＂十三五＂江苏省高等学校重点教材

英文技术写作 Technical Writing

（104）南京大学出版社

英文技术写作 Technical Writing

图书在版编目（CIP）数据

Preface
前  序言 前

本教材的内容和模块

本教材的目标学习者

• 英语专业高年级本科生；
• 语言翻译类硕士研究生；
• 非英语专业高年级本科生与研究生；
• 有志于或正在从事文档开发，技术写作工作的专业人士；
• 有志于提升英语交际能力，实用能力的英语学习者。

本教材的目标

• 以＂读者＂为中心架构文档和文书，保证文档可读懂，易读懂。
• 掌握技术写作语言风格——清晰，简明，连贯，具体。
• 合理规划，设计文档页面，能够为文档选择合适的图标，图文。
• 选择合适的用户研究方法，理解并能开展常见的可用性测试和用户体验研究。

本教材的创新点

本教材的特色

• 教材定位贴合新形势下的国家发展与行业发展的人才需求，应用范围广泛。
• 教材框架设计层次清晰，内容取材兼顾思想性与实用性。
• 教材建设模式立体化，配套资源库丰富全面（包括配套课件，在线开放课程等），便于师生使用。
  －编者团队国际化，多元化。既有长期工作在一线的英语教师，也有技术写作

本教材的使用

Table of Contents  目录

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING

Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction to Technical Writing
第 1 章 技术写作简介

Contents  目录

GLOSSARY … 2  术语表 ... 2
TASKS … 3  任务 ... 3
What is technical writing? … 3
什么是技术写作？... 3
Who does technical writing? … 9
谁从事技术写作？... 9
Who needs technical writing? … 15
谁需要技术写作？... 15
Why do we need to learn technical writing? … 16
我们为什么需要学习技术写作？... 16

manual／＇mænjuəl／an informational or instructional guide for users 用户手册 recipe／＇reszpi／a set of instructions that teaches users how to prepare or make something，especially food 菜谱
manual／＇mænjuəl／an informational or instructional guide for users 用户手册 recipe／＇reszpi／a set of instructions that teach users how to prepare or make something，especially food 菜谱，教用户如何准备或制作某物，特别是食物的说明。
tutorial／tu＇toribl／a set of step－by－step instructions that teaches users to perform a task or a set of tasks指南，教程
tutorial／tu＇toribl／一套循序渐进的指南，教用户执行一项或一组任务，教程
persuasive／prr＇sweisiv／able or intended to convince somebody of something 有说服力的 audience／＇adizns／the listener，reader，or receiver of information 听众，读者或信息的接收者 rhetorical context／ri＇trrikəl／／＇kant $\epsilon \mathrm{kst}/$$\epsilon \mathrm{kst}/$epsikst//\varepsilon \mathrm{kst} / the communication environment and all the factors thereof that affect the outcome of a communication act，including purposes，audiences，constraints，etc．语境，即沟通交流发生的环境，影响因素包括交流的目的，受众，限制条件等等
有说服力的／prr＇sweisiv／能或意在说服某人相信某事。听众，读者或信息的接收者 修辞语境／ri＇trrikəl／／＇kant $\epsilon \mathrm{kst}/$$\epsilon \mathrm{kst}/$epsikst//\varepsilon \mathrm{kst} / 交流环境及其中影响交流行为结果的所有因素，包括目的，科学，制约因素，语境，即交流发生的环境，影响因素包括交流的目的，受众，限制条件等等。
user／＇juzar／a person that uses a particular product（产品的）用户
user／juzar／使用特定产品（产品的）用户
genre／＇zanrə／a class or category of documents having a particular form，style，conventions，etc．（某一种）文体，一般具备特定形式，文风，写作传统 memo／＇m $\epsilon ,\mathrm{mos}/$$\epsilon ,\mathrm{mos}/$epsi,mos//\varepsilon, \mathrm{mos} / a short message or document that＇s often used for internal communication within a business or organization 备忘录，工作场所用于记录，传递信息的文体，一般用于机构内部沟通 letter／＇letor／a written document addressed to a specific person or organization，often transmitted by mail or email 信函，一种写给特定人员或机构的文体，通常通过信件或电子邮件形式传递 proposal／pro＇pozzal／a document／statement that often recommends，suggests，or offers something for acceptance or adoption 企划书，一种用于提出建议，提案的文体
genre／zanrə／具有特定形式的一类文件，style，conventions，etc．（某一种）文体，一般具备特定形式，文风，写作传统 memo／＇m $\epsilon ,\mathrm{mos}/$$\epsilon ,\mathrm{mos}/$epsi,mos//\varepsilon, \mathrm{mos} / 备忘录，工作场所用于记录，传递信息的文体，一般用于机构内部沟通的简短信息或文件。letter／＇letor／ 写给特定人员或机构的文体，通常通过信件或电子邮件形式传递。提案／pro＇pozzal／一种文件／声明，通常通过信件或电子邮件形式传递，供特定人员或机构接受或采用 企划书，一种用于提出建议，提案的文体
report／ri prrt／a document／statement that summarizes and describes in detail an event，a situation，an issue，etc．，often based on careful research 报告，一种用于描述，总结事件或项目推进情况的文体，通常需要以细致深入的研究为基础
report／ri prrt／一种文件／陈述，总结并详细描述某一事件、情况、问题等，通常以细致深入的研究为基础 报告，一种用于描述、总结事件或项目推进情况的文体，通常需要以细致深入的研究为基础
instructional guide／m＇str＾kfanəl／／gaid／similar to tutorial，a document that provides instructions on performing a task or a set of tasks 说明性指南，一种类似于指南的文体，主要用于提供完成某项（些）任务的必要说明和指导
instruction guide／m＇str＾kfanəl／gaid／similar to tutorial，一种类似于指南的文体，主要用于提供完成某项（些）任务的必要说明和指导。
press release／pres／／ri＇lis／a statement prepared for and distributed to the press by a business，an organization，a government agency，etc．新闻通稿，公司，机构或政府单位等发布给新闻媒体的稿件
新闻通稿，公司、机构或政府单位等发布给新闻媒体的稿件
white paper／wait／／＇perpər／a report，often authoritative，prepared and released by an organization or government agency；in technical writing，it often refers to an informative report on a particular issue or phenomenon 白皮书，报告的一种形式，由政府单位或行业权威机构发布的具备一定权威性的文体；在技术宁作领域，一般指针对某一问题或现象发布的内容信息翔实的报告
white paper／白皮书，报告的一种形式，由政府单位或行业权威机构发布的具备一定权威性的文体；在技术宁作领域，一般指针对某一问题或现象发布的内容信息翔实的报告。白皮书，报告的一种形式，由政府单位或行业权威机构发布的具备一定权威性的文体；在技术宁作领域，一般指针对某一问题或现象发布的内容信息翔实的报告。
jack of all trades／dzæk／／əv／／al／／treIdz／someone who is good at many things 杂而不精的人，万金油 indexer／＇in deksar／someone who prepares indexes 制作索引的人
information architect／，infor＇meIfon／／＇arks，tekt／someone who designs the information architecture for an organization and whose scope of work often encompasses the creation，implementation，and delivery of information 信息架构师
信息架构师／，memeIfon／／＇arks，tekt／someone，为组织设计信息架构，其工作范围通常包括创建、实施和交付信息。
instructional designer／m＇strakJənəl／／dr＇zannr／someone who designs，develops，delivers，and assesses content for learners 教学（内容的）设计师
教学设计者／设计师 Jəkəl／／dr＇zannr／为学习者设计、开发、提供和评估教学内容（内容的）设计师
technical illustrator／＇tzknıkal／／＇ila，strertər／a person who does illustrations for technical writing（技术文档的）插㽗师
技术插图画家／＇tzknıkal／＇ila，strertər／为技术写作（技术文档的）插㽗师绘制插图的人。
globalization and localization specialist／glorbal＇zerfon／／ond／／lovkələ＇zer／ən／／＇spefolasts／someone who is specialized in adapting information products to users of target cultures 全球化与本地化专员
全球化与本地化专家／glorbal＇zerfon／／ond／／lokəvələ＇zer／ən／／＇speacefolasts／someone who is specialized in adapting information products to users of target cults 全球化与本地化专员
usability／．juza＇biliti／the extent to which a product can be used by target users within specific contexts to achieve their goals with ease，efficiency，and satisfaction（产品的）可用性
可用性／juza＇biliti／目标用户在特定情况下使用产品以轻松、高效、满意（产品的）地实现其目标的程度。
physiological factors that affect people＇s performance and how to incorporate these factors into the design of products，processes，and systems 人因工程专员
影响人的表现的生理因素，以及如何将这些因素纳入产品、流程和系统的设计中 人因工程专员
visual designer／＇vizəwal／／di＇zainər／someone who specializes in designing visual elements in technical documents 视觉设计师
visual designer／vizəwal／di＇zainər／someone who specializes in designing visual elements in technical documents 视觉设计师
web designer／web／／dı＇zaınər／someone who designs web pages 网页设计师
content strategist／＇kantent／／＇strettidsist／often used interchangeably with＂content architect＂内容战略师
content strategist／＇kantent／＇strettidsist／often 与 "content architect "内容战略师交替使用

