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"十三五"江苏省高等学校重点教材

英文技术写作 Technical Writing


(104)南京大学出版社

英文技术写作 Technical Writing

主 编 陈美华副主编 俞韫烨编 者 金 晶 王学华Baotong Gu George Pullman高志军
Baotong Gu George Pullman 高志军

(10)南京大学出版社

图书在版编目(CIP)数据

英文技术写作/陈美华主编.--南京:南京大学
出版社, 2021.7
ISBN 978-7-305-24433-9  ISBN 978-7-305-24433-9
I .(1)英… II .(1)陈… III.(1)科学技术-英语-应用
文-写作-高等学校-教材 IV .(1)H319.36
中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字(2021)第 073976 号
出版者南京大学出版社
社 址 南京市汉口路22号 邮 编 210093
出版人 金鏔荣
书 名 英文技术写作
主 编 陈美华
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Preface
  序言 前

随着我国经济和产业日益融入全球体系,进一步提升人才的外语水平和沟通能力成为迫切需求。《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020)》提出,高校要培养一批"具有国际视野,通晓国际规则,能够参与国际事务和国际竞争的国际化人才"。然而,学生常有"学了英语会考但不会用""写了文档别人看不懂"的困惑,在实际工作中无法自如地使用英语沟通,或者沟通效率较低。这一症结既影响了个人才能的发挥,也制约了用人单位工作效率的提高,甚至可能因为信息传达有误而引发事故,进而在国际竞争中失去应有的优势。为缓解这一"学"与"用"之间的矛盾,我们以英语修辞学理论,传播学理论为指导,依据写作研究最新成果和中国学习者英语习得研究的最新成果,结合编者的技术写作实践经验和英语教学经验,开发了"英文技术写作"相关课程和教材,旨在提升学生的技术写作和沟通能力。
技术写作是在职业环境下为传达专业信息而有针对性地选择文体,传达方式以满足特定读者或用户需求的一种写作和沟通模式。技术写作的核心理念是"以用户/读者为中心",核心能力是准确,规范地使用语言。近代工业革命以来,技术写作在英国,美国,德国等工业发达国家逐斩成形并已经发展为一项专门职业。在信息化时代,技术写作在软件开发,产品制造,售后维修服务,法律合规等方面发挥着重要作用。此外,以技术写作能力为核心的沟通能力一直是工业发达国家工程师认证标准中的重要一环。而技术写作课程在美国,德国等国家的高等教育课程体系中占有重要地位,为各国的大型制造企业,高科技行业输送了大量专业文档开发管理人才,提升了各国专业人才的综合能力。
在我国,随着制造业,互联网等行业的快速发展,国家战略发展重点领域的
国际合作与竞争日趋显著,企业亟需熟练掌握技术写作技能和规范的专业文档人员,但常常是"求贤若渴"却"求而不得";另一方面,随着我国"新工科"计划的推进, "沟通能力"已被列为未来工程师的核心素质之一,日益受到各类院校的重视。目前,国内多所高校已开设了技术写作相关课程。尽管如此,技术写作在国内高校的发展仍面临重重困难。据中国技术传播联盟 2018 年的调研,高校开设"英文技术写作"相关课程的最大困难是"没有合适的教材"
为解决国内技术写作课程教材短缺的问题,进一步推进技术写作教学,提升专业沟通能力,我们组织编写了《英文技术写作》。

本教材的内容和模块

《英文技术写作》是一本综合性技术写作教材,涵盖本领域的基础理论,常用文体,研究方法和应用实例。本教材采用模块化的组织形式,分为"入门简介""沟通与传播的基础""技术写作常用文体文本""技术文本的前期准备与后期评测" 4个模块。模块内部有连贯性,模块间有相对的独立性,便于各校师生根据具体需求灵活选择使用。

本教材的目标学习者

  • 英语专业高年级本科生;
  • 语言翻译类硕士研究生;
  • 非英语专业高年级本科生与研究生;
  • 有志于或正在从事文档开发,技术写作工作的专业人士;
  • 有志于提升英语交际能力,实用能力的英语学习者。

本教材的目标

完成本教材的学习后,学习者可以:
-区分并深入理解不同技术文档和专业文书的核心特点,能够以专业标准完成技术文档。本教材涉及的技术和专业文档类型有:备忘录(memorandum),信函(letter),电子邮件(email),简历(resume),信息图(info graphic),企划书/申请书(proposal),报告(reports)。
-能分析不同写作场景中的各种制约因素并选择合适的写作和沟通策略。场景中的因素包括读者/用户,文档目的用途,合作者,沟通的时机选择,计算机辅助技术的使用等。
  • 以"读者"为中心架构文档和文书,保证文档可读懂,易读懂。
  • 掌握技术写作语言风格——清晰,简明,连贯,具体。
  • 合理规划,设计文档页面,能够为文档选择合适的图标,图文。
  • 选择合适的用户研究方法,理解并能开展常见的可用性测试和用户体验研究。

本教材的创新点

-本教材围绕"以读者为中心"的编写理念,强调对读者/用户需求的理解,对使用情境的分析,对技术手段的合理选择,最终目的是高效,准确地传达信息,方便读者。
-本教材紧扣行业写作需求与规范,强调写作情境设计与案例分析,实用性强,将"写作"视为一项综合能力,一个过程,以提高学生的写作规范意识与英语写作能力,注重培养学生在不同的写作情境和需求下,选取写作策略,综合运用写作技术的能力。
-本教材内容丰富,结构模块化,并配套立体化资源库。本教材采用模块化的组织形式,按"基本概念一沟通基础一文本类型一后期测评"的编写思路设计了 4 个模块,模块之间层层递进,相互连贯。同时各个模块间又相对独立,广大师生可根据实际情况选择对应的模块进行学习。

本教材的特色

-教材牢牢把握课程思政概念,以立德树人为根本任务,将育人理念有机融入教学内容。
  • 教材定位贴合新形势下的国家发展与行业发展的人才需求,应用范围广泛。
  • 教材框架设计层次清晰,内容取材兼顾思想性与实用性。
  • 教材建设模式立体化,配套资源库丰富全面(包括配套课件,在线开放课程等),便于师生使用。
    -编者团队国际化,多元化。既有长期工作在一线的英语教师,也有技术写作
行业专家和国外一流学者。既保证了教材内容反映行业和研究领域的新成果,也保证了教材能满足中国学习者的需求。

本教材的使用

本教材设有 4 个模块,共 12 章。建议全书的课堂教学时长为 64 学时,并可结合本教村配套的在线开放课程,进行翻转教学或供学生课后自主学习。教师亦可根据所在学校的教学安排,学生学习需求与实际英语能力,选取合适的章节进行安排。
本教材是《英文技术写作》教学团队集体智慧的结晶。在编写过程中,我们参考了国外相关书籍,并得到了国内外同行的启示。在此谨向相关作者和出版社表示衷心感谢。南京大学出版社对本书的出版提供了大力支持,特此一并致谢。书中如有错漏之处,辱请各位专家,同行和学习者指正。

Table of Contents  目录

Module 1 An Introduction to Technical Writing … 1
模块 1 技术写作入门 ... 1

Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to Technical Writing … 1
第 1 章 技术写作简介 ... 1

Module 2 Basics in Technical Writing and Professional
模块 2 技术写作和专业写作基础知识

Communication … 17  通信 ... 17
Chapter 2 Principles of Document Design … 17
Chapter 3 Communication Basics: Understanding Your Communication
第 3 章 沟通基础:了解你的沟通

Situation … 41  情况...... 41
Chapter 4 Technical Writing Style: Brevity and Clarity … 57
第 4 章 技术写作风格:简洁明了 ... 57

Chapter 5 Communicating through Visual Elements … 69
Module 3 Technical Writing and Professional Communication at
模块 3 技术写作与专业交流

Workplace … 105  工作场所 ... 105
Chapter 6 Workplace Correspondence (1) Letters, Emails, and
第 6 章 工作场所信函 (1) 书信、电子邮件和电子邮件

Memos … 105  备忘录 ... 105
英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING
Chapter 7 Workplace Correspondence(2):Job Application Materials
第 7 章 工作场所信函(2):求职申请材料

and Reports … 135
和报告...... 135

Chapter 8 Workplace Correspondence(3):Proposals … 169
第 8 章 职场信函(3):提案 ... 169

Chapter 9 Workplace Correspondence(4):Instructions. … 191
第 9 章 工作场所通信(4):说明 ... 191

Chapter 10 Structured Writing … 211
第 10 章 结构化写作 ... 211

Module 4 Preparing and Evaluating Technical Documents … 229
Chapter 11 Methods in Technical Document Development and
第 11 章 技术文件编制方法和

Assessment 1:User Research … 229
评估 1:用户研究 ... 229

Chapter 12 Methods in Technical Document Development and
第 12 章 技术文件的编制方法

Assessment 2:User Personas and User Profiling … 259
评估 2:用户角色和用户分析 ... 259

Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction to Technical Writing
第 1 章 技术写作简介

Contents  目录

GLOSSARY … 2  术语表 ... 2
TASKS … 3  任务 ... 3
What is technical writing? … 3
什么是技术写作?... 3

Who does technical writing? … 9
谁从事技术写作?... 9

Who needs technical writing? … 15
谁需要技术写作?... 15

Why do we need to learn technical writing? … 16
我们为什么需要学习技术写作?... 16


manual/'mænjuəl/an informational or instructional guide for users 用户手册 recipe/'reszpi/a set of instructions that teaches users how to prepare or make something,especially food 菜谱
manual/'mænjuəl/an informational or instructional guide for users 用户手册 recipe/'reszpi/a set of instructions that teach users how to prepare or make something,especially food 菜谱,教用户如何准备或制作某物,特别是食物的说明。

tutorial/tu'toribl/a set of step-by-step instructions that teaches users to perform a task or a set of tasks指南,教程
tutorial/tu'toribl/一套循序渐进的指南,教用户执行一项或一组任务,教程

persuasive/prr'sweisiv/able or intended to convince somebody of something 有说服力的 audience/'adizns/the listener,reader,or receiver of information 听众,读者或信息的接收者 rhetorical context/ri'trrikəl//'kant ε kst / ε kst / epsikst//\varepsilon \mathrm{kst} / the communication environment and all the factors thereof that affect the outcome of a communication act,including purposes,audiences,constraints,etc.语境,即沟通交流发生的环境,影响因素包括交流的目的,受众,限制条件等等
有说服力的/prr'sweisiv/能或意在说服某人相信某事。听众,读者或信息的接收者 修辞语境/ri'trrikəl//'kant ε kst / ε kst / epsikst//\varepsilon \mathrm{kst} / 交流环境及其中影响交流行为结果的所有因素,包括目的,科学,制约因素,语境,即交流发生的环境,影响因素包括交流的目的,受众,限制条件等等。

user/'juzar/a person that uses a particular product(产品的)用户
user/juzar/使用特定产品(产品的)用户

genre/'zanrə/a class or category of documents having a particular form,style,conventions,etc.(某一种)文体,一般具备特定形式,文风,写作传统 memo/'m ε , mos / ε , mos / epsi,mos//\varepsilon, \mathrm{mos} / a short message or document that's often used for internal communication within a business or organization 备忘录,工作场所用于记录,传递信息的文体,一般用于机构内部沟通 letter/'letor/a written document addressed to a specific person or organization,often transmitted by mail or email 信函,一种写给特定人员或机构的文体,通常通过信件或电子邮件形式传递 proposal/pro'pozzal/a document/statement that often recommends,suggests,or offers something for acceptance or adoption 企划书,一种用于提出建议,提案的文体
genre/zanrə/具有特定形式的一类文件,style,conventions,etc.(某一种)文体,一般具备特定形式,文风,写作传统 memo/'m ε , mos / ε , mos / epsi,mos//\varepsilon, \mathrm{mos} / 备忘录,工作场所用于记录,传递信息的文体,一般用于机构内部沟通的简短信息或文件。letter/'letor/ 写给特定人员或机构的文体,通常通过信件或电子邮件形式传递。提案/pro'pozzal/一种文件/声明,通常通过信件或电子邮件形式传递,供特定人员或机构接受或采用 企划书,一种用于提出建议,提案的文体

report/ri prrt/a document/statement that summarizes and describes in detail an event,a situation,an issue,etc.,often based on careful research 报告,一种用于描述,总结事件或项目推进情况的文体,通常需要以细致深入的研究为基础
report/ri prrt/一种文件/陈述,总结并详细描述某一事件、情况、问题等,通常以细致深入的研究为基础 报告,一种用于描述、总结事件或项目推进情况的文体,通常需要以细致深入的研究为基础

instructional guide/m'str^kfanəl//gaid/similar to tutorial,a document that provides instructions on performing a task or a set of tasks 说明性指南,一种类似于指南的文体,主要用于提供完成某项(些)任务的必要说明和指导
instruction guide/m'str^kfanəl/gaid/similar to tutorial,一种类似于指南的文体,主要用于提供完成某项(些)任务的必要说明和指导。

press release/pres//ri'lis/a statement prepared for and distributed to the press by a business,an organization,a government agency,etc.新闻通稿,公司,机构或政府单位等发布给新闻媒体的稿件
新闻通稿,公司、机构或政府单位等发布给新闻媒体的稿件

white paper/wait//'perpər/a report,often authoritative,prepared and released by an organization or government agency;in technical writing,it often refers to an informative report on a particular issue or phenomenon 白皮书,报告的一种形式,由政府单位或行业权威机构发布的具备一定权威性的文体;在技术宁作领域,一般指针对某一问题或现象发布的内容信息翔实的报告
white paper/白皮书,报告的一种形式,由政府单位或行业权威机构发布的具备一定权威性的文体;在技术宁作领域,一般指针对某一问题或现象发布的内容信息翔实的报告。白皮书,报告的一种形式,由政府单位或行业权威机构发布的具备一定权威性的文体;在技术宁作领域,一般指针对某一问题或现象发布的内容信息翔实的报告。

jack of all trades/dzæk//əv//al//treIdz/someone who is good at many things 杂而不精的人,万金油 indexer/'in deksar/someone who prepares indexes 制作索引的人
information architect/,infor'meIfon//'arks,tekt/someone who designs the information architecture for an organization and whose scope of work often encompasses the creation,implementation,and delivery of information 信息架构师
信息架构师/,memeIfon//'arks,tekt/someone,为组织设计信息架构,其工作范围通常包括创建、实施和交付信息。

instructional designer/m'strakJənəl//dr'zannr/someone who designs,develops,delivers,and assesses content for learners 教学(内容的)设计师
教学设计者/设计师 Jəkəl//dr'zannr/为学习者设计、开发、提供和评估教学内容(内容的)设计师

technical illustrator/'tzknıkal//'ila,strertər/a person who does illustrations for technical writing(技术文档的)插㽗师
技术插图画家/'tzknıkal/'ila,strertər/为技术写作(技术文档的)插㽗师绘制插图的人。

globalization and localization specialist/glorbal'zerfon//ond//lovkələ'zer/ən//'spefolasts/someone who is specialized in adapting information products to users of target cultures 全球化与本地化专员
全球化与本地化专家/glorbal'zerfon//ond//lokəvələ'zer/ən//'speacefolasts/someone who is specialized in adapting information products to users of target cults 全球化与本地化专员

usability/.juza'biliti/the extent to which a product can be used by target users within specific contexts to achieve their goals with ease,efficiency,and satisfaction(产品的)可用性
可用性/juza'biliti/目标用户在特定情况下使用产品以轻松、高效、满意(产品的)地实现其目标的程度。

physiological factors that affect people's performance and how to incorporate these factors into the design of products,processes,and systems 人因工程专员
影响人的表现的生理因素,以及如何将这些因素纳入产品、流程和系统的设计中 人因工程专员

visual designer/'vizəwal//di'zainər/someone who specializes in designing visual elements in technical documents 视觉设计师
visual designer/vizəwal/di'zainər/someone who specializes in designing visual elements in technical documents 视觉设计师

web designer/web//dı'zaınər/someone who designs web pages 网页设计师
content strategist/'kantent//'strettidsist/often used interchangeably with"content architect"内容战略师
content strategist/'kantent/'strettidsist/often 与 "content architect "内容战略师交替使用

What is technical writing?
什么是技术写作?

Technical writing exists everywhere in our life:the user's guide for your new smart phone,the
在我们的生活中,技术写作无处不在:新款智能手机的用户手册,新款智能手机的使用指南,新款智能手机的用户手册,新款智能手机的使用指南。

owner's manual for your new car,the recipe for the favorite dish you want to cook,the online tutorial that teaches you how to use Photoshop...Nobody can escape technical information. It's ubiquitous and is immersed in every aspect of our life.
你的新车的车主手册,你最喜欢的菜的菜谱,教你如何使用 Photoshop 的在线教程.没有人可以逃避技术信息. 它无处不在,渗透到我们生活的方方面面.
Have you done technical writing?If you answer no,think again.Have you ever texted instructions to a friend teaching him how to set up an app on his phone?Have you ever sent screen shots to someone to teach her how to set up a certain function in WeChat?Have you ever sent your recipe for your signature dish to a relative?These are all examples of technical writing.
如果你回答 "没有",请再想一想,你有没有给朋友发过短信,教他在手机上设置某个应用程序? 你有没有给别人发过截图,教她在微信上设置某个功能? 你有没有把自己的招牌菜菜谱发给亲戚?
Let's say you have a car for sale,and you want to write a classified ad to be published in the local newspaper.You're trying to decide between the following two versions of the ad:
假设您有一辆汽车要出售,您想在当地报纸上刊登一则分类广告。
A.My 2017 Mazda Miata is for sale.It is cheap.It is reliable.It is good as new.
A.我的 2017 马自达 Miata 要出售.它很便宜.它很可靠.它好得像新的一样.

B.My cheap,reliable,and good-as-new 2017 Mazda Miata is for sale.
B."我那便宜、可靠、像新的一样好的 2017 马自达 Miata 正在出售","我那便宜、可靠、像新的一样好的 2017 马自达 Miata 正在出售"。

Which version is better?So you ask.Well,that's often the wrong question to ask.The correct questions to start with in this case would be:
你会问哪个版本更好?

-In what way are these two different?
-这两者有什么不同?

-What effect is each going to have on the reader?
-它们各自会对读者产生什么影响?

-What are the different rhetorical principles that go behind these ad designs?
-这些广告设计背后有哪些不同的修辞原则?

