔（1761）和致命姐妹（1761）。

3. 领会His style

A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly & carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form & phrase. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated & allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction & a distorted word order.
作为一名尽职尽责的一流艺术家，格雷缓慢而仔细地写作，努力寻求形式和短语的完美。他的诗歌的特点是精致的形式感。他的风格既复杂又隐喻。他的诗经常被标记为高度人工的措辞和扭曲的词序。

4. 应用：Selected Reading

"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"
“写在乡村教堂墓地的挽歌”

1) Theme: It is a meditation on human mortality, the tragic dignity it gives to all mankind, & the stability & serenity of rustic life. The Elegy lies in Gray's perfect expression of what all men feel about life & death. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life & the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor & the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor & bring havoc on them.
1） 主题：这是对人类死亡的沉思，它赋予全人类的悲剧尊严，以及乡村生活的稳定和宁静。挽歌在于格雷完美地表达了所有男人对生与死的感受。在这首诗中，格雷以他个人的忧郁反思了生活的痛苦和人类生活的神秘。诗人将普通人与伟人进行比较，想知道如果有机会，公地会取得什么成就。在这里，他表达了对穷人和未知者的同情，但嘲笑那些轻视穷人并给他们带来破坏的大人物。

2)Language
2）语言

The poem abounds in images & arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader. Though the use of artificial poetic diction & distorted word order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult, the artistic polish-the sure control of language, imagery, rhythm, & his subtle moderation of style & tone-gives the poem a unique charm of its own. The poem has been ranked among the best of the 18th century English poetry.
这首诗充满了意象，在每个读者的怀中激起了情感。尽管人为的诗歌措辞和扭曲的词序使得理解这首诗有些困难，但艺术的打磨-对语言、意象、节奏的可靠控制，以及他对风格和语气的微妙调节-赋予了这首诗独特的魅力。这首诗被评为 18 世纪英国诗歌中最好的诗歌之一。

Chapter II The Neoclassical Period
第二章 新古典主义时期

一.新古典主义时期概述　　　　　　　　

　　1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定

　　　　　　 （2）政治经济背景

　　　　　　 （3）启蒙运动的意义与影响

2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点

　　　　　 　（2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点

　　3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释

1. 识记Definitions of literary terms
1. 识记文学术语定义

1) The Enlightenment Movement
1） 启蒙运动

The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.
18 世纪的英格兰被称为启蒙时代或理性时代。启蒙运动是一场在法国蓬勃发展并在当时席卷整个西欧的进步知识分子运动。这个运动是15世纪和16世纪文艺复兴时期的延续。它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术思想的光芒照亮全世界。启蒙者们赞颂理性或理性，平等和科学。他们呼吁参考秩序、理性和规则，并倡导全民教育。在英国的伟大启蒙者中，有那些伟大的作家，如约翰·德莱顿、亚历山大·波普等。

2) Neoclassicism
2） 新古典主义

In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.
在文学领域，启蒙运动带来了人们对旧古典作品的兴趣的复兴。这种倾向被称为新古典主义。根据新古典主义者的说法，所有形式的文学都应该以古希腊和罗马作家（荷马、维吉尔等）的经典作品以及当代法国的经典作品为蓝本。他们认为艺术理想应该是秩序、逻辑、克制的情感和准确性，文学应该根据其对人类的服务来评判。这种信念使他们在文学表达中寻求比例、统一、和谐和优雅，以努力取悦、指导和纠正人类，主要是作为社会动物。就这样，一种礼貌、文雅、机智和智慧的艺术发展起来。

3) The heroic couplet
3） 英姿飒爽的对联

It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme & are written with five beats each..
这意味着一对曾经在英语诗歌中常见的类型的行，押韵并且每个都用五拍写成..

4) the Realistic Novel
4） 现实主义小说

The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith.
然而，本世纪中叶以一种新兴的文学形式为主，即现代英国小说，与传统的贵族浪漫小说相反，它真实地展示了普通英国人的生活。这是十八世纪英国文学发展史上最重要的现象 - 是工业革命的自然产物，也是英国日益增长的重要性和力量的象征，也是英国中产阶级日益增长的重要性和力量的象征，其中的先驱者包括丹尼尔·笛福，塞缪尔·理查森， 亨利·菲尔丁，劳伦斯·斯特恩，托比亚斯·克雷奥尔格·斯莫洛特和奥利弗·戈德史密斯。

2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature
2. 领会新古典主义文学的特点

According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature, prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.
根据新古典主义者的说法，所有形式的文学作品都应该以古希腊和罗马作家（荷马、维吉尔、贺拉斯、奥维德等）的经典作品以及当代法国作家的经典作品为蓝本。新古典主义者对几乎所有的文学体裁都有一些固定的规律和规则，散文应该是精确、直接、流畅和灵活的。诗歌应该是抒情的、史诗的、说教的、讽刺的或戏剧性的，每个阶级都应该以自己的原则为指导。戏剧应该写在英雄对联中（抑扬格五音节，两行押韵）;应严格遵守时间、空间和行动的三个统一;应遵守结构的规律性和类型字符，而不是个人。

二.该时期的重要作家

1，一般识记：重要作家的创作生涯

2，识记：重要作品及主要内容

3，领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色其代表作的主题结构，人物刻画,语言风格,艺术特色,社会意义等。

4，应用：（1）《天路历程》中"名利场"的寓义。

　　（2）蒲伯的文学（诗歌）批评观及其诗歌特色。

　　（3）〈〈格列佛游记〉〉的社会讽刺。

　　（4）菲尔丁的"散文体史诗"。

　　（5）格雷诗歌的主题与意象。

I． John Bunyan
I. 约翰·班扬

1. 一般识记His life
1. 一般识记他的一生

English author & preacher, born in Elstow, England, probably Nov.28, 1628,and died in London, England, Aug, 31, 1688.
英国作家和传教士，可能于1628年11月28日出生于英格兰埃尔斯托，并于1688年8月31日在英国伦敦去世。

2. 识记His major works
2. 识记主要著作

　　John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. Bunyan did not attempt to portray the political confusion & social upheaval of 17th-century England. His concern was rather the study of man's spiritual life.
约翰·班扬 （John Bunyan） 的《天路历程》（The Pilgrim's Progress，1678 年）是 17 世纪杰出的英国宗教文学。200 多年来，这本书的受欢迎程度仅次于圣经。班扬并未试图描绘17世纪英格兰的政治混乱和社会状况。他关心的是研究人的属灵生活。

　　Bunyan chiefly wrote four prose works - Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), The Life & Death of Mr. Badman (1680), The Holy War (1682) & The Pilgrim's Progress, part II (1684).
班扬主要写了四篇散文作品 - 《罪人之首的恩典》（1666年），《坏人先生的生与死》（1680年），《圣战》（1682年）和《朝圣者的进程》第二部分（1684年）。

　　3. 领会Characteristics of his works
3. 领会作品特点

　　Bunyan's style was modeled after that of the English Bible. With his concrete &living language & carefully observed & vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel & to relive the experience of his characters.
班扬的风格是仿照英文圣经的风格。他以具体而生动的语言以及仔细观察和生动呈现的细节，使受教育程度最低的读者能够分享阅读他的小说的乐趣，并了解他笔下人物的经历。

　　4. 应用Selected Reading

　　"The Vanity Fair", an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress.
“名利场”，摘自《天路历程》第一部分。

　(1) Theme: The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines & seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness & all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-life as a journey-is simple & familiar.
（1） 主题：The Pilgrim's Progress 是英语中最成功的宗教寓言。它的目的是敦促人们遵守基督教教义，并通过不断与自身弱点和各种社会弊端斗争来寻求救赎。它不仅关乎精神上的东西，而且与时代息息相关。它的主要隐喻-生活就像一次旅程-简单而熟悉。

　(2) "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim's Progress. It tells how Christian & his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven," a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity & that it should last all the year long: therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures & delights of all sorts as harlots, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones & what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they are beaten & put in a cage & then taken out & led in chains up & down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society, law & religion in Bunyan's day.
（2） “名利场”是《天路历程》中最著名的部分。它讲述了基督徒和他的朋友忠诚者如何来到名利场，走向天堂，“这是一个应该出售各种虚荣的东西的集市，而且它应该全年持续：在这个交易会上，所有此类商品都出售，如房屋、土地、贸易、地方、荣誉、特权、头衔、国家、王国、 各种、享乐和快乐，如、妻子、丈夫、孩子、主人、仆人、生命、血液、身体、灵魂、银、金、珍珠、宝石等等。由于他们拒绝购买任何东西，除了真理，他们被打败并被关进笼子里，然后被带出去并被锁链牵着在集市上下下。他们被判处死刑——被处以所能发明的最残忍的死刑。《名利场》是班扬时代英国社会、法律和宗教的讽刺画面。

　　　　　　　　　　　II. Alexander pope
II. 亚历山大·波普

　　1. 一般识记His life & career
1. 一般识记他的生活和事业

　　English poet & satirist, born in London, England, May 21, 1688, died in Twickenham, England May 30, 1744.
英国诗人和讽刺作家，1688年5月21日出生于英国伦敦，1744年5月30日卒于英格兰特威克纳姆。

　　Pope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. He made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. His Dunciad is a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature. He also composed verse essays on philosophy, literature, & criticism. In An Essay on Man, he brilliantly expressed the philosophical trends & concepts of his age.
波普是世界文学中最重要的讽刺作家之一，也是一位伟大的诗人。他写了诙谐而优美的诗句，嘲笑他那个时代的行为。波普的嘲讽英雄诗《锁的强奸》是英国喜剧诗歌的最佳典范之一。他于 1711 年出版了《论批评》，成为一位伟大的诗人。他的《Dunciad》是对文学中的沉闷和迂腐的严厉攻击。他还写了关于哲学、文学和批评的诗篇文章。在《论人的论文》中，他出色地表达了他那个时代的哲学趋势和概念。

　　2. 识记Pope's literally outlook
2. 识记波普的字面观

　　As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste & decorum. According to Pope, almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible, Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.
作为启蒙运动的代表，波普是最早将理性主义引入英国的人之一。他是那个时代最伟大的诗人。他强烈倡导新古典主义，强调文学作品应该按照经典的规则来评判，包括秩序、理性、逻辑、克制的情感、良好的品味和礼仪。根据波普的说法，几乎每一种文学类型都应该有一些固定的法律和规则。散文应该是精确、直接、流畅和灵活的，诗歌应该是抒情的、史诗的、说教的、讽刺的或戏剧性的，戏剧应该写在英雄对联中（抑扬格五音节用两行押韵）;应严格遵守时间、空间和行动的三个统一;应遵守结构的规律性，并且应该代表类型字符而不是个人。

　　3. 识记His major works
3. 识记主要著作

　1). The Rape of the Lock
1）. 锁的强奸

　　A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.
这是一部令人愉快的史诗滑稽剧，嘲笑了英国贵族的举止。这首诗是根据一个真实事件改编的，当时一位年轻的贵族偷了一位女士的一绺头发。

　2) An Essay on Criticism
2） 一篇关于批评的文章

　　His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.
他的第一部重要作品《论批评》是一首英雄对联的长篇说教诗。在这部作品中，他通过倡导良好的品味、常识以及在写作和批评中坚持古典规则，反映了时代的新古典主义精神。整首诗以朴素的风格写成，几乎没有任何意象或雄辩，因此易于阅读。

　3） The Dunciad
3） 邓西亚德

　　Generally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack.
通常被认为是教皇最好的讽刺作品，《邓西亚德》深入到意义中，并在许多层面上发挥作用。它的讽刺是针对一般的沉闷，以及在这个过程中所有的那个时代的文学家。主要是那些与波普为敌的诗人，他难道该嘲笑吗？但这首诗并不局限于人身攻击。

Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.
政府、社会道德、教育甚至宗教的腐败所反映的乏味，被专业地揭露和讽刺。

　　4. 领会His language style
4. 领会他的语言风格

　Pope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style.
波普的作品仍然因其闪亮的智慧、良好的感觉和表达的魅力而受到人们的喜爱。他是继莎士比亚之后，英国文学中被广泛引用的诗人。他煞费苦心地创作诗歌，形成了一种讽刺、简洁、流畅、优雅和平衡的风格。

　　5. 应用Selected Readings

　　An Excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.
摘自《论批评》第 2 部分。

　An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 744 lines &is divided into three parts. It sums up the art of poetry as up held & practiced by the ancients like Aristotle, Horace, Boileau, etc. & the eighteenth century European classicists.
An Essay on Criticism 是一首以英雄对联写成的说教诗。它由 744 行组成，分为三个部分。它总结了亚里士多德、贺拉斯、布瓦洛等古人以及十八世纪欧洲古典主义者所倡导和实践的诗歌艺术。

　　In Part 2, Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True wit which is best set in a plain style.
在第 2 部分中，波普建议批评家不要过分强调人为的自负使用或语言的外在美，而要特别注意真正的机智，最好以朴素的风格进行设置。

　　　　　　　　　　　III. Daniel Defoe
III. 丹尼尔·笛福

　　　1. 一般识记His life
1. 一般识记他的一生

　　English novelist & journalist, born in London, England, 1660, and died in London, Apr. 26,1731.
英国小说家和记者，1660年生于英国伦敦，1731年4月26日卒于伦敦。

　　Like Pope, he never went to university, but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. He started as a small merchant & all his life his business underwent many ups & downs & yet he was never beaten. Defoe also had a zest for politics. He wrote quite a number of pamphlets on the current political issues.
和波普一样，他从未上过大学，但他在最好的异议学院之一接受了良好的教育。他从一个小商人开始，一生中的生意经历了许多起起落落，但他从未被打败。笛福也对 politics 充满热情。他写了不少关于当前政治问题的小册子。

　　　2. 识记His social outlook
2. 识记他的社会观

　　As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.
作为中产阶级的一员，笛福为他的阶级成员发声，他的小说在不太受教育的读者中享有极高的欢迎。在他的大部分作品中，他赞美了勤奋、坚强的中产阶级，并表达了他对受压迫、不幸的穷人的同情。

　　　3. 识记His major works
3. 识记主要著作

　　Defoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials, such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages, personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports.
笛福通常被认为是英国小说中第一位伟大的现实主义小说家。他根据时事和材料，如实际海上航行的地图和日志，个人回忆录和历史或目击者报告为基础。

　　Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe (1719), an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece, Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, & other social institutions of Defoe's era.
也许他最受欢迎的小说是《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe，1719 年），这是一个冒险故事，部分基于一个被困在荒岛上的人的真实经历。《瘟疫年日记》（1722年），有时被认为是他最好的作品，对1664年和1665年的伦敦瘟疫有如此详尽和详细的描述，似乎是由现场的观察者写的。笛福的第三部杰作《莫尔·弗兰德斯》（Moll Flanders，1722 年）是一部生动的小说，描写了一位女性流氓的冒险经历。以“忏悔”的形式讲述，叙述包括对笛福时代的法院、监狱和其他社会机构的生动描述。

　　　4. 领会Characteristics of his works
4. 领会作品特点

　　Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp & plain, & sometimes long & rambling, which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.
笛福是一个非常好的讲故事的人。他有一种天赋，能够以如此生动的方式组织微小的细节，使他的故事既可信又引人入胜。他的句子有时短小明了，有时又长而漫无边际，给人留下了随意叙述的印象。他的语言流畅、轻松、口语化且大部分是白话。他的语言中没有做作的东西：它是最好的普通英语。

　　　5. 应用Selected Reading

An Excerpt from chapter IV of Robinson Crouse.
摘自《罗宾逊·克劳斯》第四章。

　　Robinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na?ve & simple youth into a mature & hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence, & get his reward.
罗宾逊·克劳斯 （Robinson Crouse） 是一个非常符合时代精神的冒险故事，被普遍认为是他的杰作。在小说中，笛福追溯了罗宾逊从一个天真而简单的青年成长为一个成熟而坚强的人，在他的多事生活中经历了无数的考验。鲁滨逊单枪匹马与敌对自然的成功斗争的真实呈现证明了小说最好的部分。罗宾逊在这里是一个真正的英雄：一个典型的十八世纪英国中产阶级男人，他有强大的工作能力，无尽的能量，勇气，耐心和毅力，克服障碍，与恶劣的自然环境作斗争。他是帝国建设者的原型，先驱殖民者。在描述鲁滨逊在岛上的生活时，笛福赞美了人类的劳动和清教徒的坚韧，这使鲁滨逊免于绝望，是骄傲和快乐的源泉。他为了生活而辛勤工作，并得到他的回报。

VI. Jonathan Swift
VI. 乔纳森·斯威夫特

　　　1. 一般识记His life
1. 一般识记他的一生

　　English author, born in Dublin, Ireland, Nov. 30, 1667, and died in Dublin, Oct. 19, 1745.
英国作家，1667 年 11 月 30 日生于爱尔兰都柏林，1745 年 10 月 19 日卒于都柏林。

　　Swift is generally considered the greatest prose satirist in English literature. Through fables, allegories, & pamphlets he savagely exposed the vices &follies of mankind &championed common sense.
斯威夫特被普遍认为是英国文学中最伟大的散文讽刺作家。通过寓言、寓言和小册子，他野蛮地揭露了人类的恶习和愚蠢，并倡导常识。

　　　2. 识记Swift's humanist view
2. 识记斯威夫特的人文主义观点

　　Swift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience, he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion, human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed, but to redress it is very hard. So, in his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation.
斯威夫特是一个具有极高道德操守和社交魅力的人。他是一个有着痛苦生活经历的人，对所有富有的压迫者有着深深的仇恨，对所有的穷人和被压迫者有着深深的同情。他对人性的理解是深刻的。在他看来，胡人的本性是严重且永久的缺陷。为了改善人类生活，需要开悟，但要纠正它却非常困难。所以，在他的著作中，尽管他并不打算谴责，而是改革和改进人性和人类制度。经常会有一种无助和愤慨的低调或过度。

　　　3 领会His style

　　Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.
斯威夫特是一位讽刺大师。他的讽刺通常被一个出格的严肃和明显的认真所掩盖，这使得他的讽刺更加有力。

　　Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems & novels.
斯威夫特是最伟大的英语散文大师之一。他在写简单、直接、精确的散文方面几乎无人能及。他将好的风格定义为 “在适当的地方用适当的词”。清晰、简单、具体的措辞，简单的句子结构，经济和简洁的语言是他所有作品-散文、诗歌和小说的标志。

　　　4. 应用Selected reading

　　An Excerpt from Chapter III, Part I of Gulliver's Travels.
摘自《格列佛游记》第三章第一部分。

Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift's best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound.
《格列佛游记》是乔纳森·斯威夫特 （Jonathan Swift） 最好的虚构作品，包含四个部分，每个部分都关于一次特定的航行，在此期间，格列佛在遇到海难、海盗或其他不幸后，在某个偏远的岛屿上进行了非凡的冒险。总的来说，这本书是当时英国所有方面的最有效和最具破坏性的批评和讽刺之一，也是对当时英国和欧洲生活的所有方面的讽刺 - 社会、政治、宗教、哲学、科学和道德。它的社会意义是巨大的，它对人性的探索是深刻的。

　　Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & even immortality. The lost part, where comparison is made through both similarities &differences, leads the reader to a basic question: What on earth is a human being?
格列佛游记也是一部艺术杰作。在这里，我们发现它的作者作为散文大师是最好的。在结构上，这四个部分构成了一个有机的整体，每一个部分都基于一个独立的结构，但又补充了其他部分，并为研究人性和生活的中心关注点做出了贡献。前两部分在第一部分的单词中通常被认为是小的，就像在第二部分中夸张的大一样有效。人类与小人国之间的相似性，以及布罗丁纳吉亚人与人类之间的对比，都与人类状态的可能性有关。第三部分进一步批评了西方文明，并处理了关于科学、哲学、历史的各种弊端和虚假幻觉，以及关于科学、哲学、历史甚至不朽的错误幻觉。丢失的部分，通过相似性和差异性进行比较，将读者引向一个基本问题：人到底是什么？

V. Henry Fielding
V. 亨利·菲尔丁

１. 一般识记：His life & career
1. 一般识记：他的生活和事业

English author, born in Sharpham Park, England, April. 22. 1707, and died in Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. & 1754.
英国作家，4 月出生于英格兰沙普汉姆公园。22. 1707年，10月&1754年在葡萄牙里斯本去世。

During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of plays. Witty comedies of manners or intrigues in the Restoration tradition, farce or ballad operas with political implication, & burlesques & satires that been heavily upon the status quo of England. Of all his plays, the best known are The coffee-House Politician ((1730), The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730), Pasquin (1736) & The Historical Register for the Year 1736(1737).
在他的剧作家生涯中，菲尔丁尝试了相当多的戏剧形式。在复辟传统中，有礼仪或阴谋的诙谐喜剧，带有政治含义的闹剧或民谣歌剧，以及对英格兰现状的恶搞和讽刺。在他的所有戏剧中，最著名的是《咖啡屋政治家》（1730年）、《悲剧中的悲剧》（1730年）、《帕斯金》（1736年）和《1736年的历史登记》（1737年）。

Fielding started to write novels when he was preparing himself for the Bar. In 1742 appeared his first novel, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews & of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, which was first intended as a burlesque of the dubious morality & false sentimentality of Richardson's Pamela. The next year came The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. The novel was followed by The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) & The History of Amelia (1751). The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature & the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin picture of the social life at the time.
菲尔丁在为律师资格做准备时开始写小说。1742年，他的第一部小说《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯和他的朋友亚伯拉罕·亚当斯先生的冒险史》出现了，该小说模仿塞万提斯的风格写成，这最初是为了滑稽地描绘理查森的帕梅拉的可疑道德和虚假的感伤。第二年出版了《乔纳森·维尔德大帝的历史》（The History of Jonathan Wild the Great），这是一本讽刺性的传记，让人回想起菲尔丁的早期戏剧。这部小说之后是《汤姆·琼斯的历史》（1749年）和《阿米莉亚的历史》（1751年）。前者是关于人性主题的杰作，后者是一个理想化女性的不幸生活的故事，是当时社会生活的一幅莫德林式的画面。

2. 识记: His major works
2. 识记： 主要著作

1) Joseph Andrews
1） 约瑟夫·安德鲁斯

In this novel, Joseph supposedly the young handsome & chaste brother of Richardson's virtuous heroine Pamela, is tempted by his amorous mistress, supposedly aunt of Pamela's husband, Mr. B. Here, instead of being rewarded for his virtue, Joseph is turned out of doors by his mistress. But the burlesque ends here; the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a "comic epic in prose", whose subject is "the true ridiculous" in human nature, as exposed in all its variety as Joseph & the amiable quixotic parson journey homeward through the heart of England. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances & exits, robustness of tone &hilarious, hearty humor.
在这部小说中，约瑟夫据说是理查森的善良女主角帕梅拉的年轻英俊且贞洁的弟弟，却被他的多情情妇诱惑，据说是帕梅拉的丈夫B先生的阿姨。在这里，约瑟夫没有因为他的美德而得到奖励，而是被他的情妇赶出了家门。但滑稽表演到此结束;这本书很快就变成了一部关于开阔道路的伟大小说，一部“散文中的喜剧史诗”，其主题是人性中的“真正的荒谬”，就像约瑟夫和和蔼可亲的堂吉诃德式的牧师穿越英格兰心脏回家的旅程一样。小说的主要品质是其出色的人物描绘、及时的进场和退出、语气的稳健和搞笑、爽朗的幽默。

2) The History of Jonathan Wild the Great
2） 乔纳森·维尔德大帝的历史

It's a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding's early plays. It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue & a great politician such as Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister. The ironical praises for the very qualities of the unscrupulous self-aggrandizement of wild point out the way the Prime Minister had achieved his "greatness." The Great Man, properly considered, is no letter than a great gangster.
这是一本讽刺性的传记，让人回想起菲尔丁的早期戏剧。它以一个臭名昭著的现实生活中的小偷的生活为主题，展示了一个伟大的流氓和一个伟大的政治家，如罗伯特·沃波尔爵士，首相之间的微小分裂。对野蛮不择手段的自我吹嘘的品质的讽刺性赞美指出了首相实现其“伟大”的方式。正确地考虑一下，伟人不过是一个伟大的黑帮。

领会：His achievement in English novel

Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel," for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory & practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," the first to give the modern novel its structure & style. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series of letters), as in Richardson's Pamela, or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted " the third-person narration," in which the author becomes the "all-knowing God." He "thinks the thought" of all his characters, so he is able-to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.
菲尔丁被一些人视为“英国小说之父”，因为他对建立现代小说形式做出了贡献。在所有十八世纪的小说家中，他是第一个在理论和实践上都明确提出“散文中的喜剧史诗”的人，第一个赋予现代小说结构和风格的人。在他之前，小说中的故事叙述要么是书信体形式（一系列信件），如理查森的《帕梅拉》，要么是流浪汉式的形式（冒险的流浪），通过主角的口，如笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》，但菲尔丁采用了“第三人称叙述”，其中作者成为“全知的上帝”。他“思考”他所有角色的想法，因此他不仅能够呈现他们的外部行为，还能够呈现他们思想的内部运作。在规划他的故事时，他试图保留古典作品的宏大史诗形式，但同时又忠实于他对普通生活的现实呈现。

4. 领会：Characteristics of his language
4. 领会：他的语言特点

His language is easy, unlabored & familiar, but extremely vivid & vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic & rhythm, & his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues & other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence & unexpectedness.
他的语言简单易懂，不费吹灰之力，但极其生动和充满活力。他的句子总是以逻辑和节奏为特色，他的结构精心规划，以期必然的结局。他的作品也因其生动、戏剧性的对话和其他戏剧手段，如悬念、巧合和意外而受到关注。

5.应用：Selected Reading
5.应用：精选阅读

An Excerpt from chapter VIII, Book Four of Tom Jones.
摘自汤姆·琼斯第四卷第八章。

Tom Jones, generally considered Fielding's masterpiece, brings its author the name of the "Pose Homer." The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country & city life with different places & about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity & suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way & in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."
汤姆·琼斯 （Tom Jones） 通常被认为是菲尔丁的杰作，其作者的名字是“姿势荷马”。它提供的18世纪英国乡村和城市生活的全景，不同的地方和大约40个角色无人能敌。语言是一种清晰和柔韧的语言。最后，剧情构建非常出色。它的18本史诗形式的书被分为3个部分，每个部分6本书，清楚地标明了场景的变化：在乡村，在高速公路上和在伦敦。通过这种方式，菲尔丁确实实现了他写一部“散文漫画史诗”的目标。

VI. Samuel Johnson
VI. 塞缪尔·约翰逊

1. 一般识记：His life & literary career
1. 一般识记：他的生活和文学事业

　　Samuel Johnson, English writer, critic, & lexicographer, born in Richfield, England, Sept. 18.1709, and died in London. England, Dec, 13,1784.
塞缪尔·约翰逊，英国作家、评论家和词典编纂者，1709年9月18日出生于英格兰里奇菲尔德，卒于伦敦。英格兰，1784 年 12 月 13 日。

Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was an energetic & versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.
塞缪尔·约翰逊 （Samuel Johnson），通常被称为约翰逊博士 （Dr. Johnson），是 18 世纪英国文学中最伟大的人物之一。他是一位精力充沛且多才多艺的作家。他参与了文学活动的所有不同分支。他是一位诗人、戏剧家、散文家、传记作家、散文家、评论家、词典编纂者和公关家。

识记：His major works
主要著作

His major works include poems: "London"(1738), & "The vanity of Human Wishes"(1749); a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (1759); a tragedy: Irene (1749); several hundred essays which appeared in the two periodicals under his editorship-The Rambler & The Idler; & literary criticism as found in the preface to his edition of Shakespeare & in his comments on 52 poet in Lives of the Poets (1779-1781). As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly & finished in over seven years.
他的主要作品包括诗歌：“伦敦”（1738）和“人类愿望的虚荣”（1749）;浪漫小说：阿比西尼亚王子拉塞拉斯的历史（1759;悲剧：艾琳（1749）;在他的编辑p-漫步者和闲人; 以及他的莎士比亚版序言中发现的文学批评，以及他在《诗人的生活》（1779-1781）中对52位诗人的评论中的文学批评。作为一名词典编纂者，约翰逊以第一本由英国人编写的英语词典-英语词典（1755年）为作者而著称，这是一项由约翰逊单枪匹马承担并在七年多时间内完成的艰巨任务。

3. 领会：His neoclassical literary outlook &style
3. 领会：他的新古典主义文学观和风格

Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly & hoped to care then of it through his writings. In literary creation & criticism, be was rather conservative, openly showing his dislike for some newly rising form of literature &his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & philosophizing. He held that a writer must adhere to universal truth & experience, i.e. Nature; he must please, but he must also instruct; he must not offend against religion or promote immorality; & he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope, he was particularly fond of moralizing & didacticism.
塞缪尔·约翰逊 （Samuel Johnson） 是 18 世纪后期最后一位伟大的新古典主义启蒙者。他非常关心这个主题的虚荣心。他试图警告人们不要这种愚蠢的行为，并希望通过他的著作来关心它。在文学创作和批评中，他相当保守，公开表现出他对一些新兴文学形式的厌恶，他对那些带有大量道德化内容的著作的欣赏，以及他对那些带有大量道德化和哲学化的著作的欣赏。他认为作家必须坚持普遍的真理和经验，即自然;他必须取悦，但他也必须指示;他不得冒犯宗教或宣扬不道德;他必须让自己遵循旧的原则。像波普一样，他特别喜欢道德化和说教。

Samuel Johnson's language is characteristically general, often Latinate & polysyllabic. His sentences are long & well structured with parallel words & phrases. However, no matter how complex his sentences are, his idea is always clearly expressed; & though he tends to use "learned words," they are always accurately used Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.
塞缪尔·约翰逊的语言具有典型的通用性，通常是拉丁语和多音节的。他的句子长且结构良好，带有平行的单词和短语。然而，无论他的句子多么复杂，他的想法总是清晰地表达出来;他倾向于使用“博学的词汇”，这些词总是被准确地使用。阅读他的作品给读者一种他正在和一个非常博学的人交谈的印象。

4. 领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English Language
4. 领会：他对英语的贡献-英语词典

In 1746, a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755, A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic & interestingly written survey of English usage & the first dictionary to quote from poets & other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole, the work showed great scholarship, although it contained humor & reflected a number of Johnson's prejudices.
1746 年，一群书商委托约翰逊准备一本词典。1755年出版的《英语词典》是首次真正尝试对英语使用情况进行系统且有趣的书面调查，也是第一本引用诗人和其他作家来说明定义的词典。总的来说，这部作品显示出了很高的学术性，尽管它包含了幽默感并反映了约翰逊的一些偏见。

5. 应用：Selected Reading

To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield
向右 尊敬的切斯特菲尔德伯爵

The letter is written in a refined & very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance & anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning & questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the author's strong indignation at the lord's fame-fishing & his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. It expresses explicitly the author's assertion of his independence, signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.
这封信是用一种精致且非常礼貌的语言写的，带有苦涩的蔑视和愤怒的意味。看似平静的回顾、推理和质疑，以最好的讽刺效果表达了作者对领主的名誉掠夺的强烈愤慨，以及他坚决不与虚伪的领主和解。它明确表达了作者对自己独立的主张，标志着文学发展新纪元的开启。

VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
VII. 理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹

1. 一般识记: His dramatic career
1. 一般识记： His dramatic career

Richard B. Sheridan, British dramatist & statesman, born in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 30, 1751, and died in London, England, July 7, 1816.
理查德· B·谢里丹，英国戏剧家和政治家，1751年10月30日出生于爱尔兰都柏林，1816年7月7日在英国伦敦去世。

Sheridan is ranked among the important comic playwrights of the English drama. His masterpiece. The School for Scandal (1777) is considered one of the finest English comedies of manners. A satire on gossip, hypocrisy, & the corrupting influence of fashionable city life, it is also admired for its ingenious plot construction & witty dissection of character. Sheridan's other outstanding comedy. The Rivals (1775), is famous for the character Mrs. Malaprop, whose misuse of words has made her one of the great comic creation of the English theater. Both plays, in their attack on false sentimentalism & moralizing, represent a rebirth of the type of polished, sophisticated comedy written during the Restoration(1660-1700)
谢里丹是英国戏剧的重要喜剧剧作家之一。他的杰作。The School for Scandal （1777） 被认为是最好的英国礼仪喜剧之一。这是对流言蜚语、虚伪和时尚城市生活的腐败影响的讽刺，也因其巧妙的情节构建和对角色的机智剖析而受到赞赏。谢里丹的另一部杰出喜剧。The Rivals （1775） 以 Malaprop 夫人而闻名，她对文字的滥用使她成为英国戏剧中最伟大的喜剧创作之一。这两部剧在对虚假的感伤主义和道德化的攻击中，代表了在复辟期间（1660-1700年，创作的那种精致、复杂的喜剧的重生。

2识记The theme of his plays
2识记他的戏剧主题

Morality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan's plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues & lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.
道德是理查德·谢里丹 （Richard B. Sheridan） 戏剧的永恒主题。他非常关心当前的道德问题，并严厉地抨击当今的社会恶习。

3领会: His writing techniques
3领会： 他的写作技巧

Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability &inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or miner. Are all sharply drawn, & his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity & dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues & neat &decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.
谢里丹的伟大还在于他的戏剧艺术。他似乎从父母那里继承了天生的能力和与生俱来的戏剧知识。他的戏剧是戏剧天才和精通戏剧的人的产物。尽管他的戏剧技巧在很大程度上是传统的。他们被充分利用了。他的情节组织得很好，他的人物，要么是大人物，要么是矿工。他使用诸如伪装、错误身份和戏剧性讽刺等手段的处理非常出色。诙谐的对话和整洁得体的语言也成为了他的戏剧的特点。

4领会：His major works
4领会：他的主要著作

His plays, especially The Rivals & The School for scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare & those of Bernard Shaw, & as true classics in English comedy. In The Rivals, a comedy of manners, he is satirizing the traditional practice of the parents to arrange marriages for their children without considering the latter's opinion. The school for Scandal is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance & love intrigues in the high society, and above all, on the immorality & hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living & high-sounding moral principles.
他的戏剧，特别是《对手》和《丑闻学校》，通常被视为莎士比亚杰作和萧伯纳杰作之间的重要纽带，是英国喜剧中的真正经典。在礼仪喜剧《对手》中，他讽刺了父母在不考虑孩子意见的情况下为孩子安排婚姻的传统做法。《丑闻学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级社会道德堕落的尖锐讽刺，对闲散富人的恶毒丑闻散播，对上流社会的奢侈生活和爱情阴谋的鲁莽生活的尖锐讽刺，最重要的是，对光荣生活和高尚道德原则的面具背后的不道德和虚伪进行了尖锐的讽刺。

Besides The Rivals & The School for Scandal, Sheridan's other works include: St. Patrick's Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant (1775), a two act farce; The Duenna(1775), a comic opera; The Critic(1779), a burlesque & a satire on sentimental drama; & Pizarro (1799), a tragedy adapted from a German play.
除了《对手》和《丑闻学校》之外，谢里丹的其他作品包括：圣帕特里克节，或者说诡计多端的中尉（1775，一部两幕的闹剧;The Duenna（1775 年），喜剧歌剧;The Critic（1779），一部滑稽和对感伤戏剧的讽刺;& Pizarro （1799），改编自德国戏剧的悲剧。

5应用：Select reading
5应用：选择读数

An Excerpt from Act 4, Scene III of The School for Scandal
节选自《丑闻学校》第 4 幕第三场

1) Brief Introductions
1） 简介

The School for Scandal is mainly a story about 2 brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface & the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.
《丑闻学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是虚伪的约瑟夫·表面和善良、轻率、挥霍无度的查尔斯·表面。

2) Theme
2） 主题

The School for Scandal is one of the great classics in English drama. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th-century England, on the vicious scandal mongering among the idle rich, on the reckless life of extravagance & love intrigues in the high society & above all, on the immorality & hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living & high-sounding moral principles. And in terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best. No wonder, the play has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.
The School for Scandal 是英国戏剧中最伟大的经典之一。这是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级社会道德堕落的尖锐讽刺，对闲散富人中恶毒的丑闻兜售，对上流社会的奢侈和爱情阴谋的鲁莽讽刺，尤其是对光荣生活和冠冕堂皇的道德原则的面具背后的不道德和虚伪的讽刺。就戏剧艺术而言，它展示了剧作家最好的一面。难怪该剧被认为是自莎士比亚以来最好的喜剧。

VIII. Thomas Gray
VIII. 托马斯·格雷

1. 一般识记：His life
1. 一般识记：他的一生

Thomas Gray (1716-1771), son of a London exchange broker, was born in Cornhill, London on Dec. 26, 1716. He was first educated at Eton. In 1734 he went to Cambridge University & left it in 1738 without taking a degree. In 1768 he was made professor of History & Modern Languages at Cambridge. He died at Cambridge, England, on July 30, 1771.
托马斯·格雷（Thomas Gray，1716-1771 年）是伦敦一位外汇经纪人的儿子，于 1716 年 12 月 26 日出生于伦敦康希尔。他最初在伊顿公学接受教育。1734年他去了剑桥大学，1738年没有拿学位就离开了。1768年，他在剑桥大学被任命为History和现代语言教授。他于 1771 年 7 月 30 日在英国剑桥去世。

2. 识记: His major works
2. 识记： 主要著作

In contrast to those professional writers, Gray's literary output was small. His masterpiece, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" was published in 1751. The poem once & for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially "the Graveyard School." His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past & present.
与那些专业作家相比，格雷的文学作品很少。他的杰作《写在乡村教堂墓地的挽歌》于 1751 年出版。这首诗一劳永逸地确立了他作为当时感性诗歌领导者的声誉，尤其是“墓地学校”。他的诗歌，作为一个整体，大部分致力于对生活，过去和现在的情感哀叹或沉思。

In addition to his elegiac masterpiece, Gray is known for his odes, including "Ode on the Spring"(1742), "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College"(1747), "Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat" (1748), "Hymn to Adversity"(1742), & two translations from old Norse: The Descent of Odin(1761) & The Fatal Sisters(1761).
除了他的挽歌杰作外，格雷还以其颂歌而闻名，包括“春天的颂歌”（1742），“伊顿学院遥远前景的颂歌”（1747），“最喜欢的猫之死的颂歌”（1748），“逆境赞美诗”（1742），以及来自北欧语的两个翻译：奥丁的后裔（1761）和致命姐妹（1761）。

3. 领会His style

A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly & carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form & phrase. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated & allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction & a distorted word order.
作为一名尽职尽责的一流艺术家，格雷缓慢而仔细地写作，努力寻求形式和短语的完美。他的诗歌的特点是精致的形式感。他的风格既复杂又隐喻。他的诗经常被标记为高度人工的措辞和扭曲的词序。

4. 应用：Selected Reading

"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"
“写在乡村教堂墓地的挽歌”

1) Theme: It is a meditation on human mortality, the tragic dignity it gives to all mankind, & the stability & serenity of rustic life. The Elegy lies in Gray's perfect expression of what all men feel about life & death. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life & the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor & the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor & bring havoc on them.
1） 主题：这是对人类死亡的沉思，它赋予全人类的悲剧尊严，以及乡村生活的稳定和宁静。挽歌在于格雷完美地表达了所有男人对生与死的感受。在这首诗中，格雷以他个人的忧郁反思了生活的痛苦和人类生活的神秘。诗人将普通人与伟人进行比较，想知道如果有机会，公地会取得什么成就。在这里，他表达了对穷人和未知者的同情，但嘲笑那些轻视穷人并给他们带来破坏的大人物。

2)Language
2）语言

The poem abounds in images & arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader. Though the use of artificial poetic diction & distorted word order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult, the artistic polish-the sure control of language, imagery, rhythm, & his subtle moderation of style & tone-gives the poem a unique charm of its own. The poem has been ranked among the best of the 18th century English poetry.
这首诗充满了意象，在每个读者的怀中激起了情感。尽管人为的诗歌措辞和扭曲的词序使得理解这首诗有些困难，但艺术的打磨-对语言、意象、节奏的可靠控制，以及他对风格和语气的微妙调节-赋予了这首诗独特的魅力。这首诗被评为 18 世纪英国诗歌中最好的诗歌之一。

Chapter III The Romantic Period
第三章 浪漫时期

一 本章的学习目的和要求

通过本章的学习，了解浪漫主义文学的产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征，基本主张，及其对时代及后世英国文学用至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等； 同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

二 本章考核知识点及考核要求

（一） 考核知识点

　　1 浪漫主义时期概述

　　　1） 浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治，经济，文化背景

　　　2） 浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张

　　　3） 英国浪漫主义文学的特色

　　　4） 浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响

2 浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法及社会意义等。

威廉·布莱克；威廉·华兹华斯；塞·特·科勒律治；乔治·戈登·拜伦；珀·比·雪莱；约翰·济兹；简·奥斯汀

（二） 考核要求

　　1 浪漫主义时期概述

　　　1）识记：a.浪漫主义时期的界定

　　　　　　　 b.历史文化背景

　　　2) 领会：a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。

　　　　　　　 b.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。、

　　　3) 应用：a.名词解释：浪漫主义
3） 应用：a.名词解释：浪漫主义

　　　　　　 　b.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析

2 该时期的重要作家

1） 识记：浪漫主义时期的重要作家，代表作品及其主要内容。

2） 领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。

　　　3） 应用：a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析

　　　　　　　　b.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析。

一 概述

　1. 一般识记

　English Romanticism
英国浪漫主义

　English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads & to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death & the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
英国浪漫主义作为文学的历史阶段，通常被认为始于1798年华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣》的出版，并在1832年随着沃尔特·斯科特爵士的去世和议会中第一个改革法案的通过而结束。