What is technical writing？
什么是技术写作？

Technical writing is task driven.
技术写作是任务驱动型的。

Technical writing is persuasive.
技术写作具有说服力。

Technical writing has specific audiences.
技术写作有特定的读者群。

Technical writing has a rhetorical context．
技术写作有其修辞背景．

Technical writing is user centered．
技术写作以用户为中心．

Technical writing design is deliberate．
技术写作的设计是经过深思熟虑的．

Technical writing entails knowledge and skills in many areas．
技术写作需要多方面的知识和技能。

• Document design  文件设计
• Desktop publishing  桌面出版
• Digital writing and publishing
  数字写作与出版
• Editing  编辑
• User research and usability assessment
  用户研究和可用性评估

Technical writing comes in different genres.
技术写作有不同的体裁。

• Memos-Memos are a common form of organizational communication. In most businesses and organizations, memos are used almost daily. Memos differ from official letters in that memos are often used internally. Memos often have the following memo heads: “To”, “From”, “Date”, and “Subject”. These provide a context about who’s involved in the communication, when the communication occurs, and what the subject of communication is. There’s a legal side to memos: because they’re written communication and spell out the context of communication, they serve to provide archival functions so that if any issue arises in the future concerning this matter, this paper trail will become evidence as to who said what and who was responsible.
  备忘录--备忘录是一种常见的组织交流形式。在大多数企业和组织中，备忘录几乎每天都在使用。备忘录与正式信函的不同之处在于，备忘录通常在内部使用。备忘录通常有以下备忘标题："收件人"、"发件人"、"日期 "和 "主题"。这些信息提供了沟通对象、沟通时间和沟通主题的背景信息。备忘录也有其法律意义：因为它们是书面交流，并详细说明了交流的背景，所以具有存档功能，这样，如果将来出现任何与此事有关的问题，这些文件记录就会成为证据，证明谁说了什么，谁该负责。
• Letters-There’re two different types of letters: personal and business letters. Personal letters are very rare now due to the use of emails. Business letters, on the other hand, although many of them have also been replaced by emails, still serve an important function as official communication between businesses and organizations. They also serve as evidence for business contracts and agreements.
  信件--信件有两种不同的类型：私人信件和商务信件。由于电子邮件的使用，私人信件现在已经很少见了。另一方面，虽然许多商务信函也已被电子邮件取代，但作为企业和组织之间的官方通信，商务信函仍然发挥着重要作用。它们也是商业合同和协议的证据。
• Proposals-Proposals are documents that propose a certain initiative that often requires investment by the target audience in forms of monetary or other support in exchange for the realization of particular missions of both parties. Proposals come in various
  建议书--建议书是提出某项倡议的文件，通常需要目标受众以货币或其他支持形式进行投资，以换取双方特定任务的实现。建议书有多种形式
  forms：business proposals，grant proposals，research proposals，book proposals，etc． They can also be categorized into solicited proposals（conference proposals，government research and development proposals，foundation proposals，contract proposals，etc．）and unsolicited proposals（internal proposals，partnership proposals，contract proposals，etc．）．
  提案还可分为邀约提案（会议提案、政府研究与发展提案、基金会提案、合同提案等）和非邀约提案（内部提案、artnership 提案、合同提案等）。还可分为征集提案（会议提案、政府研究与发展提案、基金会提案、合同提案等）和非征集提案（内部提案、合作伙伴提案、合同提案、项目提案等）。
  －Reports－Reports are a very common form of business document that are often based on research about a particular issue or problem．Some reports aim to be informative while others seek to be persuasive by recommending a solution．
  -报告-报告是一种非常常见的商业文件形式，通常基于对特定问题的研究。有些报告旨在提供信息，而有些报告则通过建议解决方案来增强说服力。
  －Brochures and Pamphlets－These are often used by businesses and organizations to promote their products，services，membership，mission，etc．They often target clients or external audiences．Brochures and pamphlets often feature the most prominent highlights of the business or organization．Brochures are often divided into panels，most of which range from 4 to 8 or even more．Pamphlets are often booklets that contain multiple pages．They are used in place of brochures to allow for more content．
  宣传册和小册子--企业和组织常用来宣传其产品、服务、会员资格、任务等。 宣传册和小册子通常以客户或外部受众为目标。小册子通常是包含多页的小册子，用来代替小册子，以容纳更多的内容。