Your purpose is simple:to sell your 2017 Mazda Miata.In order to sell your car,you want to emphasize the three qualities that you think make your car appealing to the potential buyer: cheap,reliable,and good as new.Therefore,your focus is to"sell"these three qualities to your reader.Now,let's see how these two versions do the job of"selling".
你的目的很简单:卖掉你的 2017 马自达 Miata。为了卖掉你的车,你要强调你认为使你的车吸引潜在买家的三个品质:便宜、可靠、像新车一样好。因此,你的重点是向读者 "推销 "这三个品质。 现在,让我们看看这两个版本是如何 "推销 "的。
Version A uses explicit,straightforward persuasion.By using three parallel structures in the last three sentences,"It is...It is...It is...",this ad is designed to have a direct visual (reading)as well as aural(hearing through reading)impact on the reader so that it becomes memorable.If you read the ad,you'll see that the three parallel sentences will indeed create some impression on you.
版本 A 采用了明确的、直截了当的说服方式。通过在最后三句话中使用三个并列结构,"它是.它是.它是.",这则广告旨在对读者产生直接的视觉(阅读)和听觉(通过阅读听到)影响,从而使读者记忆深刻。(如果你读了这则广告,你会发现这三个并列的句子的确会给你留下一些印象。
The rhetorical design in version B,however,is much more subtle.In this version,the three qualities that you most want to emphasize are now moved forward to the modifying position for the grammatical subject.Such an arrangement seemingly de-emphasizes the three important qualities of the car that you want to"sell"to the reader.So why?Well,such a rhetorical design actually employs the principle of the given-new contract to create subtle
在这个版本中,你最想强调的三个品质被前移到了语法主语的修饰位置。那么,为什么呢?

persuasion. The given-new contract stipulates that in communicating information, if we start with given (old) information to lead to new information, which then becomes given information in the next sentence and leads to further new information, it will be much easier for the reader to follow you. For example,
说服。给定--新契约规定,在传播信息时,如果我们从给定(旧)信息开始引出新信息,而新信息在下一句中又变成了给定信息,并进一步引出新信息,那么读者就会更容易跟上你的思路。例如

I I _ I_\underline{I} have a friend named John. He’s going to marry Jane. Jane is an accountant. Given New Given New Give New
I I _ I_\underline{I} 有个朋友叫约翰。他要和简结婚。简是一名会计。给定新值 给定新值 给定新值
How does this given-new contract apply to version B of the ad? Let’s take a look: My cheap, reliable, and good-as-new 2017 Mazda Miata is for sale.
这份给定的新合同如何适用于 B 版广告?让我们来看看:我廉价、可靠、全新的 2017 马自达 Miata 现正出售。

Given New  鉴于新
By the sheer position of the three qualities, which is part of the grammatical subject and in the front position of the sentence, it implicitly implies that all this is given information, and we typically don’t question the validity of given (old) information and subconsciously accept it as true. Therefore, this rhetorical arrangement of putting the three qualities in this given information position subtly hints to the reader that you don’t have to question the truthfulness of the three qualities and therefore should believe that my Mazda Miata is “cheap, reliable, and good as new”.
三项品质是语法主语的一部分,又处于句子的前置位置,它的位置本身就暗示了这一切都是给定信息,而我们通常不会质疑给定信息(旧信息)的真实性,并下意识地将其视为事实。因此,把这三个品质放在这个给定信息的位置上,这种修辞安排巧妙地暗示读者,你不必质疑这三个品质的真实性,因此应该相信我的马自达 Miata "便宜、可靠、像新的一样好"。
So, what does this example demonstrate about technical writing? A simple technical writing act as demonstrated by this classified ad involves many rhetorical aspects:
那么,这个例子说明了什么是技术写作呢?这则分类广告所展示的简单技术写作行为涉及许多修辞方面:

Technical writing is task driven.
技术写作是任务驱动型的。

It has definite purposes. You do technical writing to accomplish particular goals. You never simply present the information for the sake of presenting information. Writing without a purpose is not communication.
它有明确的目的。技术写作是为了实现特定的目标。你绝不是为了提供信息而提供信息。没有目的的写作不是交流。

Technical writing is persuasive.
技术写作具有说服力。

Technical writing is more than presenting factual information. It has the ultimate purpose of persuading the audience to take the action you want them to take. Technical writing is never purely objective and always has a persuasive side.
技术写作不仅仅是提供事实信息。它的最终目的是说服受众采取你希望他们采取的行动。技术写作从来都不是纯粹客观的,它总是具有说服性的一面。

Technical writing has specific audiences.
技术写作有特定的读者群。

When you do technical writing, you target specific audiences, large or small. Therefore,
当你进行技术写作时,你的目标受众或大或小。因此

audience demographics come into play in your design of technical writing.For example, how much knowledge does the audience have about this subject?Do I need to provide more detailed information to make it clear?Is this language too technical for my audience?
例如,受众对这一主题的了解程度如何? 我是否需要提供更详细的信息才能让受众明白? 对于我的受众来说,这种语言是否过于专业?

Technical writing has a rhetorical context.
技术写作有其修辞背景.

A particular piece of technical writing may work within one particular rhetorical context but not another.For the classified car ad,the local newspaper is a good medium as it targets largely a middle-class readership who often read classified ads.Often,different organizational contexts will dictate different communication styles,mediums,format designs,and language conventions.
就汽车分类广告而言,当地报纸是一个很好的媒介,因为它的目标读者主要是经常阅读分类广告的中产阶级。 通常,不同的组织环境会决定不同的沟通方式、媒介、格式设计和语言习惯。

Technical writing is user centered.
技术写作以用户为中心.

Technical writing is different from creative fiction or poetry where the writer can often focus on expressing him/herself.In technical writing,the focus is on the reader/user.It aims to accommodate the needs of the users:what they want,what they like,how it will be easier for them to understand the information,what would be most helpful to users in accomplishing the tasks.
技术写作不同于创作小说或诗歌,在创作小说或诗歌时,作者往往可以专注于表达他/她自己。

Technical writing design is deliberate.
技术写作的设计是经过深思熟虑的.

In technical writing,every decision you make has a rhetorical purpose:your decision to include one content over another,your decision to use one layout over another,your decision to use one graphic over another,your decision to use one color over another...The very act of decision making means technical writing is a very deliberate act.That's why we call it rhetorical design.
在技术写作中,你所做的每一个决定都有一个修辞目的:你决定包含一种内容而不是另一种内容,你决定使用一种布局而不是另一种布局,你决定使用一种图形而不是另一种图形,你决定使用一种颜色而不是另一种颜色.

Technical writing entails knowledge and skills in many areas.
技术写作需要多方面的知识和技能。

To be an effective technical writer requires knowledge and skills in a multitude of areas:
要成为一名高效的技术撰稿人,需要具备多方面的知识和技能: 1.

-Language skills  -语言技能
-Subject matter knowledge
-学科知识

-Rhetorical theories  -修辞理论
-Communication theories  -传播理论
  • Document design  文件设计
  • Desktop publishing  桌面出版
  • Digital writing and publishing
    数字写作与出版
  • Editing  编辑
  • User research and usability assessment
    用户研究和可用性评估
You may not necessarily have to have all the skills, but what it takes often depends on your organizational context, the role you’re required to play within your organization, and the type of technical writing needed. Whatever type of technical writing you do, however, most of these skills come into play. It’s hard to imagine one can be an effective technical writer without, for example, any kind of knowledge of rhetorical theories.
您不一定需要掌握所有技能,但所需技能往往取决于您的组织背景、您在组织中需要扮演的角色以及所需的技术写作类型。不过,无论你从事哪种类型的技术写作,这些技能中的大多数都会发挥作用。例如,很难想象一个人如果不具备修辞理论知识,就能成为一名有效的技术写作者。

Technical writing comes in different genres.
技术写作有不同的体裁。

Technical writing encompasses a wide range of different types, including the following common genres:
技术写作涵盖多种不同类型,包括以下常见体裁:
  • Memos-Memos are a common form of organizational communication. In most businesses and organizations, memos are used almost daily. Memos differ from official letters in that memos are often used internally. Memos often have the following memo heads: “To”, “From”, “Date”, and “Subject”. These provide a context about who’s involved in the communication, when the communication occurs, and what the subject of communication is. There’s a legal side to memos: because they’re written communication and spell out the context of communication, they serve to provide archival functions so that if any issue arises in the future concerning this matter, this paper trail will become evidence as to who said what and who was responsible.
    备忘录--备忘录是一种常见的组织交流形式。在大多数企业和组织中,备忘录几乎每天都在使用。备忘录与正式信函的不同之处在于,备忘录通常在内部使用。备忘录通常有以下备忘标题:"收件人"、"发件人"、"日期 "和 "主题"。这些信息提供了沟通对象、沟通时间和沟通主题的背景信息。备忘录也有其法律意义:因为它们是书面交流,并详细说明了交流的背景,所以具有存档功能,这样,如果将来出现任何与此事有关的问题,这些文件记录就会成为证据,证明谁说了什么,谁该负责。
  • Letters-There’re two different types of letters: personal and business letters. Personal letters are very rare now due to the use of emails. Business letters, on the other hand, although many of them have also been replaced by emails, still serve an important function as official communication between businesses and organizations. They also serve as evidence for business contracts and agreements.
    信件--信件有两种不同的类型:私人信件和商务信件。由于电子邮件的使用,私人信件现在已经很少见了。另一方面,虽然许多商务信函也已被电子邮件取代,但作为企业和组织之间的官方通信,商务信函仍然发挥着重要作用。它们也是商业合同和协议的证据。
  • Proposals-Proposals are documents that propose a certain initiative that often requires investment by the target audience in forms of monetary or other support in exchange for the realization of particular missions of both parties. Proposals come in various
    建议书--建议书是提出某项倡议的文件,通常需要目标受众以货币或其他支持形式进行投资,以换取双方特定任务的实现。建议书有多种形式

    forms:business proposals,grant proposals,research proposals,book proposals,etc. They can also be categorized into solicited proposals(conference proposals,government research and development proposals,foundation proposals,contract proposals,etc.)and unsolicited proposals(internal proposals,partnership proposals,contract proposals,etc.).
    提案还可分为邀约提案(会议提案、政府研究与发展提案、基金会提案、合同提案等)和非邀约提案(内部提案、artnership 提案、合同提案等)。还可分为征集提案(会议提案、政府研究与发展提案、基金会提案、合同提案等)和非征集提案(内部提案、合作伙伴提案、合同提案、项目提案等)。

    -Reports-Reports are a very common form of business document that are often based on research about a particular issue or problem.Some reports aim to be informative while others seek to be persuasive by recommending a solution.
    -报告-报告是一种非常常见的商业文件形式,通常基于对特定问题的研究。有些报告旨在提供信息,而有些报告则通过建议解决方案来增强说服力。

    -Brochures and Pamphlets-These are often used by businesses and organizations to promote their products,services,membership,mission,etc.They often target clients or external audiences.Brochures and pamphlets often feature the most prominent highlights of the business or organization.Brochures are often divided into panels,most of which range from 4 to 8 or even more.Pamphlets are often booklets that contain multiple pages.They are used in place of brochures to allow for more content.
    宣传册和小册子--企业和组织常用来宣传其产品、服务、会员资格、任务等。 宣传册和小册子通常以客户或外部受众为目标。小册子通常是包含多页的小册子,用来代替小册子,以容纳更多的内容。

-Manuals,Tutorials,and Instructional Guides-These are probably the most
手册、教程和教学指南--这些可能是最重要的工具。

common genres with which people associate technical writing.Manuals,tutorials,and instructional guides are often task driven,concerned with teaching the user how to perform specific tasks.Good instructions are comprehensive,procedural,and easy to follow.Instructions can range from small,single-task tutorials to large,book-length guides on how to use a product or program.
-Abstracts and Summaries-Abstracts and summaries are used in nearly all kinds of technical writing genres,especially at the beginning of long technical reports.Often, these summaries aim at a non-technical audience and present the most important highlights from the report.Summaries can range from short,paragraph-length abstracts to medium-length descriptive and informative summaries,to full-blown executive summaries.The purposes of these summaries are often to help readers grasp the main points of the report before they decide whether to read the entire report.
-摘要和概要-摘要和概要几乎用于所有类型的技术写作,尤其是在长篇技术报告的开头。 通常,这些概要面向非技术读者,介绍报告中最重要的亮点。这些摘要的目的通常是帮助读者在决定是否阅读整份报告之前掌握报告的要点。

-Press Releases-Businesses and organizations often use press releases to inform the general public or specific target audiences about a particular event,product,or service. Press releases are often an expedient way for businesses and organizations to reach a wide audience.
新闻稿--企业和组织通常使用新闻稿向公众或特定目标受众通报某一事件、产品或服务。 新闻稿通常是企业和组织接触广大受众的便捷方式。

-White Papers-White papers are often reports that inform readers about a complex
白皮书--白皮书通常是向读者介绍复杂问题的报告。

issue. They are often based on extensive research about the various aspects of a particular issue and are meant to help readers to understand an issue, to solve a problem, or to make a decision. Some white papers, such as those issued by a government, often inform readers about the entity’s position or philosophy on the issue. White papers can range from several to hundreds of pages.
问题。白皮书通常基于对特定问题各个方面的广泛研究,旨在帮助读者理解问题、解决问题或做出决策。有些白皮书,如政府发布的白皮书,通常会向读者介绍该机构在该问题上的立场或理念。白皮书的篇幅从几页到几百页不等。
  • Technical Descriptions-Technical descriptions explain a technical product or process. Hence we have product descriptions and process descriptions. Product descriptions define a particular product or item, introduce background knowledge related to the product or item, and describe the different parts and their functions. Process descriptions define a technical process, provide background knowledge needed to understand the process, and describe different stages and steps of the process.
    技术说明--技术说明解释技术产品或流程。因此,我们有产品说明和流程说明。产品描述定义特定的产品或项目,介绍与产品或项目相关的背景知识,并描述不同的部件及其功能。流程描述定义一个技术流程,提供理解流程所需的背景知识,并描述流程的不同阶段和步骤。
This is by no means an exhaustive list. Technical writing comes in all shapes and forms.
这绝不是一份详尽的清单。技术写作的形式多种多样。

As a technical writer, it is important to understand the different conventions associated with a particular genre.
作为一名技术作家,了解与特定体裁相关的不同惯例非常重要。

Who does technical writing?
谁负责技术写作?

Technical writing has existed for many centuries and can be traced as early back as to Aristotle’s period in the 4 th 4 th  4^("th ")4^{\text {th }} century BC. It did not become a real profession until the mid 20 th 20 th  20^("th ")20^{\text {th }} century. In the early part of the 20 th 20 th  20^("th ")20^{\text {th }} century, technical writing was done mostly by engineers as
技术写作已经存在了许多世纪,最早可以追溯到公元前 4 th 4 th  4^("th ")4^{\text {th }} 世纪亚里士多德时期。直到 20 th 20 th  20^("th ")20^{\text {th }} 世纪中叶,技术写作才真正成为一种职业。在 20 th 20 th  20^("th ")20^{\text {th }} 世纪早期,技术写作主要由工程师来完成,如

technical writing programs did not emerge in American universities until the mid- 20 th 20 th  20^("th ")20^{\text {th }} century. Nowadays,with most American universities offering technical writing programs,most technical writing positions are held by people who have been trained in technical writing.
如今,大多数美国大学都开设了技术写作课程,大多数技术写作职位都由受过技术写作培训的人员担任。
However,people doing technical writing have very different job titles and capacities.If you have to name position titles related to technical writing,how many can you list?
但是,从事技术写作的人的职称和能力大相径庭。 如果让你说出与技术写作有关的职称,你能列出多少个?
Technical writing is a diverse field,and there're more position types than you may think. The Society for Technical Communication(STC)provides the following as only"a partial list of the different jobs within technical communication":
技术写作是一个多样化的领域,职位类型比你想象的要多。 技术交流协会(STC)提供的以下内容只是 "技术交流领域内不同职位的部分清单":

-Technical Writers and Editors
-技术作家和编辑

-Indexers  -索引
-Information Architects  -信息架构师
-Instructional Designers
-教学设计师

-Technical Illustrators  -技术插画师
-Globalization and Localization Specialists
-全球化和本地化专家

-Usability and Human Factors Professionals
-可用性与人为因素专业人员

-Visual Designers  -视觉设计师
-Web Designers and Developers
-网页设计师和开发人员

-Teachers and Researchers of Technical Communication
-技术交流教师和研究人员

-Trainers and E-Learning Developers
-培训师和电子学习开发人员

(Source:STC website:https://www.stc.org/about-stc/defining-technical-communication/)
(来源:STC 网站:https://www.)

These jobs all have one thing in common:they all do some kind of technical writing, although their job scopes are different.
这些工作都有一个共同点:虽然工作范围不同,但都从事某种技术写作。

Technical Writers and Editors
技术撰稿人和编辑

These are the most common position titles for technical writing.Smaller businesses and organizations often have only one or two technical writers and thus often use the general position title of"technical writer"or"technical editor".The job scope and responsibilities for these technical writers/editors are all encompassing,and these positions require people who are more like Jack of all trades,handling all functions related to technical writing.Large businesses and organizations,on the other hand,tend to have a team of technical writers where everybody's division of duties might be more distinct and therefore have different job
这些是技术写作最常见的职位名称。规模较小的企业和组织通常只有一两名技术写作人员,因此经常使用 "技术写作人员 "或 "技术编辑 "的一般职位名称。另一方面,大型企业和组织往往有一个技术撰稿人团队,每个人的职责分工可能更加明确,因此有不同的职位名称。

titles for people in their technical writing department. Most technical writing entry positions require a bachelor’s degree or a certificate in technical writing plus a few years’ experience.
技术写作部门的职位。大多数技术写作初级职位要求有技术写作学士学位或证书以及几年的工作经验。

Indexers  索引器

Simply put, indexers are people who create indexes, which are alphabetical lists of important terms and concepts covered in the document. Indexes are different table of contents in that table of contents present an outline of the topics in the exact linear order as they are covered in the document while indexes are terms arranged alphabetically. Indexes are used in most book-length manuals. When you buy a new car, for example, it typically comes with an owner’s manual that’s several hundred pages thick. If you want to figure out how to connect your phone to your car through Bluetooth, how do you go about finding that information in the manual? Do you flip through the entire table of contents to find it? Or do you go to Index section in the back of the manual to look for the entry “Bluetooth”? Most likely, you’ll do the latter since it’s much easier and faster.
简而言之,索引员就是创建索引的人,索引是按字母顺序排列的文档中涉及的重要术语和概念。索引与目录不同,目录是按照文件中涉及的主题的线性顺序排列的,而索引则是按字母顺序排列的术语。大多数长篇手册都使用索引。例如,当你购买一辆新车时,它通常会附带一本厚达几百页的车主手册。如果你想知道如何通过蓝牙将手机连接到汽车上,该如何在手册中找到相关信息呢?是翻阅整个目录来查找?还是在手册后面的索引部分查找 "蓝牙 "条目?大多数情况下,您会选择后者,因为这样更方便快捷。
Indexes are a must for hardcopy manuals to help users quickly find the information they need. Now, with many manuals, tutorials, and user guides going online and having the search function, does it mean we no longer need indexes? No, we still very much need indexes. The reason is that many search functions for these online manuals are term sensitive and not very forgiving, meaning that your search term often has to exactly match the term embedded in the program for it to work. For example, in the software industry, it’s a common consensus that we “close a dialog box” but “quit a program”. So, if you want to quit a program and search for “close xyz”, the search engine may return no results.
索引是硬拷贝手册的必备功能,可以帮助用户快速找到所需的信息。现在,许多手册、教程和用户指南都已上网并具有搜索功能,这是否意味着我们不再需要索引了呢?不,我们仍然非常需要索引。原因是这些在线手册的许多搜索功能都对术语很敏感,而且容错率不高,也就是说,你的搜索术语通常必须与程序中嵌入的术语完全匹配才能起作用。例如,在软件行业中,"关闭对话框 "和 "退出程序 "是大家的共识。因此,如果你想退出一个程序并搜索 "关闭 xyz",搜索引擎可能不会返回任何结果。
Indexers are often experienced technical writers and often need a bachelor’s degree with some years of experience.
索引员通常是经验丰富的技术撰稿人,通常需要有学士学位和若干年的工作经验。

Information Architects  信息架构师

Information architects are technical writers who design an organization’s overall information architecture. They deal with the big picture of information design, and their job responsibilities include but go beyond
信息架构师是设计组织整体信息架构的技术撰稿人。他们负责信息设计的全局,其工作职责包括但不限于
  • Researching and identifying user needs and behavior
    研究并确定用户需求和行为
  • Designing overall information architecture
    设计整体信息架构

    -Developing data flow structure
    -开发数据流结构

    -Overseeing the implementation of data and information structure
    -监督数据和信息结构的实施情况

    -Ensuring smooth and effective information delivery
    -确保信息传递顺畅有效

Skills required for information architects often include
信息架构师所需的技能通常包括

-Consumer profiling  -消费者特征分析
-Strategic planning  -战略规划
-Content management  -内容管理
-Data flow design  -数据流设计
-Database management  -数据库管理
-Data modeling  -数据建模
-Problem solving  -解决问题
-Critical thinking  -批判性思维
Most information architects possess a graduate degree in technical writing,information design,communication,or a related field,or a bachelor's degree with substantial experience in technical writing.Often,they have held various positions in technical writing and have gained considerable experience in various facets of this field.
大多数信息架构师都拥有技术写作、信息设计、通信或相关专业的研究生学位,或拥有学士学位并在技术写作方面拥有丰富经验。 他们通常在技术写作方面担任过各种职务,并在该领域的各个方面积累了相当丰富的经验。