2. 识记 Historical & Cultural background
2. 识记 历史和文化背景

　During this period, England had experienced profound economic & social change. The biggest social change in English history was the transfer of large masses of the population from the countryside to the towns. As a result of the Enclosures & the agricultural mechanization, the peasants were driven of their land; some emigrated to the colonies; some sank to the level of farm laborers & many others drifted to the industrial towns where there was a growing demand for labor. But the new industrial towns were no better than jungles, where the law was "the survival of the fittest." The cruel economic exploitation caused large-scale workers' disturbances in England.
在此期间，英格兰经历了深刻的经济和社会变革。英国历史上最大的社会变革是大量人口从农村转移到城镇。由于圈地和农业机械化，农民被赶出他们的土地;一些移民到殖民地;一些沦落到农场劳动者的水平，还有许多人漂流到对劳动力需求日益增长的工业城镇。但新的工业城镇并不比丛林好到哪里去，那里的法律是“适者生存”。残酷的经济剥削在英格兰引起了大规模的工人骚乱。

3 领会

（1） Influences of the Romantic Movement
（1） 浪漫主义运动的影响

Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary & philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of this or her unique feelings & particular attitudes & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual's experiences.
浪漫主义构成了从关注社会文明的外部世界到人类精神的内在世界的方向转变。从本质上讲，它指定了一种文学和哲学理论，倾向于将个人视为所有生活和所有经验的中心。它还将个人置于艺术的中心，使文学作为表达这种或她独特情感和特殊态度的最有价值的东西，并重视其在描绘个人经历中的准确性。

(2) The Romantic views about literature
（2） 浪漫主义对文学的看法

a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
一个。浪漫主义时期是一个诗歌的时代。布莱克、华兹华斯、柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱和济慈是主要的浪漫主义诗人。他们开始了对新古典主义文学的反抗，后来被认为是诗歌革命。

b. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen & Walter Scott.
b.浪漫主义时期也是散文的伟大时代。浪漫主义时期的两位主要小说家是简·奥斯汀和沃尔特·斯科特。

c. Besides poetry & prose, there are quite a number of writers who have fried their hand at poetic dramas in this period.
c. 除了诗歌和散文，在这个时期，有相当多的作家在诗歌戏剧上大放异彩。

4 应用

(1) Literary Terms
（1） 文学术语

a. The Romantic Movement
一个。浪漫主义运动

It expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer.
它对工业化带来的现有社会和政治条件以及资产阶级日益增长的重要性表达了或多或少的消极态度。浪漫主义者认为现有的社会否认了人们的基本人类需求，因此他们对18世纪作家和哲学家的主导思维模式表现出了强烈的反应。他们的前辈把人看作是一种社会性动物，而浪漫主义者基本上把人看作是处于孤独状态的个体，强调每个人心灵的特殊品质。浪漫主义实际上构成了从关注到外部的方向转变。

b. The Gothic novel
b.哥特式小说

It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.
这是一种在18世纪后期盛行的浪漫小说，是浪漫主义运动的一个阶段，其主要元素是暴力、恐怖和超自然现象，这些都强烈地吸引读者的情感。哥特式形式描绘了人性中黑暗、非理性的一面，对浪漫主义时期的作家产生了巨大的影响。像安·拉德克利夫的《乌多尔夫之谜》（1794年）和玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》（1818年）这样的作品都是典型的哥特式浪漫。

(2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history.
（2） 英国历史上浪漫主义文学的特点。

The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy: they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. Wordsworth is the closest to nature.
浪漫主义时期是一个诗歌时代，布莱克、华兹华斯、柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱和济慈是主要的浪漫主义诗人。他们开始了对新古典主义文学的反抗，后来被认为是诗歌革命。华兹华斯和科莱里是这个运动的主要代表。他们在诗歌写作中探索新的理论并创新新的技巧。他们把诗歌看作是一种治愈的能量：他们相信诗歌可以净化个人灵魂和社会。浪漫主义者不仅赞美想象力的能力，而且还强调自发性和灵感的概念，将它们视为真正诗歌的关键。自然世界走在诗意想象的最前沿。自然不仅是诗意意象的主要来源，也是占主导地位的主题。华兹华斯是最接近自然的。

To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.
为了逃离一个已经变得过于理性，以及过度物质主义和丑陋的世界，浪漫主义者会转向其他时间和地点，在那里他们所珍视的品质可以被令人信服地描绘出来。浪漫主义者也倾向于民族主义，捍卫他们自己国家的伟大诗人和戏剧家，反对那些倾向于美化罗马和理性的意大利和法国新古典主义艺术优于本土传统的古典规则的倡导者。对浪漫主义者来说，诗歌应该不受任何规则的约束。他们会向卑微的人和他们的日常生活寻求主题，浪漫主义作家总是通过超越实际来寻求绝对和理想。他们还在诗意语言、诗歌化和设计方面进行了大胆的实验，并根据结构和风格的原始原则构建了各种形式。

二 该时期的重要作家　

I. William Blake
I. 威廉·布莱克

1.一般识记： His life

English poet, artist, & philosopher, born in London England, Nov 28, 1757, and died in London, Aug 12,1827. Blake made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity. As an artist he is best known for his engravings, which are among the masterpieces of graphic art.
英国诗人、艺术家和哲学家，1757年11月28日出生于英国伦敦，1827年8月12日卒于伦敦。布莱克对文学和艺术都做出了杰出的贡献。他在英语中与伟大的诗人并列，可能被认为是最早的主要英国浪漫主义诗人。他的诗歌范围从孩子般简单的抒情诗到极其复杂的神秘或预言作品。作为一名艺术家，他以版画而闻名，这些版画是平面艺术的杰作之一。

2. 识记 His political, religious & literary views
2. 识记他的政治、宗教和文学观点

Blake never tried to fit into the world; he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine& William Godwin. Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed, killed children & forced prostitution." Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution, & regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century & treasuring the individual's imagination.
布莱克从未试图融入这个世界; 他一生都是个无辜且完全的叛逆者。他在政治上是永久左翼的，并且与像托马斯·潘恩和威廉·戈德温这样的激进分子有很多交集。像雪莱一样，布莱克强烈批评了意大利帽的残酷剥削，称“黑暗的撒旦工厂使男人失业，杀害儿童并强迫卖淫。与此同时，他对法国大革命抱有极大的期望和热情，并将其视为通往圣经先知预言的千禧年的必要阶段。在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，他对理性规则表现出蔑视，反对18世纪的古典传统，珍视个人的想象力。

3. 领会 His poems

(1) Early works
（1） 早期作品

The Songs of Innocence (1809) is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world, though not without its evils & sufferings. For instance, " Holy Thursday" with its vision of charity children lit " with a radiance all their own" reminds us terribly of a world of loss & institutional cruelty. The wretched child described in " The Chimney Sweeper," orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. His Songs of Experience (1794) paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war & repression with a melancholy tone. The benighted England becomes the world of the dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The orphans of " Holy Thursday" are now "fed with cold & usurious hand." The little chimneysweeper sings "notes of woe" while his parents go to church & praise "God & his Priest & King"---the very instruments of their repression. In "London", the city is no longer a paradise, but becomes the seat of poverty & despair, of man alienated from his true self. Blake's Marriageof Heaven & Hell (1790) marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution & it plays the double role both as a satire & a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem, Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. Attraction & repulsion, reason & energy, love & hate, are necessary to human existence. Life is a continual conflict of give & take, a pairing of opposites, of good & evil, of innocence & experience, of body & soul. "Without contraries," Blake states, "there is no progression." The "marriage," to Blake, means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.
《纯真之歌》（1809）是一本可爱的诗集，展示了一个快乐和纯真的世界，尽管并非没有它的邪恶和痛苦。例如，“圣周四”的愿景是慈善儿童以“他们自己的光芒”点亮，这让我们深刻地想起了一个充满损失和制度残酷的世界。《扫烟囱的人》中描述的那个可怜的孩子，成为孤儿，被剥削，但又被幻觉般的狂喜所触动，当他最终信任他所知道的宇宙秩序时，他唤起了难以忍受的辛酸。他的《经验之歌》（1794）描绘了一个不同的世界，一个充满痛苦、贫穷、疾病、战争和压迫的世界，带有忧郁的语气。昏昏欲睡的英格兰变成了黑暗森林和哭泣先知的世界。“圣周四”的孤儿们现在被“冷酷和高利贷的手喂养”。小扫烟囱的人唱着“悲哀的音符”，他的父母去教堂赞美“上帝&他的牧师&国王”---正是他们压迫的工具。在“伦敦”，这座城市不再是天堂，而是成为贫穷和绝望的地方，成为与真实自我疏远的人的所在地。布莱克的《天堂与地狱的婚姻》（1790年）标志着他走向成熟。这首诗是在法国大革命的高潮时期创作的，它既起到了讽刺和革命预言的双重作用。在这首诗中，布莱克探讨了对立关系。吸引与排斥，理性与能量，爱与恨，都是人类生存所必需的。生活是一场持续的给予与索取的冲突，是对立面的配对，善与恶，纯真与经验，身体与灵魂的配对。“没有矛盾，”布莱克说，“就没有进步。对布莱克来说，“婚姻”意味着对立的和解，而不是一个从属于另一个。

(2) Later works
（2） 后期作品

In his later period, Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books, which reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt. The major ones are: The Book of Urizen(1794),The Book of Los(1795).The Four Zoas (1796-1807) & Milton (1804-1920).
在他的后期，布莱克写了相当多的预言性书籍，这些书揭示了他是普遍政治和精神自由的先知，并展示了诗人本人作为反抗的代言人。主要有：《乌利曾之书》（1794）、《洛斯之书》（1795）。四个佐阿斯（1796-1807）和弥尔顿（1804-1920）。

领会 Characteristics of Blake's poems
领会 布莱克诗歌的特点

Blake who lived in the blaze of revelation, felt bound to declare that " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."
生活在启示之火中的布莱克感到有义务宣称“我知道这个世界是一个充满想象力和视觉的世界”，并且“我工作的本质是视觉的或想象的。

From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, he presents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms.
从小，布莱克就有很强的视觉头脑;他想象的是什么，他也看到了。作为一个富有想象力的诗人，他以视觉图像而不是抽象的术语来表达他的观点。

Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness & tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.
布莱克用简单直接的语言写他的诗。他的诗经常带有抒情之美，并带有极大的意义压缩。他不信任抽象性，倾向于用视觉图像来体现他的观点。广泛的象征主义也是他诗歌的一个显着特点。

5. 应用 Select Readings:
5. 应用选择读数：

1) The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)
1） The Chimney Sweeper （选自《Songs of Innocence》）

Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world, though not without its evils & sufferings. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetics forms & techniques, broke completely with the traditions of the 18th century. He experimented in meter & rhymes & introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.
《纯真之歌》是一本可爱的诗集，呈现了一个快乐和纯真的世界，尽管并非没有它的邪恶和痛苦。在这本书中，布莱克凭借他对新诗学形式和技巧的热切追求，完全打破了18世纪的传统。他在格律和韵律上进行了实验，并引入了在他的同时代人的诗歌中找不到的大胆的格律创新。

In the 18th century, small boys sometimes no more than 4 or 5 years old, were employed to climb up the narrow chimney flues & clean them, collecting the soot in bags. Such boys, sometimes sold to the master sweepers by their parents were miserably treated by their master & often suffered disease & physical deformity.
在18世纪，有时不超过4或5岁的小男孩被雇佣来爬上狭窄的烟囱烟道并清洁它们，将煤灰收集在袋子里。这样的男孩，有时被他们的父母卖给扫地师傅，却被他们的主人虐待，经常遭受疾病和身体畸形的折磨。

This poem, in fact, is a protest against the harm that society does to its children by exploiting them for labor of this kind, The poem was written in the child's-eye point of view, & the dramatic irony (what the speaker says in the poem is different from what the poet means) arises from the poet's knowing more or seeing more than the child does.
这首诗，实际上是对社会通过剥削他们进行这种劳动而对其儿童造成的伤害的抗议，这首诗是从孩子的视角写的，而戏剧性的讽刺（说话者在诗中所说的与诗人的意思不同）源于诗人比孩子知道的更多或看到的更多。

2) The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of Experience)
2） The Chimney Sweeper （选自《Songs of Experience》）

Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war & repression with a melancholy tone, The benighted England becomes the world of dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The poem selected here reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. The poem also reveals the relation between are economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor & an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.
《经验之歌》描绘了一个不同的世界，一个充满痛苦、贫穷、疾病、战争和压迫的世界，带有忧郁的语气，被迷惑的英格兰变成了黑暗的木头和哭泣的先知的世界。这里选择的诗揭示了 religion 的真正本质，它帮助给贫困儿童带来痛苦。这首诗还揭示了经济环境之间的关系，即对童工的剥削和意识形态环境之间的关系，即宗教在使人们顺从剥削方面所起的作用。

3) The Tyger
3） 泰格

The Tyger, included in Songs of Experience, is one of Blake's best-known poems. It seemingly praises the great power of tiger, but what the tiger symbolizes remains disputable: the power of man? Or the revolutionary force? Or the evil? Or as it is usually interpreted, the Almighty Maker who created both the meek & gentle lamb & the terrible & awesome tiger? The poem is highly symbolic with a touch of mysticism & it is open to various interpretations. The poem contains six quatrains in rhyming couplets & its language is terse & forceful with an anvil rhythm.
The Tyger 收录在 Songs of Experience 中，是布莱克最著名的诗歌之一。它看似赞美了老虎的强大力量，但老虎所象征的仍然是有争议的：人的力量？还是革命力量？还是邪恶的？或者通常被解读为创造温顺温柔的羔羊和可怕且令人敬畏的老虎的全能创造者？这首诗具有高度的象征性，带有一点神秘主义色彩，它对各种解释持开放态度。这首诗包含六首押韵对联的四行诗，其语言简洁有力，带有铁砧节奏。

II. William Wordsworth
II. 威廉·华兹华斯

1.一般识记：His life & career
1.一般识记：他的生活和事业

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was born at Cockermouth, Cambarland, in the family of an attorney. He received education at St. John's College, Cambridge. He developed a keen love of nature as a youth. Another important influence on his life was the French Revolution. In 1798 Wordsworth & Coleridge collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads Robert Southey, Samuel Taylor Colerdge & William Wordsworth are known as the "Lake Poets." In 1842, Wordsworth received a government pension & in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate. Wordsworth died at Rydal Mount, April 23, 1850.
威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770-1850 年）出生于坎巴兰州科克茅斯的一个律师家庭。他在剑桥圣约翰学院接受教育。他从年轻时就对大自然产生了浓厚的热爱。对他生活的另一个重要影响是法国大革命。1798年，华兹华斯和柯勒律治合作创作了一本名为《抒情歌谣》的诗集，罗伯特·索塞、塞缪尔·泰勒、科勒奇和威廉·华兹华斯被称为“湖畔诗人”。1842年，华兹华斯领取了政府养老金，次年他接替了索西成为桂冠诗人。华兹华斯于 1850 年 4 月 23 日在莱达尔山去世。

As a great Romantic poet, Wordsworth had a long poetic career. His Lyrical Ballads, written together with Coleridge, is generally regarded as the symbol of the beginning of the Romantic period in England. The Prelude is ranked by many critics as his greatest work. In 1807 Poems in Two Volumes was published. The Excursion was published in 1814.
作为一位伟大的浪漫主义诗人，华兹华斯的诗歌生涯很长。他与柯勒律治一起创作的《抒情歌谣》通常被认为是英格兰浪漫主义时期开始的象征。《序曲》被许多评论家评为他最伟大的作品。1807 年，《两卷诗集》出版。《短途旅行》于 1814 年出版。

2. 识记：His poetic outlook
2. 识记：他的诗歌观

Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature." He can penetrate to the heart of things & give the reader the very life of nature. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, & one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth's poetic beliefs. To Wordsworth, nature embodies, human beings in their diverse circumstances. It is nature that gives him "strength & knowledge full of peace."
华兹华斯被视为“自然崇拜者”。他可以深入到事物的核心，赋予读者自然的生命。“我像云一样寂寞地徘徊”可能是英国文学中最被选集化的诗歌，它带领我们深入到华兹华斯诗歌信仰的核心。对华兹华斯来说，大自然体现了人类在不同的环境中。是大自然赋予他“充满和平的力量和知识”。

Common life is Wordsworth's only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.
共同生活是华兹华斯唯一感兴趣的文学主题。普通人的悲欢离合是他的主题。他总是同情受苦的穷人。

Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity & refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure & profound poetry which no other poets has ever equaled. Poetry, he believes originates from "emotion recollected in tranquility." Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form & intellectual approach that drained poetic writing of strong emotion, he maintains that the scenes & events of everyday life & the speech of ordinary people are the raw material of which poetry can & should be made.
华兹华斯是一位纪念过去的诗人。对他来说，人生是一段循环往复的旅程。它的开始最终变成了它的结束。华兹华斯刻意的简洁和拒绝装饰经验的真理，产生了一种其他诗人无法比拟的纯粹而深刻的诗歌。他认为诗歌起源于“在宁静中回忆的情感”。他拒绝现代对形式和知识方法的强调，这些都使诗歌写作失去了强烈的情感，他坚持认为日常生活的场景和事件以及普通人的言论是诗歌可以&应该创作的原材料。

　3. 领会His poetical works
3. 领会他的诗歌作品

1) Lyrics
1） 歌词

Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, & the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind. The poems Wordsworth added to the 1800 edition of the Lyrical Ballads are among the best of his achievements.
抒情歌谣与他的早期诗歌明显不同，特别是大部分语言的毫不妥协的简单性，不仅对一般的穷人有强烈的同情，而且对他们特别的、戏剧化的例子的同情，以及自然描述与内心心态表达的融合。华兹华斯在 1800 年版的《抒情歌谣》中加入的诗歌是他最好的成就之一。

"Tintern Abbey" remains a profoundly original & imaginative achievement; the valley of the Wye itself, the quiet center of the returning wanderer's thoughts is described with a detail that conveys a sense of natural order at once vivid & eternal. Beyond the pleasures of the picturesque with their emphasis on the eye & the external aspects of nature, however, lies a deeper moral awareness, a sense of completeness in multiplicity. But the poem progresses beyond such moral reflections. As he is aware of his own sublime communion with all things, nature becomes an inspiring force of rapture, a power that reveals the workings of the soul. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative & intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances. It's nature that gives him "strength & knowledge full of peace."
“丁特恩修道院”仍然是一项深刻的原创和富有想象力的成就; 怀伊河本身的山谷，回归的流浪者思想的安静中心被详细描述，传达出一种自然秩序的感觉，既生动又永恒。除了强调眼睛和自然外部方面的风景如画的乐趣之外，还有更深的道德意识，一种在多样性中的完整性。但这首诗超越了这种道德反思。当他意识到自己与万物的崇高共融时，大自然就成为一种鼓舞人心的狂喜力量，一种揭示灵魂运作的力量。对华兹华斯来说，自然是想象力和智力参与的替代品，参与到他们在不同环境中的具身人类的发展中。是大自然赋予了他“充满和平的力量和知识”。

2) The Prelude
2） 序曲

Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude. It opens with a literal journey whose goal is to return to the vale of Grasmere. The journey goes through the poet's personal history, carrying the metaphorical meaning of his interior journey & questing for his lost early self & the proper spiritual home. The poem charts this growth from infancy to manhood. We are shown the development of human consciousness under the sway of an imagination united to the grandeur go nature. Later books of The Prelude describe Wordsworth's experiences in France, his republicanism, his affair with Annette Vallon, his "substantial dread" during the Terror & his continuing support of the ideals underlying the Revolution. The concluding description of the ascent of Snowdon becomes a symbol of the poet's climb to the height of his inspired powers & to that state of vision in which, dedicating himself to humanity, he becomes one of the " Prophets of Nature."
华兹华斯是一位纪念过去的诗人。对他来说，人生是一段循环往复的旅程。它的开始最终变成了它的结束。他的人生哲学在他的杰作《序曲》中得到了介绍。它以一段真实的旅程开始，其目标是返回格拉斯米尔山谷。旅程贯穿了诗人的个人历史，承载了他内心旅程的隐喻意义，寻找他早期迷失的自我和适当的精神家园。这首诗描绘了从婴儿到成年的成长。我们看到了人类意识在想象力的支配下的发展，这种想象力与宏伟的自然相结合。《序曲》的后续书籍描述了华兹华斯在法国的经历，他的共和主义，他与安妮特·瓦隆的恋情，他在恐怖时期的“实质性恐惧”以及他对革命基础理想的持续支持。对斯诺登峰攀升的结尾描述成为诗人攀升至他灵感力量的高度的象征，以及他的愿景状态，在这种状态中，他致力于人类，成为了“自然先知”之一。

4.领会 Characteristics of Wordsworth Poems & His Achievements.
4.领会 华兹华斯诗歌的特点和他的成就。

William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity & one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically & naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language & by advocating a return to nature.
威廉·华兹华斯 （William Wordsworth） 是英国浪漫主义诗歌的领军人物，是这一时期诗歌的焦点声音。他的声音充满了探索全面的人性，并激发他的观众以新鲜、同情和自然的方式看待世界。 他做出的最重要的贡献是，他不仅开创了现代诗歌，开启了内心自我成长的诗歌，而且还通过使用语言的普通语言和倡导回归自然，改变了英语诗歌的进程。

应用：Selected Readings
应用：精选阅读

1) I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (1)
1） 我像云一样寂寞地徘徊 （1）

Wordsworth is regarded as a "worshipper of nature." He can penetrate to the heart of things & give the reader the very life of nature. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, & one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth's poetic beliefs. Wordsworth wrote this beautiful poem of nature after he came across a long belt of gold daffodils tossing & reeling & dancing along the waterside. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet's philosophical & somewhat mystical thoughts.
华兹华斯被视为“自然崇拜者”。他可以深入到事物的核心，赋予读者自然的生命。“我像云一样寂寞地徘徊”可能是英国文学中最被选集的诗歌，它带领我们了解到华兹华斯诗歌信仰的脉络。华兹华斯在遇到一条长长的金色水仙花腰带后，在水边翻腾、卷起、跳舞后写下了这首美丽的自然诗。这里有一幅生动的水仙花画面，混合着诗人的哲学和有些神秘的思想。

The poem consists of four 6-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza. The last stanza describes the poet's recollection in tranquility from which this poem arose. The poet thinks that it is a bliss to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude
这首诗由四个 6 行的 iambic 四音节组成，每节都有一个 ababcc 的押韵方案。最后一节描述了诗人在宁静中的回忆，这首诗的灵感来自于此。诗人认为，在独处时，在脑海中回忆大自然的美丽是一种幸福

2) Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 (1)
2） 1802 年 9 月 3 日在威斯敏斯特桥上创作 （1）

This sonnet, written on the roof of a coach as Wordsworth was on his way to France, was published in Poems in Two Volumes, 1807. The poem presents the speaker's view of London in the early morning. The speaker is not only profoundly touched by its beauty & tranquility of the morning, but even surprised to realize that London is part of Nature just as much as is his own beloved Lake Country.
这首十四行诗是华兹华斯前往法国途中在马车车顶上写的，发表在 1807 年的《两卷诗集》中。这首诗展示了演讲者对清晨伦敦的看法。演讲者不仅被早晨的美丽和宁静深深打动，而且甚至惊讶地意识到伦敦就像他自己深爱的湖区一样是大自然的一部分。

Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature." Even in this poem, though he is looking at London, he is thinking of home where the sun steeps in his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill."
华兹华斯被视为“自然崇拜者”。即使在这首诗中，虽然他看着伦敦，但他想到的是太阳沐浴在他的第一次辉煌中的家，山谷、岩石或山丘。

The poem is written after the pattern of the Italian sonnet. The octave recreates the experience of London at morning, and the sestet enlarges on his reaction to the scene. The rhyme scheme of the poem is abbaabba, cdcdcd.
这首诗是按照意大利十四行诗的模式写的。八度音程再现了伦敦早晨的经历，而 sestet 则放大了他对场景的反应。这首诗的押韵方案是 abbaabba， cdcdcd。

3) She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways (1)
3） 她住在人迹罕至的道路上 （1）

This is one of the "Lucy poems," written in 1799. The "Lucy Poems" describe with rare elusive beauty of simple lyricism & haunting rhythm a young country girl living a simple life in a remote village far from the civilized world. They are verses of love & loss which hold within their delicate simplicity a meditation on time & death which rises to universal stature.
这是 1799 年写的“露西诗”之一。“露西诗集”以罕见而难以捉摸的美感，简单的抒情和令人难以忘怀的节奏描述了一个年轻的乡村女孩在一个远离文明世界的偏远村庄过着简单的生活。它们是关于爱与失去的诗句，在其微妙的简单中包含了对时间和死亡的沉思，这种沉思上升到了普遍的地位。

4) The Solitary Reaper (1)
4） 孤独的收割者 （1）

Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes.
华兹华斯认为，共同生活是文学唯一感兴趣的主题。普通人的悲欢离合是他的主题。

"The Solitary Reaper" is an example of his literary views. It describes vividly a young peasant girl working alone in the fields & singing as she works. The plot of the little incident is told straightforwardly in stanzas 1, 3, & 4. Stanza 2, with its comparison of the girl's song to the cuckoo & the nightingale cannot be dismissed as vaguely ornamental comparisons. They are much more than that, & the impression of the girl's singing on the traveler is heightened through these comparisons.
《孤独的收割者》是他文学观点的一个例子。它生动地描述了一个年轻的农家女孩独自在田间工作，一边工作一边唱歌。这个小事件的情节在第1、3和4节中被直接讲述。第二节，其将女孩的歌声与布谷鸟和夜莺的比较，不能被当作模糊的装饰性比较而被忽视。他们远不止于此，通过这些比较，女孩的歌声对旅行者的印象更加深刻。

This poem is an iambic verse. Most of the lines in the poem are octosyllabics. The rhyme-scheme for each stanza is ababccdd.
这首诗是一首抑扬格诗。这首诗的大部分诗行都是八音节的。每节的押韵方案是 ababccdd。

III Samuel Taylor Coleridge
三世 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治

1一般识记 His Life & Literary Career
1一般识记 他的生平与文学生涯

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), poet & critic, was born in Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, the son of a clergy man. He received education at Cambridge but left without a degree. Inspired by the radical thinkers with their idealism, Coleridge joined Robert Southey in a utopian plan of establishing an ideal democratic community in America, named "Pantisocracy." In the spring of 1797, Coleridge met & began his long friendship with William Wordsworth. The following year, they published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which become a landmark in English poetry. Coleridge's poem, " The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," was included in the volume. The years 1797 &1798 were among the most fruitful of Coleridge's life. In addition to " The Ancient Mariner," he wrote " Kubla Khan," began writing " Christabel," & composed "This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison," "Frost at Midnight," & " The Nightingale", which are considered to be his best "conversational" poems.
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（1772-1834），诗人和评论家，出生在德文郡的奥特里圣玛丽，是一位神职人员的儿子。他在剑桥接受了教育，但没有获得学位就离开了。受到具有理想主义的激进思想家的启发，柯勒律治与罗伯·埃尔特·索西 （Rob ert Southey） 一起制定了一项乌托邦式的计划，即在美国建立一个理想的民主社区，命名为“Pantisocracy”。1797年春天，柯勒律治遇到了威廉·华兹华斯，并开始了他长期的友谊。次年，他们出版了一本联合诗集《抒情歌谣》，成为英国诗歌的里程碑。柯勒律治的诗歌《古代水手的咏叹调》被收录在该卷中。1797 年和 1798 年是柯勒律治一生中最富有成果的几年之一。除了“古代水手”，他还写了“忽必烈汗”，开始写“克里斯塔贝尔”，并创作了“这棵椴树凉亭我的监狱”，“午夜的霜冻”和“夜莺”，这些被认为是他最好的“对话”诗歌。

In 1798, he traveled with the Wordsworths to Germany. In 1810, Coleridge quarreled seriously with Wordsworth. Although they reconciled with each other later on, their friendship had never reached its former intimacy. In 1813, his tragic drama Remorse received popular welcome. In 1816, he wrote his major prose work, Biographia Literaria (1817), a series of autobiographical notes & dissertations on many subjects, including some brilliantly perceptive literary criticism.
1798 年，他与华兹华斯夫妇一起前往德国。1810 年，柯勒律治与华兹华斯发生了严重的争吵。虽然他们后来和解了，但他们的友谊从未达到以前的亲密程度。1813 年，他的悲剧《懊悔》受到大众欢迎。1816年，他写了他的主要散文作品《文学传记》（1817），这是一系列关于许多主题的自传笔记和论文，包括一些极具洞察力的文学批评。

2.识记 His Literary Outlook & Philosophy
2.识记他的文学观与哲学

Philosophically & critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic trends of the 18th-century thought. He courageously stemmed the tide of the prevailing doctrines derived from Hume & Hartley, advocating a more spiritual & religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant & Schelling. He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality. A poet should realize the vague intimations derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration.
从哲学和批判的角度，柯勒律治反对18世纪思想的有限理性主义趋势。他勇敢地阻止了源自休谟和哈特利的主流教义的潮流，倡导以他从康德和谢林那里学到的知识为基础，对生活进行更具精神和宗教性的解释。他相信艺术是现实本质的唯一永恒揭示。诗人应该意识到从他的潜意识中得出的模糊暗示，而不牺牲灵感的生命力。

3.识记 His Major Works
3.识记 他的主要著作

(1)"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," told an adventurous story of a sailor. By neglecting the law of hospitality, the mariner cruelly shot an albatross which flew to the ship through thick fog. Then disaster fell onto the ship. The breeze died down; the ship stopped; the hot tropical sun shone all day long. The other sailors died of thirst one after another, while the mariner alone was alive, being tortured all the time with thirst & the horror of death. Only when the mariner finally repented & blessed for the water snake did the spell break & the ship was then able to go back home. The story moves on through a world of wonder, from mysterious preface to inevitable close. Each incident stands out clear & vivid; each corresponding change in the soul of the mariner is registered. The whole experience is an ordeal of oppressive weariness.
（1）《古代水手的咏叹调》讲述了一个水手的冒险故事。由于无视热情好客的法则，水手残忍地射杀了一只信天翁，信天翁穿过浓雾飞向了船。然后灾难降临在船上。微风停了下来;船停了下来;炎热的热带阳光一整天都照耀着。其他的水手一个接一个地渴死，而只有那个水手还活着，一直被口渴和死亡的恐怖折磨。只有当水手最终悔改并为水蛇祈福时，咒语才被打破，船才得以回家。故事在一个充满奇迹的世界中继续前进，从神秘的序言到不可避免的结尾。每个事件都清晰生动;水手灵魂的每一个相应变化都会被记录下来。整个经历是一场压抑的疲惫折磨。

(2) "Kubla Khan" was composed in a dream after Coleridge took the opium. The poet was reading about Kubla Khan when he fell asleep. The images of the river, of the magnificent palace & other marvelous scenes deposited in his unconsciousness were expressed into about two or three hundred lines. But when he was writing them down, a stranger interrupted him & the vision was never recaptured. Only 54 lines survived.
（2） 《忽必烈汗》是柯勒律治吸食鸦片后在梦中创作的。诗人睡着时正在阅读有关忽必烈汗的故事。河流、宏伟宫殿和其他奇妙场景的画面在他的无意识中被表达成大约两三百行。但是当他写下它们时，一个陌生人打断了他，那个异象再也没有被捕捉到。只有 54 条线路幸存下来。

(3) "Christabel" uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate & sinister. The tale is an old one of a serpent disguised as a beautiful lady to victimize an innocent maiden. The standard trappings of Gothic horror----the remote castle & the wood, the virgin Christabel in peril & the subtly wicked Geraldine ---- dramatize a confrontation with evil through disturbing suggestions of the sexual, supernatural & fantastic elements of dream. The moaning of the owl & the crowing of the cock, together with the response of the dog to the regular strokes of the clock, produced the effect of mystery & horror in the dead night. Opposed to the nightmarish are images of religious grace & the spring of love that had gushed from the poet's heart. It has been said that the thing attempted in "Christabel" is the most difficult in the whole field of romance, & nothing could come nearer the mark. The miraculous element, which lies on the face of " The Ancient Marines," is here driven beneath the surface.
（3） “Christabel”使用更自由的民谣形式来营造一种哥特式恐怖的氛围，既细腻又险恶。这个故事很古老，一条蛇伪装成一位美丽的女士，使一位无辜的少女受害。哥特式恐怖的标准装饰----偏远的城堡和树林，处于危险中的处女克里斯塔贝尔和微妙邪恶的杰拉尔丁----通过对性、超自然和梦幻元素的令人不安的暗示，戏剧化地描绘了与邪恶的对抗。猫头鹰的呻吟和公鸡的叫声，以及狗对时钟常规敲击的反应，在寂静的夜晚产生了神秘和恐怖的效果。与噩梦相反的是宗教恩典和从诗人心中涌出的爱之泉的形象。有人说，在“Christabel”中尝试的事情是整个浪漫领域中最困难的，没有什么能比得上这个目标了。隐藏在《古代海军陆战队》表面的神奇元素在这里被驱赶到表面之下。

(4) Biographia Literaria, his major prose work is a series of autobiographical notes & dissertations on many subjects, including some brilliantly perceptive literary criticism. The sections in which he expresses his views on the nature of poetry & discusses the works of Wordsworth are especially notable.
（4） 传记文学，他的主要散文作品是一系列关于许多主题的自传笔记和论文，包括一些极具洞察力的文学批评。他在其中表达他对诗歌本质的看法并讨论华兹华斯的作品的部分尤其引人注目。

4.领会 Characteristics of His Poems
4.领会 诗歌特点

Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries & is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet & literary critic of the first rank. His poetic themes range from the supernatural to the domestic. His treatises, lectures, & compelling conversational powers made him one of the most influential English literary critics & philosophers of the 19th century.
柯勒律治受到他的一些同时代人的尊重，今天普遍被认为是一流的抒情诗人和文学评论家。他的诗歌主题范围从超自然到家庭。他的论文、讲座和引人入胜的对话使他成为19世纪最具影响力的英国文学评论家和哲学家之一。

5.领会:His Achievements
5.领会：His achievements

His actual achievement as a poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic & the conversational. The demonic group includes his three masterpieces: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," "Christabel" & "Kubla Khan." Mysticism & demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group. Generally, the conversational group speaks more directly of an allied theme: the desire to go home, not to the past, but to " an improved infancy." Each of these poems bears a kind of purgatorial atonement, in which Coleridge must fail or suffer so that someone he loves may succeed or experience joy.
他作为诗人的实际成就可以分为两个非常多样化的群体：恶魔和对话。这个恶魔团体包括他的三部杰作：“古代水手的咏叹调”，“克里斯塔贝尔”和“忽必烈汗”。神秘主义和具有强烈想象力的恶魔主义是这个群体的独特特征。一般来说，对话组更直接地谈论一个相关的主题：渴望回家，不是回到过去，而是回到 “一个改进的婴儿期”。这些诗歌中的每一首都带有一种炼狱般的赎罪，柯勒律治必须失败或受苦，这样他所爱的人才能成功或体验到快乐。

Coleridge is one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language, maintaining that the aim of poetry is to give pleasure "through the medium of beauty." In analyzing Shakespeare, Coleridge emphasizes the philosophic implication, reading more into the subject than the text & going deeper into the inner reality than only caring for the outer form.
柯勒律治是最早对语言给予批判性关注的批评家之一，他坚持认为诗歌的目标是“通过美的媒介”给予快乐。在分析莎士比亚时，柯勒律治强调了哲学的含义，比文本更深入地了解主题，更深入地了解内在现实，而不仅仅是关心外在形式。

6. 应用Selected Reading

　　Kubla Khan (1)
忽必烈汗 （1）

　　"Kubla Khan" is one of the best-known poems written by Coloridge. It is a vision, a fragment painting, a gorgeous Oriental picture. When the poem was published in 1816, Coleridge prefaced it explaining that the poem came to him in 1797, as he lay asleep at the moment when he was reading a story from Maco polo in an old travel book named Purcha's Pilgrimage. Though the poet calls this poem a fragment, there is a wholeness in the poem & it is highly symbolic. The places symbolize conflicting forces --Xanadu, which represents a beautifully cultivated & ordered product of the rational will, is opposed to Alph's wild & savage chasm which represents an irrationally mysterious creative energy or inspiration. The speaker realizes that the opposites can be reconciled through the creative imagination. "Ancestral voices prophesying war" confirms that the conflict is always present; the "pleasure-dome," the product of human imaginative vision is the device (poetry) which will reconcile the opposites; & "a damsel with a dulcimer" is anything which releases the poetic vision.
“Kubla Khan”是 Coloridge 最著名的诗歌之一。这是一幅景象，一幅碎片画，一幅华丽的东方画卷。当这首诗于 1816 年出版时，柯勒律治在序言中解释说，这首诗是在 1797 年写到他的，当时他正在睡着，当时他正在阅读一本名为 Purcha's Pilgrimage 的旧旅行书中马科波罗的故事。虽然诗人称这首诗为片段，但这首诗中有一个整体性，而且具有高度的象征意义。这些地方象征着冲突的力量--世外桃源，它代表了理性意志的美丽培养和有序的产物，与阿尔夫的狂野和野蛮的鸿沟相反，后者代表了一种非理性的神秘的创新能量或灵感。说话者意识到，对立面可以通过创造性的想象来调和。“祖先的声音预言战争”证实了冲突始终存在;“快乐穹顶”，人类想象力视觉的产物，是调和对立面的装置（诗歌）;& “A damsel with a dulcimer” 是任何能释放诗意视觉的东西。

　　Either ways, however, the description of Xanadu, the pleasure dome, the chasm the sacred river Alph bursts out of, along with the speaker's reaction to this revision of them is exotic & vivid. This poem can be a source of pleasure of verbal music or of freely associated & impressive images. Notice how the meter of the poem supports its shifting ideas: lines 1 through 11 are orderly Iambic tetrameter broken only in line 5; lines 12 through 30 are iambic pentameter which is poly-rhythmic in its diversity; lines 31 through 34 are in a lilting iambic tetrameter shifting to a couplet of iambic pentameter in lines 35 & 36. The poem ends with tetrameter iambic occasionally interrupted by trochaic. The rhymes are also arranged haphazardly to accommodate the idea.
然而，对世外桃源、欢乐穹顶、神圣河流阿尔夫喷涌而出的裂缝的描述，以及说话者对它们的这个修订的反应都是异国情调和生动的。这首诗可以成为口头音乐的乐趣源泉，或者是自由联想和令人印象深刻的图像的源泉。请注意这首诗的格律如何支持其不断变化的思想：第 1 行到第 11 行是有序的抑扬格四分音符，仅在第 5 行断开;第 12 行到第 30 行是抑扬格五音节，它的多样性是多节奏的;第31行到第34行在一个轻快的抑扬格四音节中，在第35行和第36行中切换到一对抑扬格五音节。这首诗以 tetrameter iambic 结尾，偶尔被 trochaic 打断。押韵也随意排列以适应这个想法。

IV　George Gordon Byron
IV 乔治·戈登·拜伦

1. 一般识记 His Life

English poet, born George Gordon Byron, in London, England, Jan. 22, 1788, and died in Missolonghi, Greece, April 19, 1824.
英国诗人，1788 年 1 月 22 日出生于英国伦敦的乔治·戈登·拜伦，1824 年 4 月 19 日卒于希腊的密索隆基。

Lord Byron was perhaps the most fascinating & influential literary personality of the Romantic age. An eloquent poet, handsome nobleman, & political rebel, he was one of the most popular & notorious figures of the 19th century.
拜伦勋爵可能是浪漫主义时代最迷人且最具影响力的文学人物。他是一位雄辩的诗人，英俊的贵族，和政治叛逆者，他是19世纪最受欢迎和最臭名昭著的人物之一。

　He was educated first at Harrow & then Cambridge. In 1807, a volume of Byron's poems, Hours of Idleness, was published. A very harsh review of this work in the Edinburgh Review prompted a satirical reply from Byron in heroic couplets, entitled English Bards & Scotch Reviewers (1809), in which Byron lashed not only his reviewers, but also the conservative schools of contemporary poetry, showing his lasting contempt for what he considered the commonplace & vulgarity of the " Lake Poets."
他首先在哈罗接受教育，然后在剑桥接受教育。1807 年，拜伦的诗集《闲暇时光》出版。在《爱丁堡评论》中对这部作品的严厉评论引发了拜伦在题为《英语评论家与苏格兰评论家》（1809年）的英勇对联中的讽刺性回应，其中拜伦不仅抨击了他的评论家，还抨击了当代诗歌的保守流派，显示出他对他认为的“湖畔诗人”的平凡和粗俗的持久蔑视。