－Manuals，Tutorials，and Instructional Guides－These are probably the most
手册、教程和教学指南--这些可能是最重要的工具。

• Technical Descriptions-Technical descriptions explain a technical product or process. Hence we have product descriptions and process descriptions. Product descriptions define a particular product or item, introduce background knowledge related to the product or item, and describe the different parts and their functions. Process descriptions define a technical process, provide background knowledge needed to understand the process, and describe different stages and steps of the process.
  技术说明--技术说明解释技术产品或流程。因此，我们有产品说明和流程说明。产品描述定义特定的产品或项目，介绍与产品或项目相关的背景知识，并描述不同的部件及其功能。流程描述定义一个技术流程，提供理解流程所需的背景知识，并描述流程的不同阶段和步骤。

Who does technical writing?
谁负责技术写作？

Technical Writers and Editors
技术撰稿人和编辑

Indexers  索引器

Information Architects  信息架构师

• Researching and identifying user needs and behavior
  研究并确定用户需求和行为
• Designing overall information architecture
  设计整体信息架构
  －Developing data flow structure
  -开发数据流结构
  －Overseeing the implementation of data and information structure
  -监督数据和信息结构的实施情况
  －Ensuring smooth and effective information delivery
  -确保信息传递顺畅有效

Skills required for information architects often include
信息架构师所需的技能通常包括

Instructional Designers  教学设计师

Technical Illustrators  技术插画师

Globalization and Localization Specialists
全球化和本地化专家

• Have knowledge of different cultures and other languages although they may not necessarily speak all those languages
  了解不同文化和其他语言，尽管他们不一定会说所有这些语言
• Analyze market and user needs of those target cultures
  分析这些目标文化的市场和用户需求
• Identify critical issues in localization
  确定本地化的关键问题
• Work with product developers, documentation specialists, language specialists, terminologists, etc. and develop localization plans
  与产品开发人员、文档专家、语言专家、术语专家等合作，制定本地化计划
• Oversee the creation of multiple versions of documentation for different target markets
  监督针对不同目标市场的多版本文件的创建工作
• Design effective channels for documentation product delivery
  设计有效的文件产品交付渠道
• Manage localization budgets
  管理本地化预算
• Educate collaborators in product development, documentation, project management, etc. about the target culture and audiences
  对产品开发、文件编制、项目管理等方面的合作者进行有关目标文化和受众的教育

Usability and Human Factors Professionals
可用性和人为因素专业人员

Visual Designers  视觉设计师

Web Designers and Developers
网页设计人员和开发人员

Teachers and Researchers of Technical Communication
技术交流教师和研究人员

Trainers and E-Learning Developers
培训师和电子学习开发人员

Content Strategists and Content Managers
内容策略师和内容经理

Who needs technical writing?
谁需要技术写作？

Why do we need to learn technical writing？
为什么要学习技术写作？

Chapter 2 Document Design Principles
第 2 章 文档设计原则

Contents  目录

Lisa is a copywriter at a non－ profit organization that aims to promote zero－waste ${}^1$${}^1$^(1){ }^{1} ．Day－ to－day，Lisa is tasked with writing clear and concise copy for ads，marketing materials， educational materials，and websites，for audience across various areas and industries．
丽莎是一家非营利组织的文案撰写人，该组织旨在促进零废弃物的产生。每天，丽莎的任务是为不同领域和行业的受众撰写简洁明了的广告、营销材料、教育材料和网站文案。

To keep her writing interesting and easy to read，Lisa has to carefully arrange the content and pages．
为了保持文章的趣味性和易读性，丽莎必须精心安排内容和篇幅。

contrast／＇kantræst／a difference between two or more people of things that you can see clearly when they are compared or put close together 对比（原则）
对比／kantræst／两个或两个以上的人或事物之间的差异，当它们被比较或放在一起时，你可以清楚地看到它们之间的差异。
repetition／repo＇tifən／the fact of doing or saying the same thing many times 重复
重复／repo＇tifən／同一件事重复做或重复说多次的事实
alignment／a＇lainmənt／arrangement in a straight line 排成直线，对齐（原则）
对齐／a＇lainmənt／排列成直线，对齐（原则）
centered alignment／＇sentərd／／ə＇lammənt／居中对齐
flush left／right／flı $/$$/$///／／left／／rart／左对齐／右对齐

proximity／prak＇sımati／n．the state of being near sb／sth in distance or time 相近
proximity／prak＇sımati／n．在距离或时间上接近某人的状态／sth 相近
font／fant／the particular size and style of a set of letters that are used in Printing，etc．（某个特定的）字体
font／fant／印刷中使用的一组字母的特定大小和样式，etc．（某个特定的）字体
typeface／＇tarp，feis／a set of letters，numbers，etc．of a particular design 字体
typeface／＇tarp，feis／一组特定设计的字母、数字等。
boldface／＇bould fers／黑体  黑体／大石／黑体
white space／wait／／spers／in page layout，white space is often referred to the portion of a page left unmarked（页面上的）空白，留白
留白／等待／空白／在页面布局中，留白通常指页面上未标注（页面上的）空白，留白
spacing／＇spersin／the amount of space that is left between things，especially between the words or lines行距，间距
间距／spersin／事物之间，特别是字与字或行与行之间留出的空间大小。
hierarchy（of information）／＇hava，rarki／n．a system that ideas or beliefs can be arranged into 层次体系 legible／＇ledsəbal／（of written or printed words）clear enough to read（手写或印刷文字）清晰可读的；清楚的
legibility／，ledua＇brlati／（手写体等的）清晰性，可辨认性
readable／＇ridəbal／（of a book，an article，etc．）that is easy，interesting and enjoyable to read（书，文章等）可读性强；通俗易懂的
readability／，ridə＇bilti／／（文章等的）可读性
display／dı＇splè／the words，pictures，etc．shown on a computer screen（计算机屏幕上的）显示，显像 resolution／，reza＇lufan／the power of a computer screen，printer，etc．to give a clear image，depending on the size of the dots that make up the image 清晰度；分辨率
显示／分割／计算机屏幕（计算机屏幕上的）显示，显像分辨率／，reza＇lufan／等。电脑屏幕、打印机等显示清晰图像的能力，取决于组成图像的点的大小 清晰度；分辨率

＂C．R．A．P＂principle：Contrast，Repetition，Alignment，Proximity
C．R．A．P "原则：对比、重复、对齐、接近