Instructional Designers  教学设计师

Instructions are a ubiquitous occurrence and include an array of different types:tutorials, guides,references,help files,manuals,etc.Instructional designers are people who design such information products that help people learn concepts and perform specific tasks.Their job responsibilities involve
说明无处不在,包括一系列不同类型:教程、指南、参考资料、帮助文件、手册等。 说明设计人员是设计此类信息产品的人员,他们的工作职责包括

-Understanding learner needs
-了解学习者的需求

-Designing interactive learning solutions
-设计互动学习解决方案

-Planning and developing instructional design projects
-规划和开发教学设计项目

-Developing assessment instruments for learning effectiveness
-开发学习效果评估工具

-Developing strategies to cater to different learner needs
-制定满足不同学习者需求的策略

-Using technology in instructional design
-在教学设计中使用技术

Most instructional designers have a bachelor's degree in technical writing or a related field and a few years'experience.
大多数教学设计师都拥有技术写作或相关专业的学士学位和几年的工作经验。

Technical Illustrators  技术插画师

Technical writing often employs illustrations to help explain concepts and product parts.
技术写作经常使用插图来帮助解释概念和产品部件。

Technical illustrators need to be able to extract important information from data and create diagrams, graphics, and other illustrations to help users understand technical information.
技术插图画家需要能够从数据中提取重要信息,并制作图表、图形和其他插图,以帮助用户理解技术信息。
Most technical illustrator positions require a bachelor’s degree in illustration or graphic design or equivalent experience.
大多数技术插画师职位要求拥有插画或平面设计学士学位或同等经验。

Globalization and Localization Specialists
全球化和本地化专家

In the age of globalization today, many businesses need to disseminate their information to audiences in different cultures and countries. This has created the need for globalization and localization specialists. These specialists are often involved in the process of information and documentation development from the very start so that information developed can easily be localized.
在当今全球化时代,许多企业需要向不同文化和国家的受众传播信息。这就需要全球化和本地化专家。这些专家往往从一开始就参与信息和文件的开发过程,以便所开发的信息能够轻松实现本地化。
Globalization and localization specialists
全球化和本地化专家
  • Have knowledge of different cultures and other languages although they may not necessarily speak all those languages
    了解不同文化和其他语言,尽管他们不一定会说所有这些语言
  • Analyze market and user needs of those target cultures
    分析这些目标文化的市场和用户需求
  • Identify critical issues in localization
    确定本地化的关键问题
  • Work with product developers, documentation specialists, language specialists, terminologists, etc. and develop localization plans
    与产品开发人员、文档专家、语言专家、术语专家等合作,制定本地化计划
  • Oversee the creation of multiple versions of documentation for different target markets
    监督针对不同目标市场的多版本文件的创建工作
  • Design effective channels for documentation product delivery
    设计有效的文件产品交付渠道
  • Manage localization budgets
    管理本地化预算
  • Educate collaborators in product development, documentation, project management, etc. about the target culture and audiences
    对产品开发、文件编制、项目管理等方面的合作者进行有关目标文化和受众的教育
Globalization and localization specialists often possess at least a bachelor’s degree in a language-related discipline and some years of experience in a related field.
全球化和本地化专家通常至少拥有语言相关学科的学士学位,并在相关领域拥有多年经验。

Usability and Human Factors Professionals
可用性和人为因素专业人员

With more and more emphasis on user-centered design, usability testing has increasingly
随着以用户为中心的设计越来越受到重视,可用性测试也越来越多地

become an essential part of information design.Usability professionals focus on users' experience in their interaction with the product or documentation.Usability testing first started in the field of web design where usability specialists evaluate users'experience in interacting with the interface.It has now expanded to nearly all fields of product design.After developers design product prototypes,usability specialists design and conduct alpha and beta tests on sample target users.They carefully observe users'interaction with the product,carefully analyze and evaluate users'feedback,and make recommendations for improving the product.
可用性测试最早开始于网页设计领域,由可用性专家评估用户与界面交互的体验。在开发人员设计出产品原型之后,可用性专家设计并对目标用户样本进行 alpha 和 beta 测试,他们仔细观察用户与产品的交互,认真分析和评估用户的反馈,并提出改进产品的建议。
Usability specialists often come from diverse backgrounds.Preferences are often given to people with degrees in human computer interaction,human factor psychology,marketing, business,technology,etc.
可用性专家通常来自不同的背景,拥有人机交互、人因心理学、市场营销、商业、技术等专业学位的人通常更受青睐。

Visual Designers  视觉设计师

Visual design has become an integral part of technical writing.Visual designers don't simply create artwork for branding projects,campaigns,apps,websites,and creative projects;they also handle layouts,typography,color use,and graphics,which are all integral parts of technical writing.Visual designers often hold degrees in graphic design,technical writing, marketing,etc.
视觉设计已成为技术写作中不可或缺的一部分。视觉设计师不只是为品牌推广、活动、网站和创意项目创作艺术作品,他们还处理布局、排版、色彩使用和图形,这些都是技术写作中不可或缺的部分。

Web Designers and Developers
网页设计人员和开发人员

Web design and development used to be the realm of computer science majors.Today, with increasing emphasis on the rhetorical effectiveness of both content and format design, web design has become very much an aspect of technical writing.Most technical writing programs now offer some course on web design,digital writing and publishing,or even web programming.Technical writing students in these courses often study not only the rhetorical aspects of web design but also programming languages,such as html,PHP,and cascading style sheets.Technical writing programs are increasingly recognizing that a combination of web programming skills and rhetorical competency is making technical writing students more marketable for positions related to web design and more competitive against their computer science counterparts.
网页设计和开发曾经是计算机科学专业的领域。如今,随着人们越来越重视内容和格式设计的修辞效果,网页设计在很大程度上已成为技术写作的一个方面。 现在,大多数技术写作课程都开设了一些关于网页设计、数字写作和出版,甚至是网页编程的课程。技术写作课程越来越认识到,网络编程技能和修辞能力的结合使技术写作学生在与网络设计相关的职位上更有市场,在与计算机科学专业学生的竞争中更有竞争力。

Teachers and Researchers of Technical Communication
技术交流教师和研究人员

As educators of technical writing/communication, teachers and researchers in this field are very much practitioners as well. To be a technical writing teacher or researcher at the university level in the U.S. often requires a doctoral degree in technical writing, rhetoric and composition, or a related field.
作为技术写作/交流的教育者,这一领域的教师和研究人员在很大程度上也是实践者。在美国的大学里,要成为一名技术写作教师或研究人员,通常需要拥有技术写作、修辞与写作或相关领域的博士学位。

Trainers and E-Learning Developers
培训师和电子学习开发人员

Training programs, especially E-learning programs, are becoming a popular trend as they are in good demand. Training program developers are often hired by companies to provide training for their employees. Training program specialists are responsible for researching and understanding their clients’ needs, designing the training curriculum, using effective pedagogy in delivering the program, and developing assessment tools to assess and evaluate the progress of trainees. Training program developers need to possess skills in marketing, curriculum development, presentations, content delivery, and assessment.
培训项目,尤其是电子学习项目,由于需求量大,正成为一种流行趋势。培训项目开发人员通常受雇于公司,为其员工提供培训。培训项目专家负责研究和了解客户的需求,设计培训课程,采用有效的教学方法实施培训项目,并开发评估工具来评估学员的学习进度。培训项目开发人员需要掌握营销、课程开发、演示、内容交付和评估等方面的技能。

Content Strategists and Content Managers
内容策略师和内容经理

Although content management is not on STC’s partial list of technical writing positions, it has become an essential part of many technical writing teams and departments, especially in large businesses and organizations. In some aspects, content strategists perform very similar functions to those of information architects. They set the strategies for the entire process of content creation, management, and delivery. Content managers are often in charge of the execution of the strategies for content creation and delivery. Content strategists and managers often need advanced college degrees and substantial experience in the field of technical writing.
尽管内容管理不在 STC 的技术写作职位部分列表中,但它已成为许多技术写作团队和部门的重要组成部分,尤其是在大型企业和组织中。在某些方面,内容策略师的职能与信息架构师非常相似。他们为内容创建、管理和交付的整个过程制定战略。内容经理通常负责执行内容创建和交付战略。内容策略师和内容经理通常需要高等院校学位和丰富的技术写作经验。

Who needs technical writing?
谁需要技术写作?

The answer is simple: every business or organization needs technical writing. In this information age, it’s hard to imagine a business will be successful without effective technical writing. While technical writing is indispensable to large, established businesses, it is equally integral to the success of small startups as they will need well designed brochures, flyers,
答案很简单:每个企业或组织都需要技术写作。在这个信息时代,很难想象没有有效的技术写作,企业会取得成功。虽然技术写作对大型成熟企业不可或缺,但对小型初创企业的成功同样不可或缺,因为他们需要设计精良的宣传册、传单、

websites,and press releases to promote their business and even business plans to attract potential investors.Technical writing students have promising career prospects.
技术写作学生的就业前景广阔。

Why do we need to learn technical writing?
为什么要学习技术写作?

The days when anybody with some technical knowledge could be a technical writer are long over.Today's technical writing profession demands graduates of technical writing programs well versed in at least some of the following areas:
现在的技术写作专业要求技术写作课程的毕业生至少精通以下几个方面: - 技术写作的基本知识和技能

-rhetorical theories  -修辞理论
-document design  -文件设计
-content creation  -内容创建
-technical editing  -技术编辑
-graphic design  -平面设计
-visual design  -视觉设计
-technology use  -技术使用
-localization  -本地化
-web design  -网页设计
-oral presentation  -口头介绍
You may not necessarily have to have all these skills,but a combination of several of these is essential to anybody who wants to succeed in technical writing.If you aspire to be a technical writer,you should take advantage of the degree and certificate programs offered by universities,participate in academic and practitioner conferences,and keep yourself updated in the new developments of the field.
如果你有志成为一名技术写作者,你应该利用大学提供的学位和证书课程,参加学术和从业人员会议,了解该领域的最新发展。

Chapter 2 Document Design Principles
第 2 章 文档设计原则

Contents  目录

CASE … 18  案例 ... 18
GLOSSARY … 18  术语表 ... 18
TASKS … 19  任务 ... 19
Contrast … 20  对比 ... 20
Repetition … 23  重复...... 23
Alignment … 28  对齐 ... 28
Proximity … 31  临近 ... 31
Typography … 35  排版 ... 35
LANGUAGE FOCUS … 36
语言重点...... 36

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 37
EXERCISES … 38  练习 ... 38
Lisa is a copywriter at a non- profit organization that aims to promote zero-waste 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} .Day- to-day,Lisa is tasked with writing clear and concise copy for ads,marketing materials, educational materials,and websites,for audience across various areas and industries.
丽莎是一家非营利组织的文案撰写人,该组织旨在促进零废弃物的产生。每天,丽莎的任务是为不同领域和行业的受众撰写简洁明了的广告、营销材料、教育材料和网站文案。

To keep her writing interesting and easy to read,Lisa has to carefully arrange the content and pages.
为了保持文章的趣味性和易读性,丽莎必须精心安排内容和篇幅。


contrast/'kantræst/a difference between two or more people of things that you can see clearly when they are compared or put close together 对比(原则)
对比/kantræst/两个或两个以上的人或事物之间的差异,当它们被比较或放在一起时,你可以清楚地看到它们之间的差异。

repetition/repo'tifən/the fact of doing or saying the same thing many times 重复
重复/repo'tifən/同一件事重复做或重复说多次的事实

alignment/a'lainmənt/arrangement in a straight line 排成直线,对齐(原则)
对齐/a'lainmənt/排列成直线,对齐(原则)

centered alignment/'sentərd//ə'lammənt/居中对齐
flush left/right/flı / / /////left//rart/左对齐/右对齐
proximity/prak'sımati/n.the state of being near sb/sth in distance or time 相近
proximity/prak'sımati/n.在距离或时间上接近某人的状态/sth 相近

font/fant/the particular size and style of a set of letters that are used in Printing,etc.(某个特定的)字体
font/fant/印刷中使用的一组字母的特定大小和样式,etc.(某个特定的)字体

typeface/'tarp,feis/a set of letters,numbers,etc.of a particular design 字体
typeface/'tarp,feis/一组特定设计的字母、数字等。

boldface/'bould fers/黑体  黑体/大石/黑体
white space/wait//spers/in page layout,white space is often referred to the portion of a page left unmarked(页面上的)空白,留白
留白/等待/空白/在页面布局中,留白通常指页面上未标注(页面上的)空白,留白

spacing/'spersin/the amount of space that is left between things,especially between the words or lines行距,间距
间距/spersin/事物之间,特别是字与字或行与行之间留出的空间大小。

hierarchy(of information)/'hava,rarki/n.a system that ideas or beliefs can be arranged into 层次体系 legible/'ledsəbal/(of written or printed words)clear enough to read(手写或印刷文字)清晰可读的;清楚的
legibility/,ledua'brlati/(手写体等的)清晰性,可辨认性
readable/'ridəbal/(of a book,an article,etc.)that is easy,interesting and enjoyable to read(书,文章等)可读性强;通俗易懂的
readability/,ridə'bilti//(文章等的)可读性
display/dı'splè/the words,pictures,etc.shown on a computer screen(计算机屏幕上的)显示,显像 resolution/,reza'lufan/the power of a computer screen,printer,etc.to give a clear image,depending on the size of the dots that make up the image 清晰度;分辨率
显示/分割/计算机屏幕(计算机屏幕上的)显示,显像分辨率/,reza'lufan/等。电脑屏幕、打印机等显示清晰图像的能力,取决于组成图像的点的大小 清晰度;分辨率

For someone like Lisa who needs to design pages and content but have no background or formal training in design,this chapter will be of some help.You will learn basic design principles to make your pages look more appealing and attractive to readers.
对于像丽莎这样需要设计页面和内容,但又没有设计背景或受过正规设计培训的人来说,本章将有所帮助。 你将学习到基本的设计原则,使你的页面看起来更有吸引力,更能吸引读者。

"C.R.A.P"principle:Contrast,Repetition,Alignment,Proximity
C.R.A.P "原则:对比、重复、对齐、接近

The term C.R.A.P.-coined by author Robin Williams-is the acronym of four basic principles in document design:Contrast,Repetition,Alignment,and Proximity.C.R.A.P. appears in every well-designed document.Although we will discuss each of these principles
C.R.A.P.一词是由作家罗宾-威廉姆斯(Robin Williams)创造的,它是文档设计中四个基本原则的首字母缩写:对比(Contrast)、重复(Repetition)、对齐(Alignment)和邻近(Proximity)。虽然我们将逐一讨论这些原则,但它们都存在于每一个设计良好的文档中。

英文技术写作

TECHNICAL WRITING  技术写作
separately,please be aware that they are really interconnected.Rarely will we apply one single principle.
请注意,它们实际上是相互联系的。

Contrast  对比

Please take a quick look at these two pictures.Which picture seems more noticeable to you?You probably will say that the second one catches your eyes.And why is that?Well,the two figures in the second picture are quite distinctive-meaning they are in
请快速浏览一下这两幅图,你觉得哪幅图更引人注目? 你可能会说第二幅图更吸引你的眼球。 为什么这么说呢? 嗯,第二幅图中的两个人物很有特点,这意味着他们在

great contrast.  巨大的反差.
Contrast is one of the most effective methods to add visual interest to the page.By doing so,you are luring your readers to look at the page as well as to create an organizational hierarchy among various elements.A very important rule to remember is that in order to make the contrast effective,do it with strength and make it strong.
对比是增加页面视觉趣味的最有效方法之一,通过对比,你可以吸引读者阅读页面,并在各种元素之间建立组织层次。
Contrast can be created in many ways.In this slide,the author uses a few strategies to create contrast.How many methods can you identify?
在这张幻灯片中,作者使用了几种策略来制造对比。 你能找出几种方法?

Prominent  突出
Less prominent Less prominent Less prominent Less prominent
不那么突出 不那么突出 不那么突出 不那么突出

Prominent  突出

Less prominent  不太突出
Less prominent  不太突出
Less prominent  不太突出
Less prominent  不太突出

Prominent  突出

Less prominent  不太突出
Less prominent  不太突出
Less prominent  不太突出
Less prominent  不太突出
Prominent  突出
-Less prominent  -不那么突出
-Less prominent  -不那么突出
-Less prominent  -不那么突出
-Less prominent  -不那么突出
You can contrast the large type with the small type; the cool color with the warm color; the boldface with the regular one, as is shown in this slide. You can also contrast the thin line with the thick line; the smooth texture with the rough texture; the horizontal element (such as a long line of textual content) with the vertical content (such as a narrow column of text); the widely spaced lines with the closely spaced line; the small graphic with the large graphic.
如本幻灯片所示,您可以将大字体与小字体、冷色调与暖色调、粗体与普通字体进行对比。还可以将细线与粗线、平滑纹理与粗糙纹理、水平元素(如长行文字内容)与垂直内容(如窄行文字)、间距大的线条与间距小的线条、小图形与大图形进行对比。
Purposes  目的 Methods  方法
To create interest  激发兴趣 Typeface (font, weight, size, style, etc)
字体(字体、重量、大小、风格等)
To aid in organization
帮助组织
Color  颜色
Spacing  间距
Purposes Methods To create interest Typeface (font, weight, size, style, etc) To aid in organization Color Spacing| Purposes | Methods | | :--- | :--- | | To create interest | Typeface (font, weight, size, style, etc) | | To aid in organization | Color | | | Spacing |
Sean MAYER
s.mayer05@student xyz.edu a1) 412-626-0809
Sean MAYER s.mayer05@student xyz.edu a1) 412-626-0809| Sean MAYER | | :--- | | s.mayer05@student xyz.edu a1) 412-626-0809 |
EDUCATION XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74/4.00 Atlanta, GA Reviavanet coursework: power and control systems, communications and digital signal processing, computer engineering, networking, and robotics Minor: Chinese Studies
XYZ 技术学院 电气与计算机工程理学士 GPA 3.74/4.00 佐治亚州亚特兰大市 Reviavanet 课程:电力与控制系统、通信与数字信号处理、计算机工程、网络和机器人学 辅修课程:中文研究中文研究
COMPUTER SKILLS  计算机技能 Programming Languages: C C--, Java, Python, System Verilog, MATLAB Software: Git, MS Office, SolidWorks, Auto-CAD, Revit, AGi32, Cadence Operating Systems: Aolle Macintosh OSX, MS Windows OS, Linux Ubuntu Foerign Lanugages: Mandarin Chinese cfluent); Spanish cconversational)
编程语言 C C--、Java、Python、System Verilog、MATLAB 软件:Git、MS Office、SolidWorks、Auto-CAD、Revit、AGi32、Cadence 操作系统:Aolle Macintosh OSX、MS Windows 操作系统、Linux Ubuntu 语言:中文普通话;西班牙语会话)
WORK EXPERIENCE  工作经验