In 1811, Byron took his seat in the House of Lords, & made vehement speeches, attacking the reactionary policy of the English government, & showing his great sympathy for the oppressed poor. At the news of the Greek revolt against the Turks, Byron not only gave the insurgent Greeks financial help but plunged himself into the struggle for the national independence of that country. In July 1823, Byron joined the Greek insurgents at Missolonghi. The Greeks made him commander in chief of their forces in January 1824. Because of several months' hard work under bad weather, Byron fell ill & died. The whole Greek nation mourned over his death.
1811年，拜伦在上议院就职，发表了激烈的演讲，攻击英国政府的反动政策，并表达了他对受压迫穷人的极大同情。得知希腊人反抗土耳其人的消息后，拜伦并没有立即向起义的希腊人提供经济帮助，而是投身于争取该国民族独立的斗争中。1823 年 7 月，拜伦在密索隆基加入了希腊起义者。1824 年 1 月，希腊人任命他为他们军队的总司令。由于在恶劣天气下辛勤工作了几个月，拜伦病倒了，去世了。整个希腊国家都为他的去世而哀悼。

2. 识记 His Literary Career
2. 识记他的文学生涯

In 1807, a volume of Byron's poems, Hours of idleness, was published. In 1809, he wrote a satirical reply to a harsh review in the Edinburgh Review in heroic couplets, entitled English Bards & Scotch Reviewers. The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, a poem narrating his travels between 1809 & 1811 in Europe, brought Byron fame. In the following two years. He had written a number of long verse-tales, generally known as the Oriented Tales, with similar kind of heroes. In 1816, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold & the narrative poem The Prisoner of Chillon. From 1816 to 1819, he produced, among other works, the verse drama Manfred (1817), the first two cantos of Don Juan (1818-1819), & the fourth & final canto of Childe Harold (1818). In 1821, Byron wrote the verse drama Cain & the narrative poem The Island. He published, in 1822, one of the greatest political satires, The Vision of Judgment, with its main attack on Southey, the Tory Poet Laureate. Don Juan, a mock epic in 16 cantos, was finished in 1823.
1807 年，拜伦的诗集《闲暇时光》出版。1809年，他在《爱丁堡评论》上写了一篇针对严厉评论的讽刺性回应，标题为《英国吟游诗人和苏格兰评论家》。1812年出版的《哈罗德公子的朝圣》的前两卷，这首诗讲述了他在1809年至1811年间在欧洲的旅行，为拜伦赢得了声誉。在接下来的两年里。他写了许多长篇诗歌故事，通常被称为 Oriented Tales，与类似的英雄有关。1816年，他写了《哈罗德公子》的第三章和叙事诗《西庸的囚徒》。从1816年到1819年，他创作了诗歌剧《曼弗雷德》（1817年），《唐璜》（1818-1819年）的前两部，以及《哈罗德公子》（1818年）的第四部也是最后一部。1821年，拜伦写了诗歌剧《该隐》和叙事诗《岛屿》。1822 年，他出版了最伟大的政治讽刺作品之一《审判的愿景》，其中主要攻击了保守党桂冠诗人索西。《唐璜》是一部 16 首诗歌的模拟史诗，于 1823 年完成。

3. 识记His Major works
3. 识记他的主要著作

(1) Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
（1） 哈罗德公子的朝圣之旅

The poem is about a gloomy, passionate young wanderer who escaped from the society he disliked & traveled around the continent, questing for freedom. It teems with all kinds of recognizable features of Romantic poetry --- the medieval, the outcast figure, love of nature, hatred of tyranny, preoccupation with the remote & savage, & so on. It also contains many vivid & exotic descriptive passages on mountains, rivers & seas. With his strong passion for liberty & his intense hatred for all tyrants, Byron shows his sympathy for the oppressed Portuguese under French occupation; he gives his strong support to the Spanish people fighting for their national independences; he laments over the fallen Greece, expressing his ardent wish that the suppressed Greek people should win their freedom; he glorifies the French Revolution & condemns the despotic Napoleon period; & he appeals for the liberty of the oppressed nations while exalting the great fighters for freedom in history.
这首诗讲述了一个阴郁、热情的年轻流浪者逃离了他不喜欢的社会，走遍了整个大陆，寻求自由。它充满了浪漫主义诗歌的各种可识别特征，---中世纪、被遗弃的人物、对自然的热爱、对暴政的憎恨、对偏远和野蛮的关注等等。它还包含了许多生动且充满异国情调的关于山脉、河流和海洋的描述性段落。凭借他对自由的强烈热情和对所有暴君的强烈憎恨，拜伦对在法国占领下受压迫的葡萄牙人表示同情;他大力支持为民族独立而战的西班牙人民;他为堕落的希腊感到悲痛，表达了他热切希望被压迫的希腊人民能够赢得自由的愿望;他赞美法国大革命并谴责专制的拿破仑时期;他呼吁被压迫国家的自由，同时赞颂历史上为自由而伟大的战士。

2) Don Juan
2） 唐璜

Don Juan is Byron's masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century. It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover & seducer of women. In the conventional sense, Juan is immoral, yet Byron takes this poem as the most moral. He invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity & frankness, which, according to Byron are virtues neglected by the modern society. In addition, though Don Juan is the central figure & all the threads of the story are woven around him, he & his adventures only provide the framework: the poet's true intention is, by making use of Juan's adventures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.
《唐璜》是拜伦的杰作，是 19 世纪初的一部伟大的喜剧史诗。这是一首基于传统西班牙传说的诗，讲述了一个伟大的情人和诱惑者的女性。在传统意义上，胡安是不道德的，但拜伦认为这首诗是最道德的。他向胡安投入了勇气、慷慨和坦率等道德积极因素，根据拜伦的说法，这些都是被现代社会忽视的美德。此外，尽管唐璜是中心人物，故事的所有线索都围绕着他编织，但他和他的冒险只是提供了一个框架：诗人的真正意图是，通过利用胡安的冒险，呈现出对不同类型社会的全景。

4. 领会Characteristics of Byron's Poems
4. 领会拜伦诗歌的特点

Byron's poetry, though much criticized by some critics on moral grounds, was immensely popular at home, & also abroad, where it exerted great influence on the Romantic Movement. This popularity it owed to the author's persistent attacks on "cant political, religious, & moral," to the novelty of his oriental scenery, to the romantic character of the Byronic hero, & to the easy, fluent, & natural beauty of his verse. Byron's diction, though unequal & frequently faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness & vigor. His descriptions are simple & fresh, & often bring vivid objects before the reader. Byron's poetry is like the oratory which hurries the hearers without applause. The glowing imagination of the poet rises & sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling & sentiments. Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanza) from Italians mock-heroic poetry. It was perfected in Don Juan in which the convention flows with ease & naturalness, as Colonel Stanhope described "a stream sometimes smooth, sometimes rapid & sometimes rushing down in cataracts-a mixture of philosophy & slang-of everything."
尽管一些评论家在道德上批评了很多拜伦的诗歌，但他在国内和国外都非常受欢迎，在那里它对浪漫主义运动产生了巨大的影响。这种受欢迎程度归功于作者对“政治、宗教和道德”的持续攻击，他的东方风景新颖性，拜伦式英雄的浪漫性格，以及他的诗句的轻松、流畅和自然之美。拜伦的措辞虽然不平等且经常出错，但总体上具有自由、丰富和活力。他的描述简单而新鲜，并且经常将生动的对象呈现在读者面前。拜伦的诗歌就像一首演说，让听众匆匆忙忙，却没有掌声。诗人绚丽的想象力随着他的热情起伏，粗糙地进入争论，或软化成旋律的感觉和情感。拜伦使用了意大利嘲讽英雄诗歌中的 Ottva Rima（八度节）。在唐璜中，惯例以轻松自然的方式流淌，正如斯坦霍普上校所描述的“一条有时流畅，有时湍急，有时像白内障一样奔腾而下-哲学和俚语的混合-一切的混合。

5 领会 Byronic Hero

As a leading Romanticist, Byron's chief contribution is his creation of the " Byronic hero," a proud & mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions & powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in an evil society, & would fight single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills & inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems & convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, & then further developed in later works such as Oriented Tales, Manfred, & Don Juan in different guises. The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life & personality of Byron himself, & makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.
作为一位领先的浪漫主义家，拜伦的主要贡献是他创造了“拜伦式英雄”，一个骄傲而神秘的高贵出身的叛逆人物。凭借他的激情和力量的巨大优势，这位拜伦式的英雄将肩负起纠正邪恶社会中所有错误的重担，并将以不可征服的意志和无尽的能量单枪匹马地对抗政府、宗教或道德原则中的任何一种暴政规则。冲突通常是反叛的个人对抗过时的社会制度和惯例。这样的英雄首先出现在《公子哈罗德的朝圣》中，然后在后来的作品中进一步发展，如《定向故事》、《曼弗雷德》和《唐璜》等，以不同的形式出现。这个人物在某种程度上模仿了拜伦本人的生活和个性，使拜伦在国内外都享有盛誉。

6 领会 His influence

For a long time, there existed two controversial opinions on Byron. He was regarded in England as the perverted man, the satanic poet; while on the Continent, he was hailed as the champion of liberty, poet of the people. Byron's poetry has great influence on the literature of the whole world. Across Europe, patriots & painters & musicians are all inspired by him. Poets & novelists are profoundly influenced by his works. Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innovations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland of Europe.
在很长一段时间里，关于拜伦存在两种有争议的观点。在英国，他被视为的人，撒旦般的诗人;而在欧洲大陆，他被誉为自由的捍卫者，人民的诗人。拜伦的诗歌对全世界的文学都有很大的影响。在欧洲各地，爱国者、画家和音乐家都受到他的启发。诗人和小说家深受他作品的影响。实际上，拜伦用丰富的思想、图像、艺术形式和创新丰富了欧洲诗歌。他与莎士比亚和斯科特一起，成为对欧洲大陆影响最大的英国作家之一。

7 应用 Selected Readings

　 1) Song for the Luddites(1)
1） 卢德分子之歌（1）

　　Luddites named after Ned Ludd, a late 18th-century workers' leader, were craftsmen who deliberately smashed machinery in the industrial centers of the East-Midlands, Lancashire & Yorkshire, because they believed that machinery was a cause of their unemployment. On February 27, 1812, Byron in the House of Lords made his famous parliamentary speech, showing his sympathy for the Luddites & indignation at the Frame-breakers Bill(《破坏织机者法案》) which would induce capital punishment to the destroyers of machines.
以18世纪末的工人领袖内德·卢德命名的卢德分子是故意砸碎东米德兰兹、兰开夏郡和约克郡工业中心的机器的工匠，因为他们认为机器是他们失业的原因。1812年2月27日，拜伦在上议院发表了他著名的议会演讲，表达了他对卢德分子的同情和对破坏框架法案（《破坏织机者法案》）的愤慨，该法案将对机器的破坏者判处死刑。

　　The poem selected here was written in March 1817. It shows his sympathy & support for the workers in their struggle against the capitalist oppression & exploitation. It is composed of three 5-lined stanzas, each with a rhyme scheme of abaab, all of which are strong & vigorous masculine rhymes. The general metrical movement is anapestic trimeter & dimeter with line 3 in iambic dimeter..
这里选择的诗写于 1817 年 3 月。它显示了他对工人在反对资本主义压迫和剥削的斗争中的同情和支持。它由三个5行诗节组成，每个诗节都有一个abaab的押韵方案，所有的都是强烈而充满活力的男性韵律。一般的度量运动是三分尺和分尺，其中第3行以抑扬格分尺为单位。

　 2) The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan, III)
2） 希腊群岛（来自唐璜，III）

　　Don Juan, the masterpiece of Byron, is a long satirical poem. Its hero Juan is an aristocratic libertine, amiable & charming to ladies. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of his world & his wisdom. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred & fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance & reality, i.e. what things seem to be & what they actually are. The selected section, "The Isles of Greece," is taken from Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan & Haidee, the pure & beautiful daughter of a pirate. In the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece & the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.
拜伦的杰作《唐璜》是一首长篇讽刺诗。它的主人公胡安是一个贵族的放荡不羁的人，和蔼可亲，对女士们充满魅力。拜伦把他对世界的丰富知识和智慧都投入到了唐璜身上。它展示了生活在爱、喜悦、痛苦、仇恨和恐惧的不同阶段的精彩画面。《唐璜》的统一原则是表象与现实的基本讽刺主题，即事物看起来是什么以及它们实际上是什么。选定的部分，“希腊群岛”，取自第三章，这首歌是由一位希腊歌手在唐·胡安和海蒂的婚礼上演唱的，海蒂是一个海盗的纯洁美丽的女儿。19 世纪初，希腊处于土耳其人的统治之下。通过对比古希腊的自由和现在的奴役，诗人呼吁人们为自由而斗争。

V. Percy Bysshe Shelley
V. 珀西·比希·雪莱

1. 一般识记 His Life

Shelley (1792-1822) was born into a wealthy family at Sussex. Though gentle by nature, his rebellious qualities were cultivated in his early years. At 18, Shelley entered Oxford University, where he had written & circulated a pamphlet, The Necessity of Atheism (1811), repudiating the existence of God. This event resulted in his expulsion from the university & being disinherited by his headstrong father. Early in 1818, Shelley & his wife Mary left England for Italy. During the Remaining four years of his life, Shelley traveled & lived in various Italian cities. Shelley was drowned in 1822 in storm near La Spezia, at the age of 30.
雪莱（1792-1822 年）出生于苏塞克斯郡的一个富裕家庭。虽然他生性温和，但他的叛逆品质是在他早年培养的。18岁时，雪莱进入牛津大学，在那里他撰写并分发了一本名为《在劫持的必要性》（1811年）的小册子，否定了上帝的存在。这件事导致他被大学开除，并被他任性的父亲剥夺了继承权。早在1818年，雪莱和他的妻子玛丽离开英格兰去了意大利。在他生命的剩余四年中，雪莱在意大利的各个城市旅行和生活。雪莱于 1822 年在拉斯佩齐亚附近的暴风雨中溺水身亡，享年 30 岁。

2. 识记 His Literary Outlook
2. 识记他的文学观

Shelley grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume & Godwin, so he held a life-long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion & the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny & exploitation, However, under the influence of Christian humanism, Shelley took interest in social reforms. He realized that the evil was also in man's mind. So he predicted that only trough gradual & suitable reforms of the existing institutions could benevolence be universally established & none of the evils would survive in this "genuine society", where people could live together happily, freely & peacefully.
在像休谟和戈德温这样的自由思想家的影响下，雪莱在暴力革命思想中长大，所以他一生都厌恶残忍、不公正、权威、制度化宗教和受人尊敬的社会的正式丑闻，谴责war、暴政和剥削，然而，在基督教人文主义的影响下，雪莱对社会改革产生了兴趣。他意识到邪恶也在人的心中。所以他预测，只有通过对现有机构进行逐步和适当的改革，才能普遍建立仁爱，在这个“真正的社会”中，没有任何邪恶可以生存，人们可以快乐、自由、和平地生活在一起。

3. 识记 His major works
3. 识记 他的主要著作

1) Lyrics: "To a Skylark" & "Ode to the West Wind"
1） 歌词：“致云雀” & “西风颂”

In "To a Skylark," the bird, suspended between reality & poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture & human limitation. Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind " (1819); here Shelley's rhapsodic & declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new Spring, becomes an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. "I fall upon the thorns of Life! I bleed!" calls the Shelley that could not bear being fettered to the humdrum realities of everyday! The whole poem has a logic of feeling, a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful & convincing conclusion: "If winter comes, can Spring before behind?" The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante. The nervous thrill of Shelley's response to nature however is here transformed through the power of art & imagination into a longing to be united with a force at once physical & prophetic. Here is no conservative reassurance, no comfortable mysticism, but the primal amorality of nature itself, with its mad fury & its pagan ruthlessness. Shelley's ode is an invocation to a primitive deity, a plea to exalt him in its fury & to trumpet the radical prophecy of hope & rebirth.
在“致云雀”中，这只鸟悬浮在现实和诗意之间，倾泻出一首欢快的歌声，向诗人暗示了天国的狂喜和人类的局限性。最知名的抒情作品是雪莱的《西风颂》（Ode to the West Wind，1819 年）;在这里，雪莱的狂想曲和谴责倾向找到了完全适合他们的主题。秋风，埋葬了死去的一年，为新的春天做准备，成为雪莱本人的形象，正如他所希望的那样，在它的自由中，在它的破坏性-建构潜力中，它的普遍性。“我落在生命的荆棘上！我流血了！“雪莱喊道，他无法忍受被束缚在日常生活中单调乏味的现实中！整首诗有一种情感的逻辑，一种不易分析的进展，导致了胜利、充满希望和令人信服的结论：“如果冬天来临，春天能否在后面呢？这首诗是雪莱以 terza rima 形式写的，源自他对但丁的阅读。然而，雪莱对自然的反应带来的紧张刺激在这里通过艺术和想象的力量转化为一种渴望，希望与一种既是物理的又是预言的力量结合在一起。这里没有保守的保证，没有舒适的神秘主义，而是自然本身的原始道德，包括它的疯狂愤怒和异教徒的无情。雪莱的颂歌是对原始神灵的祈求，恳求在愤怒中高举他，并宣扬希望和重生的激进预言。

2) Poetic drama: Prometheus Unbound (1820)
2） 诗意戏剧：《被解救的普罗米修斯》（1820）

Shelley's greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. According to the Greek mythology, Prometheus, the champion of humanity, who has stolen the fire from Heaven, is punished by Zeus to be chained on Mount Caucasus & suffers the vulture's feeding on his liver. Shelley based his drama on Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus, in which Prometheus reconciles with the tyrant Zeus. Radical & revolutionary as Shelley, he wrote in the preface: "In truth, I was averse from a catastrophe so feeble as that reconciling the Champion with the oppressor of Mankind." So he gave a totally different interpretation, transforming the compromise into a liberation. With the strong support of Earth, his mother; Asia, his bride & the help from Demogorgon & Hercules, Zeus is driven from the throne; Prometheus is unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind's potential, & Shelley himself recognized it as " the most perfect of my products."
雪莱最大的成就是他的四幕诗歌剧《无羁的普罗米修斯》。根据希腊神话，普罗米修斯，人类的冠军，从天堂偷走了火，被宙斯惩罚，被锁在高加索山上，并遭受秃鹰的肝脏啃食。雪莱的戏剧以《被埃斯库罗斯束缚的普罗米修斯》为基础，其中普罗米修斯与暴君宙斯和解。像雪莱一样激进且革命性，他在序言中写道：“事实上，我对一场如此微弱的灾难感到厌恶，就像让冠军与人类的压迫者和解一样。所以他给出了完全不同的解释，将妥协转化为解放。在地球的大力支持下，他的母亲;亚洲，他的新娘和Demogorgon和Hercules的帮助，宙斯被赶下了王位;Prometheus 是未绑定的。这部剧是对人类潜力的赞美之作，雪莱本人认为这是“我最完美的产品”。

3) Prose: Defence of Poetry
3） 散文：为诗歌辩护

4. 领会 Characteristics of Shelley's Poetry

　Shelley is one of the lending Romantic poets, an intense & original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical & mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification & metaphor & other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see & feel, or express what passionately moves us.
雪莱是借出浪漫主义诗人之一，一位在英语中强烈且原创的抒情诗人。像布莱克一样，他被誉为难缠的诗人：博学多才，想象力复杂，充满了古典和神话的暗示。他的风格充满了拟人化和隐喻以及其他修辞手法，这些修辞手法生动地描述了我们所看到和感受到的，或者表达了让我们热情感动的东西。

5. 应用 Selected Readings

1) A Song: Men of England (1)
1） 一首歌：英格兰人 （1）

This poem was written in 1819, the year of the Peterloo Massacre. It is unquestionably one of Shelley's greatest political lyrics. It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors, but also an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. In the poem Shelley pictured the capitalist society as divided into two hostile classes: the parasitic class ("drones") & the working class ("bees").
这首诗写于 1819 年，即彼得卢大屠杀的那一年。这无疑是雪莱最伟大的政治歌词之一。这不仅是呼吁英格兰所有劳动人民起来反对他们的政治压迫者的战争口号，也是向他们指出经济剥削所不能容忍的不公正的演讲。在诗中，雪莱将资本主义社会描绘成两个敌对的阶级：寄生阶级（“无人机”）和工人阶级（“蜜蜂”）。

The song contains eight quatrains; generally each line contains 4 accented syllables. The rhyme scheme for each stanza is uniformly aabb. The last two stanzas of the poem are ironically addressed to those workers who submit passively to capitalist exploitation. They serve as a warning to the working people, that if the latter should give up their struggle they would be digging graves for themselves with their own hands compared to the preceding stanzas, these lines appear weak & ineffectual.
这首歌包含 8 首四行诗;通常每行包含 4 个重音音节。每节的押韵方案统一为 aabb。这首诗的最后两节讽刺地写给那些被动屈服于资本主义爆炸的工人。它们作为对劳动人民的警告，如果后者放弃他们的斗争，他们将用自己的双手为自己挖坟墓，与前面的诗节相比，这些诗句显得无力且无效。

2) Ode to the West Wind
2） 西风颂

The poem Ode to the West Wind was the best known of Shelley's shorter poems. In the poem the poet describes vividly the activities of the West Wind on the earth, in the sky & on the sea, & then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the West Wind & his wish to be free like the wind & scatter his words among mankind. He gathered in this poem a wealth of symbolism, employed a structural art & his powers of metrical orchestration at their mightiest. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new Spring, becomes an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive power, its universality, "I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!" calls the Shelley that could not bear being fettered to the humdrum realities of everyday! The whole poem has a logic of feeling, a progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful & convincing conclusion: "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" Here is no reassurance, no mysticism, but the primal amorality of nature itself, with its mad fury & its pagan ruthlessness. Shelley's ode is an invocation to a primitive deity, a plea to exalt him in its fury & to trumpet the radical prophecy of hope & rebirth.
诗歌《西风颂》是雪莱短诗中最著名的一首。在诗中，诗人生动地描述了西风在地球、天空和海洋上的活动，然后表达了他对西风无边无际的自由的羡慕和他希望像风一样自由的愿望，并将他的话语传播给人类。他在这首诗中收集了大量的象征主义，运用了结构艺术和他的格律编排能力。秋风埋葬了死去的一年，为新的春天做准备，成为雪莱本人的形象，正如他所希望的那样，在它的自由、它的破坏性-建设性、它的普遍性中，“我倒在生命的荆棘上！我流血了！“雪莱喊道，他无法忍受被束缚在日常生活中单调乏味的现实中！整首诗有一种情感的逻辑，一个导致胜利、充满希望和令人信服的结论的进程：“如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？这里没有安慰，没有神秘主义，而是自然本身的原始道德，包括它的疯狂愤怒和异教徒的无情。雪莱的颂歌是对原始神灵的祈求，恳求在愤怒中高举他，并宣扬希望和重生的激进预言。

VI. John Keats
VI. 约翰·济慈

1. 一般识记 His Life & Literary Career
1. 一般识记 他的生活和文学生涯

John Keats (1795-1821) was born in London & educated at the Clarke's School. At 15, he left school & was apprenticed to a surgeon, Thomas Hammond. Subsequently from 1815 to 1816, Keats studied medicine at Guy's Hospital in London. But he left this profession very soon. He read much of Spenser, Milton & Homer. It was Spenser who awakened in Keats his dormant poetic gift, & the first verses which he wrote were in imitation of the Elizabethan Poetry. Besides the classical elements, Hunt, the radical journalist & minor poet, was a vital influence on the early Keats, cultivating him with a taste for liberal politics as well as for the fine arts.
约翰·济慈（1795-1821）出生在伦敦，并在克拉克学校接受教育。15岁时，他离开了学校，成为了一位名叫托马斯·哈蒙德的外科医生的学徒。随后，从 1815 年到 1816 年，济慈在伦敦的盖伊医院学习医学。但他很快就离开了这个自称。他阅读了大量的斯宾塞、弥尔顿和荷马的著作。是斯宾塞唤醒了济慈他沉睡的诗歌天赋，他写的第一节诗歌就是模仿伊丽莎白时代的诗歌。除了古典元素外，亨特，这位激进的记者和小诗人，对早期的济慈产生了重要的影响，培养了他对自由政治以及美术的兴趣。

Keats's first important poem "On first Looking into Chapman's Homer" was published in 1816 in the paper, Examiner, run by Hunt. In 1817, he published his first volume of poems. In 1818, a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion & the moon goddess, Endymion, was published. From 1818 to 1820, Keats reached the summit of his poetic creation. In July 1820, the third & best of his volumes of poetry, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, & Other Poems, was published. Keats died in Rome on February 23,1821.
济慈的第一首重要诗歌《第一次看查普曼的荷马》于 1816 年发表在亨特创办的报纸《考官》上。1817 年，他出版了他的第一本诗集。1818年，一首基于希腊神话恩底弥翁和月亮女神恩底米的诗被出版。从 1818 年到 1820 年，济慈达到了他诗歌创作的顶峰。1820年7月，他的第三本也是最好的诗集《拉米亚》、《伊莎贝拉》、《圣艾格尼丝的前夜和其他诗集》出版了。济慈于 1821 年 2 月 23 日在罗马去世。

2. 识记 His Major Poetic Works
2. 识记他的主要诗歌作品

The odes are generally regarded as Keats's most important & mature works. Their subject matter, however, is the poet's abiding preoccupation with the imagination as it reaches out to union with the beautiful. In the greatest of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever questions the visionary transcendence achieved by art.
这些颂歌通常被认为是济慈最重要和最成熟的作品。然而，他们的主题是诗人对想象力的持续关注，因为它与美的结合。在这些作品中最伟大的作品中，他还揭示了伴随着这种狂喜而来的幻灭的暗流，人类的苦难永远质疑着艺术所实现的远见超越。

1)"Ode to a Nightingale"
1）《夜莺颂》

It expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness & human world of agony. Here the aching ecstasy roused by the bird's song is felt like a form of spiritual homesickness, a longing to be at one with beauty. The poem first introduces joy & sorrow, song & music. Death & rapture which free him into the world of dream. By combining a tingling anticipation with a lapsing towards dissolution, Keats manages to keep a precarious balance between mirth & despair, rapture & grief. Inspired by the nightingale's song, his thoughts now ascend from the transfigured physical world, through the imagined ecstasy of death, to the timeless present of the nightingale's song. The ultimate imaginative view of "faery lands forlorn" evaporates in its extremity as the full associations of the word "toll" the poet back from his near-loss of self-hood to the real & human world of sorrow & death.
它表达了自然可爱的快乐世界与人类痛苦世界之间的对比。在这里，鸟儿的歌声激起了痛苦的狂喜，感觉像是一种精神上的乡愁，一种渴望与美融为一体的渴望。这首诗首先介绍了欢乐与悲伤，歌曲与音乐。死亡与狂喜使他自由进入梦的世界。通过将刺痛的期待与走向消逝相结合，济慈设法在欢笑与绝望，狂喜与悲伤之间保持一种不稳定的平衡。在夜莺歌声的启发下，他的思想现在从变形的物理世界上升，通过想象中的死亡狂喜，再到夜莺歌声的永恒存在。“荒凉的仙境”的终极想象视角在其极端中消失，因为“收费”这个词的全部联想将诗人从他几乎失去自我的状态中拉回到了真实和人类的悲伤和死亡的世界。

2) "Ode on an Grecian Urn"
2） “希腊瓮上的颂歌”

It shows the contrast between the permanence of art & the transience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the antique Grecian Urn: the lovers, musicians & worshippers on the Urn exist simultaneously & for ever in their intensity of joy. They are unaffected by time, stilled in expectation. This is at once the glory & the limitation of the world conjured up by an object of art. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of ecstasy by seeming to deny our painful knowledge of transience & suffering.
它展示了艺术的永恒与人类激情的短暂之间的对比。诗人全身心地投入到古希腊瓮上永恒美丽的风景中：瓮上的恋人、音乐家和崇拜者同时存在，永远存在于他们强烈的欢乐中。他们不受时间的影响，沉浸在期待中。这既是艺术对象所创造的世界的荣耀，也是世界的局限性。骨灰瓮庆祝但简化了狂喜的直觉，似乎否认了我们对短暂和痛苦的痛苦认识。

3) Endymion
3） 恩底弥翁

Endymion was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion & the moon goddess. In this poem, Keats described his imagination in an enchanted atmosphere-a lovely moon-lit world where human love & ideal beauty were merged into one. Endymion marked a transitional phase in Keats's poetry, though he himself was not satisfied with it.
《恩底弥翁》是一首基于希腊神话中的恩底弥翁和月亮女神的诗。在这首诗中，济慈描述了他在一种迷人的气氛中的想象——一个可爱的月光照亮的世界，人类的爱和理想的美丽融合在一起。恩底弥翁标志着济慈诗歌的一个过渡阶段，尽管他本人对此并不满意。

4) Isabella
4） 伊莎贝拉

In July 1820, the third & best of his volumes of poetry, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Ages, &Other Poems, was published, The three title poems all deal with mythical & legendary themes of ancient, medieval, & Renaissance times. At the heart of these poems lies Keats's concern with how the ideal can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual & man with woman.
1820年7月，他的第三本也是最好的诗集《拉米亚》、《伊莎贝拉》、《圣时代的前夕》和其他诗集出版了，这三首标题诗都涉及古代、中世纪和文艺复兴时期的神话和传奇主题。这些诗歌的核心是济慈对理想如何与真实、想象与实际、男人与女人的结合的关注。

4.领会Characteristics of Keats's Poetry
4.领会济慈诗歌的特点

Keats's poetry is always sensuous, colorful & rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of his senses. Sight, sound, scent, taste & feeling are all used to give an entire understanding of an experience. He has the power of entering the feelings of others-either human or animal. With vivid & rich images, he paints poetic pictures full of wonderful color. Keats's poetry, characterized by exact & closely-knit construction, sensual descriptions, & by force in imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.
济慈的诗歌总是感性的，丰富多彩的，丰富的意象，表达了他的感官的敏锐性。视觉、听觉、气味、味觉和感觉都被用来对体验进行全面理解。他有能力进入她的感情——无论是人类还是动物。他以生动丰富的图像，描绘出充满美妙色彩的诗意画面。济慈的诗歌，以其精确且紧密的结构、感性的描述和想象力的力量为特点，赋予了世界的物理美超然的价值。

5.应用 Selected Reading:
5.应用 精选阅读：

"Ode on a Grecian Urn"
“希腊瓮上的颂歌”

The Grecian Urn that the poem depicts is a piece of ancient Greek pottery with a pastoral scene overwrought upon it. The urn represents a piece of artifact, & it has endured a long history, yet remains untarnished, & the pastoral scene on it can still be seen clearly.
这首诗描绘的希腊骨灰盒是一块古希腊陶器，上面画有田园风光。这个骨灰瓮代表着一件文物，它经历了漫长的历史，但仍然没有被玷污，上面的田园风光仍然清晰可见。

On the surface, this ode is about the Grecian Urn, but we can fairly say it is a commentary on nature & art, for art has the power to preserve intense human experiences, so that they may go on being enjoyed by men from generation to generation. Pleasure in life cannot be protected from change, while artifact can remain intact.
表面上看，这首颂歌是关于希腊的瓮，但我们可以公平地说它是对自然和艺术的评论，因为艺术有能力保存强烈的人类体验，使它们可以继续被人们代代相传地享受。生活的乐趣无法保护自己免受变化，而人工制品可以保持完整。

The Ode consists of 5 stanzas, the first four stanzas describing a pastoral scene on the urn, & the last epitomizing the relation of the timeless ideal world in art to the woeful actual world.
颂歌由五节组成，前四节描述了瓮上的田园风光，最后一节集中体现了艺术中永恒的理想世界与悲惨的现实世界的关系。

VII Jane Austen
七 简·奥斯汀

1. 一般识记Her life & Literary Career
1. 一般识记她的生活和文学事业

Jane Austen (1775-1817) was born in a country clergyman's family on 16 December 1775, in the parish of Steventon. She was educated at home with her sister. Through a wide reading of books available in her father's library, Jane acquired a thorough knowledge of 18th -century of Dr. Johnson, the poetry of W. Cowper, as well as the novels by Richardson & Fielding. She lived a quiet, retired &, in public terms, uneventful life, though she did move to several places like Bath, Southampton & Chawton. And her closest companion was her elder sister Cassandra, who like her, never married. Austen began as a child to write novels for her family entertainment. Her works were later published anonymously due to the prejudice against women writers then. She died in Winchester.
简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen，1775-1817 年）于 1775 年 12 月 16 日出生在史蒂文顿教区的一个乡村神职人员家庭。她在家里和姐姐一起接受教育。通过广泛阅读她父亲图书馆的书籍，简对18世纪的约翰逊博士、W. Cowper的诗歌以及理查森和菲尔丁的小说有了深入的了解。她过着安静、退休且公开场合来说，平淡无奇的生活，尽管她确实搬到了几个地方，比如巴斯、南安普敦和乔顿。她最亲密的伙伴是她的姐姐卡桑德拉，她和她一样，从未结婚。奥斯汀从小就开始为她的家庭娱乐写小说。由于当时对女作家的偏见，她的作品后来被匿名出版。她在温彻斯特去世。

　In her lifelong career, Jane Austen wrote altogether six complete novels, which can be divided into two distinct periods. Her first novel, Sense & Sensibility (1811), tells a story about two sisters & their love affairs; Pride & Prejudice (1813), the most popular of he novels, deals with the five Bennet sisters & their search for suitable husbands; & Northanger Abbey (1818) satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the late 18th century, Mansfield Park (1814) presents the antithesis of worldliness & unworldliness; Emma (1815) gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; & Persuasion (1818) contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations. Several incomplete works were published long after Austen's death. These include The Watsons (1923), Fragment of a Novel (1925), & Plan of a Novel (1926).
在她毕生的职业生涯中，简·奥斯汀共写了六部完整的小说，可分为两个不同的时期。她的第一部小说《理智与情感》（1811年）讲述了两个姐妹和她们的爱情故事;《傲慢与偏见》（1813年），这是他小说中最受欢迎的一部，讲述了班纳特五姐妹和她们寻找合适的丈夫的故事;&诺桑格修道院（1818）讽刺了18世纪末流行的哥特式浪漫故事，曼斯菲尔德公园（1814）呈现了世俗与非世俗的对立面;Emma （1815） 提出了对自欺欺人的虚荣心的思考;& Persuasion （1818） 将真爱与审慎的计算进行了对比。几部未完成的作品在奥斯汀去世后很长一段时间内出版。这些包括《屈臣氏》（1923）、《小说片段》（1925）和《小说计划》（1926）。

2.识记 Her Major Works
2.识记 她的主要著作

　Pride & Prejudice, originally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel pride & prejudice. If to form good relationships is our main task in life, we must first have good judgment. Our first impressions, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong, as is shown here by those of Elizabeth. In the process of judging others, Elizabeth finds out something about herself: her blindness, partiality, prejudice & absurdity. In time she discovered her own shortcomings. On the other hand, Darcy too learns about other people & himself. In the end false pride is humbled & prejudice dissolved.
《傲慢与偏见》最初在1796年被起草为“第一印象”，是简·奥斯汀最令人愉快的作品。标题讲述了小说《傲慢与偏见》的一个主要关注点。如果建立良好的人际关系是我们生活中的主要任务，我们必须首先做出良好的判断。根据简·奥斯汀 （Jane Austen） 的说法，我们的第一印象通常是错误的，正如伊丽莎白 （Elizabeth） 的第一印象所表明的那样。在评判他人的过程中，伊丽莎白发现了自己的一些东西：她的盲目、偏袒、偏见和荒谬。随着时间的推移，她发现了自己的缺点。另一方面，达西也了解其他人和他自己。最后，虚假的骄傲被贬低，偏见被消解。

3. 领会 Her Literary creation & literary achievements
3. 领会 她的文学创作和文学成就

　In her lifelong career, Jane Austen wrote altogether 6 complete novels. They are Sense & Sensibility; Pride & Prejudice; Northanger Abbey; Mansfield Park; Emma & Persuasion. Austen's main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men & women in love. Stories of love & marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.
在她毕生的职业生涯中，简·奥斯汀共写了 6 部完整的小说。他们是《理智与情感》;傲慢与偏见;诺桑格修道院;曼斯菲尔德公园;艾玛与劝导。奥斯汀的主要文学关注点是人类的个人关系。正因为如此，她的小说具有普遍意义。她特别关注恋爱中的男女之间的关系。爱情和婚姻的故事是她所有小说的主要主题。

　The works of Jane Austen, delightful &profound are part of the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation & in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day life of the upper-middle-class English. Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions. Faults of character displayed by the people of her novels are corrected when, through tribulation, lessons are learned. Even the most minor characters are vividly particularized in Austen's lucid style. All these show a mind of the shrewdest intelligence adapting the available traditions & deepening the resources of art with consummate craftsmanship. Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novels, as an art form, to its maturity, & she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.
简·奥斯汀的作品令人愉悦而深刻，是英国文学最高成就的一部分。她以敏锐的观察和细致的细节，展示了英国上层阶级的安静日常生活。她的特点是成熟是通过失去幻想来实现的。当通过磨难吸取教训时，她的小说中人物所表现出的性格错误得到了纠正。即使是最次要的人物，在奥斯汀清晰的风格中也被生动地具体化了。所有这些都展示了一种最精明的智慧，适应现有的传统，并以精湛的工艺深化艺术资源。由于她对人类行为的普遍模式敏感，简·奥斯汀使英国小说作为一种艺术形式走向成熟，她被许多评论家视为所有小说家中最伟大的一位。

4. 应用Selected Reading

　An Excerpt From Chapter I of Pride & Prejudice
《傲慢与偏见》第一章的摘录

　 1) Structure, characterization & language style
1） 结构、特征和语言风格

　　The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. At the heart of the novelist's exploration of the marriage, property & intrigue lies the exhilarating suspense of the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy, & Jane Austen's delicate probing of the values of the gentry. The moments of high comedy in the novel are always related to deeper issues. Elizabeth's rejection of the odious Mr. Collins suggests her independence & self-esteem, but when Collins is accepted by her friend Charlotte Lucas, we see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to a void the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood. Conversely, in the elopement of Lydia & Wickham, we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. The comic characters in Pride & Prejudice are: Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins & that monstrous snob Lady Catherine de Burgh, who make us laugh even as they parody erroneous views of marriage & class.
小说的结构非常巧妙，人物塑造在最高程度上令人难忘，而讽刺则具有其他地方无法比拟的光芒四射的精明。小说家对婚姻、财产和阴谋的探索的核心是伊丽莎白·班纳特和达西之间关系的令人振奋的悬念，以及简·奥斯汀对绅士价值观的细腻探索。小说中高度喜剧的时刻总是与更深层次的问题有关。伊丽莎白对可恶的柯林斯先生的拒绝表明了她的独立和自尊，但当柯林斯被她的朋友夏洛特·卢卡斯接受时，我们将婚姻的现实视为一个必要的步骤，如果一个女人想要摆脱衰老的痛苦。相反，在莉迪亚和威克姆的私奔中，我们看到了没有金钱支持的无能关系的危险。《傲慢与偏见》中的漫画人物是：班纳特先生和夫人，柯林斯先生和那个可怕的势利小人凯瑟琳·德·伯格夫人，即使他们模仿了对婚姻和阶级的错误看法，他们也让我们发笑。

5. 应用 Characteristics of Jane Austen's novels
5. 应用简·奥斯汀小说的特点

　 1) Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events: a quiet, prosperous, middle class circle in provincial surroundings, which she knew well from her own experience
1） 奥斯汀的小说描述了一个狭窄的社会和事件范围：一个安静、繁荣、位于省份环境中的中产阶级圈子，她从自己的经历中对此非常了解。

　 2) Her subject matter is also limited, for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married, which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lady of that age, who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.
2） 她的主题也很有限，因为她的大部分小说都涉及结婚的主题，这实际上是那个年龄的年轻闲暇阶级女士的核心问题，她一生别无选择，只能找到一个好丈夫。

　 3) Austen's interest was in human nature; in her depiction of human nature, instead of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion, by passion or heroic experience, she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living, which became very interesting through her truthful & lively description.
3） 奥斯汀的兴趣在于人性;在她对人性的描绘中，她没有被高涨的情感、激情或英雄般的经历所吸引，而是专注于日常生活中的琐碎和琐碎细节，通过她真实生动的描述，这些变得非常有趣。

　 4) Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness, elegant & refined, but never showy.
4） 奥斯汀的小说因其诙谐的对话和无处不在的幽默而变得明亮。她的语言闪耀着一种精致的活泼优雅，优雅而精致，但绝不炫耀。

Chapter 4 The Victorian Period
第 4 章 维多利亚时期

一． 学习目的和要求

　　通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。 并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。