英文技术写作

Contrast  对比

Please take a quick look at these two pictures．Which picture seems more noticeable to you？You probably will say that the second one catches your eyes．And why is that？Well，the two figures in the second picture are quite distinctive－meaning they are in
请快速浏览一下这两幅图，你觉得哪幅图更引人注目？ 你可能会说第二幅图更吸引你的眼球。 为什么这么说呢？ 嗯，第二幅图中的两个人物很有特点，这意味着他们在
great contrast．  巨大的反差．

Prominent  突出

Prominent  突出

Sean MAYER
s．maver05＠studentxyz．edu－1）412－626－0809
Sean MAYER s．maver05＠studentxyz．edu-1）412-626-0809

• You can add contrast through typeface choices, line thicknesses, colors, shapes, sizes, space, etc. This is probably the easiest and most satisfying way to add visual interest to your page.
  您可以通过字体选择、线条粗细、颜色、形状、大小、空间等来增加对比度。这可能是为页面增添视觉趣味的最简单、最令人满意的方法。

• If you are going to contrast, do it with strength.
  如果要进行对比，就要有力度。
• Avoid contrasting the kind-of-heavy line with the kind-of-heavier line. Avoid contrasting dark gray text with black headlines. Avoid applying multiple typefaces that are similar.
  避免将有点重的线条与有点重的线条形成对比。避免深灰色文字与黑色标题形成对比。避免使用相似的多种字体。

• Contrast on a page draws your readers’ eyes to it; human eyes like contrast.
  页面上的对比会吸引读者的眼球；人的眼睛喜欢对比。
• The first purpose is to create an interest on the page-if a page is interesting to look at, it is more likely to be read.
  第一个目的是在页面上引起人们的兴趣--如果一个页面看起来很有趣，那么它就更有可能被阅读。
• The second purpose is to improve the organization of information. Your reader should be able to instantly understand the way the information is organized and the logical flow from one item to another.
  第二个目的是改进信息的组织。读者应能立即理解信息的组织方式以及从一个项目到另一个项目的逻辑流程。

Repetition  重复

Well, very likely you can easily tell that those in orange vest or with orange hat in the second picture belong to the same group, but it is not easy to distinguish the group from the random passersby in the first picture. The reason? Well, once you have a group of people wearing the same uniform, you automatically assume that
第二张照片中穿着橙色背心或戴着橙色帽子的人很可能属于同一个群体，但第一张照片中随意走过的路人却不容易区分。原因何在？一旦有一群人穿着同样的制服，你就会自动认为

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING

TEXAS ASM
UNIVERSITY
COMMEREF
德克萨斯州 ASM 大学 Commeref

Course Text:  课程文本

Course Description:  课程说明

Student Learning Outcomes:
学生学习成果：

1. Use statistical methodology and tools in the engineering problem-solving process.
   在工程问题解决过程中使用统计方法和工具。
2. Compute and interpret descriptive statistics using numerical and graphical techniques.
   使用数字和图形技术计算和解释描述性统计。
3. Understand the basic concepts of probability, random variables, probability distribution, and joint probability distribution.
   理解概率、随机变量、概率分布和联合概率分布的基本概念。
4. Compute point estimation of parameters, explain sampling distributions, and understand the central limit theorem.
   计算参数的点估计，解释抽样分布，理解中心极限定理。
5. Construct confidence intervals on parameters for a single sample.
   构建单一样本参数的置信区间。

COURSE REQUIREMENTS  课程要求

Grading：

80－89 B
70－79 C
60－69 D
Below 60 F

Repetition doesn’t mean you have to repeat exactly the same thing, which is especially the case in designing marketing materials. In this poster, the author applies the same typeface on the name of each drink (the heading) but applies a different color respectively. By doing so, the author adds more fun to the page, which should be more appealing to its readers.
重复并不意味着你必须重复完全相同的东西，在设计营销材料时尤其如此。在这幅海报中，作者在每种饮料的名称（标题）上使用了相同的字体，但分别使用了不同的颜色。通过这种方式，作者为页面增添了更多趣味，对读者也更有吸引力。

Alignment  对齐

Suppose we are at the box office of an upcoming concert．Which scene do you expect to see？I bet all of us want to see the second one as it looks way more organized than the first one．So here comes the question．What makes the second scene appear more organized？
假设我们在即将举行的音乐会的售票处，你希望看到哪个场景？ 我敢打赌，我们所有人都想看到第二个场景，因为它看起来比第一个场景更有条理。那么问题来了，是什么让第二个场景看起来更有条理呢？

• Every item should have a visual connection with something else on the page.
  每个项目都应与页面上的其他内容有视觉联系。

• Avoid using more than one text alignment on the page. For example, centering some text and right-aligning other text. Having multiple alignments on one page makes the visual presentation busy, messy, and hard to follow.
  避免在页面上使用一种以上的文本对齐方式。例如，将某些文本居中对齐，而将其他文本右对齐。在一个页面上使用多种对齐方式会使视觉呈现变得繁忙、混乱和难以理解。
• Try to avoid using centered alignment in technical documents unless you are consciously trying to create a more formal, sedate presentation.
  尽量避免在技术文档中使用居中对齐方式，除非您有意识地想要创建一个更加正式、沉稳的演示文稿。

Proximity  邻近性

Here we have two images. For the first image, can you tell the relationship between them? How about the second image? What is the relationship between the lady and the girl?
这里有两张图片。对于第一幅图，你能看出它们之间的关系吗？第二幅图呢？女士和女孩之间是什么关系？

By grouping similar elements into one unit，you are giving your readers an instant clue to the organization and content of the page：the page becomes more organized as your readers understand where to begin reading the content and when they are finished．And the＂white space＂（the space around the texts）automatically becomes more organized．
通过将相似的元素组合成一个单元，你可以为读者提供一个关于页面组织和内容的即时线索：当你的读者知道从哪里开始阅读内容以及何时阅读完毕时，页面就会变得更有条理。"留白"（文字周围的空间）也会自动变得更有条理。

In this business card，it seems that not one of the items are related to any other item．
在这张名片中，似乎没有一个项目与其他任何项目相关。
Readers don＇t know where they should begin reading the card．
读者不知道应该从哪里开始阅读卡片．

After grouping elements，the page looks much better organized．
元素分组后，页面看起来更有条理。

posted on the eCollege course website. Students are expected to check the course website before every
发布在 eCollege 课程网站上。学生应在每次上课前查看课程网站。
class for new information. To access the course website, login in to “myLEO”, select “eCollege”, and
课程的新信息。要访问课程网站，请登录 "myLEO"，选择 "eCollege"，然后