XYZ INSTIOLTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB,亚特兰大,佐治亚州 暑期研究软件实习生,2019 年 5 月至 7 月 使用 A.R. Drone 2.0 的 GPS 航点完成自主飞行 使用热像仪协助人类探测算法 为无人机之间的远程无线电通信 MC 做出贡献。DEAN, Dulles, VA Design Engineer Intern, June-July, 2018 使用 AutoDesk AutoCAD 和 Revit 为当前的 2 个项目设计照明电路,使用 AGi32 进行照明计算和分析 为成本分析进行了 20 多页的推算 修正了 30 多页的照明图和电路 GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Fairfax, VA Technical Summer Intern, May-July 2017 为 2 份政府合同开发了桌面虚拟化解决方案 参与向 3 个美国政府机构推销电子邮件即服务 cEaaS。为云技术和桌面虚拟化在联邦领域进行市场分析 XYZ 技术学院,亚特兰大,佐治亚州 计算技能课程讲师,计算机教育,2017 年 8 月至 2018 年 5 月 为新生讲授计算机技能必修课程 与学生合作并对其进行评估,以促进计算机的最大利用率
XYZ INSTIILTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB, Atlanta, GA
Summer Research Software Intern, May-July, 2019
Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R. Drone 2.0
Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera
Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications
MC. DEAN, Dulles, VA
Design Engineer Intern, June-July, 2018
Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit, performed lighting ca leulations and analysis using AGi32
Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis
Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting
GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Fairfax, VA
Technical Summer Intern, May-July 2017
Developed deshtop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts
Involved in pitching Email as a Service cEaaS) to 3 U.S. govenment agencies
Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization
XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Atlanta, GA
Computing Skills Course Instructor, Computer Education, Aug 2017-May 2018
Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen
Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization
XYZ INSTIILTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB, Atlanta, GA Summer Research Software Intern, May-July, 2019 Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R. Drone 2.0 Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications MC. DEAN, Dulles, VA Design Engineer Intern, June-July, 2018 Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit, performed lighting ca leulations and analysis using AGi32 Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Fairfax, VA Technical Summer Intern, May-July 2017 Developed deshtop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts Involved in pitching Email as a Service cEaaS) to 3 U.S. govenment agencies Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Atlanta, GA Computing Skills Course Instructor, Computer Education, Aug 2017-May 2018 Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization| XYZ INSTIILTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB, Atlanta, GA | | :--- | | Summer Research Software Intern, May-July, 2019 | | Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R. Drone 2.0 | | Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera | | Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications | | MC. DEAN, Dulles, VA | | Design Engineer Intern, June-July, 2018 | | Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit, performed lighting ca leulations and analysis using AGi32 | | Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis | | Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting | | GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Fairfax, VA | | Technical Summer Intern, May-July 2017 | | Developed deshtop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts | | Involved in pitching Email as a Service cEaaS) to 3 U.S. govenment agencies | | Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization | | XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Atlanta, GA | | Computing Skills Course Instructor, Computer Education, Aug 2017-May 2018 | | Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen | | Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization |
PROJECTS

路标识别,数字通信与信号处理系统设计,亚特兰大,佐治亚州 在 TI C67 DSP 上设计并实现了一种路标识别算法,2019 年 1-5 月 在卡梅基梅隆大学本科生研究研讨会上介绍项目 模拟电路设计与分析,电子设备与模拟电路,亚特兰大,佐治亚州 参加了一系列动手实验室,构建并操作模拟电路,2019 年 8-12 月 获得了电路和元件建模、放大器、滤波器以及信号检测和处理方面的经验
Road Sign Recognition, Digital Commumication & Signal Processing System Design,Atlanta, GA
Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP, Jan-May 2019
Presented project at the Carmegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium
Analog Circuit Design and Analysis, Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits, Atlanta, GA
Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits, Aug-Dec 2019
Gained experience in circuit and component modeling, amplifiers, filters and signal detection and processing
Road Sign Recognition, Digital Commumication & Signal Processing System Design,Atlanta, GA Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP, Jan-May 2019 Presented project at the Carmegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis, Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits, Atlanta, GA Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits, Aug-Dec 2019 Gained experience in circuit and component modeling, amplifiers, filters and signal detection and processing| Road Sign Recognition, Digital Commumication & Signal Processing System Design,Atlanta, GA | | :--- | | Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP, Jan-May 2019 | | Presented project at the Carmegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium | | Analog Circuit Design and Analysis, Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits, Atlanta, GA | | Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits, Aug-Dec 2019 | | Gained experience in circuit and component modeling, amplifiers, filters and signal detection and processing |
LEADERSHIP

学生事务院长办公室 "带孩子上班日 "计划委员会:XYZ 马拉松挑战赛培训项目主任 为 25 名慈善跑步者制定培训计划。为支持菲利普斯之家协会(Phillips House Association)和迪凯特食品项目(The Decatur Food Project)筹集了超过 $ 25 , 000 $ 25 , 000 $25,000\$ 25,000 资金。2017 年 8 月-至今 2018 年 8 月-至今 亚特兰大,佐治亚州 2018 年 1 月-5 月 ||...
Office of the Dean of Student Affairs
Planning Committee, Take Our Children to Work Day:
Volumteer, Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Lime
XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE
Training Program Director
Developed training program for 25 charity runners.
Raised over $ 25 , 000 $ 25 , 000 $25,000\$ 25,000 to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project.
Atlanta, GA
Aug 2017 -present
Aug 2018 -present
Atlanta, GA
Jan-May 2018
|
Office of the Dean of Student Affairs Planning Committee, Take Our Children to Work Day: Volumteer, Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Lime XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE Training Program Director Developed training program for 25 charity runners. Raised over $25,000 to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. Atlanta, GA Aug 2017 -present Aug 2018 -present Atlanta, GA Jan-May 2018 || Office of the Dean of Student Affairs | | :--- | | Planning Committee, Take Our Children to Work Day: | | Volumteer, Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Lime | | XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE | | Training Program Director | | Developed training program for 25 charity runners. | | Raised over $\$ 25,000$ to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. | | Atlanta, GA | | Aug 2017 -present | | Aug 2018 -present | | Atlanta, GA | | Jan-May 2018 | | \| |
HORNORS & SCHOLARSHIP  号角与奖学金

工程学院院长榜:2019 年秋季索尼奖学金,2018 年
Dean's List, College of Engineering: Fall 2019
Sony Scholarship, 2018
Dean's List, College of Engineering: Fall 2019 Sony Scholarship, 2018| Dean's List, College of Engineering: Fall 2019 | | :--- | | Sony Scholarship, 2018 |
"Sean MAYER s.mayer05@student xyz.edu a1) 412-626-0809" EDUCATION XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74/4.00 Atlanta, GA Reviavanet coursework: power and control systems, communications and digital signal processing, computer engineering, networking, and robotics Minor: Chinese Studies COMPUTER SKILLS Programming Languages: C C--, Java, Python, System Verilog, MATLAB Software: Git, MS Office, SolidWorks, Auto-CAD, Revit, AGi32, Cadence Operating Systems: Aolle Macintosh OSX, MS Windows OS, Linux Ubuntu Foerign Lanugages: Mandarin Chinese cfluent); Spanish cconversational) WORK EXPERIENCE "XYZ INSTIILTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB, Atlanta, GA Summer Research Software Intern, May-July, 2019 Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R. Drone 2.0 Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications MC. DEAN, Dulles, VA Design Engineer Intern, June-July, 2018 Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit, performed lighting ca leulations and analysis using AGi32 Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Fairfax, VA Technical Summer Intern, May-July 2017 Developed deshtop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts Involved in pitching Email as a Service cEaaS) to 3 U.S. govenment agencies Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Atlanta, GA Computing Skills Course Instructor, Computer Education, Aug 2017-May 2018 Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization" PROJECTS "Road Sign Recognition, Digital Commumication & Signal Processing System Design,Atlanta, GA Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP, Jan-May 2019 Presented project at the Carmegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis, Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits, Atlanta, GA Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits, Aug-Dec 2019 Gained experience in circuit and component modeling, amplifiers, filters and signal detection and processing" LEADERSHIP "Office of the Dean of Student Affairs Planning Committee, Take Our Children to Work Day: Volumteer, Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Lime XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE Training Program Director Developed training program for 25 charity runners. Raised over $25,000 to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. Atlanta, GA Aug 2017 -present Aug 2018 -present Atlanta, GA Jan-May 2018 |" HORNORS & SCHOLARSHIP "Dean's List, College of Engineering: Fall 2019 Sony Scholarship, 2018"| Sean MAYER <br> s.mayer05@student xyz.edu a1) 412-626-0809 | | | :---: | :---: | | EDUCATION | XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74/4.00 Atlanta, GA Reviavanet coursework: power and control systems, communications and digital signal processing, computer engineering, networking, and robotics Minor: Chinese Studies | | COMPUTER SKILLS | Programming Languages: C C--, Java, Python, System Verilog, MATLAB Software: Git, MS Office, SolidWorks, Auto-CAD, Revit, AGi32, Cadence Operating Systems: Aolle Macintosh OSX, MS Windows OS, Linux Ubuntu Foerign Lanugages: Mandarin Chinese cfluent); Spanish cconversational) | | WORK EXPERIENCE | XYZ INSTIILTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB, Atlanta, GA <br> Summer Research Software Intern, May-July, 2019 <br> Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R. Drone 2.0 <br> Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera <br> Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications <br> MC. DEAN, Dulles, VA <br> Design Engineer Intern, June-July, 2018 <br> Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit, performed lighting ca leulations and analysis using AGi32 <br> Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis <br> Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting <br> GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Fairfax, VA <br> Technical Summer Intern, May-July 2017 <br> Developed deshtop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts <br> Involved in pitching Email as a Service cEaaS) to 3 U.S. govenment agencies <br> Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization <br> XYZ INSTITLTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Atlanta, GA <br> Computing Skills Course Instructor, Computer Education, Aug 2017-May 2018 <br> Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen <br> Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization | | PROJECTS | Road Sign Recognition, Digital Commumication & Signal Processing System Design,Atlanta, GA <br> Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP, Jan-May 2019 <br> Presented project at the Carmegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium <br> Analog Circuit Design and Analysis, Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits, Atlanta, GA <br> Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits, Aug-Dec 2019 <br> Gained experience in circuit and component modeling, amplifiers, filters and signal detection and processing | | LEADERSHIP | Office of the Dean of Student Affairs <br> Planning Committee, Take Our Children to Work Day: <br> Volumteer, Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Lime <br> XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE <br> Training Program Director <br> Developed training program for 25 charity runners. <br> Raised over $\$ 25,000$ to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. <br> Atlanta, GA <br> Aug 2017 -present <br> Aug 2018 -present <br> Atlanta, GA <br> Jan-May 2018 <br> \| | | HORNORS & SCHOLARSHIP | Dean's List, College of Engineering: Fall 2019 <br> Sony Scholarship, 2018 |
This is a typical résumé.The information is all there on the page,and if your readers- very likely potential employers-want to read it,they surely will,but it certainly doesn't grab their attention in the first place.A very noticeable flaw on this page is the job titles blending in with the body text,which makes it hard for the readers to capture.
这是一份典型的简历,信息都在页面上,如果你的读者--很可能是潜在雇主--想读,他们肯定会读,但这肯定无法在第一时间抓住他们的注意力。

Sean MAYER
s.maver05@studentxyz.edu-1)412-626-0809
Sean MAYER s.maver05@studentxyz.edu-1)412-626-0809

EDUCATION

XYZ 技术学院 电气与计算机工程理学士 GPA 3.74.4.00 Revlavanet 课程:电力与控制系统、通信与数字信号处理、计算机工程、网络和机器人技术 辅修:中文研究
XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74.4.00
Revlavanet coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal processing,computer engineering,networking,and robotics
Minor:Chinese Studies
XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74.4.00 Revlavanet coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal processing,computer engineering,networking,and robotics Minor:Chinese Studies| XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY | | :--- | | Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74.4.00 | | Revlavanet coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal processing,computer engineering,networking,and robotics | | Minor:Chinese Studies |
COMPUTER SKILLS  计算机技能

编程语言: C C + + C C + + CC++C \mathrm{C}++ ,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLABSoftware:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence 操作系统:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu 外文语言:中文普通话);西班牙语会话)
Programming Languages: C C + + C C + + CC++C \mathrm{C}++ ,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB
Software:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence
Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu
Foerign Lanugages:Mandarin Chinese ofluent);Spanish aconversational)
Programming Languages:CC++ ,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB Software:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu Foerign Lanugages:Mandarin Chinese ofluent);Spanish aconversational)| Programming Languages:$C \mathrm{C}++$ ,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB | | :--- | | Software:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence | | Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu | | Foerign Lanugages:Mandarin Chinese ofluent);Spanish aconversational) |
WORK EXPERIENCE  工作经验

XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB Atlanta,GA 暑期研究软件实习生 -为 A.R.Drone 2.使用热像仪协助人类探测算法 -为无人机之间的远距离无线电通信做出贡献 M.C.DEAN Dulles,VA 设计工程师实习生 -使用 AutoDesk 使用 AGi32 进行照明计算和分析 -进行了 20 多页的成本分析 -纠正了 30 多页的照明图和电路 GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Fairfax,VA Technical 暑期实习生 -为 2 份政府合同开发桌面虚拟化解决方案 -参与向 3 个美国政府机构推销电子邮件即服务 E a a S ) E a a S ) ◻EaaS)\square E a a S) -对联邦领域的云技术和桌面虚拟化进行市场分析 XYZ 技术学院 Atianta,G.A 计算机技能课程讲师,计算机教育 - 指导新生必修的计算机技能课程 - 与学生合作并对学生进行评估,以促进最大限度地利用计算机。
XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB
Atlanta,GA
Summer Research Software Intern
-Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0
-Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera
-Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications
M.C.DEAN
Dulles,VA
Design Engineer Intern
-Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit;performed lighting calculations and analysis using AGi32
-Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis
-Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting
GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Fairfax,VA
Technical Summer Intern
-Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts
-Involved in pitching Email as a Service E a a S ) E a a S ) ◻EaaS)\square E a a S) to 3 U.S.govemment agencies
-Performed a market analvsis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization
XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Atianta,G.A
Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education
-Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen
-Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization
XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB Atlanta,GA Summer Research Software Intern -Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications M.C.DEAN Dulles,VA Design Engineer Intern -Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit;performed lighting calculations and analysis using AGi32 -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Fairfax,VA Technical Summer Intern -Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts -Involved in pitching Email as a Service ◻EaaS) to 3 U.S.govemment agencies -Performed a market analvsis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Atianta,G.A Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education -Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization| XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB | | :--- | | Atlanta,GA | | Summer Research Software Intern | | -Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 | | -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera | | -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications | | M.C.DEAN | | Dulles,VA | | Design Engineer Intern | | -Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit;performed lighting calculations and analysis using AGi32 | | -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis | | -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting | | GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY | | Fairfax,VA | | Technical Summer Intern | | -Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts | | -Involved in pitching Email as a Service $\square E a a S)$ to 3 U.S.govemment agencies | | -Performed a market analvsis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization | | XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY | | Atianta,G.A | | Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education | | -Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen | | -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization |
PROJECTS

路标识别,数字通信与信号处理系统设计 -在 TI C67 DSP 上设计并实现了路标识别算法 -在卡内基梅隆大学本科生研究研讨会上展示了项目 模拟电路设计与分析,电子器件与模拟电路 -参加了一系列动手实验室,构建并操作模拟电路 -获得了电路与组件建模、放大器、滤波器以及信号检测与处理方面的经验
Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design
-Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP
-Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Derices and Analog Circuits
-Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits
-Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal detection and processing
Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design -Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP -Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Derices and Analog Circuits -Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits -Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal detection and processing| Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design | | :--- | | -Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP | | -Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Derices and Analog Circuits | | -Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits | | -Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal detection and processing |
LEADERSHIP

学生事务主任办公室 -策划委员会,"带孩子上班日": -志愿者,Niteline 信息资源危机控制电话热线 XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE 培训项目主任 -为 25 名慈善跑步者制定培训计划. -筹集超过 $ 25 , 000 $ 25 , 000 $25,000\$ 25,000 的资金,支持菲利普斯之家协会和迪凯特食品项目. 亚特兰大,加州立大学 2017 年 8 月 - 至今 2018 年 8 月 - 至今 亚特兰大,加州立大学 2018 年 1 月至 5 月
Office of the Dean of Student Affairs
-Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day:
-Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Line
XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE
Training Program Director
-Developed training program for 25 charity runners.
-Raised over $ 25 , 000 $ 25 , 000 $25,000\$ 25,000 to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project.
Atlanta,GA
Aug 2017 -present
Aug 2018 -present
Atlanta,GA
Jan-May 2018
Office of the Dean of Student Affairs -Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day: -Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Line XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE Training Program Director -Developed training program for 25 charity runners. -Raised over $25,000 to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. Atlanta,GA Aug 2017 -present Aug 2018 -present Atlanta,GA Jan-May 2018| Office of the Dean of Student Affairs | | :--- | | -Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day: | | -Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Line | | XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE | | Training Program Director | | -Developed training program for 25 charity runners. | | -Raised over $\$ 25,000$ to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. | | Atlanta,GA | | Aug 2017 -present | | Aug 2018 -present | | Atlanta,GA | | Jan-May 2018 |
HORNORS \& SCHOLARSHIPS  角逐奖学金

院长名单,工程学院:2019 年秋索尼奖学金,2018 年
Dean's List,College of Engineering:Fall 2019
Sony Scholarship, 2018
Dean's List,College of Engineering:Fall 2019 Sony Scholarship, 2018| Dean's List,College of Engineering:Fall 2019 | | :--- | | Sony Scholarship, 2018 |
EDUCATION "XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74.4.00 Revlavanet coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal processing,computer engineering,networking,and robotics Minor:Chinese Studies" COMPUTER SKILLS "Programming Languages:CC++ ,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB Software:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu Foerign Lanugages:Mandarin Chinese ofluent);Spanish aconversational)" WORK EXPERIENCE "XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB Atlanta,GA Summer Research Software Intern -Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications M.C.DEAN Dulles,VA Design Engineer Intern -Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit;performed lighting calculations and analysis using AGi32 -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Fairfax,VA Technical Summer Intern -Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts -Involved in pitching Email as a Service ◻EaaS) to 3 U.S.govemment agencies -Performed a market analvsis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Atianta,G.A Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education -Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization" PROJECTS "Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design -Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP -Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Derices and Analog Circuits -Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits -Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal detection and processing" LEADERSHIP "Office of the Dean of Student Affairs -Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day: -Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Line XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE Training Program Director -Developed training program for 25 charity runners. -Raised over $25,000 to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. Atlanta,GA Aug 2017 -present Aug 2018 -present Atlanta,GA Jan-May 2018" HORNORS \& SCHOLARSHIPS "Dean's List,College of Engineering:Fall 2019 Sony Scholarship, 2018"| EDUCATION | XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY <br> Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.74.4.00 <br> Revlavanet coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal processing,computer engineering,networking,and robotics <br> Minor:Chinese Studies | | :---: | :---: | | COMPUTER SKILLS | Programming Languages:$C \mathrm{C}++$ ,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB <br> Software:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence <br> Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu <br> Foerign Lanugages:Mandarin Chinese ofluent);Spanish aconversational) | | WORK EXPERIENCE | XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CYLAB <br> Atlanta,GA <br> Summer Research Software Intern <br> -Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 <br> -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera <br> -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications <br> M.C.DEAN <br> Dulles,VA <br> Design Engineer Intern <br> -Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk AutoCAD and Revit;performed lighting calculations and analysis using AGi32 <br> -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis <br> -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting <br> GENERAL DYNAMICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY <br> Fairfax,VA <br> Technical Summer Intern <br> -Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts <br> -Involved in pitching Email as a Service $\square E a a S)$ to 3 U.S.govemment agencies <br> -Performed a market analvsis in the Federal Space for Cloud technology and desktop virtualization <br> XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY <br> Atianta,G.A <br> Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education <br> -Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen <br> -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization | | PROJECTS | Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design <br> -Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP <br> -Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Derices and Analog Circuits <br> -Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits <br> -Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal detection and processing | | LEADERSHIP | Office of the Dean of Student Affairs <br> -Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day: <br> -Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource Crisis Control Phone Line <br> XYZ MARATHON CHALLENGE <br> Training Program Director <br> -Developed training program for 25 charity runners. <br> -Raised over $\$ 25,000$ to support Phillips House Association and The Decatur Food Project. <br> Atlanta,GA <br> Aug 2017 -present <br> Aug 2018 -present <br> Atlanta,GA <br> Jan-May 2018 | | HORNORS \& SCHOLARSHIPS | Dean's List,College of Engineering:Fall 2019 <br> Sony Scholarship, 2018 |
By comparison,the revised version here shows a much clearer design.Besides noticeable improvements such as the consistency in alignment and repetition,the"Accomplished"part is much effective as it has both degree and job titles in boldface-a strong contrast that enables readers to skim the important points.
相比之下,修订版的设计更加清晰,除了对齐和重复的一致性等明显改善外,"成就 "部分也非常有效,因为学位和职位名称都用了黑体--强烈的对比使读者能够略读重要内容。
How to get it?
如何获取?
  • You can add contrast through typeface choices, line thicknesses, colors, shapes, sizes, space, etc. This is probably the easiest and most satisfying way to add visual interest to your page.
    您可以通过字体选择、线条粗细、颜色、形状、大小、空间等来增加对比度。这可能是为页面增添视觉趣味的最简单、最令人满意的方法。
What to avoid?  要避免什么?
  • If you are going to contrast, do it with strength.
    如果要进行对比,就要有力度。
  • Avoid contrasting the kind-of-heavy line with the kind-of-heavier line. Avoid contrasting dark gray text with black headlines. Avoid applying multiple typefaces that are similar.
    避免将有点重的线条与有点重的线条形成对比。避免深灰色文字与黑色标题形成对比。避免使用相似的多种字体。
A quick wrap-up of contrast
简单总结对比
  • Contrast on a page draws your readers’ eyes to it; human eyes like contrast.
    页面上的对比会吸引读者的眼球;人的眼睛喜欢对比。
  • The first purpose is to create an interest on the page-if a page is interesting to look at, it is more likely to be read.
    第一个目的是在页面上引起人们的兴趣--如果一个页面看起来很有趣,那么它就更有可能被阅读。
  • The second purpose is to improve the organization of information. Your reader should be able to instantly understand the way the information is organized and the logical flow from one item to another.
    第二个目的是改进信息的组织。读者应能立即理解信息的组织方式以及从一个项目到另一个项目的逻辑流程。

Repetition  重复

Here we have two pictures, each of which contains a unified group of students and a few random passersby. Can you identify the group at a glance?
这里有两张图片,每张图片都包含一组统一的学生和几个随机的路人。你能一眼辨认出这群人吗?
Well, very likely you can easily tell that those in orange vest or with orange hat in the second picture belong to the same group, but it is not easy to distinguish the group from the random passersby in the first picture. The reason? Well, once you have a group of people wearing the same uniform, you automatically assume that
第二张照片中穿着橙色背心或戴着橙色帽子的人很可能属于同一个群体,但第一张照片中随意走过的路人却不容易区分。原因何在?一旦有一群人穿着同样的制服,你就会自动认为

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING
they somewhat are bound together.
他们有些联系在一起.