二． 考核要求

　（一） 维多利亚时期概述

　　 1． 识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定

　　　　　　　（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景。

　　 2． 领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点

　　　　　　　（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。

　　 3． 应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释

（二） 该时期的重要作家

1． 一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯

2． 识记: 重要作品及主要内容

3． 领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。

　 　4． 应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色。

　　　　　　　（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。

　　　　　　　（3）"我逝去的公爵夫?quot;中的戏剧独白。
（3）“我逝去的公爵夫？quot;中的戏剧独白。

　　　　　　　（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。

A. Introduction to the Victorian Period
A. 维多利亚时期简介

　1. 识记

　(1) Definition: the Victorian Period
（1） 定义：维多利亚时期

Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
从时间上讲，维多利亚时期大致与 1836 年至 1901 年统治英格兰的维多利亚女王统治时期相吻合。这一时期被普遍认为是英国历史上最辉煌的时期之一。

　(2) Political, Economical & Cultural Background
（2） 政治、经济和文化背景

The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).
维多利亚时代的英格兰早期是经济快速发展和严重社会问题的时期。在 1832 年的改革法案将政治权力从腐朽的贵族手中转移到中产阶级工业资本意大利人手中后，工业革命很快就开始了。到本世纪中叶，英格兰达到了作为世界大国的最高发展点。然而，在巨大的繁荣和富裕之下，工人阶级普遍存在着贫困和悲惨。生活和工作条件的恶化，大规模的失业以及1834年新的济贫法及其济贫院制度最终引发了宪章运动（1836-1848）。

During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.
在接下来的二十年里，英格兰逐渐稳定下来，走向了繁荣和相对稳定的时期。当时的中产阶级生活以繁荣、体面和物质进步为特征。

But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.
但是，本世纪的最后三十年见证了大英帝国的衰落和维多利亚时代价值观的衰落。

Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.
在意识形态上，维多利亚时代经历了根本性的变化。科学和技术的快速发展，地质学、天文学、生物学和人类学的新发明和发现，极大地动摇了人们的宗教信仰。达尔文的《物种起源》（1859年）和《人类的起源》（1871年）动摇了传统信仰的理论基础。另一方面，功利主义被广泛接受和实践。几乎所有东西都受到效用标准的考验，即它能在多大程度上促进物质上的幸福。

2. 领会

　(1) Features of the Victorian Literature
（1） 维多利亚时代文学的特点

　　Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.
维多利亚时代的文学，作为其时代的产物，自然而然地呈现出其规模和多样性的品质。它是多面的和复杂的，既浪漫又真实地反映了人们的生活和思想正在发生的巨大变化。伟大的写作和伟大的作品比比皆是。

　(2) Features of Victorian novels
（2） 维多利亚时代小说的特点

　　In this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.
在这个时期，小说成为最广泛阅读和最重要且最具挑战性的进步思想表达。在坚持忠实再现18世纪现实主义小说的原则的同时，这一时期的小说家将他们的创作推向了对社会的批判和对大众的捍卫。尽管他们从不同的角度和不同的技巧写作，但他们有一个共同点，那就是他们都关心普通人的命运。他们对不人道的社会制度，以金钱崇拜和功利主义为代表的腐朽社会道德，以及普遍存在的痛苦、贫困和不公正感到愤怒。他们对人们生活的真实描绘和对社会的尖锐和强烈批评，在唤醒公众对社会问题的认识和社会的实际改善方面起了很大的作用。

Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.
维多利亚时代的文学，总的来说，真实地代表了时代的现实和精神。那昂扬的活力，那种脚踏实地的认真，那种善良的幽默和无尽的想象力，都是前所未有的。在几乎所有的流派中，它都为即将到来的世纪铺平了道路，在那里，它的精神、价值观和实验将见证他们的丰收。

3. 应用 Definitions of several terms
3. 应用几个名词的定义

　1) The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)
1） 宪章运动 （1836-1848）

　　The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.
英国工人在大城市组织起来，提出了人民宪章，他们要求基本权利和更好的生活和工作条件。他们三次向政府呼吁，有数十万人签名。这场运动席卷了该国的大部分城市。尽管这场运动在 1848 年结束了，但它确实为工人阶级的福利带来了一些改善。这是英国工人阶级的第一次大规模运动，也是穷人、受压迫人民觉醒的早期迹象。

　2) Utilitarianism
2） 功利主义

　　Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.
几乎所有东西都受到效用标准的考验，即它能在多大程度上促进物质上的幸福。这个理论对中产阶级工业家特别有吸引力，他们的贪婪驱使他们最大限度地剥削工人，给劳动大众带来更大的痛苦和贫困。

　3) Critical Realism
3） 批判现实主义

　　The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.
维多利亚时代是一个现实主义的时代，而不是浪漫主义的时代——一种努力讲述全部真相的现实主义，展现道德和身体疾病的本来面目。忠于生活成为文学写作的首要要求。作为真理的镜子，文学已经非常接近日常生活，反映了其实际问题和兴趣，并被用作人类进步的强大工具。

　4) Dramatic Monologue
4） 戏剧独白

　　By dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.
通过戏剧独白，这意味着诗人选择一个戏剧性的时刻或危机，在这个时刻或危机中，他的角色被要求谈论他们的生活，以及他们的思想和心灵。在“听”那些片面的谈话中，读者可以形成他们对演讲者的个性和真实发生的事情的看法和判断。罗伯特·勃朗宁将这种诗歌形式展现到了成熟和完美，他的《我最后的公爵夫人》是最著名的戏剧独白之一。

B. Victorian Writers
B. 维多利亚时代的作家

I. Charles Dickens
I. 查尔斯·狄更斯

1． 一般识记 His Life & Literary Career
1. 一般识记 他的生活和文学生涯

　Charles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.
查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens，1812-1870 年）出生于朴茨茅斯。他的父亲是海军军饷办公室的一名贫穷文员，在年轻的查尔斯只有 12 岁时因债务而被关进马萨尔西监狱。儿子不得不放弃学业，在一家黑鞋厂的地下地窖工作——他认为这是最丢脸的职位。我们发现那个受苦的孩子的痛苦经历反映在狄更斯的许多小说中。1827年，查尔斯进入了一家律师事务所，两年后他成为了一名报纸的议会记者。从1833年开始，狄更斯开始偶尔写伦敦生活的素描，这些素描后来被收集并以《博兹素描》（1836）的标题出版。不久，《匹克威克俱乐部的遗作文件》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club，1836-1837 年）以月刊的形式出版。从那时起，他的生活就变成了无休止的辛勤工作。在他的晚年，他全身心地投入到公开阅读他的作品中，这带来了赞美和安慰，但也让他感到疲惫。1870年，这位心怀伟大和活力的人因过度劳累去世，留下了他的最后一部小说未完成。

2. 识记His Major Works
2. 识记他的主要著作

Upon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, & his simple faith in mankind.
在他去世后，狄更斯给世界留下了丰富的遗产，包括15部小说和一些短篇小说。他们提供了他那个时代英国社会的最完整和真实的画面，仍然是19世纪英国小说的最高成就。在他的小说中，在压迫和贫困的阴暗画面背后，在喧闹的幽默和滑稽的背后，是他的温柔，他的和蔼可亲的笑容，以及他对人类的简单信仰。

　　The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:
以下是他的小说和其他收藏在三个时期的清单：

　(1) Period of youthful optimist
（1） 年轻乐观的时期

Sketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)
博兹的素描 （1836）;匹克威克俱乐部的遗作文件 （1836-1837）;奥利弗·特威斯特 （1837-1838）;尼古拉斯·尼克尔比 （1838-1839）;老古玩店 （1840-1841）;巴纳比·拉奇（1841）

　(2) Period of excitement & irritation
（2） 兴奋和烦躁的时期

American Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)
美国笔记 （1842）;马丁·丘兹莱维特 （1843-1845）;圣诞颂歌 （1843）;董贝父子（1846-1848）;大卫·科波菲尔 （1849-1850）

　(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimism
（3） 悲观情绪持续加剧的时期

Bleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)
荒凉之家 （1852-1853）;艰难时期 （1854）;小多丽特 （1855-1857）;双城记 （1859）;远大前程 （1860-1861）;我们共同的朋友 （1864-1865）;埃德温·德鲁德（未完成）（1870）

　3. 领会 Distinct Features of His Novels
3. 领会小说的鲜明特点

　(1) Character Sketches & Exaggeration
（1） 人物素描和夸张

　　In his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.
在他的小说中发现了大约 1900 个人物，其中一些人确实是“典型情况下的典型人物”，以至于他们成为众所周知的或代表一整群相似的人。

　　As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.
作为人物塑造大师，狄更斯擅长通过夸大一些特性来描绘生动的漫画素描，并准确地赋予他们适合他们的行动和词语：也就是说，正确的词语和正确的行动适合正确的人。

　(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire
（2） 广泛的幽默和深刻的讽刺

　　Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.
狄更斯是众所周知的幽默作家和讽刺作家。他有时会使用幽默来使场景生动起来，或者通过使（他或她）古怪、异想天开或可笑来减轻角色的气氛。有时他用讽刺来嘲笑人类的愚蠢或恶习，目的是嘲笑它们不存在或带来改革。

　(3) Complicated & Fascinating Plot
（3） 复杂而迷人的情节

　　Dickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.
狄更斯似乎喜欢复杂的小说结构，除了主要情节之外还有次要情节，或者在一部小说中有两个平行的主要情节。他也擅长制造悬念和神秘感，使故事引人入胜。

　(4) The Power of Exposure
（4） 曝光的力量

　　As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.
作为英国批判现实主义的最伟大代表，狄更斯将他的小说作为道德和正义的工具。他的每一部小说都揭示了一个特定的社会问题。

　4. 领会 His Literary Creation & Literary Achievements
4. 领会 他的文学创作和文学成就

　　Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.
查尔斯·狄更斯 （Charles Dickens） 是维多利亚时代最伟大的批判现实主义作家之一。他认真地打算在他的作品中揭露和批评他所看到的所有贫困、不公正、虚伪和腐败。在他的作品中，狄更斯对19世纪的英格兰，特别是伦敦进行了全面的地图和大规模的批评。在这些作品中，对人的乐观主义和对社会的现实主义的结合是显而易见的。他早期的代表作品包括《雾都孤儿》、《大卫·科波菲尔》等。

　　His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.
他后期的作品展示了一位高度有意识的现代艺术家。设置更复杂;故事的结构更好。这个时期的大多数小说都对维多利亚时代的英格兰的社会弊恶和道德进行了更尖锐的批评，例如，《荒凉的家园》、《艰难的时代》、《远大的期望》等等。早期的乐观情绪再也找不到了。

　　Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.
查尔斯·狄更斯 （Charles Dickens） 是一位讲故事的高手。在某种程度上，他的语言可以与莎士比亚的语言相提并论。他的幽默和智慧似乎无穷无尽。人物刻画是他作品最突出的特点。他对孩子（Oliver Twist等人）、一些怪诞的人（Fagin等）和一些滑稽的人（Mr. Micawber等）的描绘非常出色。狄更斯在他的作品中也使用了夸张手法。狄更斯的作品也以幽默和悲怆的混合为特色。

5. 应用 Selected Reading

An Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver Twist
摘自《雾都孤儿》第三章

The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.
这部小说以其对19世纪伦敦的济贫院和黑社会生活的生动描述而闻名。作者对底层人民和城市本身的深入了解显然来自于他的新闻生涯。小说还把奥利弗·特威斯特描绘成狄更斯的第一个儿童英雄，而费金则成为第一个怪诞的人物。

This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that " impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.
这部分，小说的第三章，详细描述了他如何因为那个“苛且亵渎”的冒犯而受到惩罚，以及他将如何被出售。三磅十，送给臭名昭著的扫烟囱工甘菲尔德先生。虽然我们时不时能承受得起微笑，但我们更能感受到孤儿的可怜状态和济贫院委员会的残酷和虚伪。

II. The Bronte Sisters
II. 勃朗特姐妹

1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary Career
1. 一般识记 他们的生活和文学事业

Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848), & their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849), came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire. When they were young, the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen's daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847). After the death of the elder sisters, Charlotte & Emily were brought home to be educated by their father. For some time, they worked in a boarding school & were subsequently governesses in rich families.
夏洛特·勃朗特（1816-1855），艾米丽·勃朗特（1818-1848），以及他们的天才妹妹安妮·勃朗特（1820-1849），都来自一个爱尔兰血统的大家庭。他们的父亲是约克郡海沃斯的一名牧师。当她们年轻时，勃朗特姐妹被送到神职人员女儿的学校。最大的两个因为条件贫穷和不健康而死在那里。这段经历激发了后来小说《简·爱》（Jane Eyre，1847 年）中对罗伍德学校的描绘。在姐姐们去世后，夏洛特和艾米丽被带回家接受她们的父亲的教育。他们在寄宿学校工作了一段时间，后来在富裕家庭当了家庭教师。

Charlotte & her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis & Acton Bell (the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily & Anne), but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily's single & unique work Wuthering Heights & Anne's Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).
夏洛特和她的两个妹妹对文学有着极大的热爱。1845年出现了一本名为《Carrer， Ellis和Acton Bell的诗集》（Charlotte， Emily和Anne的笔名）的诗集），但并未受到关注。然后，三姐妹转向小说创作。夏洛特的第一部小说《教授》被出版商拒绝。但她的第二部作品《简·爱》于 1847 年问世后立即获得成功。同年，艾米丽的单身独特作品《呼啸山庄》和安妮的《艾格尼丝·格雷》也出版了。不久，安妮的《怀尔德费尔庄园的房客》（The Tenant of Wildfell Hall，1848 年）紧随其后。

After the death of Emily & Anne, Charlotte continued writing. Her next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owners & machine-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels. In 1854, charlotte married her father's curate. She died a few months later in pregnancy. The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in 1857.
在艾米丽和安妮去世后，夏洛特继续写作。她的下一部重要小说《雪莉》是一部关于1811-1812年约克郡磨坊主和机器破坏者之间的工业困境的作品，该小说于1849年出版。另一部小说 Villette 于 1853 年问世。这是她最具自传体意义的作品，主要基于她在布鲁塞尔的经历。1854 年，夏洛特嫁给了她父亲的牧师。几个月后，她因怀孕而去世。《教授》是她的第一部著作，于 1857 年在她去世后出版。

2. 识记 Charlotte's Literary Creation

Charlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization, about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. All her heroines' highest joy comes from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On the one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy & other evils of the upper classes & by showing the misery & suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by intensity of vision & of passion. By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & some extraordinary personalities, by using some elements of horror, mystery & prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a very romantic way. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations & the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time -all this earns her works a never dying popularity.
夏洛蒂·勃朗特的作品全是关于一个人走向自我实现的斗争，关于一些孤独和被忽视的年轻女性，她们对爱情、理解和充实、快乐的生活有着强烈的渴望。她笔下所有女主人公的最高快乐都来自对自我的牺牲或人性弱点的克服。此外，她是一位现实主义与浪漫主义相结合的作家。一方面，她通过揭露上层阶级的残忍、虚伪和其他邪恶，以及通过展示穷人的痛苦和痛苦，展示了英国社会的生动现实画面。她的作品以描绘中产阶级职业女性的生活而闻名，尤其是家庭教师。另一方面，她的作品始终以强烈的视野和激情为标志。通过从个人角度写作，通过创造具有强烈情感、炽热激情和一些非凡个性的角色，通过使用一些恐怖、神秘和预言的元素，她能够以非常浪漫的方式再现生活。她主观叙述的生动性，强烈的人物塑造，特别是那些完全违背公众期望的女英雄，以及对当时经济、道德、社会生活的最真实呈现——所有这些都为她的作品赢得了永不消逝的人气。

3. 应用 Selected Readings

　Excerpt One: from Chapter XXIII of Jane Eyre by charlotte Bronte
摘录一：摘自夏洛蒂·勃朗特 （Charlotte Bronte） 的《简·爱》第二十三章

The work is one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination & the false social convention as concerning love & marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical & moral tests to grow up & achieve her final happiness. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre is a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.
这部作品是维多利亚时代最受欢迎和最重要的小说之一。它以其对现有社会的尖锐批评而闻名，例如慈善机构的宗教虚伪，社会歧视以及关于爱情和婚姻的错误社会习俗。同时，这是一个激烈的道德寓言。简，就像罗切斯特先生一样，必须经历一系列的身体和道德测试才能成长并达到她最后的幸福。小说的成功还归功于它对英国小说《第一位家庭教师女主人公》的介绍。《简·爱》是一个全新的女性形象。她代表了那些正在努力争取承认她们的权利和作为人类的平等的中产阶级劳动女性。她强烈的感情、思想和内心冲突的生动描述使她触动了观众的心。

Jane Eyre's character:
简·爱的角色：

Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit & a longing to love & be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, & even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love. Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.
简·爱，一个有着火热精神和渴望爱与被爱的孤儿，一个贫穷、朴素、小家庭教师，敢于爱她的主人，一个在许多方面都比她优越的男人，甚至勇敢地向男人宣布她对他的爱，塑造了一个全新的女性形象。在这部小说中，夏洛特将简·爱描述为一个天真、善良、高尚的女人，追求一种真正的爱情。简·爱代表了那些正在努力争取承认她们的基本权利和作为人类的平等的中产阶级劳动女性。她强烈的感情、思想和内心冲突的生动描述使她触动了观众的心。

The selected part is taken from Chapter XXIII, not long after Jane is back from her aunt's funeral. Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine.
所选部分取自第二十三章，Jane 从她姑姑的葬礼回来后不久。简发现自己无可救药地爱上了罗切斯特先生，但她知道她的爱是不可能的。所以，当被迫面对罗切斯特先生时，她绝望且公开地宣布她与他平等以及她对他的爱。这里描述的激情是强烈而真实的。

　　Excerpt Two: from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte
摘录二：摘自艾米莉·勃朗特 （Emily Bronte） 的《呼啸山庄》第十五章

　1) Emily's subject matter
1） Emily 的主题

　　As far as Emily's literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious workings & its unaccountable influence upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity & beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But, to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.
就艾米丽的文学创作而言，她首先是一位诗人。 她的193首诗，大部分是关于自然界的神秘运作及其对人们生活的不可解释的影响，都是具有奇特崇高和美丽的作品。这充分证明了这位年轻、隐居的女人的诗歌天才。但是，对于普通读者来说，她今天更广为人知的身份是那部最引人入胜的小说《呼啸山庄》的作者。

　2) The theme of the novel
2） 小说的主题

　　The novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff & Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.
小说是一个谜语，对不同的人意味着不同的事情。从社会的角度来看，这是一个关于一个穷人被他的社会上级虐待、背叛和扭曲的故事，因为他是一个穷人。作为一个爱情故事，这是最感人的故事之一：希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳之间的激情证明了人类所能找到的最强烈、最美丽，同时也是最可怕的激情。

　3) The structure of the novel
3） 小说的结构

　　The novel has a unique structure: the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author, whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing & genuine.
这部小说有一个独特的结构：故事是通过与作者不同的独立叙述者讲述的，因此书中完全没有作者的个性。这个故事主要由凯瑟琳的老护士耐莉 （Nelly） 向田庄的一名临时房客洛克伍德先生 （Lockwood） 讲述。后者也讲述了他在呼啸山庄的所见所闻。故事的一部分是通过伊莎贝拉写给耐莉的信来讲述的。虽然中心利益得到了维护，但其发展顺序不断被闪回打乱。这使得这个故事更加诱人和真实。

The excerpt taken here is from ChapterXV, the death scene of Catherine, narrated by Nelly to Mr. Lockwood. When Edgar is away at church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene.
此处摘录自第十五章，凯瑟琳的死亡现场，由耐莉向洛克伍德先生讲述。当埃德加不在教堂时，希刺克厉夫抓住机会去看望垂死的凯瑟琳。两人之间强烈的爱在这个痛苦的场景中得到了充分的体现。

III. Alfred Tennyson
III. 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生

　1.一般识记 His Life & Literary Career
1.一般识记 他的生活与文学生涯

　　Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith, the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes.
阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson，1809-1892）无疑是维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人。他的诗歌表达了英国人民在快速社会变化的时代的怀疑与信仰，悲痛与喜悦。

　　He was born at Somersby, Linconshire, the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827, he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College, Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) there. In 1832, one year after he left Cambridge, he published Poems, which contained a variety of poems, beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842, his next issue of Poems came out, collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses", the epic narrative " Morte d'Arthur," the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener's Daughter," etc. In 1847, The Princess was published. Written in blank verse, it deals with the theme of women's rights & position. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson's life was comfortable & peaceful, but he never stopped writing. In 1855, Tennyson published a monodrama Maud, a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period, "Rizpah," "Enoch Arden," " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note.
他出生在林康郡的萨默斯比，是一位相当博学的神职人员的第四个儿子。1827年，他和他的哥哥出版了《两兄弟的诗》。在这部少年作品中，展示了拜伦的影响和对东方主题的吸引力。他在剑桥三一学院接受教育，并在那里出版了他的第一部签名作品《诗歌，主要是抒情诗》（1830年）。1832年，他离开剑桥一年后，出版了《诗集》，其中包含了各种诗歌，旋律优美，意象丰富。1842年，他的下一期诗集出版了，书中收集了戏剧性的独白《尤利西斯》、史诗般的叙事《亚瑟之死》、精美的田园诗《朵拉》和《园丁的女儿》等。1847 年，《公主》出版。它以空白的诗句写成，涉及女性权利和地位的主题。1850年，丁尼生被任命为桂冠诗人，并出版了他最伟大的作品《纪念》。丁尼生的其余岁月过得舒适祥和，但他从未停止写作。1855 年，丁尼生出版了一部短篇歌词集《石灰》。在他后期的其他作品中，“Rizpah”，“ Enoch Arden” ，“ Merlin & the Gleam” & “Crossing the Bar” 值得注意。

2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme
2.识记他的主要诗歌作品及其主题

　1) In Memoriam
1） 悼念

　　Presumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.
据推测，这是一首关于哈勒姆之死的挽歌，但其中只有不到一半的 l00 篇作品与他直接相关。诗人在这里不仅仅是详述个人的丧亲之痛。作为一本诗歌日记，这首诗也是诗人的哲学和宗教思想的精心而有力的表达 - 他对生命意义的怀疑，灵魂和来世的存在，以及他对爱的力量和灵魂的本能和不朽的信仰。在旧的基督教信仰受到新的科学发现挑战的时代，大多数人都有这样的疑虑和信仰，尽管对今天的大多数读者来说，这首诗的真正吸引力更多地在于其深刻的情感和艺术美感，而不是哲学和宗教的反思。熟悉的恍惚体验，优美的节奏和生动的描述使其成为英国文学中最好的挽歌之一。

　2) Idylls of the Kin g (1842-1885)
2） Kin g 的田园诗 （1842-1885）

　　It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.
这是他最雄心勃勃的工作，他花了 30 多年时间才完成。它由12本叙事诗集组成，这些诗集基于凯尔特人的亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士传说。不过，这不仅仅是旧传说的复制品。这是对经典神话的现代诠释。一方面，这首诗中反映的道德标准和情感属于维多利亚时代，而不是属于中世纪的皇室人民。另一方面，亚瑟王的兴衰故事实际上是为了代表西方文明的循环历史，在丁尼生的心中，这个文明正在经历精神上的衰落，并将以毁灭结束。

3.领会Artistic Features of His Poetry
3.领会诗歌的艺术特色

Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, & a sensitive ear, an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language, & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge, the melody of Keats & Shelley, & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron, --- all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's poetry.
丁尼生是一位真正的艺术家。他具有将视觉图片与音乐表达联系起来的自然力量，而这两者又与情感相联系。他对英语的发音有完美的控制力，有一双敏感的耳朵，对单词的选择和品味都非常出色。他的诗歌充满了诗意的意象和悠扬的语言，并以其抒情的美感和格律的魅力而闻名。他的作品不仅是诗歌天才创造性想象的产物，也是长期而丰富的英国遗产的产物。他的精彩作品体现了英格兰伟大诗人的所有品质。斯宾塞的梦幻，弥尔顿的威严，华兹华斯的自然简单，布莱克和柯勒律治的幻想，济慈和雪莱的旋律，以及斯科特和拜伦的叙事活力，---所有这些引人注目的品质都在丁尼生诗歌的连续页面上显现出来。

　4. 应用 Selected Readings

　(1) Break, Break, Break (1)
（1） 中断、中断、中断 （1）

　　This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here, the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b.
这首短歌词是为了纪念丁尼生最好的朋友亚瑟·哈勒姆 （Arthur Hallam） 而写的，他的去世对这位诗人产生了终生的影响。在这里，诗人自己的悲痛情绪与孩子们无忧无虑、天真的欢乐以及船和海浪的无情移动形成鲜明对比。歌词的美在于音乐语言以及声音和图像与情感和情感的关联。这首诗包含了4首四行诗，结合了抑扬格和肛门的脚。大多数线路有三英尺，有些有四英尺。押韵方案是 a b c b。

　(2) Crossing the Bar (1)
（2） 越过横杆 （1）

　　This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson's life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his long creative career, this poem appears, at his request, as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes: sunset & the evening star, the twilight and the evening bell, & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life, & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place, he hopes then to see his "Pilot," God, face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife.
这首诗写于丁尼生的晚年。虽然不是丁尼生在他漫长的创作生涯中写的最后一首诗，但应他的要求，这首诗是他所有作品集中的最后一首诗。这个场景是用一些笔触勾勒出来的：日落和晚星，黄昏和晚钟，然后是黑暗。船已准备好驶出港口。它将越过栏杆，到达广阔的公海，进行它将要进行的长途航行。这首诗的寓言很明确。丁尼生正处在生命的夜晚，死亡的“明确召唤”即将到来。但是当他跨越了生与死的边界，开始了超越时间和地点界限的航程时，他希望能面对面地看到他的“飞行员”，上帝。从这首诗的动人意象和悦耳的声音中，我们可以感受到他对死亡的无畏，他对上帝的信仰和来世的信仰。

　(3) Ulysses(1)
（3） 尤利西斯（1）

　　In Greek mythology, Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer's Odessey (the Greek name for Ulysses), Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year's adventures at sea. However, according to Dante, Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca, but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem, Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland, reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus, & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses, Tennyson's own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age.
在希腊神话中，尤利西斯是伊萨卡岛的国王。他是许多文学经典中的英雄。在荷马的《奥德赛》（尤利西斯的希腊名字）中，尤利西斯在经历了十年的特洛伊战争和另一十年的海上冒险后，最终回到了家。然而，根据但丁的说法，尤利西斯从未回到他的家乡伊萨卡，而是敦促他的手下继续向西探索。Tennyson 结合了这两个版本。在这首诗中，尤利西斯现在已经回到他的家乡三年，与他的妻子佩内洛普和他的儿子忒勒马科斯团聚，并重新开始他对这片土地的统治。但他不会忍受平静的平凡日常生活。尽管他年纪大了，他还是说服他的老追随者跟他一起去，再次扬帆远航去追求新的世界和新的知识。这首诗以戏剧性的独白形式写成，不仅通过英勇的尤利西斯之口表达了丁尼生自身勇敢面对生活斗争的决心和勇气，而且还反映了时代的不安和抱负。

IV. Robert Browning
IV. 罗伯特·勃朗宁

1.一般识记His life &Literary Career
1.一般识记他的生平和文学生涯

Robert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.
罗伯特·勃朗宁（1812-1889）出生在一个富裕的家庭，主要从他的私人家庭教师和他的父亲那里接受教育，父亲给了他自由去追求自己的兴趣。1833 年，他出版了他的第一部诗歌作品《宝琳》，这让他感到非常尴尬。但在他的第二次尝试中，他在自我纠正方面走得太远了，以至于这首诗变得如此晦涩难懂，以至于几乎无法阅读。他甚至尝试过写剧本，但失败了。所有这些令人沮丧的经历迫使诗人发展出一种最适合他的文学形式，并真正地将这个天才充分展现出来，即戏剧性的独白。

In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing's masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.
1846 年，勃朗宁与著名女诗人伊丽莎白·巴雷特 （Elizabeth Barrett） 结婚，她的著名情诗集是葡萄牙人的十四行诗。1869年，布洛文的杰作《指环与书》问世。1889年，勃朗宁去世并被埋葬在诗人角落，Westminster修道院，旁边是丁尼生。

2.识记His major works
2.识记主要著作

Dramatic Lyrics (1842), Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845), Bells & Pomegranates (1846), Men & Women (1855), Dramatic Personae (1864), The Ring & the Book (1868-1869) & Dramatic Idylls (1880)
戏剧性歌词（1842），戏剧性浪漫与歌词（1845），铃铛与石榴（1846），男人与女人（1855），戏剧性人物（1864，指环与书（1868-1869）和戏剧田园诗（1880）

　3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book: Dramatic M　onologue
3.领会 The Ring & the Book的特点：戏剧性的M女主角

　　In this poem, Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.
在这首诗中，勃朗宁选择了一个戏剧性的时刻或危机，在这个时刻或危机中，他的人物被要求谈论他们的生活，以及他们的思想和心灵。在“听”那些片面的谈话中，读者可以形成他们对这个间谍的个性和真实发生的事情的看法和判断。

　4.领会Robert Browning's artistic characteristics
4.领会罗伯特·勃朗宁的艺术特色

　　(1) The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection.
（1） 勃朗宁的名字经常与“戏剧独白”一词联系在一起。虽然这不是他的发明，但正是在他的手中，这种诗意的形式达到了它的成熟和完美。

　　(2) Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical
（2） 勃朗宁的诗歌不容易读。他的节奏常常太快、太粗糙且没有音乐性

　　(3) The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.
（3） 语法通常被剪裁和高度压缩。明喻和插图出现得太多了。这些暗示和暗示有时是奇怪且牵强的。所有这些都构成了他的默默无闻。

On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer, bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.
总的来说，勃朗宁的风格与任何其他维多利亚时代的诗人都大不相同。他就像一个饱经风霜的先驱者，勇敢而有力地试图在丛林中开辟一条路。他的诗歌风格属于 20 世纪，而不是维多利亚时代。

　5. 应用 Selected Readings:
5. 应用精选阅读：

　　1) My Last Duchess (1)
1） 我最后的公爵夫人 （1）

　　"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.
《我最后的公爵夫人》是勃朗宁最著名的戏剧独白。这首诗的来源来自 16 世纪意大利费拉拉公爵阿方索二世 （Alfonso II） 的生平，他的年轻妻子在结婚三年后离奇去世。她去世后不久，公爵设法安排了与另一位贵族的侄女的婚姻。这段戏剧性的独白是公爵对前来谈判婚姻的代理人的演讲。在他谈论他的“最后的公爵夫人”时，公爵揭示了自己是一个自负、残忍且暴虐的男人。这首诗是用英雄对联写成的，但没有固定的格律系统。在阅读中，这听起来像是空白的诗句。

　　2) Meeting at Night (1)
2） 晚上开会 （1）

　　Meeting at Night, together with Parting at Morning, appeared originally under the single title Night & Morning. Browning made them separate poems in a late edition of his work. The speaker in both is a man. In this poem, the man, a lover, describes the whereabouts of their meeting place. The journey to love is dominated by moon, shadows, softness, & sexual imagery.
《Meeting at Night》和《Parting at Morning》最初以《Night & Morning》为标题出现。勃朗宁在他的作品后期版本中将它们单独写成诗歌。两者的说话者都是男性。在这首诗中，这个男人，一个情人，描述了他们相遇地点的 w hereabout。通往爱情的旅程被月亮、阴影、柔软和性意象所主导。

　　3) Parting at Morning (1)
3） 早晨离别 （1）

　　Here in the description of sunrise, the poet unconsciously expresses his helplessness in having to face up his duty as a man. The journey back is from the nighttime woman's world of love to the daytime world of reality.
在对日出的描述中，诗人不自觉地表达了他对不得不面对自己作为一个男人的责任的无奈。返回的旅程是从夜晚女人的爱情世界到白天的现实世界。

V. George Eliot
V. 乔治·艾略特

1. 一般识记 Her life & Literary Career
1. 一般识记 她的生活和文学事业

George Eliot (1819-1880), pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into an estate agent's family in Warwickshire, England. Though brought up under strict religious influences, she early abandoned religious beliefs, adopted agnostic opinions about Christian doctrine, & showed a great interest in social & philosophical problems.
乔治·艾略特（George Eliot，1819-1880 年），玛丽·安·埃文斯 （Mary Ann Evans） 的笔名，于 1819 年 11 月 22 日出生于英格兰沃里克郡的一个房地产经纪人家庭。尽管在严格的宗教影响下长大，她很早就放弃了宗教信仰，对基督教教义采取了不可知论的观点，并对社会和哲学问题表现出极大的兴趣。

At the age of 39, she started he literary career. Being a woman of intelligence & versatility, she quickly found herself ranking high among the great writers. In 1857, she wrote her first three stories which were later published in book form under the title of Scenes of Clerical Life. Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860) & Silas Marner (1861), all drawn from her lifelong knowledge of English country life & notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization & high moral tone. In 1863, she published Romola, a full elaborately documented story of Florence in the time of Savornarola. Then followed Felix Holt, the Radical, her only novel on English politics. In 1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot's greatest achievement, come out. In 1876, she published her last novel, Daniel Deronda. These novels, together with a number of poems & a collection of satirical essays, The Impressions of Theophrastus Such, constitute a formidable body of work from a woman frail in health & working constantly under the apprehension of failure or worthlessness.
39 岁时，她开始了他的文学生涯。作为一个聪明且多才多艺的女性，她很快发现自己在伟大的作家中排名靠前。1857 年，她写了她的前三个故事，后来以书籍的形式出版，名为《神职人员生活场景》。然后是她最受欢迎的三部小说，亚当·比德（1859），棉花上的磨坊（1860，和塞拉斯·马纳（1861），都源于她对英国乡村生活的终身了解，并以其逼真的细节、辛辣的人物塑造和高尚的道德基调而著称。1863 年，她出版了 Romola，这是一本完整详尽的记录了萨沃纳罗拉时代佛罗伦萨的故事。然后是她唯一一部关于英国政治的小说《激进派菲利克斯·霍尔特》（Felix Holt， the Radical）。1872 年，一本被许多人认为是乔治·艾略特 （George Eliot） 最伟大成就的全景书《米德尔马契》问世。1876 年，她出版了她的最后一部小说《丹尼尔·德隆达》。这些小说，连同一些诗歌和一本讽刺散文集，《Theophrastus Such的印象》，构成了一个由一个健康状况虚弱且不断在对失败或无价值的担忧下工作的女性创作的强大作品。

2. 识记Her Literary Achievements
2. 识记她的文学成就

Writing at the latter half of the 19th century & closely following the critical realist writers, George Eliot was working at something new. By joining the worlds of inward propensity & outward circumstances & showing them in the lives of her characters, she starts a new type of realism & sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic & psychological novel. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a person & to reveal the motives, impulses & hereditary influences which govern human action. She is interested in the development of a soul, the slow growth or decline of moral power of the character. Eliot holds the belief that a certain act in daily life will produce a definite moral effect on the individual. Most of her novels are characterized by two features: moral teaching & psychological realism.
乔治·艾略特在19世纪下半叶写作并紧随批判现实主义作家，他正在研究新事物。通过加入内向倾向和外在环境的世界，并在她的角色生活中展示它们，她开始了一种新的现实主义，并引发了各种发展，引领自然主义和心理小说的发展。在她的作品中，她试图呈现一个人的内心挣扎，并揭示驱动人类行为的动机、冲动和遗传影响。她对灵魂的发展感兴趣，对性格道德力量的缓慢成长或衰落感兴趣。艾略特相信，日常生活中的某个行为会对个人产生明确的道德影响。她的大部分小说都具有两个特点：道德教导和心理现实主义。

　3. 领会 The theme of her works
3. 领会 她作品的主题

　　As a woman of exceptional intelligence & life experience, George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential & social aspirations. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferior education & limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance & realization of their goals, & they have only to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Their opportunities of success are not even increased by wealth.
作为一名具有卓越智慧和生活经验的女性，乔治·艾略特对女性的命运表现出特别的关注，尤其是那些具有伟大智慧、潜力和社会抱负的女性。在她心中，女性的悲剧在于她们的诞生。他们的低劣教育和有限的社交生活决定了他们必须依赖男人来维持生计和实现他们的目标，他们只需要履行社会期望他们的家庭职责。他们成功的机会甚至没有因财富而增加。

4. 应用 Selected Reading:
4. 应用 Selected Reading：

　　An Excerpt from Chapter XXVIII of Middlemarch
摘自《米德尔马契》第二十八章

　　Middlemarch, a study of provincial life, has been known as one of the most mature works in English literary history. The book provides a panoramic view of life in a small English town, Middlemarch, &its surrounding countryside in the mid-nineteenth century. It is mainly centered on the lives of Dorotea Brooke & Tertius Lydgate, both of whom are shown have great potentials & ambitions, but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.
《米德尔马契》是一部研究地方生活的作品，被称为英国文学史上最成熟的作品之一。这本书全景般地展示了 19 世纪中叶英国小镇米德尔马契及其周围乡村的生活。它主要围绕多罗蒂亚·布鲁克和特蒂乌斯·利德盖特的生活展开，他们都展现出具有巨大潜力和抱负，但由于社会环境以及自身的脆弱性，他们都未能实现自己的目标。

The excerpt below begins from Drothea & Casoubon's return from their honeymoon in Rome, where Mr. Casaubon buries himself in the library, ignoring the bride & leaving her very much alone. This is but the first taste of bitterness & disappointment for the youthful & hopeful Dorothea. Now back at home, she finds herself shut up in the cold, lifeless Lowick Manor & begins to see the impossibility of hope.
下面的摘录从Drothea和Casoubon从罗马的蜜月回来开始，Casaubon先生把自己埋在图书馆里，忽视了新娘，让她非常孤独。这只是年轻而充满希望的多萝西娅第一次尝到苦涩和失望的滋味。现在回到家里，她发现自己被困在寒冷、毫无生气的洛威克庄园里，开始看到希望的不可能。

VI. Thomas Hardy
VI. 托马斯·哈代

1. 一般识记 His Life & Literary Career
1. 一般识记 他的生活和文学生涯

　　Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) was born near Dorchester, the area that later became the famous "Wessex" in many of his novels. He first worked for a famous architect. Then in 1871, his first novel Desperate Remedies was published & well received. However, the real success came with Under the Greenwood Tree (1872). In 1874, he published Far from the Madding Crowd. In the following twenty-three years he produced over ten local colored novels until 1896 when he was tired if all those hostile criticisms against his last two novels, Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891) & Jude the Obscure (1896). From then on, he began to write poetry again. Of the eight volumes by Hardy-918 poems in all-the most famous is The Dynasts, a long epic-drama about the Napoleonic Wars. He died on January 11. 1928 & was buried in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.
托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy，1840-1928 年）出生在多切斯特附近，该地区后来成为他许多小说中著名的“威塞克斯”。他最初为一位著名的建筑师工作。然后在1871年，他的第一部小说《绝望的补救措施》出版并受到好评。然而，真正的成功来自《在格林伍德树下》（1872 年）。1874 年，他出版了 Far from the Madding Crowd。在接下来的二十三年里，他创作了十多部地方色彩小说，直到1896年，他对那些对他的最后两部小说《德伯维尔的苔丝》（1891年）和《晦涩的裘德》（1896年）的那些敌对批评感到厌倦。从那时起，他又开始写诗。在 Hardy-918 的八卷诗歌中，最著名的是 The Dynasts，这是一部关于拿破仑战争的长篇史诗剧。他于 1 月 11 日去世。1928年被埋葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人角落。

　2. 识记Features of His Writings
2. 识记著作的特点

　1) Past & Modern
1） 过去与现代

　　Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past &the modern. As some people put it, he is intellectually advanced& emotionally traditional. In his Wessex novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple & beautiful though primitive rural life, which was gradually declining & disappearing as England marched into an industrial country. And with these traditional characters he is always sympathetic. On the other hand, the immense impact of scientific discoveries & modern philosophic thoughts upon the man is quite obvious, too.
生活在世纪之交的哈代通常被视为过渡时期的作家。在他身上，我们看到了来自过去和现代的影响。正如一些人所说，他在智力上先进且情感上传统。在他的威塞克斯小说中，他对简单美丽但原始的乡村生活的描述中明显带有怀旧的触感，这种生活随着英格兰逐渐走向工业化国家而逐渐衰落和消失。对于这些传统角色，他总是充满同情心。另一方面，科学发现和现代哲学思想对这个人的巨大影响也相当明显。

　2) Determinism
2） 决定论

　　In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature & hereditary traits which prompt him to go & search for some specific happiness or success & set him in conflict with the environment. The outside nature-the natural environment or Nature herself-is shown as some mysterious supernatural force, very powerful but half-blind, impulsive & uncaring to the individual's will, hope, passion or suffering. It likes to play practical jokes upon human beings by producing a series of mistimed actions & unfortunate coincidences. Man proves impotent before Fate, however he tries, & he seldom-escapes his ordained destiny.
在他的作品中，人不可避免地被他自身固有的本性和遗传特征所束缚，这促使他去寻找一些特定的幸福或成功，并使他与环境发生冲突。外部自然-自然环境或自然本身-被展示为某种神秘的超自然力量，非常强大但半盲目，冲动且对个人的意愿、希望、激情或痛苦漠不关心。它喜欢通过制造一系列不合时宜的行为和不幸的巧合来对人类开实际的玩笑。无论他如何尝试，人在命运面前都证明无能为力，而且他很少能逃脱他命中注定的命运。