After successfully completing the course, students should be able to do the following:
顺利完成课程后，学生应能做到以下几点：
for a single sample, and tests of hypotheses for a single sample.
以及对单一样本的假设检验。
Prerequisite: Math 192-Calculus il (Undergraduate Catalog 2012-2013)
先修课程：数学 192-微积分（2012-2013 年本科生课程表）
This course covers the role of statistics in engineering, probability, discrete random variables and
本课程涵盖统计学在工程学中的作用、概率、离散型随机变量和
Course Text:  课程文本：
Montgomery, Douglas C. and Runger, George C. (2011). Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers.
Montgomery, Douglas C. and Runger, George C. (2011).工程师的应用统计与概率》。
Fifth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (ISBN: 978-0-470-05304-1)
第五版。John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (ISBN: 978-0-470-05304-1)

NOHZWYOANI 3SANOS

Office Location: Charles J. Austin Industrial Engineering & Technology Building. Room 216 (AG/IT 216 )
办公地点：Charles J. Austin 工业工程与技术大楼 216 室 (AG/IT 216 )216 室 (AG/IT 216 )
Office Hours: MW $4:15-5:00$$4:15-5:00$4:15-5:004: 15-5: 00 PM, TR 1:00-2:45PM or by appointment
办公时间：周一 $4:15-5:00$$4:15-5:00$4:15-5:004: 15-5: 00 下午，周二 1:00-2:45PM 或预约
:3073n+754

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING

Typography  排版

This presents three contrasting typefaces. The first one is cursive, which could be quite appealing aesthetically but might hinder readability. So use it cautiously. The second one is Times New Roman, which is a serif typeface. The third one is Arial, which is a sans serif typeface.
这里有三种对比鲜明的字体。第一种是草书，在美学上可能相当吸引人，但可能会妨碍可读性。因此要谨慎使用。第二种是 Times New Roman，这是一种衬线字体。第三种是 Arial，这是一种无衬线字体。

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING

You should be mindful of choosing the right typeface while dealing with different types of document．For example，because studies have shown that serif typefaces encourage readers＇ eyes to move along the line which results in better reading speed，it is preferable to use serif typeface in body text as it is more legible and less likely to cause fatigue．Sans serif typefaces， on the other hand，are typically used for emphasis．You can use it on titles and headings．
在处理不同类型的文档时，您应该注意选择正确的字体。例如，研究表明，有衬线字体会促使读者的视线沿着线条移动，从而提高阅读速度。另一方面，无衬线字体通常用于强调，可以用于标题和小标题。

When it comes to the delivery format of text，typeface also plays a role．For printed material，you can use serif typeface．For digital or web text，sans serif displays better on low－ resolution displays or big screens．
对于印刷材料，您可以使用衬线字体；对于数字或网络文本，无衬线字体在低分辨率显示器或大屏幕上显示效果更好。

－How to talk about alignment？
-如何谈论对齐？
Example 1：You probably noticed that Edward has changed the centered alignment to flush left．
例 1：您可能注意到，Edward 将居中对齐方式改为左平齐。

• How to talk about typeface?
  如何谈论字体？

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS
指南或清单

1. If you are going to contrast, do it with strength.
   如果要进行对比，就要有力度。
2. Avoid repeating the elements so much that it becomes annoying or overwhelming.
   避免过多地重复元素，以免令人讨厌或不知所措。
3. Avoid using more than one text alignment on the page.
   避免在页面上使用一种以上的文字对齐方式。
4. Avoid using centered alignment unless you are consciously trying to create a more formal, sedate presentation.
   避免使用居中对齐方式，除非您有意识地想要营造一种更加正式、沉稳的演示效果。
5. Use capitalization cautiously. Avoid using all capitals as it sounds rude. Five major goals in designing a document:
   谨慎使用大写字母。避免使用所有大写字母，因为这听起来很不礼貌。设计文档的五大目标：
   (1) To make good impression on your readers. Your document should reflect your professional standards and those of your organization.
   (1) 给读者留下好印象。您的文件应反映您和贵组织的专业标准。
   (2) To help readers understand the structure and hierarchy of the information.
   (2) 帮助读者理解信息的结构和层次。
   (3) To help readers find the information they need. People usually don’t read every word in a document, so your design should help your readers easily locate the information they are looking for.
   (3) 帮助读者找到所需的信息。人们通常不会阅读文档中的每一个字，因此你的设计应帮助读者轻松找到他们需要的信息。
   (4) To help readers understand the information. Effective design will clarify information.
   (4) 帮助读者理解信息。有效的设计可以澄清信息。
   (5) To help readers remember the information. An effective design helps readers create a visual image of the page, making it easier to remember or recall information.
   (5) 帮助读者记住信息。有效的设计可以帮助读者建立页面的视觉形象，从而更容易记住或回忆起信息。
   

   

1．Document analysis activity：Analyzing a page design
1.文档分析活动：分析页面设计

This page is from a marketing white paper．The questions below ask you to think about page design as we discuss in this chapter．
本页摘自营销白皮书． 下面的问题要求你思考本章讨论的页面设计问题．

（Source：UPS Pulse of the Online Shopper：Tech－savvy shoppers transforming retail，https：／／www．ups．com／assets／resources media／knowledge－center／2016＿UPS＿Pulse＿of＿the＿Online＿Shopper．pdf ）
（来源：UPS Pulse of Online Shopper：精通技术的购物者正在改变零售，https：／／www．com／assets／resources media／knowledge-center／2016＿UPS＿Pulse＿of＿the＿Online＿Shopper．pdf ）。
a. How many levels of headings appear on this page? Are the different levels designed effectively so that they are easy to distinguish? If not, what changes would you make to the design?
a. 本页有几级标题？是否有效地设计了不同层次，使其易于区分？如果不是，你会对设计做哪些修改？
b. How are the C.R.A.P. rules used on this page? Are they effective? Would you change any of them?
b. 本页如何使用 C.R.A.P. 规则？它们有效吗？您会修改其中任何一条吗？
c. Describe the design of the body text on this page, focusing on columns and alignment. Is the design of the body text effective? Would you change it in any way?
c. 描述本页正文的设计，重点是栏目和对齐方式。正文的设计是否有效？您是否会做任何修改？
2. Re-design the document
2.重新设计文件
a. Is this menu well designed? If not, what are the problems with the menu? Name the problems so you can find the solutions.
a. 菜单设计得好吗？如果不好，菜单存在哪些问题？说出问题的名称，以便找到解决方案。
b. Can you rearrange the content to make it more reader friendly? Try to apply the design principles we discussed in this chapter. Feel free to use software that is suitable to deliver the content effectively and aesthetically.
b. 能否重新排列内容，使其更方便读者阅读？尝试应用我们在本章中讨论的设计原则。随意使用适合的软件，以有效、美观地传递内容。