The principle of repetition states that repeat the same element of design throughout the entire piece.The repetitive elements could be a gold font,a thick line,a bullet point,color, font size,visual format,a spatial relationship,etc.In short,it can be anything that your readers can visually recognize.
重复原则是指在整篇文章中重复相同的设计元素。重复元素可以是金色字体、粗线条、圆点、颜色、字体大小、视觉格式、空间关系,简而言之,可以是任何读者能够直观识别的东西。
Actually you have already used repetition in your work.For example,making headlines in a brochure all the same size and weight,adding a line a half-inch from the top of each page, using the same bullet point in each slide throughout your PowerPoint presentation.These are all examples of repetition,meaning you are using the same design over and over again in one document to stress certain information.
事实上,你已经在你的工作中使用了重复的方法,例如,在小册子中使用相同大小和重量的标题,在每页顶部半英寸处加上一行,在整个 PowerPoint 演示文稿的每张幻灯片中使用相同的要点。
Repetition can be associated with"consistency".As you read through a fifteen-page technical report,it is the repetition of certain elements such as a center-aligned title in 12 point,Times New Roman,that helps you locate different levels of information.
重复可以与 "一致性 "联系在一起。当你通读一份长达 15 页的技术报告时,某些元素的重复,如 12 点、Times New Roman 字体、居中对齐的标题,可以帮助你找到不同层次的信息。
Purposes  目的 Methods  方法
To add visual interest
增加视觉趣味
Repeating font,size,shape,etc.
重复字体、大小、形状等。
To unify content  统一内容 Through spatial relationships
通过空间关系
Purposes Methods To add visual interest Repeating font,size,shape,etc. To unify content Through spatial relationships| Purposes | Methods | | :--- | :--- | | To add visual interest | Repeating font,size,shape,etc. | | To unify content | Through spatial relationships |
Let's read an example of repetition.
让我们来读一个重复的例子.

This is a syllabus of Engineering Probability and Statistics.Whoever the author is,he/she arranges the information quite effectively in terms of consistency.
不管作者是谁,他/她都很好地安排了信息的一致性。

TEXAS ASM
UNIVERSITY
COMMEREF
德克萨斯州 ASM 大学 Commeref

IE 211.001 Engineering Probability and Statistics
IE 211.001 工程概率与统计

Course Syllabus: Spring 2013
课程大纲:2013 年春季

MW 3:00-4:15PM AG/IT 253 and 211
周三 3:00-4:15PM AG/IT 253 和 211

Instructor: Wen-Hsing Liu, Ph.D.
指导老师刘文兴博士

Ad-Interim Assistant Professor
临时助理教授

Department of Engineering & Technology
工程与技术系

Office Location: Charles J. Austin Industrial Engineering & Technology Building, Room 216 (AG/IT 216)
办公地点 Charles J. Austin 工业工程与技术大楼 216 室 (AG/IT 216)

Office Hours: MW 4:15-5:00PM, TR 1:00-2:45PM or by appointment
办公时间:每周三下午 4:15-5:00,每周四下午 1:00-2:45,或可预约

Office Phone: 903-886-5471
办公室电话:903-886-5471

Email Address: WenHsing.Liu@tamuc.edu
电子邮件地址:WenHsing.Liu@tamuc.edu
COURSE INFORMATION  课程信息
Class Meeting Time and Room:
班会时间和教室:

MW 3:00-4:15PM AG/IT 253 and 211
周三 3:00-4:15PM AG/IT 253 和 211

Course Text:  课程文本

Montgomery, Douglas C. and Runger, George C. (2011). Applied Stotistics and Probability for Engineers, Fifth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (ISBN: 978-0-470-05304-1)
Montgomery, Douglas C. and Runger, George C. (2011).工程师应用统计与概率》,第五版。John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (ISBN: 978-0-470-05304-1).

Course Description:  课程说明

This course covers the role of statistics in engineering, probability, discrete random variables and probability distributions, continuous random variables and probability distributions, joint probability distributions, random sampling and data description, point estimation of parameters, statistical intervals for a single sample, and tests of hypotheses for a single sample.
课程内容包括统计学在工程学中的作用、概率、离散随机变量和概率分布、连续随机变量和概率分布、联合概率分布、随机抽样和数据描述、参数的点估计、单个样本的统计区间以及单个样本的假设检验。

Prerequisite: Math 192-Calculus II (Undergraduate Catalog 2012-2013)
先修课程数学 192-微积分 II(2012-2013 年本科生课程表)

Student Learning Outcomes:
学生学习成果:

After successfully completing the course, students should be able to do the following:
顺利完成课程后,学生应能做到以下几点:
  1. Use statistical methodology and tools in the engineering problem-solving process.
    在工程问题解决过程中使用统计方法和工具。
  2. Compute and interpret descriptive statistics using numerical and graphical techniques.
    使用数字和图形技术计算和解释描述性统计。
  3. Understand the basic concepts of probability, random variables, probability distribution, and joint probability distribution.
    理解概率、随机变量、概率分布和联合概率分布的基本概念。
  4. Compute point estimation of parameters, explain sampling distributions, and understand the central limit theorem.
    计算参数的点估计,解释抽样分布,理解中心极限定理。
  5. Construct confidence intervals on parameters for a single sample.
    构建单一样本参数的置信区间。
Course Website: llass handouts, homework problems, and other relevant course materials will be posted on the eCollege course website. Students are expected to check the course website before every class for new information. To access the course website, login in to “myLEO”, select “eCollege”, and select “My courses”.
课程网站:课程讲义、作业问题和其他相关课程资料将发布在 eCollege 课程网站上。学生应在每次上课前查看课程网站,了解新信息。要访问课程网站,请登录 "myLEO",选择 "eCollege",然后选择 "我的课程"。

COURSE REQUIREMENTS  课程要求

This course will be presented by using lectures,in-class exercises,and discussions.Student learning outcomes will be evaluated based on quizzes and exams.
本课程将采用讲授、课堂练习和讨论的方式进行。 学生的学习成果将通过测验和考试进行评估。

1.There will be three mid-term exams and one final exam(see course schedule).All exams are open book and closed notes.Using any other resources during exams is not allowed.Students are allowed to bring a calculator during exams.There will be no make-up exams except in the cases noted below (see fourth bullet point).
1.期中考试三次,期末考试一次(见课程表)。考试期间,学生可以携带计算器。 除以下情况外,不允许补考(见第四点)。

2.There will be 10 quizzes(see course schedule).You are allowed to drop one of 10 quiz scores. Therefore,the quiz portion of your grade will be 35 % 35 % 35%35 \% of your course grade and will be calculated using the average of your best nine quiz scores(each quiz is equally weighted).There will be no make-up quizzes except in the cases noted below(see fourth bullet point).
2.将有 10 次小测验(见课程表)。 你可以放弃 10 次小测验中的一次成绩。因此,小测验成绩将占课程成绩的 35 % 35 % 35%35 \% ,并将以你最好的九次小测验成绩的平均分来计算(每次小测验成绩的权重相同)。 除下列情况外(见第四点),没有补考。

3.Homework problems for each chapter will be assigned but will not be collected or graded.Therefore, students are encouraged to discuss and work together on the homework problems.Completing the homework problems is definitely an excellent way to prepare for the quizzes and exams.
3.我们会布置每章的家庭作业,但不会收集或评分.因此,我们鼓励学生讨论并共同完成家庭作业.完成家庭作业无疑是为测验和考试做准备的好方法.
4.No make-up exams and quizzes will be permitted unless official documentation for absences is provided.All documented absences due to religious observances and officially approved trips will be guaranteed as a make-up opportunity.Absences due to other unavoidable reasons(e.g.,death in the family,illness)will be considered on a case-by-case basis,with appropriate documentation required.Except in the case of an emergency,the student must always seek instructor consent prior to the absence.Typically,make-up exams and quizzes might occur before the scheduled absence and as close to the original assignment date as possible.Generally,students who miss quizzes for officially documented absences may either elect to take a make-up quiz or use grade replacement with the next quiz.
4.除非有正式的请假证明,否则考试和测验不允许补考。 5.所有因宗教仪式和官方批准的旅行而请假的证明,都将保证有补考机会。 6.因其他不可避免的原因(如:家庭死亡、疾病)而请假的,将视具体情况而定,并要求提供适当的证明。除紧急情况外,学生必须在缺课前征得教师的同意。通常情况下,补考和小测验可能会在预定缺课日期之前进行,并尽可能接近原定作业日期。 一般情况下,因正式记录的缺课而错过小测验的学生可以选择参加补考或在下一次小测验中使用成绩替代。

Grading:

The final course grade will be calculated based on the following:
课程最终成绩的计算方法如下: 课程最终成绩的计算方法如下
Quizzes  测验 35 % 35 % 35%35 \%
Exam 1  考试 1 15 % 15 % 15%15 \%
Exam 2  考试 2 15 % 15 % 15%15 \%
Exam 3  考试 3 15 % 15 % 15%15 \%
Final Exam  期末考试 20 % 20 % 20%20 \%
Quizzes 35% Exam 1 15% Exam 2 15% Exam 3 15% Final Exam 20%| Quizzes | $35 \%$ | | :--- | :--- | | Exam 1 | $15 \%$ | | Exam 2 | $15 \%$ | | Exam 3 | $15 \%$ | | Final Exam | $20 \%$ |
The grading scale is as follows:
评分标准如下

90-100 A
80-89 B
70-79 C
60-69 D
Below 60 F
The following technologies will be required for this course.
本课程需要以下技术.

A scientific calculator  科学计算器
-Internet access to the course website
-通过互联网访问课程网站

-Minitab(available to students in the computer lab)
-Minitab(学生可在计算机实验室使用)

(Source:http://www.tamuc.edu/academics/cvSyllabi/syllabi/201320/20545.pdf)
(来源:http://www.tamuc.edu/academics/cvSyllabi/syllabi/201320/20545.pdf)
Headings such as “COURSE INFORMATION,” “COURSE REQUIREMENTS,” and “TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS” are all capitalized, in boldface, and placed in a rectangle box, indicating that these headings are of the same level. Other headings such as “Course Text,” “Course Description,” “Student Learning Outcomes,” “Course Website,” and “Grading” are using the same design - first letter in upper case, same typeface, and same size-to indicate they are the second level headings, or sometime can be called subheadings.
课程信息"、"课程要求 "和 "技术要求 "等标题全部大写、黑体并置于矩形框中,表明这些标题属于同一级别。其他标题,如 "课程文本"、"课程描述"、"学生学习成果"、"课程网站 "和 "评分",也采用同样的设计--第一个字母大写、字体和大小相同,以表示它们是二级标题,有时也可称为副标题。
Repetition doesn’t mean you have to repeat exactly the same thing, which is especially the case in designing marketing materials. In this poster, the author applies the same typeface on the name of each drink (the heading) but applies a different color respectively. By doing so, the author adds more fun to the page, which should be more appealing to its readers.
重复并不意味着你必须重复完全相同的东西,在设计营销材料时尤其如此。在这幅海报中,作者在每种饮料的名称(标题)上使用了相同的字体,但分别使用了不同的颜色。通过这种方式,作者为页面增添了更多趣味,对读者也更有吸引力。

How to get it?  如何获取?
-Firstly,find the elements that require a consistent presentation throughout the document.
-首先,找出需要在整个文档中统一呈现的元素。

-Secondly,identify the existing repetitions.
-其次,确定现有的重复。

-Thirdly,try to create or strengthen the repetition to enhance the design and the clarity of the information.
-第三,尝试创造或加强重复,以增强设计和信息的清晰度。
What to avoid?  应避免什么?
-Avoid repeating the elements so much that it becomes annoying or overwhelming.
-避免过多地重复内容,以免令人讨厌或不知所措。

A quick wrap-up of repetition
对重复的简单总结

-A repetition of visual elements throughout the design unifies and strengthens a piece by tying together otherwise separate parts.
-整个设计中视觉元素的重复将原本独立的部分串联起来,从而统一和加强了作品。

-Repetition is very useful on one-page pieces and is critical in multi-page documents (where we often just call it being consistent).
-重复在单页文件中非常有用,而在多页文件中则至关重要(我们通常称其为 "前后一致")。

-The basic purpose of repetition is to unify and to add visual interest.
-重复的基本目的是统一和增加视觉趣味。

Alignment  对齐

Suppose we are at the box office of an upcoming concert.Which scene do you expect to see?I bet all of us want to see the second one as it looks way more organized than the first one.So here comes the question.What makes the second scene appear more organized?
假设我们在即将举行的音乐会的售票处,你希望看到哪个场景? 我敢打赌,我们所有人都想看到第二个场景,因为它看起来比第一个场景更有条理。那么问题来了,是什么让第二个场景看起来更有条理呢?

The principle of alignment states, “nothing should be placed on the page arbitrarily. Every item should have a visual connection with something else.” The principle of alignment forces you to be mindful of the placement of elements on the page-no longer can you just randomly throw things on the page.
对齐原则指出:"页面上的任何内容都不应随意摆放。每一项内容都应与其他内容有视觉联系"。对齐原则迫使你注意页面上元素的摆放位置--你再也不能随意地把东西扔到页面上了。
When items are aligned on the page, a stronger unit emerges. Sometimes even though items are physically distant, there is an invisible line that connects items together, both in your eye and in your mind.
当项目在页面上排列整齐时,一个更强大的单元就会出现。有时,即使项目在物理上相距甚远,但在你的眼中和脑海中,却有一条无形的线将项目连接在一起。
Matthow Nickley  马修-尼克莱
(678)313-9663
HARPOON BREWERY  鱼叉啤酒厂
574 Indian St.  印第安街 574 号
Savannah, GA  佐治亚州萨凡纳
Matthow Nickley (678)313-9663 HARPOON BREWERY 574 Indian St. Savannah, GA| Matthow Nickley | | :--- | | (678)313-9663 | | HARPOON BREWERY | | 574 Indian St. | | Savannah, GA |
The elements on this business card seem like they were randomly thrown on. There are too many lines on one page. None of the elements has any connection with another element on the card. While reading a document like this, the readers’ eyes are constantly moving.
这张名片上的元素似乎是随意添加的。一页纸上有太多线条。没有一个元素与名片上的另一个元素有任何联系。在阅读这样的文件时,读者的视线会不断移动。
HARPON BREMERY  哈蓬-布雷默里
HARPON BREMERY| HARPON BREMERY | | ---: |
By moving the elements to the right and giving them one single alignment, the information on the card looks much organized right away. It’s easier for our eyes to catch.
把元素移到右边,让它们统一对齐,卡片上的信息立刻就显得井井有条。我们的眼睛也更容易捕捉。
Matthew Nickley  马修-尼克莱
ST4 Indian St
Savannah, GA
(678)313-9663
ST4 Indian St Savannah, GA (678)313-9663| ST4 Indian St | | :--- | | Savannah, GA | | (678)313-9663 |
Matthew Nickley "ST4 Indian St Savannah, GA (678)313-9663"| Matthew Nickley | | :---: | | ST4 Indian St <br> Savannah, GA <br> (678)313-9663 |
This design aligns content down the center.A centered alignment,unlike the left or right alignment that has a strong vertical edge to follow,usually shows a softer edge and the strength of the line is weakened.
这种设计将内容居中对齐。居中对齐不像左对齐或右对齐那样有很强的垂直边缘,通常会显示较柔和的边缘,线条的力度也会减弱。
Purposes  目的 Methods  方法
To unify multiple elements on a page
统一页面上的多个元素
Draw invisible lines on your page
在页面上画出隐形线
To organize elements  组织元素

让每个元素都与另一个元素有某种视觉联系
Make every element have some visual connection with
another element
Make every element have some visual connection with another element| Make every element have some visual connection with | | :--- | | another element |
Purposes Methods To unify multiple elements on a page Draw invisible lines on your page To organize elements "Make every element have some visual connection with another element"| Purposes | Methods | | :--- | :--- | | To unify multiple elements on a page | Draw invisible lines on your page | | To organize elements | Make every element have some visual connection with <br> another element |
While dealing with textual content,there are three commonly seen alignment:flush left, flush right,and justified(see below).Flush left is preferred in technical writing while flush right is commonly used in marketing documents.Justified is not recommended because it often leaves awkward gaps in text.
在处理文本内容时,有三种常见的对齐方式:左平齐、右平齐和对齐(见下图)。 左平齐是技术写作中的首选,而右平齐则常用于营销文档。

有些人称它为左平齐,或者你也可以说它为左对齐。
The text is flush left.
Some people call it
quad left,or you can
say it is left aligned.
The text is flush left. Some people call it quad left,or you can say it is left aligned.| The text is flush left. | | :--- | | Some people call it | | quad left,or you can | | say it is left aligned. |

有些人称之为 "左右对齐",有些人称之为 "两侧对齐",不管你怎么叫,除非你的行长足够长,以避免字与字之间出现突兀的空隙,否则不要这么做,因为空隙真的很烦人,你觉得呢?
This text is justified.
Some people call it
quad left and right,
and some people call
it blocked-the text
line up on both sides.
Whatever you call it,
don't do it unless
your line length is
long enough to avoid
awkward gaps
between the words
because the gaps are
really annoying,don't
you think?
This text is justified. Some people call it quad left and right, and some people call it blocked-the text line up on both sides. Whatever you call it, don't do it unless your line length is long enough to avoid awkward gaps between the words because the gaps are really annoying,don't you think?| This text is justified. | | :--- | | Some people call it | | quad left and right, | | and some people call | | it blocked-the text | | line up on both sides. | | Whatever you call it, | | don't do it unless | | your line length is | | long enough to avoid | | awkward gaps | | between the words | | because the gaps are | | really annoying,don't | | you think? |

文字向右平齐,也有人称之为向左对齐,也可以说是向右对齐。
The text is flush right.
Some people call it
quad left,or you can
say it is right aligned.
The text is flush right. Some people call it quad left,or you can say it is right aligned.| The text is flush right. | | ---: | | Some people call it | | quad left,or you can | | say it is right aligned. |
"The text is flush left. Some people call it quad left,or you can say it is left aligned." "This text is justified. Some people call it quad left and right, and some people call it blocked-the text line up on both sides. Whatever you call it, don't do it unless your line length is long enough to avoid awkward gaps between the words because the gaps are really annoying,don't you think?" "The text is flush right. Some people call it quad left,or you can say it is right aligned." | The text is flush left. <br> Some people call it <br> quad left,or you can <br> say it is left aligned. | This text is justified. <br> Some people call it <br> quad left and right, <br> and some people call <br> it blocked-the text <br> line up on both sides. <br> Whatever you call it, <br> don't do it unless <br> your line length is <br> long enough to avoid <br> awkward gaps <br> between the words <br> because the gaps are <br> really annoying,don't <br> you think? | | :--- | :--- | | The text is flush right. <br> Some people call it <br> quad left,or you can <br> say it is right aligned. | |
How to get it?  如何获取?
-Be conscious of where you place elements,always find something else on the page to align with,even if the two objects are physically far away from each other.
-注意元素的摆放位置,总是在页面上找到与之对齐的其他对象,即使这两个对象在物理上相距甚远。
A quick wrap-up of alignment
快速总结对齐情况

-Nothing should be placed on the page arbitrarily.
-任何东西都不能随意放在页面上。
  • Every item should have a visual connection with something else on the page.
    每个项目都应与页面上的其他内容有视觉联系。
What to avoid?  要避免什么?
  • Avoid using more than one text alignment on the page. For example, centering some text and right-aligning other text. Having multiple alignments on one page makes the visual presentation busy, messy, and hard to follow.
    避免在页面上使用一种以上的文本对齐方式。例如,将某些文本居中对齐,而将其他文本右对齐。在一个页面上使用多种对齐方式会使视觉呈现变得繁忙、混乱和难以理解。
  • Try to avoid using centered alignment in technical documents unless you are consciously trying to create a more formal, sedate presentation.
    尽量避免在技术文档中使用居中对齐方式,除非您有意识地想要创建一个更加正式、沉稳的演示文稿。

Proximity  邻近性

Here we have two images. For the first image, can you tell the relationship between them? How about the second image? What is the relationship between the lady and the girl?
这里有两张图片。对于第一幅图,你能看出它们之间的关系吗?第二幅图呢?女士和女孩之间是什么关系?