　3) Critical realism
3） 批判现实主义

　　Though Naturalism seems to have an important part in Hardy's works, there is also bitter & sharp criticism & even open challenge of the irrational, hypocritical unfair Victorian institutions, conventions & morals which strangle the individual will & destroy natural human emotions & relationships. The conflicts between the traditional & the modern, between the old rural value of respectability & honesty & the new utilitarian commercialism, between the old, false social moral & the natural human passion, etc. are all closely set in a realistic background true to the very time & the very place.
尽管自然主义在哈代的作品中似乎起着重要的作用，但也有对非理性、虚伪、不公平的维多利亚时代制度、习俗和道德的尖锐批评甚至公开挑战，这些制度扼杀了个人意志，破坏了自然的人类情感和关系。传统与现代之间的冲突，旧的乡村价值的尊重和诚实与新的功利主义商业主义之间的冲突，旧的、虚假的社会道德与自然的人类激情之间的冲突，等等。 都紧密地设定在一个真实的背景中，真实地反映出特定的时间和地点。

　3. 领会His Major Works
3. 领会主要著作

　　Hardy himself divided his novels into three groups:
哈代本人将他的小说分为三类：

　1) Romances & Fantasies
1） 浪漫与幻想

A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873); The Trumpet Major (1880)etc.
一双蓝眼睛 （1873）;大号手 （1880） 等。

　2) Novels of Ingenuity
2） 独创性小说

Desperate Remedies (1871); The Hand of Ethelberta(1876)etc
绝望的补救措施 （1871）;The Hand of Ethelberta（1876 年）等

　3) Novels of Character & Environment
3） 人物与环境小说

Under the Greenwood Tree (1872); Far Form the Madding Crowd (1874); The Return of the Native (1878); The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886); Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891); Jude the Obscure (1895)
在格林伍德树下 （1872）;远离喧嚣的人群 （1874）;《本地人的归来》（The Return of the Native，1878 年）;卡斯特布里奇市长 （1886）;德伯家的苔丝 （1891）;默默无闻的裘德 Jude the Obscure （1895）

　4. 应用Selected Reading:
4. 应用Selected Reading：

　　　An Excerpt from Chapter XIX of Tess of the D'Urbervilles
节选自《德伯家的苔丝》第十九章

　　This novel is one of the best & most popular work by Hardy. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society & the capitalist invasion into the country & destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused & destroyed by both Alec & Angel, agents of the destructive force of the society. And the misery, the poverty & the heartfelt pain she suffers & her final tragedy give rise to a most bitter cry of protest & denunciation of the society. Of course, naturalistic tendency is also strong in the novel. In a way, Tess seems to be led to her final destruction step by step by Fate. Coincidence adds on "wrong" to another until she is caught up in a dead-end. As Hardy says at the end of the novel: "Justice was done, & the President of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess."
这部小说是Hardy最好和最受欢迎的作品之一。这是对资产阶级社会的虚伪道德的猛烈攻击，以及资本主义对该国的侵略以及本世纪末对英国农民的毁灭。苔丝作为一个在传统女性美德观念中长大的纯洁女性，被亚历克和安吉尔虐待和摧毁，他们是社会破坏力量的代理人。而她所遭受的痛苦、贫穷和发自内心的痛苦以及她最后的悲剧引发了对社会最痛苦的抗议和谴责。当然，自然主义倾向在小说中也很强烈。在某种程度上，苔丝似乎被命运一步步引向了她最终的毁灭。巧合给另一个人增加了“错误”，直到她陷入了死胡同。正如哈迪在小说结尾所说：“正义得到了伸张，不朽的主席结束了他与苔丝的运动。

　　The excerpt here is taken from Chapter XIX, phase 3, The Rally. Now some time after she leaves her home to work as a dairymaid at Talbothays Dairy, Tess gradually rides off her recent misfortune & unconsciously gives herself up to attraction of Angel Clare.
此处的摘录摘自第十九章第 3 阶段，集会。现在，在她离开家去Talbothays Dairy做乳品女佣工作后，Tess逐渐摆脱了她最近的不幸，并在不知不觉中让自己被Angel Cla re的吸引所吸引。

Chapter ５　The Modern Period
第 5 章 现代时期

Ⅰ学习目的和要求
I.学习目的和要求

通过本章的学习，了解20世纪批判现实主义文学和现代主义文学产生的历史、文化背景。认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张，及其对现当代英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

Ⅱ本章重点及难点
II.本章重点及难点

　1． 英国现代文学的特征

　2． 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格

　3． 名词解释：现代主义

　4． 应用：选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格，如

　　　　　（1）叶芝和艾略特诗歌（所选作品）的主题、意象分析

　　　　　（2）小说《儿子与情人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析

　　　　　（3）意识流小说的主要特色分析

　　　　　（4）萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义分析

Ⅲ.考核知识点和考核要求
III..考核知识点和考核要求

　（一）现代时期概述

　　1．识记：

　　　A. 20世纪英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景

　　　B．英国20世纪批判现实主义文学

　　　C．现代主义文学的兴起与衰落

　　2．领会：

　　　A. 现代主义文学创作的基本主张

　　　B．英国现代主义文学思潮
B.英国现代主义文学思潮

　　　　（1）诗歌

　　　　（2）小说

　　　　（3）戏剧

　　3．应用：

　　　A．名词解释：现代主义
A.名词解释：现代主义

　　　B．英国现代主义文学的特点

　　　C．现代主义文学对当代文学的影响

　（二）现代时期的主要作家

　　A.萧伯纳

　　1．一般：萧伯纳的生平与文学生涯。

　　2．识记：

　　　A．萧伯纳的政治改革思想和文学创作主张

　　　B．萧伯纳的戏剧创作
B.萧伯纳的戏剧创作

　　　（1）早期主要作品：《鳏夫的房产》、《华伦夫人的职业》、《康蒂坦》、《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》

　　　（2）中期作品：《人与超人》、《巴巴拉少校》、《皮格马利翁》

　　　（3）晚期作品：《伤心之家》、《回到麦修色拉》、《圣女贞德》、《苹果车》

　　3．领会：

　　　A．萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义

　　　B．萧伯纳的戏剧对20世纪英国文学的影响

　　4．应用：

　　　A．《华伦夫人的职业》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义

　　　B．选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物塑造、语言特点、艺术手法等

　　B．约翰·高尔斯华绥
B.约翰·高尔斯华绥

　　1．一般识记：高尔斯华绥的生平与文学生涯

　　2．识记：　　高尔斯华绥的文学创作

　　　（1）戏剧：《银盒》、《正义》、《斗争》

　　　（2）小说：《福赛特世家》（《有产业的人》、《骑虎》、《出租》）、《现代喜剧》

　　3．领会：

　　　A．高尔斯华绥的创作思想
A.高尔斯华绥的创作思想

　　　B．高尔斯华绥批判现实主义小说的主要特点及社会意义

　　4．应用：

　　　选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物性格。语言特点、叙述手法等

　　C、威廉·勃特勒·叶芝

　　1．一般：叶芝的生平及文学生涯

　　2．识记：叶芝诗歌的代表作品

　　　（1）早期诗歌：《茵尼斯弗利岛》、《梦见仙境的人》、《玫瑰》

　　　（2）中期诗歌：《新的纪元》、《1916年的复活节》

　　　（3）晚期诗歌：《驶向拜占廷》、《丽达及天鹅》、《在学童们中间》

　　3．领会：

　　　A．叶芝的诗歌创作思想
A.叶芝的诗歌创作思想

　　　B．叶芝诗歌的特点及思想意义

　　　C．叶芝诗歌的艺术成就
C.叶芝诗歌的艺术成就

　　　D．叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响

　　　E．叶芝的戏剧创作
E.叶芝的戏剧创作

　　4．应用：选读：、所选作品的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等

　　D、T．S．艾略特
D、T.S.艾略特

　　1．一般识记：艾略特的生平及创作生涯

　　2．识记：　　艾略特的主要诗歌作品

　　　（1）《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》

　　　（2）《荒原》

　　　（3）《灰星期三》

　　　（4）《四个四重奏》

　　3．领会：

　　　A．艾略特的文学理论与文艺批评观

　　　B．艾略特诗歌的艺术特色及社会意义

　　　C．艾略特的戏剧
C.艾略特的戏剧

　　　D. 文略特的艺术成就

　　　E．艾略特的文学创作及文艺批评思想对现当代英国文学的影响

　　4．应用：

　　　A．《荒原》主题、结构、神话、象征、语言特色及社会意义

　　　B．选读：所选作品的主题结构、思想内容、语言特点、艺术手法等

　　E．戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯
E.戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯

　　1．一般识记：劳伦斯的生平及文学生涯

　　2．识记：　　劳伦斯的主要小说

　　　（1）《儿子与情人》

　　　（2）《虹》

　　　（3）《恋爱中的女人》

　　3．领会：

　　　A． 劳伦斯的创作思想
A. 劳伦斯的创作思想

　　　B． 劳伦斯小说的主要艺术特色及社会意义 ．

　　　C． 劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响

　　4．应用：

　　　A．《儿子与情人》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义

　　　B．选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法等

　　F．詹姆斯·乔伊斯
F.詹姆斯·乔伊斯

　　1．一般识记：乔伊斯的生平与创作生涯

　　2．识记：乔伊斯的主要作品简介

　　　（1）《都柏林人》

　　　（2）《青年艺术家的肖像》

　　　（3）《尤利西斯》

　　3．领会：

　　　A． 乔伊斯的文学创作主张与美学思想

　　　B． 乔伊斯小说的主要艺术特色及思想意义

　　　C．乔伊斯的艺术成就
C.乔伊斯的艺术成就

　　　D．乔伊斯的作品对现当代世界文学的影响

　　4．应用：

　　　A． 意识流小说的主要特色分析

　　　B． 选读：所选作品的主题思想、人物塑造、语言特色、艺术手法等

Chapter 5 The Modern Period
第 5 章 现代时期

一．识记：

　1. The social, ideological background of the modern English literature:
1. 现代英国文学的社会、意识形态背景：

　(1) The influences of the two World Wars on English literature:
（1） 两次世界大战对英国文学的影响：

Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature. The catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great sufferings to its people as well. Its appalling shock severely destroyed people's faith in the Victorian values; The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people, who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism.
现代主义源于对资本主义的怀疑和幻灭。第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战对英国文学产生了很大影响。灾难性的第一次世界大战极大地削弱了大英帝国，也给其人民带来了巨大的痛苦。它令人震惊的冲击严重摧毁了人们对维多利亚时代价值观的信仰;战后的经济混乱和精神幻灭对英国人民产生了深远的影响，他们开始看到资本主义普遍存在的悲惨之处。

The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic, cultural, and belief crisises.
第二次世界大战标志着大英帝国解体的最后阶段。英国在战争中损失惨重：数千人丧生;经济被毁了;它几乎所有以前的殖民地都消失了。人们处于经济、文化和信仰危机中。

　(2) Ideologically, the rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. (a) In the mid-19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism, which not only provided a guiding principle for the working people, but also inspired them to make dauntless fights for their own emancipation. (b) Darwin's theory of evolution exerted a strong influence upon the people, causing many to lose their religious faith. The social Darwinism, under the cover of "survival of the fittest," vehemently advocated colonialism or jingoism. (c) Einstein's theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space. (d) Freud's analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature. (e) Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition. (f) Having inherited the basic principles from Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality. (g) Based on the major ideas of his predecessors, Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness. All these irrationalist philosophers exerted immense influence upon the major modernist writers in Britain.
（2）在意识形态上，非理性哲学和新科学的兴起极大地激发了现代作家对人性和人际关系进行新的探索。（a） 19 世纪中叶，卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯提出了科学社会主义理论，不仅为劳动人民提供了指导原则，也激励他们为自己的解放而进行无畏的斗争。（b） 达尔文的进化论对人们产生了强大的影响，导致许多人失去了他们的宗教信仰。社会达尔文主义在“适者生存”的掩护下，强烈鼓吹殖民主义或沙文主义。（c） 爱因斯坦的相对论为时间和空间的概念提供了全新的思想。（d） 弗洛伊德的分析心理学彻底改变了我们对人性的概念。（e） 悲观主义哲学家阿瑟·叔本华 （Arthur Schopenhauer） 发起了一场反对理性主义的反抗，强调意志和直觉的重要性。（f） 弗里德里希·尼采继承了叔本华的基本原则，进一步反对理性主义，倡导权力和超人的学说，完全拒绝基督教道德。（g） 亨利·柏格森 （Henry Bergson） 根据前辈的主要思想建立了他的非理性哲学，强调创造、直觉、非理性和无意识。所有这些非理性主义哲学家都对英国主要的现代主义作家产生了巨大的影响。

So, after the First World War, all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared: symbolism, expressionism, surrealism, cubism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness. Towards the 1920s, these trends converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement, which swept across the whole Europe and America. After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that "the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony."
因此，第一次世界大战后，出现了各种现代主义文学趋势：象征主义、表现主义、超现实主义、立体主义、未来主义、达达主义、意象主义和意识流。到 1920 年代，这些趋势汇聚成一股席卷整个欧洲和美国的 mo dernist 运动的强大洪流。第二次世界大战后，各种现代主义或后现代主义，如存在主义文学、荒诞剧场、新小说和黑色幽默，在存在主义思想的刺激下兴起，即“世界是荒谬的，人类的生活是痛苦的”。

2. The development of English poetry in the 20th century:
2. 20 世纪英国诗歌的发展：

　　The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry. In the early years of this century, Thomas Hardy and the war poets of the younger generation were important realistic poets. Hardy expressed his strong sympathies for the suffering poor and his bitter disgusts at the social evils in his poetry as in his novels. The soldiers-poets of World War I revealed the appalling brutality of the war in a most realistic way. The early poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats's matured poetry marked the rise of "modern poetry," which was, in some sense, a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism, advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of common speech, to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood, to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects, and to use hard, clear and precise images in poems.
20 世纪见证了英国诗歌的巨大成就。在本世纪初，托马斯·哈代和年轻一代的战争诗人是重要的现实主义诗人。哈代在他的诗歌中表达了他对受苦的便便的强烈同情，并对他的诗歌和小说中的社会罪恶表示了痛苦的厌恶。第一次世界大战的士兵诗人以最真实的方式揭示了战争的骇人残酷。庞德、艾略特和叶芝的早期诗歌标志着“现代诗歌”的兴起，从某种意义上说，这是一场反对维多利亚时代诗歌传统思想和形式的革命。现代主义诗人反对浪漫的模糊和自我放纵的情感主义，在诗歌创作中倡导新的思想，例如使用普通语言，创造新的节奏来表达新的情绪，允许绝对自由地选择主题，并在诗歌中使用坚硬、清晰和精确的意象。

　　The 1930s witnessed great economic depressions, mass unemployment, and the rise of the Nazis. Facing such a severe situation, most of the young intellects started to turn to the left. And therefore the period was known as "the red thirties." A group of young poets during this period expressed in their poetry a radical political enthusiasm and a strong protest against fascism. With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again. By advocating reason, moral discipline, and traditional forms, a new generation of poets started "The Movement," which explicitly rejected the modernist influence. There was no significant poetic movement in the 1960s. A multiplicity of choices opened to both the poet and the reader. Poets gradually moved into more individual styles.
1930 年代见证了巨大的经济萧条、大规模失业和纳粹的崛起。面对如此严峻的形势，大多数年轻知识分子开始向左转。因此，这一时期被称为“红色三十年代”。这一时期的一群 young 诗人在他们的诗歌中表达了激进的政治热情和对法西斯主义的强烈抗议。随着 1950 年代的到来，现实主义诗歌再次回归。通过倡导理性、道德纪律和传统形式，新一代诗人发起了“运动”，明确拒绝现代主义的影响。1960 年代没有重大的诗歌运动。诗人和读者都有多种选择。诗人逐渐转向更个人化的风格。

　3. Realism in the 20th century English literature:
3. 20 世纪英国文学中的现实主义：

　　The realistic novels in the early 20th century were the continuation of the Victorian tradition, yet its exposing and criticizing power against capitalist evils had been somewhat weakened both in width and depth. The outstanding realistic novelists of this period were John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells, and Arnold Eennett. The three trilogies of Galsworthy's Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century, which revealed the corrupted capitalist world. In his novels of social satire, H. G. Wells made realistic studies of the aspirations and frustrations of the "Little Man;" whereas Bennett presented a vivid picture of the English life in the industrial Midlands in his best novels.
20 世纪初的现实主义小说是维多利亚时代的传统的延续，但它对资本主义罪恶的揭露和批判力量在广度和深度上都有所减弱。这一时期杰出的现实主义小说家是约翰·高尔斯沃西、HG 威尔斯和阿诺德·埃内特。高尔斯沃西的福赛特小说三部曲是 20 世纪初批判现实主义的杰作，揭示了腐败的资本主义世界。在他的社会讽刺小说中，H. G. 威尔斯对“小人物”的愿望和挫折进行了现实的研究;而贝内特则在他最好的小说中生动地描绘了英国中部工业区的生活。

Realism was, to a certain extent, eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s. But with the strong swing of leftism in the 1930s, novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some of the modernist techniques. However, the realistic novels of this period were more or less touched by a pessimistic mood, preoccupied with the theme of man's loneliness, and shaped in different forms: social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh; and Catholic novels by Graham Greene. Another important group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s known as "The Angry Young Man." They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis, John Wain, John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group. They portrayed unadorned working-class life in their novels with great freshness and vigor of the working-class language. Amis was the first to start the attack on middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term "The Angry Young Man" came to be widely
在某种程度上，现实主义被 1920 年代现代主义的迅速崛起所掩盖。但随着 1930 年代左翼主义的强劲崛起，小说家们开始将注意力转向紧迫的社会问题。他们还通过采用一些现代主义技术丰富了传统的 c reation 方式。然而，这一时期的现实主义小说或多或少受到悲观情绪的影响，全神贯注于人的孤独主题，并以不同的形式形成：奥尔德斯·赫胥黎 （Aldous Huxley） 的社会讽刺和伊芙琳·沃 （Evelyn Waugh） 的乔治·奥威尔 （George Orwell） 对英国上流社会的漫画讽刺;以及格雷厄姆·格林 （Graham Greene） 的天主教小说。1950 年代中期和 1960 年代初另一个具有中下阶层或工人阶级背景的重要年轻小说家和剧作家被称为“愤怒的年轻人”。他们对英国的萧条状况表现出特别的幻灭，并对社会中过时的社会和政治价值观发起了激烈的抗议。金斯利·艾米斯、约翰·韦恩、约翰·布雷恩和艾伦·西利托是这一组的主要小说家。他们在小说中描绘了朴素的工人阶级生活，以工人阶级语言的极大新鲜感和活力。艾米斯在他的小说《幸运的吉姆》（Lucky Jim，1954）中率先开始抨击中产阶级的特权和权力。“愤怒的年轻人”一词开始被广泛使用

Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades, the realistic novel of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer, more vigorous and more diversified style.
经过几十年与现代主义的融合和渗透，1960 年代和 1970 年代的现实主义小说以更丰富、更有活力、更多元化的风格以新的面貌出现。

二．领会:

　1.Modern English poetry:
1.现代英语诗歌：

　　It is, in some sense, a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism, advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of common speech, to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood, to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects, and to use hard, clear and precise images in poems.
从某种意义上说，这是一场反对维多利亚时代诗歌传统思想和形式的革命。现代主义诗人反对浪漫主义的模糊和自我放纵的情感主义，在诗歌创作中倡导新的思想，如使用普通语言的语言，创造新的节奏来表达新的情绪，允许绝对自由地选择主题，在诗歌中使用坚硬、清晰和精确的意象。

　2. Modern English novels:
2. 现代英语小说：

The first three decades of 20th century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role. With the notion that multiple levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind, that one's present was the sum of his past, present and future, and that the whole truth about human beings existed in the unique, isolated, and private world of each individual, writers like Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented stream-of-consciousness novels such as Pilgrimage by Richardson, Ulysses (1922) by Joyce, and Mrs. Dalloway (1925) by Woolf. One of the remarkable features of their writings was their continuous experimentation on new and sophisticated techniques in novel writing, which made tremendous impacts on the creation of both realistic and modernist novels in this century.
20 世纪的前三十年是现代主义小说的黄金岁月。在刺激小说创作的技术创新方面，弗洛伊德和荣格的精神分析理论发挥了特别重要的作用。多萝西·理查森 （Dorothy Richardson）、詹姆斯·乔伊斯 （James Joyce） 和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫 （Virginia Woolf） 等作家认为人类的意识层次同时存在于人类的头脑中，一个人的现在是他过去、现在和未来的总和，关于人类的全部真相存在于每个人独特、孤立和私密的世界中，因此多萝西·理查森 （Dorothy Richardson）、詹姆斯·乔伊斯 （James Joyce） 和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫 （Virginia Woolf） 等作家将所有精力都集中在挖掘人类意识上。他们创作了前所未有的意识流小说，如理查森的《朝圣》、乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》（1922）和伍尔夫的《达洛维夫人》（1925）。他们作品的显着特点之一是他们不断尝试新颖和复杂的小说写作技巧，这对本世纪现实主义和现代主义小说的创作产生了巨大影响。

　　James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; in Ulysses, his encyclopedia-like masterpiece, Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjointed, illogical, illusory, and mental- emotional life of Leopold Bloom, who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-ⅠEurope.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯 （James Joyce） 是最杰出的意识流小说家;在他的百科全书般的杰作《尤利西斯》中，乔伊斯描绘了利奥波德·布鲁姆 （Leopold Bloom） 脱节、不合逻辑、虚幻和精神情感生活的精彩画面，他成为第一次世界大战后欧洲每个人的象征。

　　In the works of E. M. Forster and D. H. Lawrence, old traditions are still there, but their subject matter about human relationships and their symbolic or psychological presentations of the novel are entirely modern. Forster's masterpiece, A Passage to India (1924), is a novel of decidedly symbolist aspirations, in which the author set up, within a realistic story, a fable of moral significance that implies a highly mystical, symbolic view of life, death, human relationship, and the relationship of man with the infinite universe. D. H. Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing; but unlike Joyce, he was not concerned with technical innovations; his interest lay in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He believed that life impulse was the primacy of man's instinct, and that any conscious repression of such an impulse would cause distortion or perversion of the individual's personality. In his best novels like The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920), Lawrence made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships, especially those between men and women, with a great frankness Lawrence claimed that the alienation of the human relationships and the perversion of human nature in the modern society were caused by the desires for power and money, by the shams and frauds of middle-class life, and, above all, by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.
在 E. M. Forster 和 D. H. Lawrence 的作品中，古老的传统仍然存在，但它们关于人际关系的主题以及他们对小说的象征或心理表现完全是现代的。福斯特的杰作《通往我恩迪亚的通道》（A Passage to India，1924 年）是一部具有明显象征主义抱负的小说，作者在一个现实的故事中建立了一个具有道德意义的寓言，暗示了对生命、死亡、人际关系以及人与无限宇宙的关系的高度神秘的象征性观点。D. H. 劳伦斯 （D. H. Lawrence） 被认为与乔伊斯 （Joyce） 一样具有小说创作的革命性;但与乔伊斯不同的是，他不关心技术创新;他的兴趣在于追踪人物的心理发展，以及他对资本主义工业化对人性的非人化影响的有力批评。他相信生命冲动是人类本能的首要因素，任何对这种冲动的有意识压制都会导致个人人格的扭曲或扭曲。在他最好的小说中，如《彩虹》（The Rainbow，1915）和《恋爱中的女人》（Women in Love，1920），劳伦斯对各种人际关系，特别是男女之间的关系进行了大胆的心理学探索，他非常坦率地声称，现代社会人际关系的异化和人性的扭曲是由对权力和金钱的欲望造成的。 通过中产阶级生活的虚假和欺诈，尤其是通过整个资本主义机械文明，它把人变成了非人的机器。

After the Second World War, modernism had another upsurge with the rise of existentialism which was reflected mainly in drama.
第二次世界大战后，随着存在主义的兴起，现代主义又一次高潮，主要反映在戏剧上。

3. The development of 20th century English drama:
3. 20 世纪英国戏剧的发展：

　　The most celebrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century were Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw, who, in a sense, pioneered the modern drama, though they did not make so many innovations in techniques and forms as modernist poets or novelists. Wilde expressed a satirical and bitter attitude towards the upper-class people by revealing their corruption, their snobbery, and their hypocrisy in his plays, especially in his masterpiece, The Importance-of Being Earnest (1895). Shaw is is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare whose works are examples of the plays inspired by social criticism. John Galsworthy carried on this tradition of social criticism in his plays. By dramatizing social and ethical problems, Galsworthy made considerable achievements in his plays such as The Silver Box (1906) and Strife (1910), in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic pictures of social injustice, but also the workers' heroic struggles against their employers.
19 世纪最后十年最著名的戏剧家是奥斯卡·王尔德 （Oscar Wilde） 和乔治·萧伯纳 （George Bernard Shaw），从某种意义上说，他们是现代戏剧的先驱，尽管他们在技术和形式上没有像现代主义诗人或小说家那样进行那么多创新。王尔德在他的戏剧中揭露了上流社会的腐败、势利和虚伪，表达了对上流社会的讽刺和辛酸的态度，尤其是在他的杰作《认真的重要性》（1895 年）中。Shaw 被认为是自莎士比亚以来最著名的英国剧作家，他的作品是受社会批判启发的戏剧的例子。约翰·高尔斯沃西 （John Galsworthy） 在他的戏剧中继承了这种社会批评的传统。通过戏剧化社会和道德问题，高尔斯沃西在他的戏剧中取得了相当大的成就，例如《银盒》（1906 年）和《纷争》（1910 年），其中高尔斯沃西不仅描绘了社会不公正的现实画面，还展示了工人与雇主的英勇斗争。

　　W. B. Yeats, a prominent poet of the 20th century, was the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement. He was a verse playwright who desired to restore lyrical drama to popularity. With the heroic portrayal of spiritual truth as his main concern, Yeats wrote a number of verse plays, introducing Irish myths and folk legends; but the plot in his plays was seldom very dramatic.
WB Yeats 是 20 世纪杰出的诗人，是爱尔兰国家剧院运动的领袖。他是一位诗歌剧作家，希望让抒情剧重新流行起来。叶特以对精神真理的英雄刻画为主要关注点，写了许多诗歌剧，介绍爱尔兰神话和民间传说;但他剧中的情节很少非常戏剧化。

　　The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T. S. Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry. Eliot wrote several verse plays and made a considerable success. Murder in the Cathedral (1935), with its purely dramatic power, remains the most popular of his verse plays, in spite of its primarily religious purpose. After Eliot, Christopher Fry gained considerable successes in poetic drama. His exuberant though poetically commonplace verse drama. The Lady's Not For Burning (1948), attracted delighted audience.
1930 年代见证了英国诗歌戏剧的复兴。早期的实验者之一是 TS 艾略特，他将戏剧视为最好的诗歌媒介。艾略特写了几部诗歌剧，并取得了相当大的成功。《大教堂谋杀案》（Murder in the Cathedral，1935）具有纯粹的戏剧力量，尽管它主要是宗教目的，但它仍然是他诗歌剧中最受欢迎的。在艾略特之后，克里斯托弗·弗莱 （Christopher Fry） 在诗歌戏剧方面取得了相当大的成功。他热情洋溢但又诗意平凡的诗歌剧。The Lady's Not For Burning （1948） 吸引了欣喜的观众。

　　The English dramatic revolution, which came in the 1950s under various European and American influences, developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.
1950 年代，在各种欧洲和美国的影响下，英国戏剧革命朝着两个方向发展：工人阶级戏剧和荒诞剧场。

　　The working-class drama was started by a group of young writers from the lower-middle class, or working class, who presented a new type of plays which expressed a mood of restlessness, anger and frustration, a spirit of rebelliousness, and a strong emotional protest against the existing social institutions. John Osborne's play, Look Back in Anger (1956), in a fresh, unadorned working-class language, angrily, violently and unrelentingly condemned the contemporary social evils. With an entirely new sense of reality, Osborne brought vitality to the English theater and became known as the first "Angry Young Man."
工人阶级戏剧是由一群来自中下阶层或工人阶级的年轻作家发起的，他们提出了一种新型的戏剧，表达了不安、愤怒和沮丧的情绪，一种叛逆的精神，以及对现有社会制度的强烈抗议。约翰·奥斯本（John Osborne）的戏剧《愤怒的回头看》（Look Back in Anger，1956）以一种清新、朴素的工人阶级语言，愤怒、暴力和无情地谴责了当代社会的罪恶。凭借全新的现实感，奥斯本为英国戏剧带来了活力，并被称为第一位“愤怒的年轻人”。

　　The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world. His first play Waiting for Godot (1955) is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.
荒诞剧场最具原创性的剧作家是塞缪尔·贝克特 （Samuel Beckett），他写了人类在一个陌生的、腐朽的世界中过着毫无意义的生活。他的第一部戏剧《等待戈多》（1955 年）被认为是荒诞剧场最著名和最有影响力的戏剧。

三．应用:

　1. What is Modernism?
1. 什么是现代主义？

　　Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. After the First World War, all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared: symbolism, expressionism, surrealism, cubism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness. Towards the 1920s, these trends converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement, which swept across the whole Europe and America. It has also been called "the tradition of the new"-a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventions, and "the dehumanization of art"-pushing into the background traditional notions of the individual and society. The major figures that were associated with Modernism were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf. Modernism was somewhat curbed in the 1930s. But after the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that "the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony."
现代主义是所有创意艺术中一个复杂而多样的国际运动，起源于 19 世纪末。它提供了 20 世纪最伟大的文艺复兴。第一次世界大战后，出现了各种现代主义文学潮流：象征主义、表现主义、超现实主义、立体主义、未来主义、达达主义、意象主义和意识流。到 1920 年代，这些趋势汇聚成一股强大的现代主义运动洪流，席卷整个欧洲和美国。它也被称为“新传统”——有意识地拒绝既定的规则、传统和惯例，以及“艺术的非人化”——将个人和社会的传统观念推向背景。与现代主义相关的主要人物是卡夫卡、毕加索、庞德、韦伯恩、艾略特、乔伊斯和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。现代主义在 1930 年代受到了一定程度的遏制。但在第二次世界大战之后，各种现代主义或后现代主义，如存在主义文学、荒诞剧场、新小说和黑色幽默，在存在主义思想的刺激下兴起，即“世界是荒谬的，人类的生活是痛苦的”。

　　Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. By advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, Modernism casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.
现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析理论为理论基础。现代主义文学的主要主题是人与自然、人与社会、人与人、人与自身之间的扭曲、异化和病态关系。现代主义作家更关注私人而不是公共，更多地关注主观而不是客观。他们主要关注个人的内在存在。现代主义倡导文学创作中的新形式、新技法的自由实验，几乎抛弃了文学中所有对现实主义至关重要的传统元素，如故事、情节、人物、年代叙述等。因此，现代主义作家创作的作品经常被贴上反小说、反诗歌和反戏剧的标签。

　2. The basic philosophy or characteristics of Modernism in literature:
2. 文学中现代主义的基本哲学或特征：

　　Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. One characteristic of English Modernism is "the dehumanization of art". The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Therefore, they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.
现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析理论为理论基础。英国现代主义的一个特点是“艺术的非人化”。现代主义文学的主要主题是人与自然、人与社会、人与人、人与自身之间的扭曲、异化和病态关系。现代主义作家更关注私人而不是公共，更多地关注主观而不是客观。他们主要关注个人的内在存在。因此，他们更关注通灵时间而不是时间顺序。在他们的作品中，过去、现在和未来混合在一起，同时存在于个人的意识中。

Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.
现代主义在许多方面都是对现实主义的反动。它拒绝理性主义，而理性主义是现实主义的理论基础;它把外部的、客观的、物质的世界排除在它的主要关注之外，这是现实主义的唯一创造性来源;通过倡导对文学创作中的新形式、新技术的自由实验，它几乎抛弃了文学中所有对现实主义至关重要的传统元素，如故事、情节、人物、时间顺序叙述等。因此，现代主义作家创作的作品经常被贴上反小说、反诗歌和反戏剧的标签。

I. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
I. 乔治·萧伯纳 （1856-1950）

一． 一般识记：His life and writing:
一. 一般识记：His life and writing：

　　Bernard Shaw, a brilliant dramatist, was born in Dublin, Ireland, of English parentage. He once worked in a landagent's office where he had much contact with the poor people in Dublin and came to know their miserable life. This experience surely enriched his understanding of the society and the sufferings of the people. In 1876 Shaw gave up his job and went to London, where he devoted much of his time to self-education by wide reading. Shaw came under the influence of Henry George and William Morris and took an interest in socialist theories. He started to attend all kinds of public meetings and to read Karl Marx in the British Museum. In 1884 Shaw joined the Fabian Society and became one of its most influential members.
萧伯纳 （Bernard Shaw） 是一位才华横溢的剧作家，出生于爱尔兰都柏林，具有英国血统。他曾经在一家土地代理办公室工作，在那里他与都柏林的穷人有很多接触，了解了他们的悲惨生活。这段经历无疑丰富了他对社会和人民苦难的理解。1876 年，Shaw 放弃了工作，去了伦敦，在那里他将大部分时间用于通过广泛阅读进行自我教育。Shaw 受到 Henry George 和 William Morris 的影响，对社会主义理论产生了兴趣。他开始参加各种公开会议，并在大英博物馆阅读卡尔·马克思 （Karl Marx） 的书籍。1884 年，Shaw 加入了 Fabian 协会，并成为其最有影响力的成员之一。

　二． 识记

　1. Shaw's reform ideas:
1. Shaw 的改革思路：

　　He regarded the establishment of socialism by the emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class ownership as the final goal. But on how to achieve it, he differed greatly from the Marxists. He was against the means of violent revolution or armed struggle in achieving the goal of socialism; he also had a distrust of the uneducated working class in fighting against capitalists. This reformist view of his caused him a painful, often conscious, inner conflict between his sincere desire for the new world and his inability to break out of the snobbish intellectual isolation throughout his life and work.
他认为通过将土地和工业资本从个人和阶级所有制中解放出来来建立社会主义是最终目标。但在如何实现这一目标方面，他与马克思主义者大相径庭。他反对为实现社会主义目标而进行的暴力革命或武装斗争;他对没有受过教育的工人阶级反对资本家的斗争也表示不信任。他的这种改革主义观点使他产生了一种痛苦的、通常是有意识的内心冲突，这是他对新世界的真诚渴望与他在生活和工作中无法摆脱势利的知识孤立之间的冲突。

　2. His major works:
2. 他的主要著作：

　　Shaw wrote five novels in all the best of which is Cashel Byron's Profession (1886), which is about a world-famous prize fighter marrying a priggishly refined lady of property. His criticism is entitled Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931). In his long dramatic career, Shaw wrote more than 50 plays of a variety of subjects:
肖写了五部小说，其中最好的是卡舍尔·拜伦的《职业》（Cashel Byron's Profession，1886），讲述了一位举世闻名的冠军斗士娶了一位傲慢优雅的女主人的故事。他的批评题为《我们在九十年代的剧院》（Our Theaters in the 90年代，1931）。在他漫长的 dramatic 职业生涯中，Shaw 写了 50 多部不同主题的戏剧：

　　(1) His early plays were mainly concerned with social problems and directed towards the criticism of the contemporary social, economic, moral and religious evils. Widowers' House is a grotesquely realistic exposure of slum landlordism; Mrs. Warren's Profession is a play about the economic oppression of women.
（1） 他的早期戏剧主要关注社会问题，并针对对当代社会、经济、道德和宗教罪恶的批判。鳏夫之家是对贫民窟房东主义的怪诞现实的揭露;沃伦夫人的 Profession 是一部关于女性经济压迫的戏剧。

　　(2) Shaw wrote quite a few history plays, in which he kept an eye on the contemporary society. The important plays of this group are Caesar and Cleopatra (1898) and St. Joan (1923).
（2） 邵逸夫写了不少历史剧，他关注当代社会。这一组的重要戏剧是《凯撒与克利奥帕特拉》（Caesar and Cleopatra，1898 年）和《圣贞德》（St. Joan，1923 年）。

　　(3) Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of " Life Force," the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society. The typical examples of this group are Man and Superman (1904) and Back to Methuselah (1921).
（3） 肖还创作了几部戏剧，探索了他的“生命力”思想，即创造与上帝平等的优越生物并解决人类社会所有社会、道德和形而上学问题的力量。这组的典型例子是《人与超人》（1904 年）和《回到玛土撒拉》（1921 年）。

　　(4) Besides, Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subjects: for instance. The Apple Cart (1929) is about politics; John Bull's Other Island (1904) is about racial problems; Pygmalion (1912) is about culture and art; Getting Married (1908), Misalliance (1910) and Fanny's First Play (1911) are about the problem of family and marriage; and The Doctor's Dilemma (1906) is about the ignorance, incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical profession. Too True to Be Good (1932) is a better play of the later period, with the author's almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.
（4） 此外，萧氏还写了各种题材的剧本：例如。苹果车 （1929） 是关于政治的;约翰·布尔 （John Bull） 的《另一个岛》（Other Island，1904 年）是关于种族问题的;皮格马利翁 （1912） 是关于文化和艺术的;《结婚》（Getting Married，1908）、《不联盟》（Misalliance，1910）和《范妮的第一出戏》（Fanny's First Play，1911）都是关于家庭和婚姻的问题;而《医生的困境》（The Doctor's Dilemma，1906 年）则讲述了医学界的无知、无能、傲慢和偏执。《太真实了，好得不能》（Too True to Be Good，1932）是后期的一部更好的戏剧，作者对第一次世界大战的残酷和疯狂以及年轻人的漫无目的和幻灭等主题进行了近乎虚无主义的苦涩。

　三． 领会

　1. Shaw's literary ideas:
1. 肖的文学思想：

　　Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people. Being a drama critic, Shaw directed his attacks on the Neo-Romantic tradition and the fashionable drawing-room drama. His criticism was witty, biting, and often brilliant. Shaw was strongly against the credo of "art for art's sake" held by those decadent aesthetic artists. In his critical essays, he vehemently condemned the "well made" but cheap, hollow plays which filled the English theater of the late 19th century to meet the low taste of the middle class.
肖认为，艺术应该通过反映人类生活、揭示社会矛盾和教育普通百姓来服务于社会目的。作为一名戏剧评论家，Shaw 将他的攻击指向了新浪漫主义传统和时尚的客厅 drama.他的批评诙谐、尖锐，而且往往很精彩。Shaw 强烈反对那些颓废的美学艺术家所持有的“为艺术而艺术”的信条。在他的批评文章中，他强烈谴责了 19 世纪后期英国剧院中充斥着“制作精良”但廉价、空洞的戏剧，以满足中产阶级的低级品味。

　2. The main characteristics of Bernard Shaw's plays:
2. 萧伯纳戏剧的主要特点：

　(1) Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great traditions of realism. As a realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays, termed as problem plays, are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems. And his plays have only one passion, i.e. indignation against oppression and exploitation, against hypocrisy and lying, against prostitution and slavery, against poverty, dirt and disorder.
（1） 在结构和主题上，Shaw 遵循了现实主义的伟大传统。作为一名现实主义剧作家，他以现代社会问题为主题，旨在指导社会改革。他的大部分戏剧被称为问题剧，都与政治、经济、道德或宗教问题有关。而他的戏剧只有一种激情，即对压迫和剥削的愤慨，对虚伪和谎言的愤慨，对卖淫和奴隶制的愤慨，对贫穷、肮脏和混乱的愤慨。

　(2) One feature of Shaw's characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. Usually he would take an unconventional character, a person with the gift of insight and freedom, and impinge it upon a group of conventional social animals, so as to reveal at every turn stock notions, prejudices and dishonesties. Another feature is that Shaw's characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view, that shift and alter during the play, for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines.
（2） Shaw 人物塑造的一个特点是，他巧妙地以牺牲另一个角色为代价，生动地呈现一个角色。通常，他会把一个非常规的性格，一个有洞察力和自由天赋的人，强加给一群传统的社会动物，以便处处揭示出陈旧的观念、偏见和不诚实。另一个特点是，肖先生笔下的人物是思想、观点的代表，这些思想、观点在戏剧中不断转变和变化，因为肖先生主要对教条感兴趣。

　(3) Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation. The inversion, a device found in Shaw from beginning to end, is an integral part of an interpretation of life. Inversion is also used in character portrayal to achieve comic effects.
（3） 沙维安的大部分戏剧都是围绕着传统戏剧情境的倒置而构建的。倒置是 Shaw 从头到尾发现的一种装置，是对生活的解释不可或缺的一部分。反转也用于角色 portrayal 以实现喜剧效果。

　(4) Shaw's plays have plots, but they do not work by plots. The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long, unbroken conversation. It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story. Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the minds of the characters maintain the interest of the audience. The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.
（4） 肖的戏剧有情节，但它们不按情节运作。情节通常是一场漫长而不间断的对话中被忽视的支柱。正是谈话的生命力，比单纯的故事更重要。动作被减少到最低限度，而 dialogue 和人物思想的相互作用保持了观众的兴趣。前进的动力不在于情节的展开，而在于话语精神的运作。