The Brazen Head
A traditional Irish restaurant
SALADS
ADD CHICKEN TO YOUR SALAD FOR €5.00
GREEK SALAD (CONTAINS * 6, 7) V GF
MIXED SALAD LEAVES, BLACK OLVES, FETA CHEESE, TOMATO, CUCUMBER AND RED
ONION TOSSED WITH A BASIL DRESSING.€11.50
CHICKEN CAESAR SALAD (CONTAINS * 1, 4,7)
CHARGRILLED CHICKEN, CRISPY BACON, LETTUCE, CROUTONS, PARMESAN SHAVINGS,
AND OUR OWN CLASSIC CAESAR DRESSING.€13.00
GOATS CHEESE AND BEETROOT SALAD (CONTAINS * 6, 7, 8) V GF)
WARM GOATS CHEESE, SLICES OF BEETROOT, TOMATO, AND WALNUTS, SERVED ON A
BED OF MIXED SALAD DRIZZLED WITH A PESTO & BALSAMIC DRESSING.€12.50
CLONAKILTY BLACK PUDDING SALAD (CONTAINS * 1, 4, 6,9) V
BLACK PUDDING SERVED ON A BED OF MIXED SALAD LEAVES, RED ONION, TOMATO,
CUCUMBER WITH A CAESAR & PESTO DRESSING.. }12.0
Traditional Irish Dishes
HONEY MUSTARD GLAZED BACON & CABBAGE (CONTAINS * 7, 10) GF
GLAZED LOIN OF BACON SERVED WITH BOILED CABBAGE, CREAMY MASHED POTATO,
VEGETABLES, SUNDRIED TOMATO PESTO AND PARSELY SAUCE.€15.00
IRISH STEW (CONTAINS * }7\mathrm{ MASH, 9) GF
CHUNKS OF IRISH LAMB, VEGETABLES TOPPED WITH CREAMY MASH POTATO IN THIS
MOST TRADITIONAL OF IRISH DISHES. SERVED WITH BROWN BREAD.€16.50
FISH & CHIPS (CONTAINS * 1, 3, 4, 6, 7)
FRESH COD DEEP FRIED IN A HOMEMADE BEER BATTER, SERVED WITH TARTAR SAUCE,
WEDGE OF LEMON AND CHUNKY CHIPS.€16.50
ATLANTIC SEAFOOD CHOWDER (CONTAINS * 4, 7, 9, 14)V
CHUNKS OF FRESH COD, SMOKED COD, SALMON AND VEGETABLES MAKE UP THIS
IRISH CLASSIC. SERVED WITH BROWN BREAD. }£12.5
BEEF & GUINNESS STEW (CONTAINS * 1,7 MASH, 9)
CHUNKS OF IRISH BEEF, MUSHROOMS AND VEGETABLES IN A RICH GUINNESS &
THYME SAUCE TOPPED WITH CREAMY MASH. SERVED WITH BROWN BREAD. }£16.5
SMOKED COD (CONTAINS * 4, 7) GF
SMOKED COD POACHED WITH ONION, SERVED WITH CREAMY MASHED POTATO
VEGETABLES, SUNDRIED TOMATO AND PARSELY SAUCE.€16.50
Allergen Information
Cereals containing Gluten =1 Crustaceans =2 Eggs =3 Fish =4 Peanuts =5 Soybeans =
6Milk=7 Nuts =8 Celery =9 Mustard = 10 Sesame seeds = 11 Sulphur dioxide & 
sulphites=12 Lupin=13 Molluscs=14 GF = Gluten free V=Vegetarian
All meats are 100% Irish and sourced locally with full traceability

Chapter 3  第三章

Contents  目录

CASE … 42  案例 ... 42
GLOSSARY … 44  术语表...... 44
TASKS … 45  任务 ... 45
Audience analysis … 45
受众分析 ... 45
Task analysis … 48
任务分析 ... 48
Scenario analysis … 49
情景分析 ... 49
LANGUAGE FOCUS … 50
语言重点...... 50
GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 51
EXERCISES … 52  练习 ... 52

If we were to assess the memo merely＂from the standpoint of technical communication， argumentation，and style，．．．by any formal criteria in technical communication，it is an almost perfect document＂（Katz，1992，p．256）because this memo
如果我们仅仅 "从技术交流、论证和文体的角度 "来评价这份备忘录，那么，根据技术交流的任何正式标准，它都是一份近乎完美的文件。
－States the problem clearly at the very beginning
-一开始就明确指出问题所在
－Sets up for the recommendations it makes
-为提出的建议做好准备
－Explains and justifies the three recommendations clearly
-明确解释并说明三项建议的理由
－Uses effective format design by dividing the paragraphs and sections with good use of white space
-使用有效的格式设计，划分段落和章节，善用空白处
－Contains content that is technically accurate and logically well argued．
-包含技术上准确、逻辑上论证充分的内容。
We may label this memo＂effective＂technical writing，but is it＂good＂technical writing？
我们可以给这份备忘录贴上 "有效 "技术写作的标签，但它是 "优秀 "技术写作吗？
＂Good＂technical writing entails not just technically effective content and format design， but also being persuasive in an ethical way．Communication in a truly responsibly persuasive manner requires the writer＇s awareness of designing communication for the good of all parties involved，not just for expedient purposes．An analysis of this memo at face value without a full understanding of its historical and rhetorical context will not result in an accurate assessment of the value of this piece of technical writing．
好的 "技术写作不仅包括技术上有效的内容和格式设计，还包括道德上有说服力的内容。

rhetorical context／ri＇torıkəl／／＇kantekst／all factors in a communication situation that affects the outcome of communication，including audience，purpose，cultural context，constraints，etc．语境，即沟通交流发生的环境，影响因素包括交流的目的，受众，限制条件等等
修辞语境／ri＇torıkəl／／＇kantekst／交际情境中影响交际结果的所有因素，包括受众，目的，文化背景，etc．受众，目的，文化背景，语境，即沟通交流发生的环境，影响因素包括交流的目的，受众，限制条件等等
audience／＇adions／the reader or user of a document 听众，读者或信息的接收者
audience／adions／ 听众，读者或信息的接收者
audience analysis／＇adiəns／／o＇næləsəs／analysis of audience demographics，needs，expectations，etc．that affect communication 读者分析
受众分析／adi＇əns／o＇nləs／analysis of audience demographics，needs，expectations，etc．that affect communication 读者分析
primary audience／＇prat meri／／＇adizns／the main reader or user of a document 首要读者
primary audience／prat meri／＇adizns／文件的主要读者或用户 首要读者
demographics／，demə＇græfiks／the statistics of a population，such as age，income，education，and ethnicity（个人或群体的）人口统计学信息，如年龄，收人，教育背景，民族／种族等
人口统计学／，demə＇græfiks／人口的统计信息，如年龄、收人、教育背景、民族／种族等
prior knowledge／＇praırr／／＇nalad／／what the reader or user already knows about the topic 先前知识，已掌握的知识
先前知识／praırr／＇nalad／读者或用户已掌握的有关主题的知识
constraints／kən＇streınts／factors that impede communication（沟通中的）限制因素
task analysis／tæsk／／o næləsəs／in technical writing，the analysis of the tasks user will perform with the information 任务分析
任务分析／tæsk／o næləsəs／在技术写作中，对用户使用信息将执行的任务进行分析。
scenario analysis／si＇ncrioz／／o＇nælasəs／the analysis of the rhetorical context of a communication situation 语境／情境分析
情景分析／si＇ncrioz／o＇nælasəs／对传播情景的修辞背景的分析 语境／情境分析
format design／＇for mæt／／dr＇zain／in technical writing，the design of such things as layout，typography， the use of colors，the use of graphics，etc．（文档的）格式设计，如页面布局，字体，颜色，图形
格式设计／在技术写作中，如页面布局、字体、颜色、图形等的设计。