Naturally we will assume that they are mother and daughter because they are walking hand-in-hand. Put it another way. Physical closeness implies a relationship.
我们自然会认为她们是母女,因为她们手牵手走在一起。换一种说法。身体上的亲密意味着一种关系。
The principle of proximity says that you group related items together, move these items physically close to each other so that the related items are seen as one cohesive unit rather than a bunch of scattered bits. Items or groups of information that are not closely related should not be put in close proximity to the other elements.
就近原则是指将相关的项目组合在一起,使这些项目在物理上相互靠近,这样相关的项目就会被视为一个有凝聚力的整体,而不是一堆零散的信息。不应该把关系不密切的项目或信息组与其他元素放在一起。
Purposes  目的 Methods  方法
To organize information more effectively
更有效地组织信息
Group related items together
将相关项目组合在一起
To clarify relationships between elements
明确各要素之间的关系
Separate unrelated elements
分离无关元素
Purposes Methods To organize information more effectively Group related items together To clarify relationships between elements Separate unrelated elements| Purposes | Methods | | :--- | :--- | | To organize information more effectively | Group related items together | | To clarify relationships between elements | Separate unrelated elements |
By grouping similar elements into one unit,you are giving your readers an instant clue to the organization and content of the page:the page becomes more organized as your readers understand where to begin reading the content and when they are finished.And the"white space"(the space around the texts)automatically becomes more organized.
通过将相似的元素组合成一个单元,你可以为读者提供一个关于页面组织和内容的即时线索:当你的读者知道从哪里开始阅读内容以及何时阅读完毕时,页面就会变得更有条理。"留白"(文字周围的空间)也会自动变得更有条理。

In this business card,it seems that not one of the items are related to any other item.
在这张名片中,似乎没有一个项目与其他任何项目相关。

Readers don't know where they should begin reading the card.
读者不知道应该从哪里开始阅读卡片.

After grouping elements,the page looks much better organized.
元素分组后,页面看起来更有条理。


posted on the eCollege course website. Students are expected to check the course website before every
发布在 eCollege 课程网站上。学生应在每次上课前查看课程网站。

class for new information. To access the course website, login in to “myLEO”, select “eCollege”, and
课程的新信息。要访问课程网站,请登录 "myLEO",选择 "eCollege",然后




After successfully completing the course, students should be able to do the following:
顺利完成课程后,学生应能做到以下几点:

for a single sample, and tests of hypotheses for a single sample.
以及对单一样本的假设检验。

Prerequisite: Math 192-Calculus il (Undergraduate Catalog 2012-2013)
先修课程:数学 192-微积分(2012-2013 年本科生课程表)

This course covers the role of statistics in engineering, probability, discrete random variables and
本课程涵盖统计学在工程学中的作用、概率、离散型随机变量和

Course Text:  课程文本:
Montgomery, Douglas C. and Runger, George C. (2011). Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers.
Montgomery, Douglas C. and Runger, George C. (2011).工程师的应用统计与概率》。

Fifth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (ISBN: 978-0-470-05304-1)
第五版。John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (ISBN: 978-0-470-05304-1)

NOHZWYOANI 3SANOS


Office Location: Charles J. Austin Industrial Engineering & Technology Building. Room 216 (AG/IT 216 )
办公地点:Charles J. Austin 工业工程与技术大楼 216 室 (AG/IT 216 )216 室 (AG/IT 216 )

Office Hours: MW 4 : 15 5 : 00 4 : 15 5 : 00 4:15-5:004: 15-5: 00 PM, TR 1:00-2:45PM or by appointment
办公时间:周一 4 : 15 5 : 00 4 : 15 5 : 00 4:15-5:004: 15-5: 00 下午,周二 1:00-2:45PM 或预约

:3073n+754


英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING
This syllabus,designed for a Statistics course,is a good example of proximity.The author has grouped information in a way that readers-in this case students-can easily locate information.
这本为统计学课程设计的教学大纲就是一个很好的近似性示例。 作者将信息归类,便于读者(此处指学生)查找信息。
How to get it?  如何获取?
-Try the squint test.
-试试斜视测试.

Squint your eyes slightly and count the number of visual elements on the page by counting the number of times your eyes stop.If there are more than three to five items on the page(of course it depends on the piece),see which of the separate elements can be grouped together into closer proximity to become one visual unit.
微微眯起眼睛,数一数页面上视觉元素的数量,数一数眼睛停顿的次数。 如果页面上有三到五个以上的项目(当然这取决于作品),看看哪些独立的元素可以组合在一起,靠得更近,成为一个视觉单元。
What to avoid?  应避免什么?
-Avoid using too many separate elements on a page.
-避免在页面上使用过多独立元素。

-Avoid even a split second of confusion over whether a headline,subhead,caption, graphic,or the like belongs to its related materials.Create a relationship among elements with close proximity.
-避免标题、副标题、标题、图形或类似内容是否属于相关材料的瞬间混淆。

-Don't create relationships with elements that don't belong together.If they are not related,move them apart from each other.
-如果不相关,则将它们分开。

-Don't stick things in the corners or in the middle just because the space is empty.
-不要因为空间空旷就把东西塞在角落或中间。
A quick wrap-up of proximity
近距离快速总结

-When several items are in close proximity to each other,they become one visual unit rather than several separate units.Items relating to each other should be grouped together.
-当几个物品相互靠近时,它们就成为一个视觉单元,而不是几个独立的单元。相互关联的物品应组合在一起。

-The basic purpose of proximity is to organize.
-接近的基本目的是组织.

Typography  排版

Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed. The design of type involves selecting typefaces, point sizes, line lengths, line-spacing, and letter-spacing (tracking), etc.
字体设计是一种排列字体的艺术和技术,使书面语言在显示时清晰可读并具有吸引力。字体设计包括选择字体、字号、行长、行距和字母间距(跟踪)等。
Typeface refers to the set of letters, numbers, punctuations, marks and other symbols, all bearing the same characteristic design. There are thousands of existing typefaces, and new ones are being created every year. Here you can find three typefaces:
字体是指字母、数字、标点符号、标记和其他符号的集合,它们都具有相同的设计特征。现有的字体数以千计,而且每年都有新的字体诞生。在这里,您可以找到三种字体:
There is nothing noble in being superion to your follow men. True nobility lies in being squerion to your former self.
在你的追随者面前,没有什么高尚可言。真正的高贵在于超越自己的过去。
There is nothing noble in being superior to your fellow men. True nobility lies in being superior to your former self.
高人一等并不高贵。真正的高贵在于超越从前的自己。
There is nothing noble in being superior to your fellow men. True nobility lies in being superior to your former self.
高人一等并不高贵。真正的高贵在于超越从前的自己。
This presents three contrasting typefaces. The first one is cursive, which could be quite appealing aesthetically but might hinder readability. So use it cautiously. The second one is Times New Roman, which is a serif typeface. The third one is Arial, which is a sans serif typeface.
这里有三种对比鲜明的字体。第一种是草书,在美学上可能相当吸引人,但可能会妨碍可读性。因此要谨慎使用。第二种是 Times New Roman,这是一种衬线字体。第三种是 Arial,这是一种无衬线字体。

Serif is a small line or “hook” attached to the end of a larger stroke. Serif typeface refers to the ones with the serif at the end of each stroke while sans serif literally means “no serif”.
衬线是连接在较大笔画末端的一条小线或 "钩"。有衬线字体是指在每个笔画末端都有衬线的字体,而无衬线字体的字面意思是 "无衬线"。
Can you distinguish serif typefaces and sans serif typefaces?
您能区分有衬线字体和无衬线字体吗?

ArialBondi MT  邦迪 MTComic Sans MSHaattensehweilerNiagara Banfaved  尼亚加拉班法德Times New Roman

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING

You should be mindful of choosing the right typeface while dealing with different types of document.For example,because studies have shown that serif typefaces encourage readers' eyes to move along the line which results in better reading speed,it is preferable to use serif typeface in body text as it is more legible and less likely to cause fatigue.Sans serif typefaces, on the other hand,are typically used for emphasis.You can use it on titles and headings.
在处理不同类型的文档时,您应该注意选择正确的字体。例如,研究表明,有衬线字体会促使读者的视线沿着线条移动,从而提高阅读速度。另一方面,无衬线字体通常用于强调,可以用于标题和小标题。

When it comes to the delivery format of text,typeface also plays a role.For printed material,you can use serif typeface.For digital or web text,sans serif displays better on low- resolution displays or big screens.
对于印刷材料,您可以使用衬线字体;对于数字或网络文本,无衬线字体在低分辨率显示器或大屏幕上显示效果更好。


-How to talk about alignment?
-如何谈论对齐?

Example 1:You probably noticed that Edward has changed the centered alignment to flush left.
例 1:您可能注意到,Edward 将居中对齐方式改为左平齐。
Example 2:Until you have more training,stick to the guideline of using one text alignment on the page:either all text is flush left,flush right,or centered.
例 2:在您接受更多培训之前,请遵守在页面上使用一种文本对齐方式的准则:要么所有文本平齐靠左,要么平齐靠右,要么居中。

-How to talk about proximity?
-如何谈论接近性?

Example 1:Besides the centered alignment,lack of proximity,and dull typeface,this ad seriously lacks contrast.
例 1:除了居中对齐、缺乏邻近性和呆板的字体外,这则广告还严重缺乏对比度。
Example 2:If items are related to each other,group them into closer proximity.
例 2:如果项目之间相互关联,则将它们组合到更近的位置。

-How to talk about contrast?
-如何谈论对比度?
Example 1: You can add contrast in many ways: lines, typefaces, colors, spatial relationships, directions, etc.
例 1:可以通过多种方式增加对比度:线条、字体、颜色、空间关系、方向等。
Example 2: He thus stood in sharp contrast to other reformers of his era.
例 2:因此,他与同时代的其他改革者形成了鲜明的对比。
  • How to talk about typeface?
    如何谈论字体?
Example 1: Now the contrast between typefaces is clear-the very boldface contrasts the lightface.
例 1:现在,字体之间的对比很明显--非常粗的字体与浅色字体形成对比。
Example 2: Capitalization is the writing of a word with its first letter in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase. English capitalization rules are very important in writing.
例 2:大写是指在书写单词时,第一个字母用大写,其余字母用小写。英语大写规则在写作中非常重要。

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS
指南或清单

  1. If you are going to contrast, do it with strength.
    如果要进行对比,就要有力度。
  2. Avoid repeating the elements so much that it becomes annoying or overwhelming.
    避免过多地重复元素,以免令人讨厌或不知所措。
  3. Avoid using more than one text alignment on the page.
    避免在页面上使用一种以上的文字对齐方式。
  4. Avoid using centered alignment unless you are consciously trying to create a more formal, sedate presentation.
    避免使用居中对齐方式,除非您有意识地想要营造一种更加正式、沉稳的演示效果。
  5. Use capitalization cautiously. Avoid using all capitals as it sounds rude. Five major goals in designing a document:
    谨慎使用大写字母。避免使用所有大写字母,因为这听起来很不礼貌。设计文档的五大目标:

    (1) To make good impression on your readers. Your document should reflect your professional standards and those of your organization.
    (1) 给读者留下好印象。您的文件应反映您和贵组织的专业标准。

    (2) To help readers understand the structure and hierarchy of the information.
    (2) 帮助读者理解信息的结构和层次。

    (3) To help readers find the information they need. People usually don’t read every word in a document, so your design should help your readers easily locate the information they are looking for.
    (3) 帮助读者找到所需的信息。人们通常不会阅读文档中的每一个字,因此你的设计应帮助读者轻松找到他们需要的信息。

    (4) To help readers understand the information. Effective design will clarify information.
    (4) 帮助读者理解信息。有效的设计可以澄清信息。

    (5) To help readers remember the information. An effective design helps readers create a visual image of the page, making it easier to remember or recall information.
    (5) 帮助读者记住信息。有效的设计可以帮助读者建立页面的视觉形象,从而更容易记住或回忆起信息。

1.Document analysis activity:Analyzing a page design
1.文档分析活动:分析页面设计

This page is from a marketing white paper.The questions below ask you to think about page design as we discuss in this chapter.
本页摘自营销白皮书. 下面的问题要求你思考本章讨论的页面设计问题.


(Source:UPS Pulse of the Online Shopper:Tech-savvy shoppers transforming retail,https://www.ups.com/assets/resources media/knowledge-center/2016_UPS_Pulse_of_the_Online_Shopper.pdf )
(来源:UPS Pulse of Online Shopper:精通技术的购物者正在改变零售,https://www.com/assets/resources media/knowledge-center/2016_UPS_Pulse_of_the_Online_Shopper.pdf )。

a. How many levels of headings appear on this page? Are the different levels designed effectively so that they are easy to distinguish? If not, what changes would you make to the design?
a. 本页有几级标题?是否有效地设计了不同层次,使其易于区分?如果不是,你会对设计做哪些修改?

b. How are the C.R.A.P. rules used on this page? Are they effective? Would you change any of them?
b. 本页如何使用 C.R.A.P. 规则?它们有效吗?您会修改其中任何一条吗?

c. Describe the design of the body text on this page, focusing on columns and alignment. Is the design of the body text effective? Would you change it in any way?
c. 描述本页正文的设计,重点是栏目和对齐方式。正文的设计是否有效?您是否会做任何修改?

2. Re-design the document
2.重新设计文件

a. Is this menu well designed? If not, what are the problems with the menu? Name the problems so you can find the solutions.
a. 菜单设计得好吗?如果不好,菜单存在哪些问题?说出问题的名称,以便找到解决方案。

b. Can you rearrange the content to make it more reader friendly? Try to apply the design principles we discussed in this chapter. Feel free to use software that is suitable to deliver the content effectively and aesthetically.
b. 能否重新排列内容,使其更方便读者阅读?尝试应用我们在本章中讨论的设计原则。随意使用适合的软件,以有效、美观地传递内容。
You might need to do some research on the dishes. What do the ingredients tell you? Are the dishes grouped appropriately? Do you need additional information?
您可能需要对菜肴做一些研究。配料说明了什么?菜肴的分组是否恰当?您还需要其他信息吗?
The Brazen Head
A traditional Irish restaurant
SALADS
ADD CHICKEN TO YOUR SALAD FOR €5.00
GREEK SALAD (CONTAINS * 6, 7) V GF
MIXED SALAD LEAVES, BLACK OLVES, FETA CHEESE, TOMATO, CUCUMBER AND RED
ONION TOSSED WITH A BASIL DRESSING.€11.50
CHICKEN CAESAR SALAD (CONTAINS * 1, 4,7)
CHARGRILLED CHICKEN, CRISPY BACON, LETTUCE, CROUTONS, PARMESAN SHAVINGS,
AND OUR OWN CLASSIC CAESAR DRESSING.€13.00
GOATS CHEESE AND BEETROOT SALAD (CONTAINS * 6, 7, 8) V GF)
WARM GOATS CHEESE, SLICES OF BEETROOT, TOMATO, AND WALNUTS, SERVED ON A
BED OF MIXED SALAD DRIZZLED WITH A PESTO & BALSAMIC DRESSING.€12.50
CLONAKILTY BLACK PUDDING SALAD (CONTAINS * 1, 4, 6,9) V
BLACK PUDDING SERVED ON A BED OF MIXED SALAD LEAVES, RED ONION, TOMATO,
CUCUMBER WITH A CAESAR & PESTO DRESSING.. }12.0
Traditional Irish Dishes
HONEY MUSTARD GLAZED BACON & CABBAGE (CONTAINS * 7, 10) GF
GLAZED LOIN OF BACON SERVED WITH BOILED CABBAGE, CREAMY MASHED POTATO,
VEGETABLES, SUNDRIED TOMATO PESTO AND PARSELY SAUCE.€15.00
IRISH STEW (CONTAINS * }7\mathrm{ MASH, 9) GF
CHUNKS OF IRISH LAMB, VEGETABLES TOPPED WITH CREAMY MASH POTATO IN THIS
MOST TRADITIONAL OF IRISH DISHES. SERVED WITH BROWN BREAD.€16.50
FISH & CHIPS (CONTAINS * 1, 3, 4, 6, 7)
FRESH COD DEEP FRIED IN A HOMEMADE BEER BATTER, SERVED WITH TARTAR SAUCE,
WEDGE OF LEMON AND CHUNKY CHIPS.€16.50
ATLANTIC SEAFOOD CHOWDER (CONTAINS * 4, 7, 9, 14)V
CHUNKS OF FRESH COD, SMOKED COD, SALMON AND VEGETABLES MAKE UP THIS
IRISH CLASSIC. SERVED WITH BROWN BREAD. }£12.5
BEEF & GUINNESS STEW (CONTAINS * 1,7 MASH, 9)
CHUNKS OF IRISH BEEF, MUSHROOMS AND VEGETABLES IN A RICH GUINNESS &
THYME SAUCE TOPPED WITH CREAMY MASH. SERVED WITH BROWN BREAD. }£16.5
SMOKED COD (CONTAINS * 4, 7) GF
SMOKED COD POACHED WITH ONION, SERVED WITH CREAMY MASHED POTATO
VEGETABLES, SUNDRIED TOMATO AND PARSELY SAUCE.€16.50
Allergen Information
Cereals containing Gluten =1 Crustaceans =2 Eggs =3 Fish =4 Peanuts =5 Soybeans =
6Milk=7 Nuts =8 Celery =9 Mustard = 10 Sesame seeds = 11 Sulphur dioxide & 
sulphites=12 Lupin=13 Molluscs=14 GF = Gluten free V=Vegetarian
All meats are 100% Irish and sourced locally with full traceability

Chapter 3  第三章

Communication Basics: Understanding Your Communication Situation
沟通基础知识:了解您的交流状况

Contents  目录

CASE … 42  案例 ... 42
GLOSSARY … 44  术语表...... 44
TASKS … 45  任务 ... 45
Audience analysis … 45
受众分析 ... 45