　四． 应用：Selected Reading: An Excerpt from Act II of Mrs. Warren's Profession:
四. 应用：选读：《华伦夫人的职业》第二幕摘录：

　　The outline and social significance of Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession:
Shaw 的 Mrs. Warren's Profession 的大纲和社会意义：

　　(1) The outline: Mrs. Warren's Profession is a play about the economic oppression of women. Mrs. Warren's profession is keeping brothels. Sir George Crofts, an old aristocrat, is her partner in this business. Vivie, Mrs. Warren's daughter, is educated in a very moral atmosphere at a boarding school. Upon graduation, she returns home and by accident discovers the source of her mother's income. Her conversations with Mrs. Warren and Sir George Crofts reveal the unscrupulousness of these members of the ruling class. It must be noted, however, that while protesting strongly against bourgeois exploitation and the immorality of the English ruling classes, Shaw points out no corrective. His heroine Vivie simply leaves her mother and, living independently, tries to earn her bread by honest work. Like Shaw, she is under the delusion that piecemeal, pretty and gradual reform will eventually do away with the evils of capitalism.
（1） 大纲：《华伦夫人的职业》是一部关于女性经济压迫的戏剧。华伦夫人的职业是经营妓院。老贵族乔治·克罗夫茨爵士 （Sir George Crofts） 是她在这项业务中的合作伙伴。沃伦夫人的女儿薇薇 （Vivie） 在一所寄宿学校接受的教育非常道德。毕业后，她回到家，无意间发现了她母亲的收入来源。她与沃伦夫人和乔治·克罗夫茨爵士的谈话揭示了这些统治阶级成员的肆无忌惮。然而，必须指出的是，虽然肖强烈抗议资产阶级剥削和英国统治阶级的不道德行为，但他并没有指出任何纠正措施。他的女主人公薇薇 （Vivie） 干脆离开了她的母亲，独立生活，试图通过诚实的工作来养家糊口。和肖一样，她也妄想着零碎、漂亮和渐进的改革最终会消除资本主义的罪恶。

(2) The social significance: The play tells an outrageous truth: in a moribund capitalist society, even prostitution can be made a means of exploitation by an ex-prostitution Mrs. Warren, and a sound investment by a respectable aristocrat Sir George Crofts. Here he exposes and satirizes the entire capitalist system, shows his infinite sympathy for the exploited, and therefore sharply and daringly touches on the most fundamental being of the capitalist system.
（2） 社会意义：该剧讲述了一个令人发指的事实：在一个垂死挣扎的资本主义社会中，即使是卖淫也可以成为前卖淫者沃伦夫人的剥削手段，以及受人尊敬的贵族乔治·克罗夫爵士的合理投资。在这里，他揭露和讽刺了整个资本主义制度，表现出了他对被剥削者的无限同情，因此尖锐而大胆地触及了资本主义制度最基本的存在。

Ⅱ.John Galsworthy (1867-1933)
II..约翰·高尔斯沃西 （1867-1933）

　一．一般识记 His life:
一.一般识记 他的一生：

　　John Galsworthy was born into an upper-middle class family. He was educated first at Harrow and then at Oxford. After practising the law for a short time, he turned to literature.
约翰·高尔斯沃西 （John Galsworthy） 出生于一个中上阶层家庭。他首先在哈罗接受教育，然后在牛津接受教育。在从事法律工作一段时间后，他转向文学。

　二．识记 His major works:
二.识记 主要著作：

　　He published his first book, From the Four Winds (a volume of short stories), in 1897 under the pseudonym of John Sinjohn. The experiences of his wife's unhappy life of the first marriage were reflected in The Man of Property (1906), which, together with his first p1ay, The Silver Box (1906), established him as a prominent novelist and playwright in the public mind. After the First Wor1d War he completed The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery (1920) and To Let (1921). His second Forsyte trilogy, A Modern Comedy, appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the Chapter, posthumous1y in 1934.
1897 年，他以约翰·辛约翰 （John Sinjohn） 的笔名出版了他的第一本书《来自四风》（From the Four Winds）（一本短篇小说集）。他妻子在第一次婚姻中不幸生活的经历反映在《财产人》（The Man of Property，1906 年）中，该书与他的第一部小说《银盒》（The Silver Box，1906 年）一起，使他在公众心目中成为杰出的小说家和剧作家。第一次 Wor1d 战争后，他完成了他的第一部三部曲《福赛特传奇》：《财产之人》、《大法官》（1920 年）和《出租》（1921 年）。他的第二部福赛特三部曲《现代喜剧》于 1929 年问世，第三部《终章》于 1934 年去世1y 问世。

　三． 领会

　　1．John Galsworthy basic literary ideas: Galsworthy was essentially a bourgeois liberal, a reformist. Throughout his life, he was preoccupied with the social injustice in his time. He regarded human life as a struggle between the rich and the poor. And his sympathy always went out to the suffering poor. In his works, he criticizes a dull, parasitic and inhuman class of the rich, which is against any kind of change; and showed great sympathy to the oppressed, but rebellious and unyie1ding class of the poor, which is bent on reforming things. He battled for many liberal causes, from women's suffrage to the abo1ition of censorship. He was also a moralist and a critic whose primary aim as a writer was not to create a new society but to criticize the existing one, though his final aim was to keep a balance between the rich and the poor. His works were designed to help improve the status quo; there was no suggestion in them that society shou1d be radical1y and painfully reconstructed if socia1 enemies were to be reconciled and social i11s remedied.
1.约翰·高尔斯沃西的基本文学思想：高尔斯沃西本质上是一个资产阶级自由主义者，一个改良主义者。在他的一生中，他一直专注于他那个时代的社会不公正。他认为人类生活是富人和穷人之间的斗争。他总是向受苦的穷人表示同情。在他的作品中，他批评了一个沉闷、寄生和不人道的富人阶层，他们反对任何形式的改变;并对受压迫但叛逆和不屈不挠的穷人阶级表示极大的同情，他们一心要改革事物。他为许多自由主义事业而战，从妇女选举权到审查制度的废除。他也是一位道德家和批评家，作为作家的主要目标不是创造一个新社会，而是批评现有社会，尽管他的最终目标是保持贫富之间的平衡。他的作品旨在帮助改善现状;他们中没有建议，如果要调和社会敌人并补救社会 i11，就应该彻底1y 并痛苦地重建社会。

　　2．The characteristics of Galsworthy's critical realism and its social effect:
2.高尔斯沃西的批判现实主义的特点及其社会效应：

　　Ga1sworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian nove1ists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray. He learned from Maupassant for the vigor, economy and clarity of writing, Turgenev for the wisdom and naturalness, and Tostoy for the depth of insight and the breadth of character drawing. Technically, he was more traditional than adventurous, focusing on plot development and character portrayal. With an objective observation and a naturalistic description, Galsworthy had tried his best to make an impartial presentation of the social 1ife in a documentary precision. By emphasizing the critical element in his writing, he daunt1essly laid bare the true features of the good and the evi1 of the bourgeois society. He was also successful in his attempt to present satire and humor in his writing. He wrote in a clear and unpretentious sty1e with a c1ear and straightforward language.
Ga1sworthy 是一位传统的作家，继承了维多利亚时代伟大的批判现实主义新派作家如狄更斯和萨克雷的优良传统。他向莫泊桑学习了文笔的活力、经济和清晰，向屠格涅夫学习了智慧和自然，向托斯泰学习了洞察力的深度和人物描绘的广度。从技术上讲，他更传统而不是冒险，专注于情节发展和人物刻画。凭借客观的观察和自然主义的描述，高尔斯沃西尽最大努力以纪实的精确性公正地呈现了社会 1ife。通过强调他作品中的批判因素，他大胆地1ess 揭示了资产阶级社会的善和 evi1 的真正特征。他尝试在作品中呈现讽刺和幽默也取得了成功。他用清晰朴实的 sty1e 和 c1ear 和直截了当的语言写作。

　四．应用：Selected Reading:
四、应用：精选阅读：

　An Excerpt from Chapter l3 of The Man of Property
摘自《财产之人》第 l3 章

　　1. The outline of the story: The Man of Property is the first novel of the Forsyte trilogies which tell the ups and downs of the Forsyte family from 1886 to 1926. This novel centers itself on the Soames-Irene-Bosinney triangle. Soames Forsyte, a typical Forsyte, represents the essence of the principle that the accumulation of wealth is the sole aim of life, for he considers everything in terms of one's property. Irene, his young and beautiful wife, on the contrary, loves art and cherishes noble ideals of life. But Soames never pay any attention to her thoughts and feeling; he takes her merely as part of his own property. Thus, Irene is not happy about her marriage. In order to please his wife, Soames asks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Like Irene, Bosinney is also interested in art and not in practical things in life. During the designing and building of the house, the two come to enjoy a great deal of each other's company and finally fall in love with each other. Rumors arise and Soames wants his revenge. He sues Bosinney at the court for spending more money than stipulated. The conflict of the triangle ends tragically with Bosinney's death in a car accident and Irene's leaving Soames for good.
1. 故事大纲：《财产之人》是福赛特三部曲的第一部小说，讲述了福赛特家族从 1886 年到 1926 年的起起落落。这部小说以 Soames-Irene-Bosinney 三角为中心。索姆斯·福赛特 （Soames Forsyte） 是一个典型的福赛特，它代表了财富积累是生活的唯一目标这一原则的精髓，因为他从一个人的财产的角度考虑一切。相反，他年轻美丽的妻子艾琳热爱艺术，珍视高尚的人生理想。但索姆斯从不理会她的想法和感受;他只是把她当作他自己财产的一部分。因此，艾琳对自己的婚姻并不满意。为了取悦他的妻子，索姆斯请年轻的建筑师博辛尼为他们建造一座乡间别墅。和 Irene 一样，Bosinney 也对艺术感兴趣，而不是生活中的实际事物。在房子的设计和建造过程中，两人开始享受彼此的陪伴，并最终爱上了对方。谣言四起，索姆斯想要报仇。他在法庭上起诉 Bosinney 花费了超出规定的钱。三角冲突以 Bosinney 死于车祸和 Irene 永远离开 Soames 而悲剧性地结束。

　　2. The theme of this novel: It is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships of the family with the underlying assumption that human relationships of the contemporary English society are merely an extension of property relationships.
2. 这部小说的主题：这是福赛特家族占主导地位的占有本能及其对家庭个人关系的影响，其基本假设是当代英国社会的人际关系是财产关系的延伸。

　　The harsh satire on this inhuman sense of property is brought out very effectively in the early chapters of the novel. But in the later part of the novel, the harsh tone gradually changes into a more tolerant one, and finally it becomes a distinctly sentimental one, thus weakening the effect of the novel.
对这种不人道的财产感的严厉讽刺在小说的前几章中得到了非常有效的体现。但在小说的后半部分，严厉的语气逐渐转变为更加宽容的语气，最后变成了明显的语气，从而削弱了小说的效果。

Ⅲ.William Butler Yeats (1865-1939 )
III..威廉·巴特勒·叶芝 （1865-1939 ）

一． 一般识记：

W. B. Yeats was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dub1in. He was brought up where old Irish way of 1ife and folk1ore were stil1 very strong. With a strong passion for Celtic 1egends, he read Irish poetry and the Gaelic sagas in translation. His youth was spent during the high tide of the Irish Nationalist Movement. He was a moderate nationalist. With the common cultural ideas of reviving the Irish literature, Yeats, Lady Gregory and John Synge organized the Irish National Dramatic Society and opened the Abbey Theater in 1904. Yeats served as its director and wrote more than 20 p1ays for the theater. In 1923, he was awarded NobeI Prize for 1iterature.
W. B. Yeats 出生于 Dub1in 的一个盎格鲁-爱尔兰新教家庭。他在古老的爱尔兰方式 1ife 和 folk1ore 非常强大的地方长大。他对凯尔特诗歌有着浓厚的热情，他阅读了爱尔兰诗歌和盖尔语萨迦的翻译。His 青年时期是在爱尔兰民族主义运动的高潮中度过的。他是一个温和的民族主义者。凭借复兴爱尔兰文学的共同文化理念，叶芝、格雷戈里夫人和约翰·辛格组织了爱尔兰国家戏剧协会，并于 1904 年开设了修道院剧院。叶芝担任该剧院的导演，为剧院写了 20 多篇 p1ays。1923 年，他因 1iterature 而被授予 NobeI 奖。

　二． 识记和领会：

　1. Yeats's literary ideas:
1. 叶芝的文学思想：

　　Not content with any dogma in any of the established religious institutions, Yeats built up for himself a mystical system of beliefs. In choosing the mystical belief of cyclical history over the modern conception of progress, Yeats owed a great deal to the Italian philosopher Vico, and the German philosopher Nietzsche. He believed that history, and life, followed a circular, spiral pattern consisting of long cycles which repeated themselves over and over on different levels. And symbols 1ike " winding stairs," "spinning tops," "gyres" and "spirals" were part of his elaborate theory of history, which had obviously become the central core of order in his great poems. Yeats later disagreed with the idea of "art for art's sake." He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion. To write about Ire1and for an Irish audience and to recreate a specifically Irish literature -- these were the aims that Yeats was fighting for as a poet and a playwright.
叶芝不满足于任何已建立的宗教机构中的任何教条，他为自己建立了一个神秘的信仰体系。叶芝选择了周期性历史的神秘信仰而不是现代的进步概念，这在很大程度上归功于意大利哲学家维科和德国哲学家尼采。他相信历史和生活遵循一个循环的螺旋模式，该模式由长周期组成，这些周期在不同的层面上一遍又一遍地重复。而符号 1ike “蜿蜒的楼梯”、“旋转的陀螺”、“环流”和“螺旋”是他精心设计的历史理论的一部分，这显然已成为他伟大诗歌中秩序的中心核心。叶芝后来不同意“为艺术而艺术”的想法。他开始明白，文学本身不应该是目的，而应该是信念的表达和高尚情感的外衣。写爱尔兰文学，为爱尔兰读者写爱尔兰文学——这些是叶芝作为诗人和剧作家为之奋斗的目标。

　2．The three periods of Yeats's poetic creation and their respective features:
2.叶芝诗歌创作的三个时期及其各自的特点：

　　Generally, his poetic career starting in the romantic tradition and finishing as a matured modernist poet can be divided into three periods according to the contents and sty1e of his poetry.
一般来说，他的诗歌生涯从浪漫主义传统开始，到成熟的现代主义诗人结束，根据他诗歌的内容和内容1e，可以分为三个时期。

　　(1) As a young man in the last decades of the 19th -century, Yeats began his poetic career in the romantic tradition. The major themes are usually Celtic 1egends, local folkta1es, or stories of the heroic age in Irish history. Many of his early poems have a dreamy quality, expressing melancho1y, passive and self-indulgent feelings. The representative works are "The Lake Isle of Innisfree," "The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland". The overall style of his early poetry is very delicate with natural imagery, dream-like atmophere and, musical beauty.
（1） 作为 19 世纪最后几十年的年轻人，叶芝在浪漫主义传统中开始了他的诗歌生涯。主要主题通常是凯尔特 1egends、当地民俗 1es 或爱尔兰历史上英雄时代的故事。他的许多早期诗歌都带有梦幻般的品质，表达了忧郁、被动和自我放纵的情感。代表作有《悦诗风吟的湖岛》、《梦见仙境的人》。他早期诗歌的整体风格非常细腻，具有自然的意象、梦幻般的氛围和音乐美感。

　　(2) Yeats turned from the traditional poetry to a modernist one during the first two decades of the 20th century. Ideologically, he responded to Nietzsche's works with great excitement; artistically, he came under the influence of French Symbolism and John Donne's metaphysical poetry; and poetically, he accepted the modernist ideas in poetry writing advocated by Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot. Yeats began to write with realistic and concrete themes on a variety of subjects, exploring the profound and complicated human problems, such as life, love, politics, and religion. The early passive and dreamy mood was replaced by anger, disillusion and bitter satire. His style is both simple and rich, colloquial and formal, with a quality of metaphysical wit and symbolic vision, which indicates that Yeats has already been on his way to modernist poetry. The representative poems are "Easter of 1916" and "New Era."
（2） 叶芝在 20 世纪的前二十年从传统诗歌转向现代主义诗歌。在意识形态上，他对尼采的作品做出了极大的兴奋;在艺术上，他受到法国象征主义和 John Donne 的形而上学诗歌的影响;在诗歌方面，他接受了埃兹拉·庞德 （Ezra Pound） 和 T. S. 艾略特 （T. S. Eliot） 倡导的现代主义诗歌创作思想。叶芝开始以现实和具体的主题写作，探讨各种主题，探索深刻而复杂的人类问题，如生活、爱情、政治和宗教。早期的被动和梦幻般的情绪被愤怒、幻灭和苦涩的讽刺所取代。他的风格既简单又丰富，口语化又正式，具有形而上学的机智和象征性的视野，这表明叶芝已经走上了现代主义诗歌的道路。代表诗是《1916 年的复活节》和《新时代》。

　　(3) Yeats reached the last stage of his poetic creation when he was over fifty. He felt more bitter and more disillusioned. Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could only live in the realm of art. His concern has turned to the great subjects of dichotomy, such as, youth and age, love and war, vigor and wisdom, body and soul, and life and art. And this dichotomy has brought constant tensions in his works and revealed the human predicament. In this last period, Yeats has developed a tough, complex and symbolical style. The representative poems are "Sailing to Byzantium," "Leda and the Swan" and "Monuments of Unaging intellect."
（3） 叶芝在五十多岁时达到了他诗歌创作的最后阶段。他感到更加痛苦和幻灭。叶芝开始意识到，永恒的美只能存在于艺术的领域。他关注的话题转向了二世哲学的伟大主题，例如青春与年龄、爱情与战争、活力与智慧、身体与灵魂、生活与艺术。而这种二分法在他的作品中带来了持续的紧张，揭示了人类的困境。在最后一个时期，叶芝形成了一种强硬、复杂和象征性的风格。代表诗是《航行到拜占庭》、《勒达与天鹅》和《不朽的智慧纪念碑》。

　3．Yeats as a dramatist and his contribution to modern theater:
3.叶芝作为剧作家和他对现代戏剧的贡献：

　　He wrote verse plays in most of the cases. He wrote more than 20 plays in a stretch of 48 years. The stories of his early plays all came from the Irish myth or legends. His sucessful plays include The Countess Cathleen (1892), Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902) The Land of Heart's Desire (1894), The Shadowy Waters (1900) and Purgatory (1935).
在大多数情况下，他都写了诗歌剧。他在 48 年的时间里写了 20 多部剧本。他早期戏剧的故事都来自爱尔兰神话或传说。他成功的戏剧包括《凯瑟琳伯爵夫人》（1892 年）、《凯瑟琳·尼·霍利汉》（1902 年）、《心之欲望之地》（1894 年）、《阴暗的水域》（1900 年）和《炼狱》（1935 年）。

　　In his later phase of dramatic career, in order to reflect "the deeps of the mind," Yeats began experimenting with techniques such as the use of masks, of ritualized actions, and of symbolic languages together with the combination of music and dance. In a certain way, his experiments anticipated the abstract movement of modern theater. However, even in his plays Yeats has remained a lyrical poet. His plays are enjoyed more for the beauty of their language than for dramatic situations.
在他戏剧生涯的后期，为了反映“心灵的深处”，叶芝开始尝试使用面具、仪式化的动作和象征性语言以及音乐和舞蹈的结合等技术。在某种程度上，他的实验预示了现代戏剧的抽象运动。然而，即使在他的戏剧中，叶芝仍然是一位抒情诗人。他的戏剧更因其语言的美感而非戏剧性情境而受到喜爱。

　三．应用：Selected Readings:
三、应用：精选读物：

　1. The Lake Isle of Innisfree
1. 悦诗风吟湖

　　The poem is written in 1893. Tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought to escape into an ideal "fairyland" where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoy the beauty of nature. The poem consists of three quatrains of iambic pentameter, with each stanza rhymed abab. Innisfree is an inlet in the lake in Irish legends. Here the author is referring to a place for hermitage.
这首诗写于 1893 年。厌倦了他那个时代的生活，叶芝试图逃到一个理想的“仙境”，在那里他可以像隐士一样平静地生活，享受大自然的美丽。这首诗由三首抑扬格五音节四行诗组成，每节押韵 abab。悦诗风吟是爱尔兰传说中的一个湖口。在这里，作者指的是一个隐居的地方。

　　This poem is just a popular representative of the poems in which Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images like human and fairy, natura1 and artificial, domestic and wild, and ephemeral and permanent. Around a "fairyland" background, the poem is c1osely woven, easy, subtle and musical; the c1arity and control of the imagery give the poem a haunting quality.
这首诗只是叶芝通过仔细对立对比的思想或形象（如人类与仙女、自然 1 与人工、家庭与狂野、短暂与永恒）的对比而实现暗示性意义模式的流行代表。围绕着“仙境”的背景，这首诗是 c1osely 编织的，轻松、微妙和音乐性;C1arity 和对意象的控制使这首诗具有令人难以忘怀的品质。

2. Down by the Salley Gardens
2. Salley Gardens 旁边

　　Originally entitled "An Old Song Resung," with Yeats's footnote: "This is an attempt to reconstruct an old song from three lines imperfectly remembered by an old peasant woman in the village of Ballysodare, Sligo, who often sings them to herself."
原标题为“一首重唱的老歌”，叶芝的脚注是：“这是一次尝试，从斯莱戈 Ballysodare 村的一位老农妇不完全记得的三行中重建一首老歌，她经常自言自语地唱这些歌。

The theme of the poem is very simple: a boy has fallen in love with a beautiful girl who is carefree and advises the boy not to be so serious about love and life. But he does not agree with her and suffers a lot.
这首诗的主题很简单：一个男孩爱上了一个无忧无虑的美丽女孩，并建议男孩不要对爱情和生活如此认真。但他不同意她的观点，并且受了很多苦。

Ⅳ.T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)
艾略特 （1888-1965）

一．一般识记：

His life and writing: Thomas Steams Eliot was born at St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. Eliot was first educated at Smith Academy and then at Harvard where he concentrated his energies on studying philosophy and logic. He took interest in Elizabethan literature, the Italian Renaissance and Indian mystical philosophy of Buddhism. He was also attracted by the French symbolist poetry. He worked as the editor of The Egoist and The Criterion, the two most influential literary reviews of 20th century. He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.
他的生活和写作：托马斯·斯蒸斯·艾略特出生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯，艾略特最初在史密斯学院接受教育，然后在哈佛大学接受教育，在那里他将精力集中在学习哲学和逻辑学上。他对伊丽莎白时代的文学、意大利文艺复兴和印度神秘的佛教哲学产生了兴趣。他还被法国象征主义诗歌所吸引。他曾担任 20 世纪最具影响力的两篇文学评论《利己主义者》和《标准》的编辑。他获得了各种奖项，包括 1948 年的诺贝尔奖和功绩勋章。

二．识记与领会：

1． Eliot had a long poetic career, which was generally divided into two periods: the early one from 1915 to 1925, and the later one from 1927 onward.
1. 艾略特的诗歌生涯很长，一般分为两个时期：早期从 1915 年到 1925 年，后期从 1927 年开始。

　　(1) The main features of T.S.Eliot's early poems: In his early period, Eliot produced a fairly large number of poems, which were mainly collected in Poems 1909-25 (1925). His first important poem was "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915). He also published Prufrock and Other Observations (1917) and his most famous poem The Waste Land (1922). As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explored in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modem Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life. Most of his early poems are about a state of mind. There is little "action" in a physical sense; the action is totally psychological. The poems are dominated by the dark horror of an earthly hell. The more important poems of this period are: "Prufrock," "Gerontion," The Waste Land, and The Hollow Men.
（1） T.S.艾略特早期诗歌的主要特点：艾略特早期创作了相当多的诗歌，主要收集在《诗歌 1909-25》（1925 年）中。他的第一首重要诗是《J. Alfred Prufrock 的情歌》（1915 年）。他还出版了《普鲁弗洛克和其他观察》（Prufrock and Other Observations，1917 年）和他最著名的诗歌《荒原》（The Waste Land，1922 年）。作为一个充满痛苦幻灭和大胆处理语言的年轻人，艾略特在他的早期诗歌中探索了现代西方世界文化衰败的各个方面，表达了一种生活瓦解的感觉。他的大部分早期诗歌都是关于一种心理状态的。在物理意义上几乎没有“动作”;这个动作完全是心理上的。这些诗歌以人间地狱的黑暗恐怖为主。这一时期比较重要的诗歌是：《普鲁弗洛克》、《杰隆蒂翁》、《荒原》和《空心人》。

　　(2) In his later period, Eliot produced only two major volumes of poetic works: Ash Wednesday (1930) and Four Quartets (1944). The quest for stability, for order, and for the maintaining of the bourgeois status quo became his primary concern in his later works. The Four Quartets, based on the Christian dogmas of incarnation and resurrection, is concerned with the quest for the immortal element, the stillness within time or history. Man, disillusioned and hopeless in his early poetry, now finds reconciliation in God. Thus, the Four Quartets is characterized by a philosophical and emotional calm quite in contrast to the despair and suffering of the early works. The stream-of-consciousness technique has been largely employed in Eliot's poems.
（2）在他的后期，艾略特只创作了两本主要的诗歌作品集：《灰烬星期三》（1930 年）和《四个四重奏》（1944 年）。对稳定、秩序和维持资产阶级现状的追求成为他后来作品的主要关注点。四个四重奏以基督教道成肉身和复活的教条为基础，关注对不朽元素的追求，即时间或历史中的静止。人类在他早期的诗歌中幻想破灭和绝望，现在在上帝那里找到了和解。因此，《四个四重奏》的特点是哲学和情感上的平静，与早期作品的绝望和痛苦形成鲜明对比。意识流技术在艾略特的诗歌中被广泛使用。

　　2．T. S. Eliot's major achievement in drama writing:
2.TS 艾略特在戏剧创作方面的主要成就：

　　He was one of the important verse dramatists in the first half of the 20th century. Besides some fragmentary pieces, Eliot had written in his lifetime five full-length plays: Murder in the Cathedral (1935), The Family Reunion (1939), The Cocktail Party (1950), The Confidential Clerk (1954), and The-Elder Statesman (1959). All the plays have something to do with Christian themes. His three later plays are also concerned with the subject of spiritual self-discovery but in the form of a sophisticated modern social comedy. Eliot's major achievement in play writing has been the creation of a verse drama in the 20th century to express the ideas and actions of modern society with new accents of the contemporary speech.
他是 20 世纪上半叶重要的诗歌剧作家之一。除了一些零碎的作品外，艾略特一生还写了五部长篇戏剧：《大教堂谋杀案》（1935 年）、《家庭团聚》（1939 年）、《鸡尾酒会》（1950 年）、《机密书记员》（1954 年）和《老政治家》（1959 年）。所有的戏剧都与基督教主题有关。他后来的三部戏剧也关注精神自我发现的主题，但以复杂的现代社会喜剧的形式出现。艾略特在戏剧创作方面的主要成就是在 20 世纪创作了一部诗歌剧，以当代语言的新口音表达现代社会的思想和行动。

　　3．T. S. Eliot was also an important prose writer. During his literary career, he wrote a large number of essays, articles and book reviews. His essays are mainly concerned with cultural, social, religious, as well as literary issues. It is not inappropriate to say that Eliot, as a critic, may have occupied today a position of distinction and influence equal in importance to his position as a poet.
3.TS 艾略特也是一位重要的散文作家。在他的文学生涯中，他写了大量的散文、文章和书评。他的散文主要关注文化、社会、宗教以及文学问题。可以说，艾略特作为一位批评家，今天可能已经占据了与他作为诗人的地位同等重要的杰出地位和影响力。

　　In his famous essay, "Tradition and Individual Talent," Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism. And in presenting his doctrine of impersonality, Eliot argued that a poet's mind should remain "inert" and "neutral" towards his subject matter, keeping a gulf between the man who suffers and the mind which creates.
在他的著名文章《传统与个人才能》中，艾略特非常强调传统在创意写作和批评中的重要性。在提出他的非人格学说时，艾略特认为，诗人的思想应该对他的主题保持“原有”和“中立”，在受苦的人和创造的思想之间保持一条鸿沟。

　三．应用Selected Reading:
三、应用精选阅读：

　　1．The literary significance of The Waste Land:
1.《荒原》的文学意义：

　　(1) The theme: The Waste Land, Eliot's most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry, comparable to Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads. With bold technical innovations in versification and style, the poem not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.
（1） 主题：艾略特最重要的单首诗《荒原》被誉为 20 世纪英国诗歌的里程碑和典范，可与华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣》相媲美。凭借在诗歌和风格上大胆的技术创新，该作品不仅展示了现代西方世界身体混乱和精神荒凉的全景，也反映了战后一代人普遍存在的幻灭和绝望情绪。

　　(2) The main ideas of each section: The poem is 433 lines long and is divided into five sections, which are not logically constructed or connected. Section I, "The Burial of the Dead," deals chiefly with the theme of death in life. The inhabitants in the modern Waste Land, who have lost the knowledge of good and evil, live a sterile, meaningless life. In the last passage of the section, Eliot connects the "unreal city" with the city of the dead, and modern London with Dante's Hell, claiming that those who have no faith of religion are actually living dead. To bury the dead is to bury a memory, which brings no hope of growth or renewal. Section II, "A Game of Chess," gives a rather concrete illustration of the sterile situation. A picture of spiritual emptiness is presented with the reproduction of a contemporary pub conversation between two cockney women. The discussion is constantly interrupted by the pub keeper's "HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME." Section III, "The Fire Sermon," expresses a painfully elegiac feeling by juxtaposing the vulgarity and shallowness of the modern with the beauty and simplicity of the past. What was once ritualistic and meaningful is now despairing and empty. In section IV, "Death by Water," the drowned Phoenician Sailor is an emblem of futile worries over profit and loss, youth and age. With the curative and baptismal power of the water images, the drowned Phoenician Sailor also recalls the rebirth of the drowned god of the fertility cults, thus giving an instance of the conquest of death. The title of Section V, "What the Thunder Said," appears to be derived from an Indian myth, in which the supreme Lord of the Creation speaks through the thunder. As the drought breaks and the thunder speaks, various elusive suggestions of hopes are given; but despite the thunder's advice "to give, to sympathize, and to control," which projects the possibility of regeneration, the issue is left uncertain at the end.
（2）各部分的主要思想：这首诗长 433 行，分为五个部分，没有逻辑结构或连接。第一部分，“死者的葬礼”，主要讨论生前死亡的主题。现代荒原上的居民已经失去了善恶的知识，过着无菌、毫无意义的生活。在该部分的最后一段中，艾略特将“虚幻之城”与死者之城联系起来，将现代伦敦与但丁的地狱联系起来，声称那些没有宗教信仰的人实际上是活死人。埋葬死者就是埋葬一段记忆，它不会带来成长或更新的希望。第二部分，“一盘棋”，对这种无用的情况给出了一个相当具体的例子。一幅精神空虚的画面与两位 cockney 女性之间现代酒吧对话的复制品一起呈现。讨论不断被酒吧老板的“快点，请是时候了”。第三部分，“火之布道”，通过将现代的粗俗和肤浅与过去的美丽和简单并置，表达了一种痛苦的挽歌感。曾经仪式化和有意义的东西现在变得绝望和空虚。在第四部分“水中的死亡”中，溺水的腓尼基水手象征着对利润和损失、青春和年龄的徒劳担忧。凭借水像的治愈和洗礼力量，溺水的腓尼基水手也让人想起生育崇拜中溺水之神的重生，从而给出了征服死亡的例子。第五部分的标题“雷声说了什么”似乎来源于一个印度神话，其中创世之主通过雷声说话。 随着干旱的爆发和雷声的响起，人们给出了各种难以捉摸的希望建议;但是，尽管 The Thunder 建议 “给予、同情和控制”，这预示了再生的可能性，但这个问题在最后还是不确定的。

　　(3) The poem's social significance: The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modem civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose. The poem has developed a whole set of historical, cultural and religious themes; but it is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people's disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society. The horror and menace, the anguish and dereliction, and the futility and sterility expressed in his poetry had been afflicting all sensitive members of the postwar generation.
（3） 这首诗的社会意义：《荒原》是一首关于现代文明的精神分裂的诗，在这种文明中，人类的生活已经失去了意义、意义和目的。这首诗发展了一整套历史、文化和宗教主题;但它通常被认为主要反映了 20 世纪人们在一个无菌和徒劳的社会中的幻灭和挫败感。他的诗歌中表达的恐怖和威胁、痛苦和失职、徒劳和贫瘠一直困扰着战后一代所有敏感的成员。

　　2．The characteristics of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock":
2.《阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克情歌》的特点：

　　"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" is Eliot's most striking early achievement. It presents the meditation of an aging young man over the business of proposing marriage. The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended "love song" and a confession of the speaker's incapability of facing up to love and to life in a sterile upper-class world. Prufrock, the protagonist of the poem, is neurotic, self-important, illogical and incapable of action. He is a kind of tragic figure caught in a sense of defeated idealism and tortured by unsatisfied desires. The setting of the poem resembles the "polite society" of Pope's " The Rape of the Lock," in which a tea party is a significant event and a game of cards is the only way to stave off boredom. The poem is intensely anti-romantic with visual images of hard, gritty objects and evasive hellish atmosphere.
《阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》是艾略特早期最引人注目的成就。它展示了一个年迈的年轻人对求婚的沉思。这首诗以戏剧性的独白形式呈现，暗示了假装的“情歌”与说话者在毫无生气的上流社会世界中无法面对爱情和生活的坦白之间的讽刺性对比。这首诗的主人公普鲁弗洛克神经质、自以为是、不合逻辑且无法行动。他是一个悲剧人物，陷入了一种被打败的理想主义中，被未被满足的欲望所折磨。这首诗的背景类似于波普的《锁的强奸》（The Rape of the Lock）中的“礼貌社会”，其中茶话会是一个重要的事件，而纸牌游戏是消除无聊的唯一方法。这首诗是极度反浪漫的，视觉图像是坚硬、坚韧的物体和逃避的地狱气氛。

V. D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
V. D. H. 劳伦斯 （1885-1930）

一．一般识记

His life and writing: David Herbert Lawrence was born at a mining village in Nottinghamshire. His father was a coal-miner with little education; but his mother, once a school teacher, was from a somewhat higher class, who came to think that she had married beneath her and desired to have her sons well educated so as to help them escape from the life of coal miners. The conflict between the earthy, coarse, energetic but often drunken father and the refined, strong-willed and up-climbing mother is vividly presented in his autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers (1913).
他的生活和写作：大卫·赫伯特·劳伦斯 （David Herbert Lawrence） 出生在诺丁汉郡的一个采矿村。他的父亲是一名煤矿工人，几乎没有受过什么教育;但他的母亲曾经是一名学校教师，出身于一个稍高的阶层，她开始认为她嫁给了比她低的人，并希望她的儿子们得到良好的教育，以帮助他们摆脱煤矿工人的生活。朴实、粗鲁、精力充沛但经常喝醉的父亲与儒雅、意志坚强、不断攀升的母亲之间的冲突在他的自传体小说《儿子与情人》（Sons and Lovers，1913）中得到了生动的呈现。

二．识记

1．Lawrence's major works: During his life-long literary career, he had written more than ten novels, several volumes of short stories and a large number of poems. Lawrence began his novel writing in his early twenties. His first novel, The White Peacock (1911), is a remarkable work of a talented young man, acutely observant of nature and delighting in story. His second novel is The Trespasser (1912), which is about the failure of human contact and the lack of warmth between people, which are to be further explored in his later novels. Lawrence was recognized as a prominent novelist only after Sons and Lovers was published. The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920) are generally regarded as his masterpieces in which symbolism and complex narrative are employed more richly.
1.劳伦斯的主要作品：在他毕生的文学生涯中，他写了十多部小说、几卷短篇小说和大量诗歌。劳伦斯在 20 岁出头时开始了他的小说创作。他的第一部小说《白孔雀》（The White Peacock，1911 年）是一位才华横溢的年轻人的非凡作品，他对自然有着敏锐的观察力，喜欢讲故事。他的第二部小说是《侵入者》（The Trespasser，1912），讲述了人与人之间缺乏温暖的失败和人与人之间缺乏温暖的故事，这将在他后来的小说中进一步探讨。劳伦斯是在《儿子与情人》出版后才被公认为杰出的小说家。《彩虹》（The Rainbow，1915）和《恋爱中的女人》（Women in Love，1920）被普遍认为是他的代表作，其中象征主义和复杂的叙事得到了更丰富的运用。

2．The Rainbow
2.彩虹

　　(1) The story: The Rainbow is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm. The first part is about the marriage and life of Tom Brangwen and Lydia Lensky, a Polish widow. They have a deep and loving understanding of each other in spite of the utter foreignness between them. They can also communicate with the mysterious natural world. Their relationship is presented as the model one in the novel. The second part of the novel is about Anna Lensky, Lydia's daughter by her first husband, and Will, Tom's nephew. They have physical passion for each other; but, in Lawrence's words, "their souls remain separate." Their relationship is fraught with conflicts, and their marriage fails to achieve the final fulfillment of the older generation. The last part of the novel deals with Ursula, the eldest daughter of Will and Anna, who carries the story on into the third generation. This part of the novel traces Ursula's life from childhood through adolescence up to adulthood. At the end of the novel; Ursula is left with much experience behind her, but still "uncreated" in face of the unknown future.
（1） 故事：The Rainbow 是关于 Marsh 农场 Brangwen 家族三代人的故事。第一部分是关于 Tom Brangwen 和波兰寡妇 Lydia Lensky 的婚姻和生活。他们对彼此有着深刻而充满爱的理解，尽管他们之间完全陌生。他们还可以与神秘的自然世界进行交流。他们的关系在小说中被描述为模范。小说的第二部分是关于莉迪亚第一任丈夫的女儿安娜·伦斯基和汤姆的侄子威尔。他们对彼此有身体上的激情;但是，用劳伦斯的话来说，“他们的灵魂仍然是独立的。他们的关系充满了冲突，他们的婚姻未能达到老一辈的最终圆满。小说的最后一部分讲述了威尔和安娜的长女乌苏拉，她将故事延续到第三代。小说的这一部分追溯了乌苏拉从童年到青春期再到成年的生活。在小说的结尾;乌苏拉身后留下了丰富的经验，但面对未知的未来，她仍然“未被创造”。

　　(2) The social significance of The Rainbow: In this novel, Lawrence illustrates a terrible social corruption that accompanies the progress of human civilization. In Lawrence's opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities, the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships. In reading the novel, the reader often feels the threatening shadows of the disintegration and destructiveness of the whole civilized world which loom behind the emotional conflicts and psychological tensions of the characters. As a matter of fact, it is the first time for Lawrence to make a conscious attempt to combine social criticism with psychological exploration in his novel writing.
（2） 彩虹的社会意义：在这部小说中，劳伦斯描绘了伴随人类文明进步而来的可怕的社会腐败。在劳伦斯看来，机械文明是人类人格不健康发展、爱情和人类婚姻关系实现失败的原因。在阅读小说时，读者经常感受到整个文明世界瓦解和破坏的威胁阴影，这些阴影在人物的情感冲突和心理紧张背后若隐若现。事实上，这是劳伦斯第一次有意识地尝试在他的小说写作中将社会批判与心理探索相结合。

　　3．Women in Love:
3.恋爱中的女人：

　　(1) The story: As its title implies, Women in Love is a novel about two pairs of lovers, around whom a series of episodes are dramatically presented. The two heroines are Ursula Brangwen and her younger sister Gudrun; and the two chief male characters are Gerald Crich, a young coalmine owner, and Rupert Birkin, a school inspector. At the opening of the story, Ursula and Birkin strike an immediate kin ship with each other, while Gudrun is attracted by Gerald's physical energy. The rest of the novel is a working out of the relationships of these four through interrelating events and conflicts of personalities. After a series of ups and downs, Birkin and Ursula have reached a fruitful relationship by maintaining their integrity and independence as individuals and decided to get married in the end. But the passionate love between Gudrun and Gerald experiences a process of tension and deterioration. As both of them have let their "will-power" and "ideals" interfere with their proper relations, their love turns out to be a disastrous tragedy.
（1） 故事：正如其标题所暗示的那样，《恋爱中的女人》是一部关于两对恋人的小说，围绕他们戏剧性地呈现了一系列情节。两位女主角是乌苏拉·布朗文 （Ursula Brangwen） 和她的妹妹古德伦 （Gudrun）;以及两个主要的男性角色，年轻的煤矿老板杰拉尔德·克里奇 （Gerald Crich） 和学校督察鲁伯特·伯金 （Rupert Birkin）。在故事的开头，乌苏拉和柏金立即建立了亲戚关系，而古德伦则被杰拉德的体能所吸引。小说的其余部分是通过相互关联的事件和性格冲突来梳理这四个人的关系。经过一系列的起起落落，柏金和乌苏拉通过保持个人的正直和独立性，达成了富有成效的关系，并最终决定结婚。但古德伦和杰拉德之间的炽热爱情经历了一个紧张和恶化的过程。由于他们俩都让他们的“意志力”和“理想”干扰了他们的正常关系，他们的爱情结果是一场灾难性的悲剧。