Audience analysis

• Audience needs - Audience needs are affected by a number of factors, including but not limited to the demographic factors above. Carefully consider the following:
  受众需求--受众需求受多种因素影响，包括但不限于上述人口统计因素。请仔细考虑以下因素：

• Audience expectations-Your understanding of what your audience needs may be different from what they expect. Getting these two aligned will ensure that your information is delivered effectively and persuasively. To reach this alignment, keep in mind that your audience often expects the following:
  受众期望--你对受众需求的理解可能与他们的期望不同。将这两者统一起来，就能确保信息传递的有效性和说服力。要实现这一点，请记住受众通常会有以下期望：

Task analysis  任务分析

A key to the effective design of your information is analyzing the tasks users that will perform with your information．A task analysis can benefit most types of technical writing，but especially so for instructional materials．The purpose of a task analysis is twofold：
有效设计信息的关键在于分析用户使用信息时将执行的任务。任务分析对大多数类型的技术写作都有益处，尤其是对教学材料而言。

to determine the content you＇ll use and to identify the order in which this content will appear．The following checklist provides a guide for performing task analysis：
确定您要使用的内容，并确定这些内容的出现顺序。 以下清单为任务分析提供了指南： 1.

Scenario analysis  情景分析

In addition to audience and task analyses, you should carefully analyze all the other factors that affect your communication.
除了分析受众和任务外，您还应仔细分析影响传播的所有其他因素。
$\overline{)\begin{array}{cl}\text{Corporate context}& \begin{array}{c}\text{What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate}\\ \text{culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the}\\ \text{way the users use their information?}\end{array}\\ \text{Technological context}& \begin{array}{c}\text{What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the}\\ \text{tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use?}\end{array}\\ \text{Users' attitude}& \begin{array}{c}\text{What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their}\\ \text{attitude toward performing the tasks?}\end{array}\\ \text{Organizational}& \begin{array}{c}\text{Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information?}\\ \text{constraints}\end{array}\\ \text{Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do?}\end{array}}|\begin{array}{l}\text{Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these}\\ \text{goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do}\\ \text{you avoid such conflicts?}\end{array}\}$$\left.\left.\overline{)\begin{array}{cl}\text{ Corporate context }& \begin{array}{c}\text{ What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate }\\ \text{ culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the }\\ \text{ way the users use their information? }\end{array}\\ \text{ Technological context }& \begin{array}{c}\text{ What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the }\\ \text{ tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use? }\end{array}\\ \text{ Users' attitude }& \begin{array}{c}\text{ What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their }\\ \text{ attitude toward performing the tasks? }\end{array}\\ \text{ Organizational }& \begin{array}{c}\text{ Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information? }\\ \text{ constraints }\end{array}\\ \text{ Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do? }\end{array}}\right|\begin{array}{l}\text{ Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these }\\ \text{ goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do }\\ \text{ you avoid such conflicts? }\end{array}\right\}${:[[" Corporate context ",{:[" What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate "],[" culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the "],[" way the users use their information? "]:}],[" Technological context ",{:[" What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the "],[" tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use? "]:}],[" Users' attitude ",{:[" What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their "],[" attitude toward performing the tasks? "]:}],[" Organizational ",{:[" Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information? "],[" constraints "]:}],[" Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do? "]]|[" Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these "],[" goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do "],[" you avoid such conflicts? "]}\left.\left.\begin{array}{|c|l|}\hline \text { Corporate context } & \begin{array}{l}\text { What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate } \\ \text { culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the } \\ \text { way the users use their information? }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Technological context } & \begin{array}{l}\text { What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the } \\ \text { tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use? }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Users' attitude } & \begin{array}{l}\text { What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their } \\ \text { attitude toward performing the tasks? }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Organizational } & \begin{array}{l}\text { Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information? } \\ \text { constraints }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do? }\end{array} \right\rvert\, \begin{array}{l}\text { Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these } \\ \text { goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do } \\ \text { you avoid such conflicts? }\end{array}\right\}

－How to talk about rhetorical context ？
-如何谈论修辞语境？
Example 1：What did John do first before starting his writing task？He analyzed the rhetorical context for the communication task．
例 1：在开始写作任务之前，约翰首先做了什么？ 他分析了交流任务的修辞背景。

Example 2：Every user＇s scenario might be different when performing the tasks．
例 2：每个用户在执行任务时的场景都可能不同。

1．Scenario description  1．情景描述

Samples  样品

Buddy McCormick，Original
巴迪-麦考密克，原创

Memorandum  备忘录

• Is my memo too brief?
  我的备忘录是否过于简短？
• Is there enough information for the memo to be meaningful?
  是否有足够的信息使备忘录具有意义？
• Is some of the wording appearing to be too negative? For example, “The work has been proceeding slowly”; “we have had several unsuccessful tests…”
  某些措辞是否显得过于消极？例如，"工作进展缓慢"；"我们进行了几次不成功的测试......"。
  -What is Jill looking for?
  -吉尔在找什么？

Your task  您的任务

2. Scenario description  2.情景描述

Samples  样品

Buddy McCormick, Revision 1
巴迪-麦考密克，第 1 次修订

Memorandum  备忘录

Your task  您的任务

3．Scenario description  3.情景描述

Samples  样品

Buddy McCormick, Revision 2
巴迪-麦考密克，修订 2

Memorandum  备忘录

Work Accomplished  已完成的工作

Test 2: Bolting Steel Molds
测试 2：螺栓连接钢模

Work Remaining  剩余工作

Test 3: Steel Mold Design
测试 3：钢模设计

Recommendation  建议

Your task  您的任务

Chapter 4   第 4 章

Contents  目录

CASE … 58  案例 ... 58
GLOSSARY … 59  术语表 ... 59
TASKS … 60  任务 ... 60
Brevity … 60  简洁 ... 60
Clarity … 62  清晰度 ... 62
GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 66
EXERCISES … 66  练习 ... 66