Task analysis … 48
任务分析 ... 48

Scenario analysis … 49
情景分析 ... 49

LANGUAGE FOCUS … 50
语言重点...... 50

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 51
EXERCISES … 52  练习 ... 52
Geheime Reichssache(Secret Reich Business)
Geheime Reichssache(帝国秘密业务)

Berlin,June 5, 1942  柏林,1942 年 6 月 5 日
Changes for special vehicles now in service at Kulmhof(Chelmno)and for those now being built
库尔姆霍夫(切尔诺)现役特种车辆和正在建造的特种车辆的变化
Since December 1941,ninety-seven thousand have been processed[verarbeite in German] by the three vehicles in service,with no major incidents.In the light of observations made so far,however,the following technical changes are needed:
自 1941 年 12 月以来,三辆现役车辆已处理了九万七千次[德语],未发生任何重大事故。
1.The vans'normal load is usually nine per square yard.In Saurer vehicles,which are very spacious,maximum use of space is impossible,not because of any possible overload, but because loading to full capacity would affect the vehicle's stability.So reduction of the load space seems necessary.It must absolutely be reduced by a yard,instead of trying to solve the problem,as hitherto,by reducing the number of pieces loaded.Besides,this extends the operating time,as the void must also be filled with carbon monoxide.On the other hand,if the load space is reduced,and the vehicle is packed solid,the operating time can be considerably shortened.The manufacturers told us during a discussion that reducing the size of the van's rear would throw it badly off balance.The front axle,they claim,would be overloaded.In fact,the balance is automatically restored,because the merchandise aboard displays during the operation a natural tendency to rush to the rear doors,and it is mainly found lying there at the end of the operation.So the front axle is overloaded.
1.厢式货车的正常装载量通常为每平方码 9 辆。 在 Saurer 车辆中,空间非常宽敞,不可能最大限度地利用空间,这不是因为可能超载,而是因为满载会影响车辆的稳定性。因此,减少装载空间似乎是必要的。 绝对必须减少一个货场,而不是像以前那样,通过减少装载件数来解决问题。在一次讨论中,制造商告诉我们,减小货车后部的尺寸会使其严重失去平衡。事实上,平衡是自动恢复的,因为车上的货物在作业过程中会自然而然地涌向后门,作业结束时主要是躺在后门。
2.The lighting must be better protected than now.The lamps must be enclosed in a steel grid to prevent their being damaged.Lights could be eliminated,since they apparently are
2.灯具必须比现在有更好的保护。 3.灯具必须用钢栅围起来,以防损坏。 4.可以取消灯具,因为它们显然是不安全的。

never used. However, it has been observed that when the doors are shut, the load always presses hard against them as soon as darkness sets in. This is because the load naturally rushes toward the light when darkness sets in, which makes closing the doors difficult. Also, because of the alarming nature of darkness, screaming always occurs when the doors are closed. It would therefore be useful to light the lamp before and during the first moments of the operation.
从未使用过。不过,据观察,当车门关闭时,只要天一黑,货物总是会紧紧地压在车门上。这是因为当黑暗降临时,货物会自然而然地冲向光亮处,从而使关门变得困难。此外,由于黑暗的警示性,尖叫声总是在车门关闭时发生。因此,在操作前和操作过程中点亮灯是非常有用的。

3. For easy cleaning of the vehicle, there must be a sealed drain in the middle of the floor. The drainage hole’s cover, eight to twelve inches in diameter, would be equipped with a slanting trap, so that liquids can drain off during the operation. During cleaning, the drain can be used to evacuate large pieces of dirt.
3.为了便于清洁车辆,地板中间必须有一个密封的排水孔。排水孔的盖子直径为 8 到 12 英寸,将配备一个倾斜的疏水阀,以便在操作过程中排出液体。清洗时,可利用排水口排出大块污垢。
The aforementioned technical changes are to be made to vehicles in service only when they come in for repairs. As for the ten vehicles ordered from Saurer, they must be equipped with all innovations and changes shown by use and experience to be necessary.
只有在维修时才会对在用车辆进行上述技术改造。至于从 Saurer 公司订购的 10 辆车,它们必须配备根据使用情况和经验证明有必要进行的所有创新和改动。
Submitted for decision to Gruppenleiter 11 D,
提交给 Gruppenleiter 11 D. 决定、

SS-Obersturmbannfihrer Walter Rauff.
党卫军突击队员沃尔特-劳夫(Walter Rauff)。

Signed: Just  已签名:Just
[Source: quoted in Katz, Steven B. (1992). The Ethic of Expediency: Classical Rhetoric, Technology, and the Holocaust. College English, 54, 3, pp. 255-275.]
[资料来源:引自 Katz, Steven B. (1992)。The Ethic of Expediency:The Ethic of Expediency: Classical Rhetoric, Technology, and the Holocaust.College English, 54, 3, pp.]
This is a real memo, taken verbatim from the published transcript of Shoah, a 9-hour documentary film on the Holocaust directed by Claude Lanzmann. In this memo, the writer, Just, attempts to persuade his superior, Walter Rauff, of the necessity for technical improvements to the vans being used in the early Nazi program of exterminating the Jews and other “undesirables,” just months before the Final Solution of gas chambers and death camps was fully operationalized. In this earlier stage of the Final Solution, four Einsatzgruppen, or “Special Action Groups,” A, B, C, and D had been organized by Himmler to carry out executions by firing squads (Shirer 1248-49). Group D, whose field of operations included the southern Ukraine, was from June 1941 to June 1942 headed by Otto Ohlendorf, in the R.S.H.A., Himmler’s Central Security Office (Shirer 1249).
这是一份真实的备忘录,逐字摘自克劳德-朗兹曼(Claude Lanzmann)执导的长达 9 小时的大屠杀纪录片《浩劫》(Shoah)的出版记录。在这份备忘录中,作者贾斯特试图说服他的上司沃尔特-劳夫(Walter Rauff),有必要对早期纳粹消灭犹太人和其他 "不受欢迎者 "计划中使用的货车进行技术改进。在 "最终解决方案 "的早期阶段,希姆莱组织了四个 "特别行动队"(Einsatzgruppen),即 A、B、C 和 D 组,以行刑队的方式执行死刑(希勒,1248-49 页)。D 组的行动范围包括乌克兰南部,1941 年 6 月至 1942 年 6 月由希姆莱的中央安全办公室 R.S.H.A.的奥托-奥伦多夫(Otto Ohlendorf)领导(Shirer 1249)。
In 1942,Himmler ordered gassing vans to be used for executing women and children, because it was more efficient,"humane"(see Shirer 1250-51,1254n.).The Wannsee Conference,in which the details of the Final Solution were worked out,had been held on January 20, 1942.
1942 年,希姆莱下令用毒气车处决妇女和儿童,因为这样更有效率,也更 "人道"(见 Shirer 1250-51,1254n. 1942 年 1 月 20 日召开了万湖会议,制定了 "最终解决方案 "的细节。
Source:Katz,1992,p. 256.
If we were to assess the memo merely"from the standpoint of technical communication, argumentation,and style,...by any formal criteria in technical communication,it is an almost perfect document"(Katz,1992,p.256)because this memo
如果我们仅仅 "从技术交流、论证和文体的角度 "来评价这份备忘录,那么,根据技术交流的任何正式标准,它都是一份近乎完美的文件。

-States the problem clearly at the very beginning
-一开始就明确指出问题所在

-Sets up for the recommendations it makes
-为提出的建议做好准备

-Explains and justifies the three recommendations clearly
-明确解释并说明三项建议的理由

-Uses effective format design by dividing the paragraphs and sections with good use of white space
-使用有效的格式设计,划分段落和章节,善用空白处

-Contains content that is technically accurate and logically well argued.
-包含技术上准确、逻辑上论证充分的内容。

We may label this memo"effective"technical writing,but is it"good"technical writing?
我们可以给这份备忘录贴上 "有效 "技术写作的标签,但它是 "优秀 "技术写作吗?

"Good"technical writing entails not just technically effective content and format design, but also being persuasive in an ethical way.Communication in a truly responsibly persuasive manner requires the writer's awareness of designing communication for the good of all parties involved,not just for expedient purposes.An analysis of this memo at face value without a full understanding of its historical and rhetorical context will not result in an accurate assessment of the value of this piece of technical writing.
好的 "技术写作不仅包括技术上有效的内容和格式设计,还包括道德上有说服力的内容。


rhetorical context/ri'torıkəl//'kantekst/all factors in a communication situation that affects the outcome of communication,including audience,purpose,cultural context,constraints,etc.语境,即沟通交流发生的环境,影响因素包括交流的目的,受众,限制条件等等
修辞语境/ri'torıkəl//'kantekst/交际情境中影响交际结果的所有因素,包括受众,目的,文化背景,etc.受众,目的,文化背景,语境,即沟通交流发生的环境,影响因素包括交流的目的,受众,限制条件等等

audience/'adions/the reader or user of a document 听众,读者或信息的接收者
audience/adions/ 听众,读者或信息的接收者

audience analysis/'adiəns//o'næləsəs/analysis of audience demographics,needs,expectations,etc.that affect communication 读者分析
受众分析/adi'əns/o'nləs/analysis of audience demographics,needs,expectations,etc.that affect communication 读者分析

primary audience/'prat meri//'adizns/the main reader or user of a document 首要读者
primary audience/prat meri/'adizns/文件的主要读者或用户 首要读者

demographics/,demə'græfiks/the statistics of a population,such as age,income,education,and ethnicity(个人或群体的)人口统计学信息,如年龄,收人,教育背景,民族/种族等
人口统计学/,demə'græfiks/人口的统计信息,如年龄、收人、教育背景、民族/种族等

prior knowledge/'praırr//'nalad//what the reader or user already knows about the topic 先前知识,已掌握的知识
先前知识/praırr/'nalad/读者或用户已掌握的有关主题的知识

constraints/kən'streınts/factors that impede communication(沟通中的)限制因素
task analysis/tæsk//o næləsəs/in technical writing,the analysis of the tasks user will perform with the information 任务分析
任务分析/tæsk/o næləsəs/在技术写作中,对用户使用信息将执行的任务进行分析。

scenario analysis/si'ncrioz//o'nælasəs/the analysis of the rhetorical context of a communication situation 语境/情境分析
情景分析/si'ncrioz/o'nælasəs/对传播情景的修辞背景的分析 语境/情境分析

format design/'for mæt//dr'zain/in technical writing,the design of such things as layout,typography, the use of colors,the use of graphics,etc.(文档的)格式设计,如页面布局,字体,颜色,图形
格式设计/在技术写作中,如页面布局、字体、颜色、图形等的设计。

Good technical writing should start with the following analyses:
好的技术写作应从以下分析开始: 1.

-Audience analysis
-Task analysis
-Scenario analysis

Audience analysis

Every communication situation has its intended audiences.Audience analysis entails the following aspects:
受众分析包括以下几个方面: 1.

-Audience demographics-Many demographic factors of the audience will affect what information they need and how they consume the information.Consider the following demographics:
受众人口统计--受众的许多人口统计因素都会影响他们需要什么信息以及他们如何消费信息。 考虑以下人口统计因素: -受众人口统计--受众的许多人口统计因素都会影响他们需要什么信息以及他们如何消费信息。
Primary audience  主要受众

这是您的文档所面向的受众,可能是,也可能不是,最重要的受众。
This is the audience your document is addressed to.It may or may not be the
intended,most important audience.
This is the audience your document is addressed to.It may or may not be the intended,most important audience.| This is the audience your document is addressed to.It may or may not be the | | :--- | | intended,most important audience. |

次要受众,如适用
Secondary audience,
if applicable
Secondary audience, if applicable| Secondary audience, | | :--- | | if applicable |

许多文件往往有次要受众,而次要受众可能比主要受众更重要。
Many documents often have a secondary audience,which might be a more
important audience than the primary audience.
Many documents often have a secondary audience,which might be a more important audience than the primary audience.| Many documents often have a secondary audience,which might be a more | | :--- | | important audience than the primary audience. |

三级受众,如适用
Tertiary audience,if
applicable
Tertiary audience,if applicable| Tertiary audience,if | | :--- | | applicable |

有时,您的文档甚至可能有第三层受众,而这第三层受众甚至可能没有在您的文档中列出。
Sometimes,your document could even have a tertiary audience,and this
tertiary audience may not even be listed in your document.
Sometimes,your document could even have a tertiary audience,and this tertiary audience may not even be listed in your document.| Sometimes,your document could even have a tertiary audience,and this | | :--- | | tertiary audience may not even be listed in your document. |
Age  年龄

为青少年受众设计的信息与为中年受众设计的信息截然不同。
Information designed for a teenage audience will be very different from that
designed for a middle-aged audience.
Information designed for a teenage audience will be very different from that designed for a middle-aged audience.| Information designed for a teenage audience will be very different from that | | :--- | | designed for a middle-aged audience. |
Education  教育

只受过高中教育的人和受过大学高等教育的人使用的语言会有很大不同。
Your language will be very different for people with only a high school
education from that for people with advanced college education.
Your language will be very different for people with only a high school education from that for people with advanced college education.| Your language will be very different for people with only a high school | | :--- | | education from that for people with advanced college education. |
Economic status  经济状况

这可能会影响他们使用什么类型的技术,在什么环境中获取信息:例如,私人家庭办公室与公共图书馆。
This may affect what type of technology they're using,in what environment
in which they're accessing information:private home office vs.public
library,for example.
This may affect what type of technology they're using,in what environment in which they're accessing information:private home office vs.public library,for example.| This may affect what type of technology they're using,in what environment | | :--- | | in which they're accessing information:private home office vs.public | | library,for example. |
Gender  性别

男性和女性有时会以不同的方式获取信息。要迎合他们的不同习惯,就需要设计不同的信息。
Males and females sometimes access information differently.Catering to
their different habits would call for different information designs.
Males and females sometimes access information differently.Catering to their different habits would call for different information designs.| Males and females sometimes access information differently.Catering to | | :--- | | their different habits would call for different information designs. |
Technical  技术

有些受众比其他受众拥有更好的技术背景,这将影响您的内容选择、语言设计等。
Some audiences will have better technical backgrounds than others,which
will affect your content selection,your language design,etc.Information
designed for expert users will differ greatly from information designed for
Some audiences will have better technical backgrounds than others,which will affect your content selection,your language design,etc.Information designed for expert users will differ greatly from information designed for| Some audiences will have better technical backgrounds than others,which | | :--- | | will affect your content selection,your language design,etc.Information | | designed for expert users will differ greatly from information designed for |
novices.  初学者.
Primary audience "This is the audience your document is addressed to.It may or may not be the intended,most important audience." "Secondary audience, if applicable" "Many documents often have a secondary audience,which might be a more important audience than the primary audience." "Tertiary audience,if applicable" "Sometimes,your document could even have a tertiary audience,and this tertiary audience may not even be listed in your document." Age "Information designed for a teenage audience will be very different from that designed for a middle-aged audience." Education "Your language will be very different for people with only a high school education from that for people with advanced college education." Economic status "This may affect what type of technology they're using,in what environment in which they're accessing information:private home office vs.public library,for example." Gender "Males and females sometimes access information differently.Catering to their different habits would call for different information designs." Technical "Some audiences will have better technical backgrounds than others,which will affect your content selection,your language design,etc.Information designed for expert users will differ greatly from information designed for" novices. | Primary audience | This is the audience your document is addressed to.It may or may not be the <br> intended,most important audience. | | :--- | :--- | | Secondary audience, <br> if applicable | Many documents often have a secondary audience,which might be a more <br> important audience than the primary audience. | | Tertiary audience,if <br> applicable | Sometimes,your document could even have a tertiary audience,and this <br> tertiary audience may not even be listed in your document. | | Age | Information designed for a teenage audience will be very different from that <br> designed for a middle-aged audience. | | Education | Your language will be very different for people with only a high school <br> education from that for people with advanced college education. | | Economic status | This may affect what type of technology they're using,in what environment <br> in which they're accessing information:private home office vs.public <br> library,for example. | | Gender | Males and females sometimes access information differently.Catering to <br> their different habits would call for different information designs. | | Technical | Some audiences will have better technical backgrounds than others,which <br> will affect your content selection,your language design,etc.Information <br> designed for expert users will differ greatly from information designed for | | novices. | |
  • Audience needs - Audience needs are affected by a number of factors, including but not limited to the demographic factors above. Carefully consider the following:
    受众需求--受众需求受多种因素影响,包括但不限于上述人口统计因素。请仔细考虑以下因素:

信息的目的
Purpose of the
information
Purpose of the information| Purpose of the | | :--- | | information |
To inform? To make a sale? To explain a concept?
为了宣传?为了实现销售?解释概念?

信息的预期用途
Intended use of the
information
Intended use of the information| Intended use of the | | :--- | | information |

帮助受众做出决定?教他们完成一项任务?教育受众了解某个概念?向他们介绍某个事件?
To help the audience make a decision? To teach them to perform a task? To
educate them about a concept? To inform them about an event?
To help the audience make a decision? To teach them to perform a task? To educate them about a concept? To inform them about an event?| To help the audience make a decision? To teach them to perform a task? To | | :--- | | educate them about a concept? To inform them about an event? |
Audience's goals  受众的目标 What goals does the audience want to achieve with the information?
受众希望通过信息实现什么目标?
Audience's tasks  观众的任务

信息能帮助受众完成哪些任务?这些信息能否让受众轻松完成这些任务?
What tasks will the information help the audience to perform? Will the
information enable them to perform these tasks easily?
What tasks will the information help the audience to perform? Will the information enable them to perform these tasks easily?| What tasks will the information help the audience to perform? Will the | | :--- | | information enable them to perform these tasks easily? |
"Purpose of the information" To inform? To make a sale? To explain a concept? "Intended use of the information" "To help the audience make a decision? To teach them to perform a task? To educate them about a concept? To inform them about an event?" Audience's goals What goals does the audience want to achieve with the information? Audience's tasks "What tasks will the information help the audience to perform? Will the information enable them to perform these tasks easily?"| Purpose of the <br> information | To inform? To make a sale? To explain a concept? | | :--- | :--- | | Intended use of the <br> information | To help the audience make a decision? To teach them to perform a task? To <br> educate them about a concept? To inform them about an event? | | Audience's goals | What goals does the audience want to achieve with the information? | | Audience's tasks | What tasks will the information help the audience to perform? Will the <br> information enable them to perform these tasks easily? |
  • Audience expectations-Your understanding of what your audience needs may be different from what they expect. Getting these two aligned will ensure that your information is delivered effectively and persuasively. To reach this alignment, keep in mind that your audience often expects the following:
    受众期望--你对受众需求的理解可能与他们的期望不同。将这两者统一起来,就能确保信息传递的有效性和说服力。要实现这一点,请记住受众通常会有以下期望:
Your knowledge of who they are
你对他们是谁的了解

你会惊讶地发现,你的受众多么希望你知道他们是谁,他们喜欢什么,他们偏爱什么。
You'll be surprised how much your audience expects you
to know who they are, what they like, what they prefer.
You'll be surprised how much your audience expects you to know who they are, what they like, what they prefer.| You'll be surprised how much your audience expects you | | :--- | | to know who they are, what they like, what they prefer. |

了解他们的需求
Your understanding of what they
need
Your understanding of what they need| Your understanding of what they | | :--- | | need |

他们希望你了解他们的需求,因此希望你设计的文件能完全满足他们的需求。
They expect you to know their needs and therefore expect
that you have designed a document that exactly meets their
needs.
They expect you to know their needs and therefore expect that you have designed a document that exactly meets their needs.| They expect you to know their needs and therefore expect | | :--- | | that you have designed a document that exactly meets their | | needs. |
Appropriate information selection
适当选择信息

我们希望您能准确选择他们需要的信息。
You are expected to have selected just exactly the
information they need.
You are expected to have selected just exactly the information they need.| You are expected to have selected just exactly the | | :--- | | information they need. |
Appealing and effective format
有吸引力和有效的格式