　　(2) The symbolic meanings in this novel: Women in Love is rich in its symbolic meanings. Gerald Crich, an efficient but ruthless coalmine owner, who makes the machine his god and establishes the inhuman mechanical system in his mining kingdom, is a symbolic figure of spiritual death, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, who fights against the cramping pressures of mechanized industrialism and the domination of any kind of dead formulas, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force. Women in Love is a remarkable novel in which the individual consciousness is subtly revealed and strands of themes are intricately wound up. The structural pattern of the book derives from the contrast between the destinies of the two pairs of lovers and the subordinate masculine relationship between Birkin and Gerald. The two sisters, the two male friends, and the two couples are closely paralleled in ideas, actions and relations so that each is corresponding to and contrasting with the other. Thus, Women in Love is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other written by Lawrence.
（2） 这部小说中的象征意义：《恋爱中的女人》具有丰富的象征意义。杰拉尔德·克里奇 （Gerald Crich） 是一位高效但无情的煤矿主，他将机器视为他的上帝，并在他的采矿王国中建立了非人的机械系统，是一个精神死亡的象征人物，代表了整套资产阶级道德。而 Birkin 是 Lawrence 的自画像，他与机械化工业主义的痉挛压力和任何死公式的支配作斗争，被呈现为人类温暖的象征人物，代表着自发的生命力。《恋爱中的女人》是一部非凡的小说，其中个人意识被巧妙地揭示出来，主题链错综复杂地缠绕在一起。这本书的结构模式来源于两对恋人命运的对比与柏金和杰拉尔德之间从属的男性关系。两姐妹、两男朋友、两对情侣在思想、行为和关系上都紧密平行，因此彼此对应又相互对比。因此，《恋爱中的女人》被认为是一部比劳伦斯写的任何其他小说都更深刻的小说。

　　4．His later novels, which deal more extensively with themes of power, dominance, and leadership; the relationships that men form with one another, are also under exploration. These works include Aaron's Rod (1922), Kangaroo (1923), The Plumed Serpent (1926), and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928). In Lady Chatterley's Lover, Lawrence has returned to his early subjects and background of Nottinghamshire. By presenting an old romantic story about a dissatisfied aristocratic lady who deserts her half-man, half-machine husband to find love with a man of nature, Lawrence not only condemns the civilized world of mechanism that distorts all natural relationships between men and women, but also advocates a return to nature.
4. 他后来的小说更广泛地涉及权力、支配和领导等主题;人们彼此之间建立的关系也在探索中。这些作品包括 Aaron's Rod （1922）、Kangaroo （1923）、The Plumed Serpent （1926） 和 Lady Chatterley's Lover （1928）。在《查泰莱夫人的情人》中，劳伦斯回到了他早期的主题和诺丁汉郡的背景。通过讲述一个古老的浪漫故事，讲述了一位不满的贵族女士抛弃了她半人半机器的丈夫，与一个自然人相爱，劳伦斯不仅谴责了扭曲男女之间所有自然关系的文明机械世界，还倡导回归自然。

　　5．The theme of his short stories: Lawrence also uses them to expose the bankruptcy of the mechanical civilization and to find an answer to it. Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories. St. Mawr, The Daughter of the Vicar, The Horse Dealer's Daughter, The Captain's Doll, The Prussian Officer, and The Virgin and the Gypsy are generally considered to be Lawrence's best known stories.
5.他的短篇小说主题：劳伦斯还利用它们来揭露机械文明的破产并找到答案。讽刺、幽默和机智是许多故事的特点。圣莫尔、维克阿的女儿、马贩子的女儿、船长的玩偶、普鲁士军官和圣母与吉普赛人通常被认为是劳伦斯最著名的故事。

　　6．Lawrence is also a proficient poet. He began his poetry writing very early and wrote quite a large number of poems in his whole career. His poems fall roughly into three categories - satirical and comic poems, poems about human relationships and emotions, and poems about nature. Lawrence does not care much about the conventional metrical rules; what he tries to do in poetry is to catch the instant life of the immediate present.
6. 劳伦斯也是一位精通的诗人。他很早就开始写诗，在他的整个职业生涯中写了相当多的诗歌。他的诗大致分为三类——讽刺和喜剧诗、关于人际关系和情感的诗，以及关于自然的诗。劳伦斯不太关心传统的度量规则;他在诗歌中试图做的是捕捉当下的瞬间生命。

　　7．Lawrence's three influential plays are known as "the Lawrence trilogy": A Collier's Friday Night (1909), The Daughter-in-Law (1912) and The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed (1914), have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire. The main conflict is between the ignorant, drunken and brutish father or husband and the weary, frustrated mother or wife who tries to find emotional fulfillment in her children. What the plays focus on is the direct and violent emotions of the main characters in times of crisis in their married life. The plays are presented with a higher degree of objectivity and detachment than the novels by Lawrence.
7. 劳伦斯的三部有影响力的戏剧被称为“劳伦斯三部曲”：《科利尔的星期五之夜》（1909 年）、《儿媳》（1912 年）和《霍洛伊德夫人的寡妇》（1914 年），与诺丁汉郡典型的工人阶级环境相同。 主要冲突是无知、醉酒和野蛮的父亲或丈夫与疲惫、沮丧的母亲或妻子之间的冲突，她试图在孩子身上找到情感上的满足。这些戏剧关注的是主角在婚姻生活危机时期的直接和暴力情感。这些戏剧比劳伦斯的小说以更高的客观性和超然性呈现。

　三．领会

　　The creative features and the social significance of Lawrence's writing: Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century. The major characteristics of his novel is that he combined social criticism with psychological exploration in his novel writing. He was not concerned with technical innovations; his interest lays in the tracing of psychological development of his character and in his enegetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.
劳伦斯作品的创作特征和社会意义：劳伦斯是 20 世纪最伟大的英国小说家之一。他小说的主要特点是他在小说创作中将社会批判与心理学探索相结合。他不关心技术创新;他的兴趣在于追踪他性格的心理发展，以及他对资本主义工业化对人性的非人化影响的能量性批评。

　　(1) The theme: In his writings, Lawrence has expressed a strong reaction against the mechanical civilization. In his opinion, the bourgeois industrialization or civilization, which made its realization at the cost of ravishing the land, started the catastrophic uprooting of man from nature and caused the distortion of personality, the corruption of the will, and the dominance of sterile intellect over the authentic inward passions of man. Under the mechanical control, human beings were turned into inanimated matter, while the inanimated matter should be animated to destroy both man and earth. It is this agonized concern about the dehumanizing effect of mechanical civilization on the sensual tenderness of human nature that haunts Lawrence's writing.
（1） 主题：在他的著作中，劳伦斯表达了对机械文明的强烈反应。在他看来，资产阶级工业化或文明的实现是以蹂躏土地为代价的，它开始了人与自然界的连根拔起，并导致了人格的扭曲、意志的腐败以及乏味的智力对人类真正的内在激情的支配。在机械控制下，人类变成了无生命的物质，而无生命的物质应该被激活以摧毁人类和地球。正是这种对机械文明对人性感性温柔的非人性影响的痛苦担忧，困扰着劳伦斯的写作。

　　(2) Lawrence's influence to modern and contemporary English literature: He was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He made a bold psychological exploration of various human relations, especially those between men and women, with a great frankness. He believed that the healthy way of the individual's psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse. Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force. By presenting the psychological experience of individual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel. Lawrence declared that any repression of the sexual impulse based on social, religious, or moral values of the civilized world would cause severe damages to the harmony of human relationships and the psychic health of the individual's personality.
（2） 劳伦斯对现代和当代英国文学的影响：他是最早将心理学主题引入其作品的小说家之一。他对各种人际关系，尤其是男女之间的关系，进行了大胆的心理学探索，非常坦率。他认为，个人心理发展的健康方式在于生命冲动的首要地位，或者换句话说，性冲动。对劳伦斯来说，人类的性行为是生命力的象征。通过呈现个体人类生活和人际关系的心理体验，劳伦斯为小说开辟了广阔的新领域。劳伦斯宣称，任何基于文明世界的社会、宗教或道德价值观的性冲动的压制都会对人际关系的和谐和个人人格的心理健康造成严重损害。

　　(3) Lawrence's artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary. And the realistic feature is most obviously seen in its detailed portraiture. With the working-class simplicity and directness, Lawrence can summon up all the physical attributes associated with the common daily objects.
（3） 劳伦斯的艺术倾向主要是现实主义，将戏剧性的场景与权威的评论相结合。而现实主义的特点在其详细的肖像画中最明显地体现出来。凭借工人阶级的朴素和直接，劳伦斯可以召唤出与常见日常物品相关的所有物理属性。

　　(4) In presenting the psychological aspects of his characters, Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism in his writing. By using sets of natural images as poetic symbols to embody the emotional states of the characters and to illustrate human situations, Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning. Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters' subconscious life.
（4） 在呈现人物的心理方面时，劳伦斯在他的写作中利用了诗意的想象和象征主义。通过使用一组自然图像作为诗意的符号来体现人物的情感状态并说明哼唱情境，Lawrence 赋予了传统现实主义新的心理意义。通过将传统现实主义与象征主义和诗意想象的创新元素相结合，劳伦斯成功地带出了他笔下人物潜意识生活的微妙起伏。

　四．应用：Sons and Lovers
四.应用：Sons and Lovers

　　(1) The brief outline of Lawrence's Sons and Lover: Sons and Lovers is largely an autobiographical novel told by means of straight-forward narrative and vivid episodes in chronological sequence. The story starts with the marriage of Paul's parents. Mrs. Morel, daughter of a middle-class family, is "a woman of character and refinement", a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class. After an initial stage of happiness in their marriage, the class difference between them starts to estrange them from each other. The disillusion in her husband makes her lavish all the affections upon her sons. She determines that her sons should never become miners; they will be educated to realize her ideals of success, happiness and social esteem. Thus, the sons gradually come under the strong influence of the mother in affections, aspirations and mental habits, and see their father with their mother's eyes, despising their father whose personality degenerates step by step as he feels his exclusion. Later Mrs. Morel stands in the way of her second son Paul's love affairs first with Miriam, a farmer's daughter, and then with Clara, a married woman who lives separated from her husband. In the near-end of the story, Mrs. Morel suffers from a terminal disease. Paul casts off his mistress and attends to his dying mother. It is only after his mother's death that he feels free. Resisting the urge to follow his mother into darkness, he walks towards life.
（1） 《劳伦斯的儿子与情人：儿子与情人》的简要概述主要是一部自传体小说，通过直截了当的叙述和按时间顺序生动的情节讲述。故事要从保罗父母的婚姻开始。莫雷尔夫人，一个中产阶级家庭的女儿，是“一个有品格和优雅的女人”，一个意志坚强、聪明、雄心勃勃的女人，她被一个热情、充满活力和感性的煤矿工人沃尔特-莫雷尔所吸引，并嫁给了低于她自己阶级的人。在他们婚姻的最初幸福阶段之后，他们之间的阶级差异开始使他们彼此疏远。她丈夫的幻灭使她把所有的感情都倾注在儿子们身上。她决定她的儿子们永远不应该成为矿工;他们将接受教育，以实现她对成功、幸福和社会尊重的理想。因此，儿子们在感情、抱负和心理习惯上逐渐受到母亲的强烈影响，用母亲的眼光看待父亲，鄙视父亲，父亲的性格随着被排斥而逐渐退化。后来，莫雷尔夫人阻碍了她的二儿子保罗先是与农民的女儿米里亚姆的恋情，然后是与与丈夫分居的已婚妇女克拉拉的恋情。在故事的结尾，莫雷尔夫人患有绝症。保罗抛弃了他的情妇，照顾他垂死的母亲。只有在他母亲去世后，他才感到自由。他克制住了跟随母亲进入黑暗的冲动，走向了生命。

　　(2) The characterization of Paul in Sons and Lovers: In the second part of the novel, the closeness between Paul, the hero of the story, and his mother develops after the death of his elder brother, William, and his own illness. Paul's psychological development is traced with great subtlety, especially his emotional conflicts in the course of his early love affairs with Miriam and Clara. Paul depends heavily on his mother's love and help to make sense of the world around him; but in order to become an independent man and a true artist he has to make his own decisions about his life and work, and has to struggle to become free from his mother's influence. However, Paul is proved to be incapable of escaping the overpowering emotional bond imposed by his mother's love, so he fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with either girl. Finally, his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair. There is no one now to love him or to help him. But the book ends with Paul's rejection of despair and his determination to face the unknown future.
（2） 《儿子与情人》中保罗的人物塑造：在小说的第二部分，故事的主人公保罗和他的母亲之间的亲密关系在他的哥哥威廉去世和他自己的疾病之后发展起来。保罗的心理发展被非常微妙地追溯，尤其是他在早年与米利暗和克拉拉的恋情过程中的情感冲突。保罗在很大程度上依赖他母亲的爱和帮助来理解他周围的世界;但为了成为一个独立的人和真正的艺术家，他必须对自己的生活和工作做出自己的决定，并且必须努力摆脱母亲的影响。然而，事实证明，保罗无法摆脱他母亲的爱所施加的压倒性的情感纽带，因此他未能与任何一个女孩建立令人满意的关系。最后，他的母亲去世了，他孤身一人，绝望。现在没有人爱他或帮助他。但这本书以保罗拒绝绝望和决心面对未知的未来结束。

Ⅵ. James Joyce (1882-1941)
VI.. 詹姆斯·乔伊斯 （1882-1941）

一．一般识记：His life and writing: James Joyce was born into a Catholic family Dublin, got his education at Catholic schools where he passed through a phase of religious enthusiasm but finally rejected the Catholic Church and started rebellion against the narrowness and bigotry of the bourgeois Philistines in Dublin. Influenced by Ibsen, Joyce finally decided to take the literary mission as his career. After his graduation, Joyce left Ireland to live and work in France, Italy and Switzerland for the rest of his life, for he regarded exile as the only way to preserve his integrity and to enable him to recreate the life in Dublin truthfully, completely and objectively in his writings.
他的生平和著作：詹姆斯·乔伊斯出生于都柏林的一个天主教家庭，在天主教学校接受教育，在那里他经历了一个宗教热情的阶段，但最终拒绝了天主教会，开始反抗都柏林资产阶级非利士人的叙事和偏执。受易卜生的影响，乔伊斯最终决定将文学使命作为自己的事业。毕业后，乔伊斯离开爱尔兰，在法国、意大利和瑞士生活和工作了余生，因为他认为流亡是保持自己诚信的唯一途径，并使他能够在自己的作品中真实、完整和客观地再现都柏林的生活。

　　二．识记和领会：His main works: Joyce is not a commercial writer. In his lifetime, he wrote altogether three novels, a collection of short stories, two volumes of poetry, and one play. The novels and short stories are regarded as his great works, all of which have the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, and the same subject: the Irish people and their life.
他的主要著作：乔伊斯不是一个商业作家。在他的一生中，他总共写了三部小说、一本短篇小说集、两卷诗集和一部戏剧。小说和短篇小说被认为是他的伟大作品，它们都有相同的背景：爱尔兰，尤其是都柏林，以及同一个主题：爱尔兰人民和他们的生活。

　　1. The theme of Dubliners: Dubliners (1914), a collection of 15 short stories, is the first important work of Joyce's lifelong preoccupation with Dublin life. The stories have an artistic unity given by Joyce who intended "to write a chapter of the moral history of my country . . . under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life." Each story presents an aspect of "dear dirty Dublin," an aspect of the city's paralysis moral, political, or spiritual. Each story is an action, defining a frustration or defeat of the soul. And the whole sequence of the stories represents the entire course of moral deterioration in Dublin, ending in the death of the soul. Dubliners begins by presenting death as an inscrutable fact in a small boy's existence; it ends with a vision in which death is seen. To make the Irish see death and living dead in their life is perhaps the first step, in Joyce's opinion, to evoke the national spirit of the Irish people. The stories are also important as examples of Joyce's theory of epiphany in fiction; each is concerned with a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident.
1. 《都柏林人：都柏林人》（Dubliners： Dubliners，1914）是一本由 15 个短篇小说组成的合集，是乔伊斯毕生关注都柏林生活的第一部重要作品。乔伊斯赋予这些故事一种艺术上的统一性，她打算“在我国的道德史上写下一章......在四个方面下：童年、青春期、成熟期和公共生活。每个故事都呈现了“亲爱的肮脏都柏林”的一个方面，这是这座城市在道德、政治或精神上瘫痪的一个方面。每个故事都是一个行动，定义了灵魂的挫折或挫败。而整个故事序列代表了都柏林道德堕落的整个过程，以灵魂的死亡告终。都柏林人首先将死亡呈现为一个小男孩存在中一个难以捉摸的事实;它以看到死亡的异象结束。在乔伊斯看来，让爱尔兰人在他们的生活中看到死亡和活死人，也许是唤起爱尔兰人民民族精神的第一步。这些故事作为乔伊斯在小说中的顿悟理论的例子也很重要;每个人都关注由一个看似微不足道的事件激发的关于生活真相的突然揭示。

　　2. The main idea of A Portrait of Artist as a Young Man (1916): This is Joyce's first novel. The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements. The novel can be regarded as a naturalistic account of the hero's bitter experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. The story develops around the life of a middle-class Irish boy, Stephen Dedalus, from his infancy to his departure from Ireland some twenty years later. Stephen has an unhappy boyhood. At school, he is unfairly treated by his schoolmates and his masters. During his adolescence the sensitive boy gradually becomes conscious of the oppressive pressures from the moral, political and spiritual environment. He starts to rebel against the oppressive pressures. But rebellion would only result in frustration. Thus, he turns to seek sensual pleasure as an outlet. Consequently he is tormented with his sense of moral sin and frightened by the terrors of the Last Judgment. To remove the restless agony from his mind, he devotes himself to religion; but finally he is repelled by the chilly church life and rejects the call to the priesthood. At a moment of revelation on the seashore, Stephen suddenly realizes that artistic vocation is his true mission. To fulfill this mission, Stephen decides to leave Ireland, to cast off all those that try to tie him down - "his family, his religion, his country and his fleshly desire."
2. 《年轻艺术家的肖像》（1916 年）的主要思想：这是乔伊斯的第一部小说。小说的标题暗示了具有强烈自传元素的人物研究。这部小说可以看作是对主人公痛苦经历和他最后的艺术和精神解放的自然主义描述。故事围绕着一个爱尔兰中产阶级男孩斯蒂芬·德达鲁斯 （Stephen Dedalus） 的生活展开，从婴儿期到大约 20 年后离开爱尔兰。斯蒂芬有一个不快乐的童年。在学校，他受到同学和老师的不公平对待。在他的青春期，这个敏感的男孩逐渐意识到来自道德、政治和精神环境的压迫压力。他开始反抗压迫性压力。但叛逆只会导致挫败感。因此，他转而寻求感官上的快乐作为出口。因此，他被自己的道德罪恶感所折磨，并被最后审判的恐怖所吓坏。为了消除他心中不安的痛苦，他投身于宗教;但最后，他被寒冷的教会生活所排斥，拒绝了神职的呼召。在海边的一刻，Stephen 突然意识到，艺术天职才是他真正的使命。为了完成这个使命，斯蒂芬决定离开爱尔兰，抛弃所有试图束缚他的人——“他的家庭、他的宗教、他的国家和他的肉体欲望”。

　　3. The brief outline, artistic features and social significance of Ulysses:
3. 《尤利西斯》的简要概述、艺术特点和社会意义：

　　(1) The brief outline: Broadly speaking, Ulysses gives an account of man's life during one day (16 June, 1904) in Dublin. The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The whole novel is divided into 18 episodes in correspondence with the 18 hours of the day. The first three episodes are mainly concerned with Stephen Dedalus: he gets up at 8 o'clock on this specific day; he teaches a history class at a boy's school; and then he walks along the strand to town with random thoughts in mind. The next 14 episodes are largely about Leopold Bloom, who, after breakfast, goes about Dublin on his day's routine activities. In the morning, Bloom takes a Turkish bath, calls in at the National Library, attends the funeral of a friend, and shows up at the newspaper office where he sells advertising. After lunch, Bloom wanders about in the city, meeting people in streets, at pubs and in shops, worrying about his wife, his money, his daughter and his digestion, pursuing persistently his own ruminations over his past, the death of his father and his baby son, but at the same time cocking an alert ear for what is going on around him. Then he roams along a beach at twilight, sitting at a place to watch an unknown girl and having a daydream. In the evening he visits a maternity hospital to inquire about the birth of a friend's baby. During the course of the day, Stephen also wanders aimlessly in the town, propounding his theory on Shakespeare's Hamlet at the National Library, drinking at the students' common room of the hospital, visiting a brothel in the "Nighttown" where he is rescued in a drunken affray by Bloom. Subsequently Bloom invites Stephen back to his home for a late drink. Stephen leaves in the early hours of the morning and Bloom goes to bed. The novel ends with the famous monologue by Molly, who is musing in a half-awake state over her past experiences as a woman.
（1） 简要概述：广义上讲，《尤利西斯》记述了人类在都柏林的一天（1904 年 6 月 16 日）的生活。三个主要人物是：爱尔兰犹太人利奥波德·布鲁姆 （Leopold Bloom）、他的妻子玛丽昂·特威迪·布鲁姆 （Marion Tweedy Bloom） 和斯蒂芬·德达鲁斯 （Stephen Dedalus），《年轻艺术家的肖像》中的主人公。全小说分为 18 集，对应着一天的 18 个小时。前三集主要关注斯蒂芬·德达鲁斯：他在这一天早上 8 点起床;他在一所男校教历史课;然后他沿着河岸走到镇上，心里胡思乱想。接下来的 14 集主要是关于利奥波德·布鲁姆 （Leopold Bloom） 的，他吃完早餐后，在都柏林进行他一天的日常活动。早上，布鲁姆洗了个土耳其浴，打电话到国家图书馆，参加了朋友的葬礼，并出现在他卖广告的报社。午饭后，布鲁姆在城市里闲逛，在街道、酒吧和商店里遇到人们，担心他的妻子、他的钱、他的女儿和他的消化系统，坚持不懈地追寻他自己对他的过去、他父亲和他年幼的儿子的死亡的思考，但同时对周围发生的事情保持警觉。然后他在黄昏时分沿着海滩漫步，坐在一个地方看着一个陌生的女孩，做着一个白日梦。晚上，他去了一家妇产医院，询问一个朋友的孩子出生的情况。白天，斯蒂芬还漫无目的地在镇上闲逛，在国家图书馆提出他关于莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》的理论，在医院的学生公共休息室喝酒，参观“夜城”的一家妓院，在那里他被布鲁姆在醉酒的争吵中救出。 随后，布鲁姆邀请斯蒂芬回到他家喝一杯。斯蒂芬在凌晨离开，布鲁姆上床睡觉。小说以莫莉 （Molly） 著名的独白结束，她在半睡半醒的状态下沉思着她过去作为女性的经历。

　　(2) The artistic features: Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literature. It is such an uncommon novel that there arises the question whether it can be termed as a "novel" all; for it seems to lack almost all the essential qualities of the novel in a traditional sense: there is virtually no story, no plot, almost no action, and little characterization in the usual sense. The events of the day seem to be trivial, insignificant, or even banal. But below the surface of the events, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters' inner world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating way.
（2） 艺术特点：《尤利西斯》已成为文学中现代主义的典范。这是一部如此不寻常的小说，以至于出现了一个问题，它是否可以被称为全部的“小说”;因为它似乎几乎缺乏传统意义上的小说的所有基本品质：几乎没有故事，没有情节，几乎没有动作，也几乎没有通常意义上的人物塑造。当天的事件似乎是微不足道的、微不足道的，甚至是平庸的。但在事件的表面之下，人物内心世界的自然流动、情绪和冲动的变化以前所未有的坦率和深刻的方式丰富地呈现。

　　(3) The social significance of the novel: In Ulysses, Joyce intends to present a microcosm of the whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated in the happenings of one day. With complete objectivity and minute details of man's everyday routines and his psychic processes, Joyce illustrates a symbolic picture of all human history, which is simultaneously tragic and comic, heroic and cowardly, magnificent and dreary. Like Eliot's masterpiece, The Waste Land, Joyce's Ulysses presents a realistic picture of the modern wasteland in which modern men are portrayed as vulgar and trivial creatures with splitting personalities, disillusioned ideals, sordid minds and broken families, who are searching in vain for harmonious human relationships and spiritual sustenance in a decaying world.
（3） 小说的社会意义：在《尤利西斯》中，乔伊斯打算通过提供一个例子来呈现整个人类生活的缩影，说明单个事件如何包含同类的所有事件，以及历史如何在当今发生的事情中被概括。乔伊斯以完全客观和人类日常生活和心理过程的微小细节，描绘了一幅人类历史的象征性画面，它同时是悲剧和喜剧，既英勇又懦弱，宏伟又沉闷。与艾略特的杰作《荒原》一样，乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》描绘了一幅现实主义的现代荒原图景，现代人被描绘成人格分裂、理想幻灭、思想肮脏、家庭破碎的庸俗世人，在腐朽的世界中徒劳地寻找和谐的人际关系和精神寄托。

　　4. The characteristics of Finnegans Wake: Joyce spent 17 years working on his last important book, Finnegans Wake (1939). In this encyclopedic work, Joyce ambitiously attempted to pack the whole history of mankind into one night's dream. In the dream experience, there is no self-conscious logic, no orderly associations, no established values, no limits of time or space; all the past, present and future are mingled and float freely in the mind. Thus, Finnegans Wake is regarded as the most original experiment ever made in the novel form, and also the most difficult book to read.
4. 《芬尼根守灵夜》的特点：乔伊斯花了 17 年时间写他的最后一本重要著作《芬尼根守灵夜》（Finnegans Wake，1939 年）。在这部百科全书式的作品中，乔伊斯雄心勃勃地试图将整个人类历史浓缩在一个夜晚的梦中。在梦境中，没有自我意识的逻辑，没有有序的联想，没有既定的价值观，没有时间或空间的限制;所有的过去、现在和未来都交织在一起，在脑海中自由漂浮。因此，Finnegans Wake 被认为是有史以来以小说形式进行的最具原创性的实验，也是最难读的书。

　　5. The literary characteristics of Joyce's writing:
5. 乔伊斯作品的文学特点：

　　James Joyce is one of the most prominent literary figures of the first half of the 20th century.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯 （James Joyce） 是 20 世纪上半叶最杰出的文学人物之一。

　　(1) Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters. In Joyce's opinion, the artist, who wants to reach the highest stage and to gain the insights necessary for the creation of dramatic art, should rise to the position of a god-like objectivity; he should have the complete conscious control over the creative process and depersonalize his own emotion in the artistic creation. He should appear as an omniscient author and present unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues.
（1） 乔伊斯被认为是最杰出的意识流小说家，他专注于在他的小说中揭示人物的心理存在。在乔伊斯看来，艺术家想要登上最高舞台，获得戏剧艺术创作所需的洞察力，就应该上升到神一般的客观性的位置;他应该对创作过程有完全的自觉控制，在艺术创作中去个人化自己的情感。他应该以全知作家的身份出现，直接从角色的心理中呈现不言而喻的材料，或者让角色在独白中讲述自己的内心想法。

　　(2) Another remarkable feature of Joyce's writings is his style. His own style is a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely; subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards. But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters' mind. To create his modern Odyssey -Ulysses, Joyce adopts a kind of mock-heroic style. The essence of the mock-heroic lies in the application of apparently inappropriate styles. He achieves this mainly by elaborating his style into parody, pastiche, symbolic fantasy, and narration by question and answer from an omniscient narrator.
（2） 乔伊斯作品的另一个显着特点是他的风格。他自己的风格是直截了当的、清晰、合乎逻辑的、悠闲的;微妙、经济和精确是他的标准。但当他试图渲染所谓的意识流时，风格发生了变化：不完整、快速、断断续续、断断续续的句子是典型的特征，反映了主要人物脑海中思想的变幻、调情、无序流动。为了创作他的现代奥德赛-尤利西斯，乔伊斯采用了一种嘲讽英雄的风格。嘲讽英雄的本质在于应用明显不合适的风格。他主要通过将自己的风格阐述为模仿、模仿、象征性幻想以及由全知叙述者通过问答进行叙述来实现这一目标。

　　Many critics think that Joyce is a great master of innovation. His radical experimentation ranges from "stream of consciousness" to his fantastic engagements with rhetoric, sentimental romance, historical stylistics, counterpoint and expressionist drama. His mastery of the English language and style is always highly praised.
许多评论家认为乔伊斯是一位伟大的创新大师。他的激进实验范围从“意识流”到他对修辞、感伤浪漫、历史文体、对位和表现主义戏剧的奇妙参与。 他对英语语言和风格的掌握一直受到高度赞扬。

　三.应用：Selected Reading:
三、应用：精选阅读：

　　"Araby" from Dubliners
“Araby” 来自 Dubliners

　　The theme of "Araby": It is the third of the fifteen stories in Dubliners. This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident suggests some particular aspect of the theme. Joyce was drawing on his own childhood recollections, and the uncle in the story is a reminiscence of Joyce's father. But in all the stories in Dubliners dealing with childhood, the child lives not with his parents but with an uncle and aunt - a symbol of that isolation and lack of proper relation between "consubstantial" (" in the flesh") parents and children which is a major theme in Joyce's work.
“Araby”的主题：这是 Dubliners 中 15 个故事中的第三个。这个关于在单调中对美的挫败追求的故事，在处理都柏林生活和都柏林场景的细节时既一丝不苟地写实，又高度象征性，因为几乎每个图像和事件都暗示了主题的某个特定方面。乔伊斯借鉴了他自己的童年回忆，故事中的叔叔是对乔伊斯父亲的回忆。但在《都柏林人》中所有关于童年的故事中，孩子不是和他的父母住在一起，而是和叔叔阿姨住在一起——这象征着“同质”（“肉身”）父母和孩子之间那种孤立和缺乏适当关系，这是乔伊斯作品的一个主要主题。

下篇：美国文学

第一章　美国浪漫主义时期

一、美国浪漫主义时期概述

Ⅰ.本章学习目的和要求
I..本章学习目的和要求

　　通过本章学习，了解１９世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

Ⅱ.本章重点及难点：
II..本章重点及难点：

　　1．浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点

　　2．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。

　　3．分析讨论选读作品

Ⅲ.本章考核知识点和考核要求：
III..本章考核知识点和考核要求：

　1.美国浪漫主义时期概述

　　(1)．"识记"内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景

　　(2)．"领会"内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现

　　　　a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响

　　　　b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证

　　(3)．"应用"内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释

　2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

Ａ．华盛顿·欧文
A.华盛顿·欧文

　1．一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯

　2．识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》

　3．领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格

　4.应用：选读《瑞普·凡·温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色

Ｂ．拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生
B.拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生

　1．一般识记：．爱默生的生平及创作生涯

　2．识记：爱默生的超验主义思想

　3．领会：

　　（1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等

　　（2）．爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》

　4． 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观

Ｃ．纳撒尼尔·霍桑
C.纳撒尼尔·霍桑

　1．一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯

　2．识记：霍桑的长短篇小说

　3．领会：

　　（1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构

　　（2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的"原罪"对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点）

　　（3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献

　4．应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色

Ｄ．华尔特·惠特曼
D.华尔特·惠特曼

　1．一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯

　2．识记：惠特曼的民主思想

　3．领会：

　　（1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格

　　（2）．惠特曼的个人主义

　4．应用：选读《草叶集》诗选："一个孩子的成长"、"涉水的骑兵'"、"自己之歌"的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格

Ｅ．赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
E.赫尔曼·麦尔维尔

　1．一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯

　2．识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等

　3．领会：《白鲸》的

　（1）主题：表层及深层意义

　（2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一

　（3）象征手法和寓言的运用

　（4）语言特色

　4．应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色

Chapter l The Romantic Period　
第一章 浪漫时期

　(一)"识记"内容：

　　1.The origin of Romantic American literature
1.美国浪漫主义文学的起源

　　The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the　history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.
浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一，从 18 世纪末一直延续到南北战争爆发。它以华盛顿·欧文 （Washington Irving） 的《素描集》（The Sketch Book） 的出版开始，以惠特曼的《草叶集》结束。

　　2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ---Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman---whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature.
2. 美国文艺复兴或新英格兰文艺复兴是美国文学大放异彩的时期，大致从 i830 年代开始直到美国内战结束。它作为民族精神的表达而成熟。这一时期最重要的影响之一是超验主义者，包括拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生、亨利·大卫·梭罗。超验主义者为建立基于本土元素的新民族文化做出了贡献。除了超验主义者之外，这一时期还出现了伟大的富有想象力的作家---纳撒尼尔·霍桑、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和沃尔特·沃尔特·惠特曼---他们的小说和诗歌在美国文学中留下了永久的印记。

　　3.Its social historical and cultural background
3.其社会历史和文化背景

　　The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. Historically, it was the time of westward expansion in America economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen's life, and the wild west. Besides, the nation's literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus, with a strong sense of optimism, a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century.
美国社会的发展孕育了 “一个伟大国家的文学”。美国正在蓬勃发展成为一个政治、经济和文化独立的国家。从历史上看，这是美国经济西进的时候，整个国家正在经历工业转型。在政治上，民主和平等成为新国家的理想，两党制应运而生。值得一提的是该国的文学和文化生活。随着美国独立政府的成立，这个国家感到一种冲动，希望拥有自己的文学表达方式，以宣传其他国家所没有的新经验：早期清教徒的定居点、与印第安人的对抗、拓荒者的生活和狂野的西部。此外，国家的文学环境已经为浪漫主义运动做好了准备 we11.因此，带着强烈的乐观主义，在 19 世纪的第一个 ha1f 带来了浪漫情怀的壮观爆发。

　　4.Major writers of this period
4.这一时期的主要作家

　　There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period, among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.
这一时期涌现出一大批文学家，其中最著名的是菲利普·弗雷诺、威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特、亨利·华兹华斯·朗研究员、詹姆斯·罗素·洛厄尔、约翰·格林利夫·惠特、埃德加·爱伦·坡，特别是沃尔特·惠特曼，他的《草叶集》使他成为 19 世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人。美国浪漫主义时期的小说是一部原创且多样化的作品。它的范围从华盛顿·欧文的喜剧寓言到埃德加·艾伦·坡的哥特式故事，从詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀的边境冒险到赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的叙事探索，从纳撒尼尔·霍桑的心理浪漫故事到丽贝卡·哈丁·戴维斯的社会现实主义。

　(二)．领会内容

　　1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism
1.欧洲浪漫主义对美国浪漫主义的影响

Foreign literary masters, especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry.
外国文学大师，尤其是英国同行，对新世界的作家产生了刺激性的影响。美国作家诞生于一个共同的文化遗产，与英国浪漫主义作家有一些共同的特点。他们通过发展一些相对较新的小说或诗歌形式来反抗古典主义时期的文学形式和思想。

　　(1) They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural.
（1） 他们强调文学的想象力和情感品质，其中包括喜欢风景如画、异国情调、感性、耸人听闻和超自然的事物。

　　(2) The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.
（2） 美国人也越来越强调情感的自由表达，并越来越关注他们角色的精神状态。英雄和女英雄表现出极端的敏感和兴奋。

　　(3) The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works.
（3） 高举个人和普通人的强烈倾向几乎是美国的国教。弗雷诺、布莱恩特和库珀等作家在他们各自的作品中表现出对外部自然的极大兴趣。

　　(4) The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving's effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper's long series of historical tales.
（4） 欧文 （Irving） 对哈德逊河 （Hudson River） 地区传说的挖掘努力，以及库珀 （Cooper） 的长篇历史故事中，也发现了对过去的更 colorfu1 方面的文学使用。

　　(5) In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.
（5） 简而言之，美国浪漫主义在某种程度上是衍生的。

　　2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism
2.美国浪漫主义的独有特点

　　Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e,(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper's Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and, later, in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4) Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.
尽管深受英国同行的影响，但美国浪漫主义作家在他们的作品中展现了自己独特的特点，并在本土成长。例如，（1） 美国国家“开拓西部”的经验被证明是美国作家可以借鉴的丰富材料来源。他们赞美美国的风景，包括原始森林、草地、小树林、无尽的草原、溪流和广阔的海洋。荒野几乎成为象征道德 1aw 的戏剧性角色。(2)逃离社会、回归自然的愿望成为美国文学的永恒惯例。这种愿望在库珀的《皮袜故事》、梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》以及后来的马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中尤为明显。（3） 随着美国民族意识的增强，讲当地方言的美国角色类型越来越频繁地出现在诗歌和小说中。（4） 然后，美国清教主义作为一种文化遗产，对美国的道德价值观和美国浪漫主义产生了巨大的影响。其中一个表现是，美国浪漫主义作家比英国和欧洲的浪漫主义作家更倾向于说教。（5）此外，对加尔文主义的起源a1罪和邪恶之谜的看法的关注，是霍桑、麦尔维尔和许多小作家的作品的标志。

　(三)．应用内容

　　1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values, as is shown in American romantic writings.
1. 美国清教徒主义及其对美国道德价值观的巨大影响，正如美国浪漫主义作品所展示的那样。

　　(1) American Puritanism
（1） 美国清教徒主义

Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. (The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority.) The American Puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical, as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them, and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error, the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.
清教徒主义是清教徒的习俗和信仰。（清教徒最初是新教教会的一个分支的成员，他们出现在伊丽莎白女王和詹姆斯一世国王统治时期。他们出于各种原因来到美国，但应该记住，他们是一群严肃的宗教人士，倡导高度的宗教和道德原则。正如这个词本身所暗示的那样，清教徒想要净化他们的宗教信仰和习俗。他们认为英国教会在教义、崇拜形式和权威组织上与罗马教会太接近了。美国清教徒和他们在英国的兄弟一样，都是理想主义者，认为教会应该恢复完全的 “纯洁”。他们接受了预定论、原罪和完全堕落的教义，以及通过来自上帝的特殊恩典的特别注入来有限的赎罪。但是，在他们抵达美国后不久为生存而进行的严峻斗争中，他们变得越来越务实，事实上，他们必须如此。清教徒以道德和宗教的认真精神而闻名，这种精神决定了他们的整个生活方式。清教徒的生活非常有纪律和艰苦。他们把所有那些对他们来说似乎危险的观点都赶出了他们的定居点，历史已经批评了他们的行为。然而，在迫害他们认为是错误的方面，清教徒并不比历史上的许多其他运动差。作为一种文化遗产，清教主义确实对早期美国人的思想和美国价值观产生了深远的影响。 美国清教主义对美国文学也产生了显著而持久的影响。在某种程度上，它已经成为一种心态，如此多地成为国家文化氛围的一部分，而不是一套信条。

　　(2) One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.
（2） 其中一个表现是，美国浪漫主义作家比英国和欧洲的浪漫主义作家更倾向于说教。此外，对加尔文主义的起源a1罪和邪恶之谜的观点的关注，是霍桑、麦尔维尔和许多小作家的作品的标志。

　　2. New England Transcendentalism
2. 新英格兰超验主义

　　New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord, Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson, Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club, i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
新英格兰超验主义是这一时期浪漫主义文学运动的座右铭。它是由一群美国知识分子和文学家在马萨诸塞州康科德附近地区发起的，例如爱默生、亨利·大卫·梭罗，他们是一个非正式俱乐部的成员，即 l830 年代新英格兰的超验俱乐部。超验主义者对波士顿一神论的冷酷、僵化的理性主义做出了反应。他们坚持一种理想主义的思想体系，其基础是相信所有创造物的本质统一性、人与生俱来的善良，以及洞察力高于逻辑和经验，以揭示最深刻的真理。超验主义者的著作为沃尔特·惠特曼、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和纳撒尼尔·霍桑等同时代人奠定了基础。

The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant.
辩论中涉及的主要问题通常是哲学问题，涉及自然、人和宇宙。基本上，超验主义在哲学上被定义为“承认人凭直觉认识真理的能力，或获得超越感官触及的知识的能力”。爱默生曾在一次演讲中宣称：“除了你自己思想的完整性，最终没有什么是神圣的。伴随超验主义的其他概念包括自然是高贵的思想和个人是神圣的，因此是自我的。

　　3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.
3. 美国浪漫主义者对人性的理解不同。

To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.
对于爱默生和梭罗等超验主义者来说，人在本质上是神圣的，因此永远是完美的;但对霍桑和梅尔维尔来说，每个人都可能是罪人，因此，伟大的道德勇气对于人性的改善是必不可少的1e，正如霍桑的《红字》所展示的那样。

二.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

Ⅰ. Washington Irving(1783-l859)
I.. 华盛顿·欧文（1783-l859）

　　Irving's position in American literature Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the merican literary history and Father of the American short stories.
欧文在美国文学中的地位华盛顿 欧文是最早获得国际声誉的美国作家之一，被认为是美国文学史上的早期浪漫主义作家和美国短篇小说之父。