EXAMPLE  示例

EXPLANATION  说明

The example your colleague gave you is from a list，so it does not need the first sentence because the reader already knows he is reading a list．The numeral 2 says all that． The second sentence is useless： how does Bourbon make digital life easier？What is digital life anyway？ Just tell us what Bourbon does and let us decide if we need it．There
你的同事给你举的例子来自一个列表，所以不需要第一句，因为读者已经知道他读的是一个列表。 数字 2 已经说明了一切。 第二句是无用的：Bourbon 如何使数字生活更轻松？ 数字生活到底是什么？ 告诉我们 Bourbon 有什么作用，让我们决定是否需要它。
are only 4 sentences．You do not need to signal a conclusion．And＂all in all＂is not the concluding sentence anyway．To improve this chunk，rewrite the third sentence to say everything needs saying．
只有四个句子．你不需要给出结论．而且 "总之 "也不是结论句．要改进这一部分，把第三句写成需要说的一切．

Because your colleague gave you two paragraphs and you are sending back just one sentence，you should check before you send it that your colleague does not have a word count he or she needs to meet．Then you should make sure they understand why you suggested the changes you suggested．You need to be careful that you don＇t offend someone while just trying to be helpful．
因为你的同事给了你两个段落，而你只发回了一句话，所以在发送之前，你应该确认你的同事没有需要达到的字数。

brief／brif／concise in expression；using few words．Shorter sentences are better than longer ones．Seven to ten words per sentence is a good average．Say only what the intended audience needs to get their job done．简报（内容凝练，语句精炼，每句 7－10 个单词为宜）
简短／精炼／表达简洁；用词少。 短句比长句好。简报（内容凝练，语句精炼，每句 7-10 个单词为宜） ．
direct／da＇rekt／job done is job one．Focus on the needs of the audience，assume willingness to receive instruction and desire to complete a specific task．The writing should sound businesslike，cheerful， helpful，but task－oriented rather than relationship－oriented。（文风和内容表达方式）直接
注重听众的需求，假定听众愿意接受指导并希望完成特定的任务。写作应该听起来像生意，有礼貌，有帮助，但以任务为导向，而不是以关系为导向。
unambiguous／，＾næm＇bigjawas／not open to more than one interpretation．Each sentence should be effortlessly meaningful．Don＇t make your readers calculate，interpret，or have to guess．（信息传达 ）毫不含糊的
每个句子都应该毫不费力地意味深长． 不要让你的读者计算，解释，或不得不猜测．（信息传达）毫不含糊的
transactional－task oriented prose／træn＇zækfən（ə）1／－／tæsk／／＇ $\mathrm{ri}$$\mathrm{ri}$ri\operatorname{ri}, entəd／／provz／
Transactional-task orientated prose／træn＇zækfən（ə）1／／tæsk／＇ $\mathrm{ri}$$\mathrm{ri}$ri\operatorname{ri} , entəd／provz／
Poetry is about conspicuous artistry，about sound，affect，and structure．The audience is educated and appreciative．Prose narrative（storytelling）is about creating a scene and placing the audience in it，vicarious experience．The author is important only in so far as he or she is the storyteller．The audience wants to be entertained，transported to another world．Technical and professional writing is transactional．The author is invisible，and the author＇s goal is to help the audience do their job with the greatest possible efficiency．The audience is busy，trying to complete a task which they would rather complete without having to consult documentation．以任务为导向，高效传递信息的文体
诗歌讲究艺术性，讲究声音、效果和结构，听众是受教育者和欣赏者。散文叙事（讲故事）讲究创造一个场景，让听众身临其境，获得各种体验。技术和专业写作是交易性的。作者是隐形的，作者的目标是帮助受众尽可能高效地完成他们的工作。以任务为导向，高效传递信息的文体。

Brevity  简洁

Clarity  清晰度

Be direct  要直接

Avoid opening a sentence with a prepositional phrase.
避免用介词短语开头。

Avoid opening a sentence with "There is" or "There are" unless the existence of the
避免用 "有 "或 "有 "作为开头语，除非该句子中存在

Use active voice unless you need to use passive voice
使用主动语态，除非需要使用被动语态

Disambiguate  消除歧义

Use positive rather than negative expressions
使用积极而非消极的表达方式

Leave no reasonable question unanswered.
不回答任何合理的问题。

Self－contained underwater breathing apparatus－scuba gear．
自给式水下呼吸器--水肺装备．
Rather than asking readers to remember a lot of little things，give them one big thing that contains each of the things they need in an easy to locate format．
与其让读者记住一大堆小东西，不如给他们一个大东西，以方便查找的形式包含他们需要的每样东西。

$◻$$◻$◻\square Is the average sentence length between 7 and 10 words？
$◻$$◻$◻\square 平均句子长度在 7 到 10 个单词之间吗？
$◻$$◻$◻\square Does each sentence start with the subject？Is the subject concrete or at least specific？
$◻$$◻$◻\square 每个句子是否都以主语开头？ 主语是否具体或至少明确？
$◻$$◻$◻\square Have you replaced all noun phrases with appropriate verbs？
$◻$$◻$◻\square 你是否用适当的动词替换了所有的名词短语？
$◻$$◻$◻\square Have you used the passive voice wisely？
$◻$$◻$◻\square 你是否明智地使用了被动语态？
$◻$$◻$◻\square Is each word the right word－specific and precise？
$◻$$◻$◻\square 每个词是否具体准确？
$◻$$◻$◻\square Have you eliminated all unnecessary words？
$◻$$◻$◻\square 您是否删除了所有不必要的词语？
$◻$$◻$◻\square Have you answered all the questions the readers would have in the order they would need them answered in？
$◻$$◻$◻\square 您是否按照读者需要的顺序回答了他们的所有问题？

Chapter 5  第 5 章

Contents  目录

CASE … 70  案例 ... 70
GLOSSARY … 78  术语表 ... 78
TASKS … 79  任务 ... 79
Tables, charts, and graphs … 79
表格、图表和图形 ... 79
Infographics … 87  信息图表 ... 87
Mind Maps … 100
思维导图 ... 100
LANGUAGE FOCUS … 101
语言重点 ... 101
GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 102
EXERCISES … 103  练习 ... 103

Your Task  您的任务

ENGLISH 1101，ENGLISH COMPOSITION I SYLLABUS
英语 1101，英语作文 I 教学大纲

Course Iexts  课程摘要

Course Goals  课程目标