　　一．一般识记

　　His life and major works
他的生平和主要作品

　　Washington Irving was born in New York City in a wealthy family. From a very early age he began to read widely and write juvenile poems, essays, and plays. In l798, he conc1uded his education at private schools and entered a law office, but he loved writing more.
华盛顿·欧文 （Washington Irving） 出生在纽约市的一个富裕家庭。从很小的时候起，他就开始广泛阅读并创作少年诗歌、散文和戏剧。l798 年，他在私立学校接受了教育，进入了一家律师事务所，但他更喜欢写作。

　　His first successful work is A History Of New York from the Beginning Of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, which, written under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker, won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in serials between 1819 and 1820, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic. The book contains familiar essays on the Eng1ish life and Americanized versions of European folk tales like "Rip Van Winkle　＂, and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Geoffrey Crayon is a carefully contrived persona and behind Crayon stands Irving, juxtaposing the Old World and the New, and manipulating his own antiquarian interest with artistic perspectives.
他的第一部成功作品是《纽约历史：从世界开始到荷兰王朝结束》，该书以 Diedrich Knickerbocker 的名义撰写，在 1809 年出版后为他赢得了广泛的欢迎。随着1819 年至 1820 年间连载的 The Sk etch Book of Geoffrey Crayon， Gent. 的出版，欧文在大西洋两岸赢得了一定程度的国际声誉。这本书包含关于英国人生活的熟悉文章和欧洲民间故事的美国化版本，如“Rip Van Winkle”和“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”。Geoffrey Crayon 是一个精心设计的角色，而 Crayon 的背后是 Irving，他将旧世界与新世界并置，并用艺术视角操纵他自己的古董兴趣。

The major work of his later years was The Life of George Washington.
他晚年的主要作品是《乔治华盛顿的生平》。

　　二．识记

　　1.Irving's great indebtedness to European literature
1.欧文对欧洲文学的厚厚感激

Most of Irving's subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources, which are chiefly Germanic. Irving's relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.
欧文的大部分主题都大量借鉴了欧洲资料，主要是日耳曼资料。考虑到欧文在国内外的成功，欧文在他的文学想象力方面与旧世界的关系几乎不容忽视。

　　A History of New York is a patchwork of references, echoes, and burlesques. He parodies or imitates Homer, Cervantes, Fielding, Swift and many other favorites of his. He was also absorbed in German Literature and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Alhambra is usually regarded as Irving's "Spanish Sketch Book" simply because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture. Most of the thirty-three essays in The Sketch Book were written in England, filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography. Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its peop1e desired most in a man of 1etters the respect of the Old World.
《纽约史》是参考、回声和滑稽表演的拼凑。他模仿或模仿荷马、塞万提斯、菲尔丁、斯威夫特和他最喜欢的许多其他作品。他还沉浸在德国文学中，并从德国传说中汲取灵感，创作了他的两个著名故事“Rip Van Winkle”和“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”。阿尔罕布拉宫通常被视为欧文的“西班牙素描本”，仅仅是因为它具有浓郁的西班牙文化风味。《素描集》中的 33 篇文章中的大部分是在英国写的，充满了英国场景和英国作家的引文，忠实于英国正字法。华盛顿·欧文 （Washington Irving） 为这个新国家带来了一个 1eters 人最渴望的东西，即旧世界的尊重。

　　2.Irving's unique contribution to American literature
2.欧文对美国文学的独特贡献

　　Irving's contribution to American literature is unique in more than one way. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. Although greatly influenced by European literature, Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor. "Rip Van Winkle" or "The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow", however exotic these stories are, are among the treasures of the American language and culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on American subjects, American landscape, and, in Irving's case, the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh young 1and. It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring. He was father of American short stories. And later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story attained a degree of perfection.
欧文对美国文学的贡献在不止一个方面是独一无二的。他是第一位获得国际声誉的美国想象力文学作家。尽管深受欧洲文学的影响，但欧文赋予了他的作品独特的 American 风味。“Rip Van Winkle”或“The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow”，无论这些故事多么异国情调，都是美国语言和文化的瑰宝之一。这两个故事很容易引发美国人的想象力，因为它们关注美国主题、美国风景，以及在欧文的情况下，哈德逊河地区新鲜年轻人的传说 1and。不是关于旧世界的素描，而是关于美国的故事，使华盛顿·欧文成为家喻户晓的词，他的名声经久不衰。他是美国短篇小说之父。后来，在霍桑和梅尔维尔的手中，这个短篇小说达到了一定程度的完美。

　三．领会

　　1.Irving's theme of conservatism as is revealed in "Rip Van Winkle"
1.欧文在《Rip Van Winkle》中揭示的保守主义主题

　　Irving's taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a disappearing past. This socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed, to some extent, in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip's 20-year s1eep, set against the background of the inevitably changing America. Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it. The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better. The revolution upset the natural order of things. In the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip's 20 years' s1eep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains, and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era, lrving describes Rip's response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferabi1ity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one. Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.
欧文的品味本质上是保守的，总是对正在消失的过去感到兴奋。这种社会保守主义和对过去的文学偏好在某种程度上在他的著名小说《Rip Van Winkle》中得到了体现。这个故事主要因 Rip 的 20 年 s1eep 而被记住，背景是不可避免的变化美国。Rip 在独立战争之前就睡着了，在独立战争之后醒来。在他沉睡的 20 年里发生的变化对他来说并不总是向好的方向发展。革命打破了事物的自然秩序。在 Irving ski1lfu1ly 向我们展示的故事中，Rip 的 20 年 s1eep 之前和之后两个完全不同的世界平行并置。通过将 Rip 和他的妻子在农场的嘈杂世界来回移动到山中狂野但宁静的自然世界，从革命前的村庄到乔治华盛顿时代，lrving 以戏剧性的方式描述了 Rip 的反应和反应，因此我们清楚地看到叙述者和 Irving 都同意过去优于现在， 以及梦幻般的世界比真实的世界更可取。欧文似乎从未接受一个现代民主的美国。

　　2.Irving's literary craftsmanship
2.欧文的文学技艺

　　Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced."
华盛顿·欧文 （Washington Irving） 一直被认为是“完善了美国文学有史以来最好的古典风格”的作家。

　　(1) We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.
（1） 当我们阅读他时，我们会得到一种强烈的感觉印象，因为他使用的语言最能揭示浪漫主义作家可以用文字做什么。我们听而不是读，因为他散文的几乎每一行都充满了音乐性。

　　(2) We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed. So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality.
（2） 我们很少学习 mora1 课程，因为他想让我们开心和放松。因此，我们经常发现自己迷失在一个充满梦想品质的世界里。

　　(3) The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.
（3） 哥特式元素和超自然氛围纵，以至于我们可以如此投入和卷入一个看似异国情调的地方发生的事情。

　　(4) Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship.
（4） 然而，欧文从未忘记将某个地方与一个人的内在运动联系起来，并在他的句子中充满情感，以创造一个真实而生动的人物。他因其文学造诣而享有“美国金匠”的荣誉。

　　四．应用

　　Selected Reading:
精选阅读：

　　 An Excerpt from "Rip Van Winkle"
摘自《Rip Van Winkle》

　　 The story of Rip Van Winkle
Rip Van Winkle 的故事

　　Rip, an indolent good-natured Dutch-American, lives with his shrewish wife in a village on the Hudson during the years before the Revolution. One day while hunting in the Catskills with his dog Wolf, he meets a dwarflike stranger dressed in the ancient Dutch fashion. He helps him to carry a keg, and with him joins a party silently playing a game of ninepins. After drinking of the liquor they provide, Rip falls into a sleep which lasts 20 years, during which the Revolutionary War takes place. He awakes as an old man and returns to his home village that has greatly altered. Upon entering the village, he is greeted by his old dog, which dies of the excitement and then learns that his wife has long been dead. Rip is almost forgotten but he goes to live with his daughter, now the mother of a family, and is soon befriended with his generosity and cheerfulness.
Rip 是一位懒惰善良的荷兰裔美国人，在独立战争前的几年里，他和他精明的妻子住在哈德逊河上的一个村庄里。有一天，当他和他的狗 Wolf 在卡茨基尔打猎时，他遇到了一个穿着古老 D utch 时尚的侏儒般的陌生人。他帮他扛着一个小桶，和他一起加入了一个派对，默默地玩着九瓶游戏。在喝了他们提供的酒后，Rip 陷入了持续 20 年的睡眠，在此期间发生了独立战争。他醒来时已经是一个老人，回到了已经发生了巨大变化的家乡。一进村子，他就受到了他的老狗的欢迎，这只狗因兴奋而死，然后得知他的妻子早已去世。Rip 几乎被遗忘了，但他去和他的女儿住在一起，现在是一个家庭的母亲，并很快与他的慷慨和开朗成为朋友。

　　This excerpt below is taken from the story, describing for us Rip's difficulties at home, which he often escapes by going to the local inn to spend his time with his friends and sometimes by going hunting in the woods with his dog, and then focusing on Rip 's return from his 20 years' sleep to his greatly altered home village. Here, Irving's pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.
下面的摘录摘自故事，为我们描述了 Rip 在家里的困难，他经常通过去当地的旅馆与朋友共度时光，有时带着他的狗在树林里打猎来逃避这些困难，然后专注于 Rip 从他 20 年的沉睡中回到他发生了翻天覆地的家乡。在这里，欧文无处不在的主题，即对无法恢复的过去的怀旧，立即变得令人难忘。

　　What are the theme and the artistic features of "Rip Van Winkle"?
“Rip Van Winkle”的主题和艺术特色是什么？

　　(1) The theme:
（1） 主题：

　　Irving's taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a disappearing past. This socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed, to some extent, in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip's 20-year s1eep, set against the background of the inevitably changing America. Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it. The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better. The revolution upset the natural order of things. In the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip's 20 years' s1eep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains, and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era, lrving describes Rip's response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferabi1ity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one. Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.
欧文的品味本质上是保守的，总是对正在消失的过去感到兴奋。这种社会保守主义和对过去的文学偏好在某种程度上在他的著名小说《Rip Van Winkle》中得到了体现。这个故事主要因 Rip 的 20 年 s1eep 而被记住，背景是不可避免的变化美国。Rip 在独立战争之前就睡着了，在独立战争之后醒来。在他沉睡的 20 年里发生的变化对他来说并不总是向好的方向发展。革命打破了事物的自然秩序。在 Irving ski1lfu1ly 向我们展示的故事中，Rip 的 20 年 s1eep 之前和之后两个完全不同的世界平行并置。通过将 Rip 和他的妻子在农场的嘈杂世界来回移动到山中狂野但宁静的自然世界，从革命前的村庄到乔治华盛顿时代，lrving 以戏剧性的方式描述了 Rip 的反应和反应，因此我们清楚地看到叙述者和 Irving 都同意过去优于现在， 以及梦幻般的世界比真实的世界更可取。欧文似乎从未接受一个现代民主的美国。

(2) The artistic features:
（2） 艺术特色：

"Rip Van Winkle" is not only well-known for Rip's 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American Literature and in the English language as well. Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced." He has a clear, easy style.
“Rip Van Winkle”不仅以 Rip 20 年的睡眠而闻名，而且被认为是美国文学和英语中完美英语的典范。华盛顿·欧文 （Washington Irving） 一直被认为是“完善了美国文学有史以来最好的古典风格”的作家。他有一种清晰、轻松的风格。

　　(a) We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.
（a） 当我们阅读他时，我们会得到一种强烈的感觉印象，因为他使用的语言最能揭示浪漫主义作家可以用文字做什么。我们听而不是读，因为他散文的几乎每一行都充满了音乐性。

　　(b) We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed. So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality. He uses genial humor to exaggerate the seriousness of situation. He uses dignified words to produce a half-mocking effect.
（b） 我们很少学习 mora1 课程，因为他想让我们开心和放松。因此，我们经常发现自己迷失在一个充满梦想品质的世界里。他用和蔼可亲的幽默来夸大情况的严重性。他用庄重的话语来产生一种半嘲讽的效果。

　　(c)The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.( Rip Van Winkle was overwhelmed by the magic power of the drink and fell into sleep for 20 years.)
（c）哥特式元素和超自然的气氛纵，以至于我们可以如此投入并卷入一个看似异国情调的地方发生的事情。（ Rip Van Winkle 被饮料的魔力所淹没，跌倒了nto sleep 20 年。

　　(d)Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship.
（d）然而，欧文从来没有忘记将某个地方与一个人的内在运动联系起来，并在他的句子中充满情感，以创造一个真实而生动的人物。他因其文学评论家的成就而享有“美国金匠”的荣誉。

II. Ralph Waldo Emerson
II. 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生

一.一般识记

His life:　　Ralph Waldo Emerson is the chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.
他的生平：拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 （Ralph Waldo Emerson） 是新英格兰超验主义的首席代言人，该学派被一致认为是美国文学史上浪漫主义时期的巅峰之作。

Emerson was son of a Unitarian minister. Though born of an impoverished family, Emerson never failed to receive some formal education. Whi1e a student at Harvard he began keeping journals, a practice he continued throughout his 1if e. He later drew on the journal for materials for his essays and poetry. After Harvard, he taught as a schoolmaster, which he soon gave up for the study of theology. He began preaching in 1826 and three years later he became a pastor in a church in Boston. Emerson was ardent at first in his service in religion, but gradually grew skeptical of the beliefs of the church; feeling Unitarianism intolerable, he finally left the ministry in l832.
爱默生是一位一神论牧师的儿子。虽然出生在一个贫困的家庭，但 Emerson 从未接受过一些正规教育。当哈佛大学的学生时，他开始写日记，这是他在整个 1if e 期间一直坚持的做法。后来，他在日记中为他的散文和诗歌寻找材料。哈佛毕业后，他以校长的身份教书，但很快就放弃了校长的学习，转而学习神学。他于 1826 年开始讲道，三年后成为波士顿一家教堂的牧师。爱默生起初热衷于为宗教服务，但逐渐对教会的信仰持怀疑态度;他觉得一神论是无法容忍的，他最终在 l832 年离开了该事工。

　　Emerson was greatly influenced by European Romanticism. He Carlyle, and listened to some famous Romantic poets like Coleridge and Wordsworth. Through his acquaintance with these men he became closely involved with German idea1ism and Transcendentalism. After he was back from Europe, Emerson retreated to a quiet study at Concord, Massachusetts, where he began to pursue his new path of "self-reliance." Emerson formed a club there at Concord with peop1e like Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, which was later known as the Transcendenta1 Club. And the unofficial manifesto for the Club was Nature(l836), Emerson's first little book, which established him ever since as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. Nature was the fundamental document of his philosophy and expressed also his constant, deeply-felt love for nature. It was called "the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism". He also helped to found and edit for a time the Transcendental journal, The Dial. Emerson lived an intel1ectually active and significant life between the mid-1830s and the mid-1840s, 1ecturing all over the country, and occasionally, abroad. He preached his Transcendental pursuit and his reputation expanded dramatically with his lectures and his essays. Though the rest of Emerson's life was a slow anticlimax to his midd1e years, people continued to honor the most influentia1 prophet and the intellectua1 liberator of their age, and his reputation as a family man of conventional life and a decent, solid citizen has remained always.
爱默生深受欧洲浪漫主义的影响。他卡莱尔 （Carlyle） 并听取了一些著名的浪漫主义诗人，如柯勒律治 （Coleridge） 和华兹华斯 （Wordsworth）。通过结识这些人，他与德国 idea1ism 和超验主义密切相关。从欧洲回来后，爱默生回到马萨诸塞州康科德的一间安静的书房，在那里他开始追求“自力更生”的新道路。Emerson 在康科德与 Henry David Thoreau、Margaret Fuller 等人一起成立了一个俱乐部，后来被称为 Transcendenta1 俱乐部。俱乐部的非官方宣言是爱默生的第一本小书《自然》（l836），从那时起，他就成为新英格兰超验主义最雄辩的代言人。自然是他哲学的基本文件，也表达了他对自然的永恒、深切的热爱。它被称为“美国超验主义宣言”。他还帮助创办并编辑了一段时间的超验杂志 The Dial。爱默生在 1830 年代中期到 1840 年代中期过着智力活跃且意义深远的生活，1 在全国各地活动，偶尔在国外。他宣扬他的超验追求，他的声誉随着他的讲座和论文而急剧扩大。尽管爱默生的余生是他中年时期的一个缓慢的高潮，但人们继续尊敬这位他们那个时代最有影响力的先知 1 和知识分子 1 解放者，他作为传统生活的家庭男人和体面、坚实的公民的声誉始终保持着。

二．识记内容：

　　His major works:
他的主要著作：

　　Emerson is generally known as an essayist. During all his life he worked steadily at a succession of essays, usually derived from his journals or lectures he had already given. Nature did not establish him as an important American writer. His lasting reputation began only with the publication of Essays (1841 ). Many of his famous essays are included in Essay, which convey the best of his philosophical discussions and transcendental pursuits, such as The American Scholar, Self Reliance, The Over Soul. The second collection of Emerson's essays, Essays: Second Series (1844) demonstrated even more thorough1y than the first that Emerson's intellect had sharpened in the years since Nature. The Poet and Exprience are examples, the former a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America and the latter a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary 1ife.
爱默生通常被称为散文家。在他的一生中，他稳定地撰写了一系列的文章，这些文章通常来自他已经发表的日记或讲座。大自然并没有使他成为一位重要的美国作家。他持久的声望始于 Essays （1841 年） 的出版。他的许多著名文章都包含在《随笔》中，这些散文传达了他最好的哲学讨论和超验追求，例如《美国学者》、《自力更生》、《超乎灵魂》。爱默生的第二本散文集《随笔：第二辑》（Essays： Second Series，1844 年）比第一本更彻底地展示了爱默生的智慧在《自然》之后的岁月里得到了磨砺。《诗人》和《Exprience》就是例子，前者是对美国文学现状的审美问题的反思，后者是关于理想主义与普通 1ife 之间冲突的讨论。

三．领会

　　1. Emersonian Transcendentalism
1. 爱默生的超验主义

Emersonian Transcendentalism is actual1y a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-sou1, the importance of the Individual, and Nature.
爱默生超验主义实际上是一个哲学流派，它吸收了美国清教主义和欧洲浪漫主义的一些意识形态关注，其重点是人类的直觉知识，以把握宇宙中的绝对和人的神性。在他的文章中，爱默生提出了他的 over-sou1 哲学、个人的重要性和自然。

　　(1) Emerson's philosophy of the over-sou1
（1） 爱默生的 over-sou 哲学1

　　Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy; instead he based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity, which he called the "over-soul." Emerson and other Transcendentalists believed in the transcendence of "over-soul". It is an impersonal force that is eternal, moral, harmonious, and beneficient in tendency. They believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal "oversoul", since the over-sou1 is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which a1l are a part. One of the tendencies of the "over-soul " is to express itself in form, hence the world of nature as an emanation of the world of spirit. Emerson's remarkable image of "a transparent eyebal1" marks a paradoxical state of being, in which one is merged into nature, the over-soul, whi1e at the same time retaining a unique perception of the experience.
爱默生既拒绝教会的正式宗教，也拒绝自然神论哲学;相反，他的宗教建立在对终极统一体的直觉信仰之上，他称之为“超灵魂”。爱默生和其他超验主义者相信“超灵魂”的超越。它是一种永恒的、道德的、和谐的、有益的、具有益处的非人格力量。他们认为，在个体灵魂和宇宙的 “oversoul” 之间应该有一种情感交流，因为 over-sou1 是一种无所不在的力量，万物都来自它，a1l 是其中的一部分。“超灵魂 ”的倾向之一是以形式表达自己，因此自然世界是精神世界的化身。爱默生非凡的“透明的眼睛1”图像标志着一种矛盾的存在状态，在这种状态中，一个人融入了自然，即超乎寻常的灵魂，同时保留了对体验的独特感知。

　　(2)　Emerson's philosophy of the importance of the Individual
（2） 爱默生关于个人重要性的哲学

　　Emerson is affirmative about man's intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man. "Trust thyself," he wrote in Self Reliance, by which he means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.
爱默生肯定了人的直觉知识，人可以相信自己可以决定什么是正确的，并据此采取行动。理想的个人应该是一个自力更生的人。“相信你自己，”他在《自力更生》中写道，他的意思是让人们相信，人类发展和提高自我的可能性是无限的。

　　(3) Emerson's view on nature
（3） 爱默生的自然观

　　Emerson's nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with God's overwhelming presence. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative inf1uence on human mind. "Go back to nature, sink yourse1f back into its inf1uence and you'1l become spiritually who1e again." By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul, Emerson has brought the Puritan 1egacy of symbolism to its perfection.
爱默生的本性是精神世界的象征，充满了上帝压倒性的同在。它在人与上帝之间调解，它的声音通向更高的真理;因此，它对人类的思想具有健康和恢复性的影响。“回到大自然中，把你的 e1f 沉回它的 inf1uence，你 1l 就会再次成为精神上的 who1e。”通过将自然作为精神、上帝或灵魂的重要象征，爱默生将清教徒的象征主义 1egacy 发挥到了完美。

　　Emersonian Transcendentalism inspired a whole generation of famous American authors like Thoreau, Whitman, and Dickinson.
爱默生的超验主义启发了梭罗、惠特曼和狄金森等整整一代美国著名作家。

　　2.Thoreau's Transcendentalism
2.梭罗的超验主义

　　Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) is most often mentioned as inspired by Emerson, the most representative of the phi1osophical and literary school which is American Transcendenta1ism. Thoreau embraced his master's ideas as a disciple. In 1845 he built a cabin on some land belonging to Emerson by Walden Pond and moved in to live there in a very simple manner for a litt1e over two years, which gave birth to a great transcendentalist work Walden (1854). The book not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau's own transcendental philosophy.
亨利·大卫·梭罗（Henry David Thoreau，1817-1862）最常被提及为受到爱默生的启发，爱默生是美国超验主义和文学流派中最有代表性的一位。梭罗以弟子的身份接受了他师父的思想。1845 年，他在瓦尔登湖畔属于爱默生的一些土地上建造了一个 ca bin，并以非常简单的方式搬进去住了两年，这催生了伟大的超验主义作品瓦尔登湖（1854 年）。这本书不仅充分展示了爱默生的自力更生思想，还发展和测试了梭罗自己的先验哲学。

　　(1)For Thoreau, nature is not merely symbolic, but divine in itself and human beings can receive precise communication from the natural world by way of pure senses. So he was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communion with nature.
（1）对梭罗来说，自然不仅仅是象征性的，而且本身就是神圣的，人类可以通过纯粹的感官从自然界接收到精确的交流。因此，他经常独自一人在树林里或池塘边，迷失在与 natur e 的精神交流中。

　　(2)Thoreau strongly believed in se1f-culture and was eager to identify himself with the Transcendental image of the self-reliant man. To achieve personal spiritual perfection, he thinks, the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self- sufficient, so he sought to reduce his physical needs and material comforts to a minimum to get spiritual richness.
（2）梭罗坚信 se1f 文化，并渴望将自己与自力更生者的超验形象相提并论。他认为，要达到个人的精神完美，人们在生活中最重要的事情就是自给自足，因此他试图将自己的身体需求和物质舒适减少到最低限度，以获得精神上的丰富。

　　(3)His positiveness about the importance of individual conscience was such that he even considered the society fetters of the freedom of individuals.
(3)他对个人良心的重要性持积极态度，以至于他甚至认为社会是个人自由的桎梏。

　　Though Thoreau became more than Emerson's disciple eventually, his indebtedness to Nature and its author has never been over1ooked.
尽管梭罗最终不仅仅是爱默生的弟子，但他对自然及其作者的感激之情从未被夸大。

3. The style of Emerson's essays
3. 爱默生散文的风格

　　Emerson's essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures. They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative sentences, which are not quite logically connected but will flower out into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts. Emerson's philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed. Well-read in the classics of Western European literature, Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his discussion. In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style.
爱默生的文章通常具有随意的风格，因为其中大多数都来自他的日记或讲座。它们通常以一系列简短的陈述性句子为特征，这些句子在逻辑上没有完全联系，但会绽放出对真理和思想的迷人陈述。爱默生的哲学讨论有时难以理解，但他使用比较和隐喻来清楚地表达他作品的一般思想。爱默生对西欧文学经典著称甚深，他经常利用这些文学资料来阐述和丰富自己的观点，但从不让它们完全主导他的讨论。总的来说，爱默生向世界展示了一种独特的美国风格。

　　四．应用

　　Selected Reading:
精选阅读：

　　An Excerpt from Nature
摘自自然

　　Question : What is Emerson's view on nature?
问题 ： 爱默生对自然的看法是什么？

Emerson's nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with God's overwhelming presence; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative inf1uence on human mind. "Go back to nature, sink yourse1f back into its inf1uence and you'1l become spiritually who1e again." By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul, Emerson has brought the Puritan 1egacy of symbolism to its perfection.
爱默生的本性是精神世界的象征，充满了上帝压倒性的同在;因此，它对人类的思想具有健康和恢复性的影响。“回到大自然中，把你的 e1f 沉回它的 inf1uence，你 1l 就会再次成为精神上的 who1e。”通过将自然作为精神、上帝或灵魂的重要象征，爱默生将清教徒的象征主义 1egacy 发挥到了完美。

　　The essay Nature discusses the love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to nature, evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment. In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature. In expressing his belief in the mystical "unity of nature," Emerson develops his concept of the" Over- Soul" or" Universal Mind." In the selection Emerson's famous metaphor of "a transparent eyeball" is employed to illustrate his philosophical discussion.
《自然》一文讨论了对自然的热爱、自然的利用、与自然的关系唯心主义哲学、物质宇宙中精神的证据，以及人类灵魂和作品的潜在扩展，这些扩展将因普遍回归与自然环境的直接、直接接触而产生。在这篇文章中，爱默生清楚地表达了他追求超验主义的主要原则和他对自然的热爱。在表达他对神秘的“自然统一”的信仰时，爱默生发展了他的“超灵魂”或“宇宙心智”的概念。在选集中，爱默生著名的“透明眼球”比喻被用来说明他的哲学讨论。

III. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-l864)
III. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑 （1804-l864）

Imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intense1y meditative mind, and unceasing interest in the "interior of the heart" of man's being, Nathaniel Hawthorne remains one of the most interesting, yet most ambiva1ent writers in the American literary history.
纳撒尼尔·霍桑 （Nathaniel Hawthorne） 充满了探究的想象力、强烈的冥想头脑和对人类存在的“内心内部”的持续兴趣，他仍然是美国文学史上最有趣但最矛盾的作家之一。

　一．一般识记

　　Hawthorne's life and writing career
霍桑的生活和写作生涯

　　His life story is tota1ly without the exciting events which characterize the lives of so many American writers. He was born on the Fourth of July, l804 in Salem, Massachusetts, into a prominent Puritan family. His first American ancestor, William Hawthorne, as a magistrate of the Bay Colony, was active in the 1650's in persecution of the Quakers, while William's son, John, was a judge at the Salem witchcraft trials. However, the 17th century prominence of his family dec1ined during the century that followed. Nathaniel's father, a sea captain, died of yellow fever in 1808 leaving at Salem a widow and three children in genteel poverty. With the financial support from his more prosperous maternal relations, Hawthorne passed a serene childhood in spite of his father's death and spent his adolescence reading some books of those literary master minds, especially Bunyan, Spenser and Shakespeare, which were essential for his formation as a writer. From 1821 to 1825, he attended Bowdoin Co1lege in Maine, where the decision to devote himself to writing was gradually taking shape and finally put into practice during those years when he was living with his mother in Salem. The solitary years proved to be fruitful, for in 1837, he published Twice-Told Tales, a collection of short stories which attracted critical attention.
他的人生故事很精彩，没有许多美国作家生活中的激动人心的事件。他于 l804 年 7 月 4 日出生在马萨诸塞州塞勒姆的一个显赫的清教徒家庭。他的第一位美国祖先威廉·霍托尔 （William Hawthorne） 作为海湾殖民地的治安法官，在 1650 年代积极参与对贵格会的迫害，而威廉的儿子约翰则是塞勒姆巫术审判的法官。然而，他的家族在 17 世纪的显赫地位在接下来的一个世纪中下降了。纳撒尼尔的父亲是一名船长，于 1808 年死于黄热病，在塞勒姆留下了一位寡妇和三个上流社会贫困的孩子。在他更富裕的母系关系的经济支持下，霍桑尽管父亲去世了，但他还是度过了一个平静的童年，并在青少年时期阅读了一些文学大师的书籍，尤其是班扬、斯宾塞和莎士比亚的书籍，这些书籍对他成为一名作家的形成至关重要。从 1821 年到 1825 年，他就读于缅因州的鲍登学院，在那里，他投身写作的决定逐渐形成，并最终在他与母亲住在塞勒姆的那些年里付诸实践。事实证明，孤独的岁月是富有成效的，因为在 1837 年，他出版了短篇小说集《两次讲述的故事》，引起了评论界的关注。

　　After 1837, a series of salient events of Hawthorne's life happened that mattered a lot to his literary imagination and creation. He met Sophia Peabody, whom he married later and with whom he had three children: he worked in the United States Custom House in Boston and later in Salem, which definitely provided some authentic materials for his long works; he also stayed for some time at Concord and Lenox, where he met the principal literary figures of the time, Emerson and Thoreau and Melville. He was affected by the former's transcendentalist theory and struck up a very intimate relationship with the latter, and all the three people had played an indispensable role in Hawthorne's literary career.
1837 年后，霍桑生活中发生的一系列重大事件对他的文学想象和创作非常重要。他遇到了索菲亚·皮博迪，后来与她结婚，并与她育有三个孩子：他在波士顿的美国海关大楼工作，后来又在塞勒姆工作，这无疑为他的长篇作品提供了一些真实的材料;他还在康科德和莱诺克斯逗留了一段时间，在那里他遇到了当时的主要文学人物， 爱默生、梭罗和梅尔维尔。他受到前者超验主义理论的影响，与后者建立了非常亲密的关系，这三个人都在霍桑的文学生涯中发挥了不可或缺的作用。

　二．识记

　　Hawthorne's major works
霍桑的主要作品

　　Hawthorne wrote and published many good works, which have doubtlessly become part of the American literary heritage. Among them, the tales collected in Moses from an Old Manse (1846) and The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales (1851) best demonstrate Hawthorn's early obsession with the moral and psychological consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilt that manifest themselves in human beings; The Scarlet Letter (1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community are invo1ved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways; The House of the Seven Gables (1851 ) was based on the tradition of a curse pronounced on the author's family when his great-grandfather was a judge in the Salem witchcraft trials; The Blithedale Romance (l852) is a novel he wrote to reveal his own experiences on the Brook Farm and his own methods as a psychological novelist. The Marble Faun (1860) is a romance set in Italy, concerned about the dark aberrations of the human spirit.
霍桑创作并出版了许多优秀作品，这些作品无疑已成为美国文学遗产的一部分。其中，《摩西从老宅中》（Moses from an Old Manse，1846 年）和《雪的形象和其他两次讲述的故事》（The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales，1851 年）中收集的故事最能证明 Hawthorn 早期对骄傲、自私和隐秘的罪恶感的道德和心理后果的痴迷，这些后果在人类身上表现出来;《红字》（The Scarlet Letter，1850）一直被认为是他最好的作品，它讲述了一个简单但非常感人的故事，其中四个生活在清教徒社区的人以不同的方式被奸淫的罪恶所影响;七角墙之家 （1851 ） 基于作者的曾祖父在塞勒姆巫术审判中担任法官时对作者家人发出诅咒的传统;The Blithedale Romance （l852） 是他写的一部小说，旨在揭示他自己在布鲁克农场的经历以及他作为心理小说家的方法。大理石牧神 （1860） 是一部以意大利为背景的浪漫故事，关注人类精神的黑暗。

　　三．领会

　　1. Hawthorne's thematic concerns
1. 霍桑的主题关注点

　　(1) his "black" vision of life and human beings: his concern with human sin and evil
（1） 他对生命和人类的“黑暗”看法：他对人类罪恶和邪恶的关注

　　Hawthorne's literary world is a most disturbed, tormented and problematical one mostly because of his "black" vision of life and human beings. He rejected the Transcendentalists' transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature. Instead he looked more deeply and perhaps more honestly into life, finding in it much suffering and conflict but also finding the redeeming power of love. According to Hawthorne, "There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity." A piece of literary work should "show how we are all wronged and wrongers, and avenge one another." So in almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discusses sin and evil. In "Young Goodman Brown," he sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. Its hero, a naive young man who accepts both societies in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard, is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful. "The Minister's B1ack Veil" goes further to suggest that everyone tries to hold the evil secret from one another in the way the minister tries to convince his people with his black vei1." The Birthmark" drives home symbolically Hawthorne's point that evi1 is man's birthmark, something he is born with.
霍桑的文学世界是一个最令人不安、最痛苦和最有问题的世界，这主要是因为他对生活和人类的“黑色”看法。他拒绝了超验主义者对人性潜力的透明乐观主义。相反，他更深入、也许更诚实地融入生活，在其中发现了许多痛苦和冲突，但也找到了爱的救赎力量。根据霍桑的说法，“每个人的心中都有邪恶，它可能潜伏着，也许贯穿一生;但环境可能会激发它的活动。一部文学作品应该 “展示我们都是如何被冤枉和冤枉的，并彼此报仇”。因此，在他写的几乎每一本书中，霍桑都讨论了罪恶和邪恶。在“年轻的古德曼·布朗”中，他开始证明每个人都拥有一些邪恶的秘密。它的主人公是一个天真的年轻人，他把一般的社会和他的同胞都视为值得他尊重的个体，在一个可怕的夜晚，他面对人类邪恶的景象，从此变得不信任和怀疑。“部长的 B1ack 面纱”进一步暗示，每个人都试图以部长试图用他的黑色 vei1 说服他的人民的方式，彼此隐瞒邪恶的秘密。《胎记》象征性地阐明了霍桑的观点，即 evi1 是男人的胎记，是他与生俱来的东西。

　　　One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is over-reaching intellect, which usually refers to someone, who is too proud, too sure of himself. The tension between the head and the heart constitutes one of the dramatic moments when the evil of "overreaching intellect" would be fully revealed. Hawthorne's intellectuals are usually villains, dreadful because they are devoid of warmth and feeling. What's more, they tend to go beyond and violate the natural order by doing something impossible and reaching the ultimate truth, without a sober mind about their own limitations as human beings. Chillingworth, Dr. Rappaccini in "Rappaccini's Daughter" are but a few specimens of Hawthorne's chilling, cold-blooded human animals.
霍桑最关心的邪恶来源之一是过度的智力，这通常是指某人过于骄傲，对自己过于自信。头脑和心灵之间的紧张构成了“过度智力”的邪恶被充分揭示的戏剧性时刻之一。霍桑笔下的知识分子通常是恶棍，可怕是因为他们缺乏温暖和感情。更重要的是，他们倾向于超越和违反自然秩序，做一些不可能的事情并达到最终的真理，而没有清醒地意识到自己作为人类的局限性。齐灵沃斯、《拉帕奇尼的女儿》中的拉帕奇尼博士只是霍桑笔下令人毛骨悚然的冷血人类动物的几个标本。

　　(2)Hawthorne's view of Puritanism:
(2)霍桑对清教主义的看法：

　　Hawthorne's view of man and human history originates, to a great extent, in Puritanism. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who p1ayed an important role in his life and works. He believed that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones," and often wondered if he might have inherited some of their guilt. This sensibility 1ed to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life, which is typical of the Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.
霍桑的人和人类历史观在很大程度上起源于清教主义。他自己不是清教徒，但他的祖先是清教徒，在他的生活和工作中扮演着重要的角色。他相信“一代人的错误行为会延续到一代人身上”，并经常怀疑他是否继承了他们的一些罪恶感。这种敏感性 1 使他对邪恶存在于人类生活的核心的理解上，这是加尔文主义信仰的典型特征，即人类基本上是堕落和腐败的，因此，他们应该服从上帝来赎罪。

　　In many of Hawthorne's stories and novels, the Puritan concept of life is condemned, or the Puritan Past is shown in an almost totally negative light, especially in his The House Of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is attracted in every way to the Puritan world, even though he condemns its less humane manifestations. On the one hand, it provides him with a subject, He inherited the Puritan tradition of moral earnestness, and he was deeply concerned with the concepts of original sin and guilt and the claims of law and conscience; and on the other, with the Puritan world or society as a historical background, he discusses some of the most important issues that concern the moral life of man and human history.
在霍桑的许多故事和小说中，清教徒的人生观受到谴责，或者清教徒的过去几乎完全被负面地展示，尤其是在他的《七角墙之家》和《红字》中。霍桑在各个方面都被清教徒世界所吸引，尽管他谴责它不那么人性的表现形式。一方面，它为他提供了一个主题，他继承了清教徒的道德认真传统，他对原罪和罪恶的概念以及法律和良心的主张深感关注;另一方面，以清教徒世界或社会为历史背景，他讨论了一些与人类道德生活和人类历史有关的最重要问题。

　　(3) his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter
（3） 他的代表作《红字》

Hawthorne's remarkable sense of the Puritan past, his understanding of the co1onial history in New England, his apparent preoccupation with the moral issues of sin and guilt, and his keen psychological analysis of people are brought to full display in his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter.
霍桑对清教徒过去的非凡认识，他对新英格兰历史的理解，他对罪恶和内疚的道德问题的独特关注，以及他对人们敏锐的心理分析，在他的杰作《红字》中得到了充分的展示。

　　　(a) the story: The main character of The Scarlet Letter is Hester Prynne, a young married woman who has borne an illegitimate child while living away from her husband in a village in Puritan New England .The husband ,Roger Chillingworth, arrives in New England to find his wife pilloried and made to wear the scarlet letter A(meaning adulteress) on her dress as a punishment for her illicit affair and for her refusal to reveal the name of the child's father. Chillingworth becomes obsessed with finding the identity of his wife's former lover. He learns that Hester's lover is a saintly young minister, Arther Dimmesdale and Chillingworth then proceeds to revenge himself by mentally tormenting the guilt-stricken young man. Hester herself is revealed to be a compassioned and splendidly self-reliant heroine who is never truly repentant for the act of adultery committed with the minister; she feels that their act was consecrated by their deep love for each other .In the end Chillingworths morally degraded by his monomaniac pursuit of revenge, and Dimmesdale is broken by his own sense of guilt and publicly confess his adultery before dying in Hester's arm. Only Hester can face the future optimistically, as she plans to ensure the future of her beloved little girl by taking her to Europe.
（a） 故事：《红字》的主角是海斯特·普林 （Hester Prynne），她是一位年轻的已婚妇女，她在新英格兰清教徒的一个村庄与丈夫分开生活时生了一个私生子。丈夫罗杰·齐灵沃斯 （Roger Chillingworth） 抵达新英格兰，发现他的妻子被嘲笑，并被迫在她的衣服上戴上猩红色的字母 A（意思是通奸者），作为对她不正当行为和拒绝透露孩子父亲名字的惩罚。齐灵沃斯开始痴迷于寻找他妻子前情人的身份。他得知海斯特的情人是一位圣洁的年轻牧师，阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔和齐灵沃斯随后通过对这个内疚的年轻人进行精神折磨来报复自己。海斯特本人被揭示为一位富有同情心且非常自力更生的女英雄，她从未真正为与牧师通奸的行为忏悔;她觉得他们的行为是由他们对彼此的深爱所神圣化的。最后，齐灵沃斯因他对复仇的狂热追求而道德败坏，而丁梅斯代尔则因自己的罪恶感而崩溃，公开承认自己的通奸行为，然后死在海斯特的怀里。只有海斯特可以乐观地面对未来，因为她计划带她心爱的小女孩去欧洲，以确保她的未来。

　　(b) theme: This novel, together with some other of Hawthorne's work, assumes the universality of guilt and explores the complexities and ambiguities of man's choices. It is marked by a depth of psychological and moral insight seldom equaled and never surpassed by any American writer.
（b） 主题：这部小说与霍桑的其他一些作品一起，假设了罪恶感的普遍性，并探讨了人类选择的复杂性和模糊性。它的特点是具有深刻的心理和道德洞察力，这是任何美国作家都很少能比拟的，也从未被超越。

　　In this particular nove1, Hawthorne does not intend to tell a love story nor a story of sin, but focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. " To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in the The Scarlet Letter.
在这个特别的 nove1 中，霍桑并不打算讲述一个爱情故事，也不打算讲述一个罪恶的故事，而是将他的注意力集中在罪恶对一般人和那些主要人物的道德、情感和心理影响或后果上，以便向我们展示社会与个人之间的紧张关系。“对霍桑来说，每个人都可能是罪人，因此，伟大的道德勇气对于人性的改善是必不可少的，正如《红字》所展示的那样。

　　(c)The structure and the form of his writings are always carefully worked out to cater for the thematic concern. He was a skillful craftsman with an impressive sense of form. Hawthorne was also the master of a classic literary style that is remarkable for its directness, its clarity, its firmness and its sureness of idiom.
（c）他的作品的结构和形式总是经过精心设计，以迎合主题的关注。他是一位技艺精湛的工匠，具有令人印象深刻的形式感。霍桑还是古典文学风格的大师，这种风格以其直接、清晰、坚定和成语的确定性而著称。