您的格式设计应迎合他们的具体喜好。
Your format design is expected to cater to their specific
preferences.
Your format design is expected to cater to their specific preferences.| Your format design is expected to cater to their specific | | :--- | | preferences. |
Proper and engaging tone
语气恰当,引人入胜

您的文件应使用适当的语气来称呼受众。
Your document is expected to use an appropriate tone in
addressing your audience.
Your document is expected to use an appropriate tone in addressing your audience.| Your document is expected to use an appropriate tone in | | :--- | | addressing your audience. |
Sensitivity to their cultural, ethnic,
对他们的文化、种族、民族、宗教和文化敏感、

您的文档设计也应体现出对他们独特背景、风俗和习惯的敏感性。
Your document design is also expected to demonstrate
sensitivity to their unique backgrounds, customs, and
habits.
Your document design is also expected to demonstrate sensitivity to their unique backgrounds, customs, and habits.| Your document design is also expected to demonstrate | | :--- | | sensitivity to their unique backgrounds, customs, and | | habits. |
religious, and gender backgrounds
宗教和性别背景
Document's ability to help them do
文件的能力,帮助他们做到

用户在阅读文档时,往往对他们需要执行的任务有一个清晰的概念,他们希望您的文档能够提供与他们需要完成的任务相匹配的信息。
Users often approach a document with a clear idea of what
tasks they need to perform, and they expect your document
to provide just right information for what they need to
accomplish.
Users often approach a document with a clear idea of what tasks they need to perform, and they expect your document to provide just right information for what they need to accomplish.| Users often approach a document with a clear idea of what | | :--- | | tasks they need to perform, and they expect your document | | to provide just right information for what they need to | | accomplish. |
exactly what they need to do
正中下怀
Your knowledge of who they are "You'll be surprised how much your audience expects you to know who they are, what they like, what they prefer." "Your understanding of what they need" "They expect you to know their needs and therefore expect that you have designed a document that exactly meets their needs." Appropriate information selection "You are expected to have selected just exactly the information they need." Appealing and effective format "Your format design is expected to cater to their specific preferences." Proper and engaging tone "Your document is expected to use an appropriate tone in addressing your audience." Sensitivity to their cultural, ethnic, "Your document design is also expected to demonstrate sensitivity to their unique backgrounds, customs, and habits." religious, and gender backgrounds Document's ability to help them do "Users often approach a document with a clear idea of what tasks they need to perform, and they expect your document to provide just right information for what they need to accomplish." exactly what they need to do | Your knowledge of who they are | You'll be surprised how much your audience expects you <br> to know who they are, what they like, what they prefer. | | :--- | :--- | | Your understanding of what they <br> need | They expect you to know their needs and therefore expect <br> that you have designed a document that exactly meets their <br> needs. | | Appropriate information selection | You are expected to have selected just exactly the <br> information they need. | | Appealing and effective format | Your format design is expected to cater to their specific <br> preferences. | | Proper and engaging tone | Your document is expected to use an appropriate tone in <br> addressing your audience. | | Sensitivity to their cultural, ethnic, | Your document design is also expected to demonstrate <br> sensitivity to their unique backgrounds, customs, and <br> habits. | | religious, and gender backgrounds | | | Document's ability to help them do | Users often approach a document with a clear idea of what <br> tasks they need to perform, and they expect your document <br> to provide just right information for what they need to <br> accomplish. | | exactly what they need to do | |
It’s certainly impossible to cater to every user’s idiosyncrasies. However, a careful analysis of your target user group is essential to the effective design and delivery of information.
要满足每个用户的特殊要求当然是不可能的。然而,仔细分析目标用户群对于有效设计和传递信息至关重要。

Task analysis  任务分析

A key to the effective design of your information is analyzing the tasks users that will perform with your information.A task analysis can benefit most types of technical writing,but especially so for instructional materials.The purpose of a task analysis is twofold:
有效设计信息的关键在于分析用户使用信息时将执行的任务。任务分析对大多数类型的技术写作都有益处,尤其是对教学材料而言。


to determine the content you'll use and to identify the order in which this content will appear.The following checklist provides a guide for performing task analysis:
确定您要使用的内容,并确定这些内容的出现顺序。 以下清单为任务分析提供了指南: 1.
Define user's needs and perspectives
确定用户的需求和观点
This involves a careful analysis of your audience as described in the previous section.It also involves research including interviews with users about the tasks they need to perform,their perspectives on the goals of their tasks,and their perception of what's important.
这需要对受众进行仔细分析(如上一节所述),还需要开展调查研究,包括采访用户,了解他们需要执行的任务、他们对任务目标的看法以及他们对什么是重要任务的认识。
Construct a list of important tasks and topics
制定重要任务和主题清单
Based on your audience analysis and research described above, determine the list of important tasks that your information design should support.
根据上述受众分析和研究,确定信息设计应支持的重要任务列表。
Define the priority of tasks and topics
确定任务和主题的优先次序
Based on the previous step,determine what topics should receive priority so that you might end up with a primary task list and a secondary task list.This will inform your design in that your primary tasks will receive more detailed treatment.
在上一步的基础上,确定哪些主题应优先处理,这样您可能会有一个主要任务清单和一个次要任务清单。 这将为您的设计提供参考,因为您的主要任务将得到更详细的处理。
Determine task steps  确定任务步骤 What procedural steps are required to complete the tasks?How much contextual information do you need to provide for each step?
完成任务需要哪些程序步骤? 每个步骤需要提供多少背景信息?
Identify potential issues
确定潜在问题
What problems,issues,and constraints can you anticipate at each step?What solutions should you offer?
在每个步骤中,您能预见到哪些问题、难题和限制因素? 您应提供哪些解决方案?
Provide help resources  提供帮助资源 If some users need more detailed information on a particular topic, task,or step,what additional resources do you need to provide?
如果某些用户需要关于特定主题、任务或步骤的更详细信息,您需要提供哪些额外资源?
Anticipate the environment of use
预测使用环境
Will users be using the information in different environments? Will the different environments affect the way they access the information and perform the tasks?
用户会在不同的环境中使用信息吗? 不同的环境会影响他们获取信息和执行任务的方式吗?
Define user's needs and perspectives This involves a careful analysis of your audience as described in the previous section.It also involves research including interviews with users about the tasks they need to perform,their perspectives on the goals of their tasks,and their perception of what's important. Construct a list of important tasks and topics Based on your audience analysis and research described above, determine the list of important tasks that your information design should support. Define the priority of tasks and topics Based on the previous step,determine what topics should receive priority so that you might end up with a primary task list and a secondary task list.This will inform your design in that your primary tasks will receive more detailed treatment. Determine task steps What procedural steps are required to complete the tasks?How much contextual information do you need to provide for each step? Identify potential issues What problems,issues,and constraints can you anticipate at each step?What solutions should you offer? Provide help resources If some users need more detailed information on a particular topic, task,or step,what additional resources do you need to provide? Anticipate the environment of use Will users be using the information in different environments? Will the different environments affect the way they access the information and perform the tasks?| Define user's needs and perspectives | This involves a careful analysis of your audience as described in the previous section.It also involves research including interviews with users about the tasks they need to perform,their perspectives on the goals of their tasks,and their perception of what's important. | | :---: | :---: | | Construct a list of important tasks and topics | Based on your audience analysis and research described above, determine the list of important tasks that your information design should support. | | Define the priority of tasks and topics | Based on the previous step,determine what topics should receive priority so that you might end up with a primary task list and a secondary task list.This will inform your design in that your primary tasks will receive more detailed treatment. | | Determine task steps | What procedural steps are required to complete the tasks?How much contextual information do you need to provide for each step? | | Identify potential issues | What problems,issues,and constraints can you anticipate at each step?What solutions should you offer? | | Provide help resources | If some users need more detailed information on a particular topic, task,or step,what additional resources do you need to provide? | | Anticipate the environment of use | Will users be using the information in different environments? Will the different environments affect the way they access the information and perform the tasks? |

Scenario analysis  情景分析

In addition to audience and task analyses, you should carefully analyze all the other factors that affect your communication.
除了分析受众和任务外,您还应仔细分析影响传播的所有其他因素。

Corporate context What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the way the users use their information? Technological context What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use? Users' attitude What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their attitude toward performing the tasks? Organizational Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information? constraints Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do? | Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do you avoid such conflicts? }  Corporate context   What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate   culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the   way the users use their information?   Technological context   What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the   tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use?   Users' attitude   What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their   attitude toward performing the tasks?   Organizational   Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information?   constraints   Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do?   Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these   goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do   you avoid such conflicts?  {:[[" Corporate context ",{:[" What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate "],[" culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the "],[" way the users use their information? "]:}],[" Technological context ",{:[" What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the "],[" tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use? "]:}],[" Users' attitude ",{:[" What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their "],[" attitude toward performing the tasks? "]:}],[" Organizational ",{:[" Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information? "],[" constraints "]:}],[" Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do? "]]|[" Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these "],[" goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do "],[" you avoid such conflicts? "]}\left.\left.\begin{array}{|c|l|}\hline \text { Corporate context } & \begin{array}{l}\text { What type of corporation do your users work in? What is the corporate } \\ \text { culture? Is it open and flexible or rigid and conservative? Will it affect the } \\ \text { way the users use their information? }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Technological context } & \begin{array}{l}\text { What technology do your users use? Is it adequate for performing the } \\ \text { tasks? Does it have a negative effect on information access and use? }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Users' attitude } & \begin{array}{l}\text { What are your users' attitude toward this information? What is their } \\ \text { attitude toward performing the tasks? }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Organizational } & \begin{array}{l}\text { Are there organizational factors that will hinder the use of information? } \\ \text { constraints }\end{array} \\ \hline \text { Are there specific rules or policies that will limit what the users can do? }\end{array} \right\rvert\, \begin{array}{l}\text { Does the organization have its own goals and agenda? Is any of these } \\ \text { goals at odds with what you have defined for the document? If so, how do } \\ \text { you avoid such conflicts? }\end{array}\right\}

-How to talk about rhetorical context ?
-如何谈论修辞语境?

Example 1:What did John do first before starting his writing task?He analyzed the rhetorical context for the communication task.
例 1:在开始写作任务之前,约翰首先做了什么? 他分析了交流任务的修辞背景。
Example 2:The rhetorical context surrounding the upcoming meeting between the presidents of the two countries is extremely complex.
例 2:围绕两国总统即将举行的会晤,修辞背景极其复杂。

-How to talk about audiences?
-如何谈论受众?

Example 1:Even though Jill seems to be the primary and only audience for Buddy's memo,we should really consider whether there's a secondary or even tertiary audience in this case.
例 1:尽管吉尔似乎是巴迪备忘录的主要受众,也是唯一的受众,但我们真的应该考虑一下,在这个案例中,是否还有第二受众甚至第三受众。
Example 2:When designing the content,we need to consider audience's expectations.
例 2:在设计内容时,我们需要考虑受众的期望。

-How to talk about tasks ?
-如何谈论任务?

Example 1:Once we have a list of tasks the user will perform,we need to prioritize these tasks.
例 1:一旦我们有了用户要执行的任务列表,就需要对这些任务进行优先排序。
Example 2:One of the reasons this tutorial is effective is that the writer carefully considered the type of environment in which the user will be performing the tasks.
例 2:本教程之所以有效,原因之一是作者仔细考虑了用户执行任务的环境类型。

-How to talk about scenarios?
-如何谈论情景?

Example 1:Performing the task at home is a whole different scenario from performing the task in an office.
例 1:在家里执行任务与在办公室执行任务的情景完全不同。
Example 2:Every user's scenario might be different when performing the tasks.
例 2:每个用户在执行任务时的场景都可能不同。

Use the following mega checklist when analyzing any communication situation:
在分析任何交流情况时,请使用以下大型清单:
RHIETORICAL CONIIEXI ANALYSIS Checklist
水文学关联分析核对表
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS  受众分析 Audience demographics  受众人口统计 Primary audience  主要受众
Secondary audience, if applicable
次要受众(如适用
Tertiary audience, if applicable
三级受众(如适用
Age  年龄
Education  教育
Economic status  经济状况
Gender  性别
Technical background  技术背景
Occupation  职业
Prior knowledge  先前的知识
Audience needs  受众需求 Purpose of the information
信息的目的
Intended use of the information
信息的预期用途
Audience's goals  受众的目标
Audience's tasks  观众的任务
Audience expectations  观众的期望 Your knowledge of who they are
你对他们是谁的了解
Your understanding of what they need
了解他们的需求
Appropriate information selection
适当选择信息
Appealing and effective format
有吸引力和有效的格式
Proper and engaging tone
语气恰当,引人入胜
Sensitivity to their cultural, ethnic, religious, gender backgrounds
关注他们的文化、种族、宗教和性别背景
Document's ability to help them do exactly what they need to do
文档能够帮助他们完成所需的工作
TASK ANALYSIS  任务分析 Define user's needs and perspectives
确定用户的需求和观点
Construct a list of important tasks and topics
制定重要任务和主题清单
Define the priority of tasks and topics
确定任务和主题的优先次序
Determine task steps  确定任务步骤
Identify potential issues
确定潜在问题
Provide help resources  提供帮助资源
Anticipate the environment of use
预测使用环境
  情景分析
SCENARIO
ANALYSIS
SCENARIO ANALYSIS| SCENARIO | | :--- | | ANALYSIS |
Corporate context  企业背景
Technological context  技术背景
Users' attitude  用户的态度
Organizational constraints
组织限制
Organizational goals  组织目标
Cultural, religious, and ideological constraints
文化、宗教和意识形态限制
Language constraints  语言限制
Legal constraints  法律限制
RHIETORICAL CONIIEXI ANALYSIS Checklist AUDIENCE ANALYSIS Audience demographics Primary audience Secondary audience, if applicable Tertiary audience, if applicable Age Education Economic status Gender Technical background Occupation Prior knowledge Audience needs Purpose of the information Intended use of the information Audience's goals Audience's tasks Audience expectations Your knowledge of who they are Your understanding of what they need Appropriate information selection Appealing and effective format Proper and engaging tone Sensitivity to their cultural, ethnic, religious, gender backgrounds Document's ability to help them do exactly what they need to do TASK ANALYSIS Define user's needs and perspectives Construct a list of important tasks and topics Define the priority of tasks and topics Determine task steps Identify potential issues Provide help resources Anticipate the environment of use "SCENARIO ANALYSIS" Corporate context Technological context Users' attitude Organizational constraints Organizational goals Cultural, religious, and ideological constraints Language constraints Legal constraints | RHIETORICAL CONIIEXI ANALYSIS Checklist | | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | AUDIENCE ANALYSIS | Audience demographics | Primary audience | | | | Secondary audience, if applicable | | | | Tertiary audience, if applicable | | | | Age | | | | Education | | | | Economic status | | | | Gender | | | | Technical background | | | | Occupation | | | | Prior knowledge | | | Audience needs | Purpose of the information | | | | Intended use of the information | | | | Audience's goals | | | | Audience's tasks | | | Audience expectations | Your knowledge of who they are | | | | Your understanding of what they need | | | | Appropriate information selection | | | | Appealing and effective format | | | | Proper and engaging tone | | | | Sensitivity to their cultural, ethnic, religious, gender backgrounds | | | | Document's ability to help them do exactly what they need to do | | TASK ANALYSIS | Define user's needs and perspectives | | | | Construct a list of important tasks and topics | | | | Define the priority of tasks and topics | | | | Determine task steps | | | | Identify potential issues | | | | Provide help resources | | | | Anticipate the environment of use | | | SCENARIO <br> ANALYSIS | Corporate context | | | | Technological context | | | | Users' attitude | | | | Organizational constraints | | | | Organizational goals | | | | Cultural, religious, and ideological constraints | | | | Language constraints | | | | Legal constraints | |

1.Scenario description  1.情景描述

Buddy McCormick is a research technician in his company's Chemical Products Division.
巴迪-麦考密克(Buddy McCormick)是公司化学产品部的一名研究技术员。

Over the last month,he's been leading a team of technicians in working on a rather difficult project:designing mold for your company's"Instant Styrofoam"product.His boss,Jill Skelton,supervisor of the Chemical Products Division,has been aware of how the project has been progressing.One day,she asks Buddy to give her a progress report on the project.Buddy therefore sets out to write the memo.
在过去的一个月里,他带领一组技术人员完成了一个相当困难的项目:为贵公司的 "速溶泡沫塑料 "产品设计模具。有一天,她要求巴迪向她提交一份项目进展报告。 于是,巴迪开始撰写备忘录。
Without much thinking,he whips up a quick memo.
不假思索,他迅速起草了一份备忘录.

Samples  样品

Buddy McCormick,Original
巴迪-麦考密克,原创

Memorandum  备忘录

From:Buddy McCormick  发件人:Buddy McCormick
To:Jill Skelton,Supervisor
致:吉尔-斯凯尔顿,主管

Re:Response to Your Request for a Progress Report
回复:对您要求的进度报告的答复

Over the past month,we have concentrated on designing molds for the new"Instant Styrofoam"product that is being developed by the Chemical Product Division.The work has been proceeding very slowly,and we have had several unsuccessful tests of various different molds.I hope that during the next month you can schedule us to work exclusively on this important problem.With another month's time I am sure we can come up with a good solution to the mold problem.
在过去的一个月里,我们集中精力为化学产品部正在开发的新型 "速溶发泡胶 "产品设计模具。这项工作进展得非常缓慢,我们对各种不同的模具进行了几次试验,但都没有成功。
Note:This scenario was suggested by a sample document in Paul V.Anderson,Technical Communication:A Reader-Centered Approach(4th ed.),NY:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1998
注:此情景是根据 Paul V.Anderson,《技术交流:以读者为中心的方法》(第 4 版)中的样本文件提出的。
As Buddy attaches this memo to his email to Jill,he begins to ask himself some questions:
当巴迪在给吉尔的电子邮件中附上这份备忘录时,他开始问自己一些问题:"我为什么要这样做?

-Is this what she's looking for?
-这就是她要找的吗?

-Did I provide enough information?
-我是否提供了足够的信息?

-Does this memo put myself and my team in a good light?
-这份备忘录是否给我和我的团队留下了好印象?

As he writes up his email to Jill with this memo attached and ready to hit the send button, he begins to have second thoughts:
当他在写给吉尔的电子邮件中附上这份备忘录并准备按下发送键时,他开始有了新的想法。
  • Is my memo too brief?
    我的备忘录是否过于简短?
  • Is there enough information for the memo to be meaningful?
    是否有足够的信息使备忘录具有意义?
  • Is some of the wording appearing to be too negative? For example, “The work has been proceeding slowly”; “we have had several unsuccessful tests…”
    某些措辞是否显得过于消极?例如,"工作进展缓慢";"我们进行了几次不成功的测试......"。

    -What is Jill looking for?
    -吉尔在找什么?

Your task  您的任务

If you were Buddy in this situation, what would you do?
如果你是巴迪,你会怎么做?

Use the mega checklist for rhetorical context analysis to do a thorough assessment of the communication situation.
使用 "修辞语境分析 "大型核对表,对交流情况进行全面评估。

2. Scenario description  2.情景描述

Buddy decides to rewrite the memo, and he comes up with the second version.
巴迪决定重写备忘录,他想出了第二个版本。

Samples  样品

Buddy McCormick, Revision 1
巴迪-麦考密克,第 1 次修订

Memorandum  备忘录

From: Buddy McCormick  来自巴迪-麦考密克
To: Jill Skelton, Supervisor
致吉尔-斯凯尔顿,监督员

Re: Response to Your Request for a Progress Report
回复对您要求提供进度报告的答复

Over the past month, we have concentrated on designing molds for the new “Instant Styrofoam” product that is being developed by the Chemical Product Division.
在过去的一个月里,我们集中精力为化学产品部正在开发的新型 "速溶发泡胶 "产品设计模具。
We started by looking for devices that we could use to clamp our standard mold shut once these new ingredients were poured into it and began to foam up. The only appropriate devices found to clamp the standard mold and hold it closed were C-clamps (12) around the edges. Obviously, this type of clamping required considerable time for opening and closing, but a variety of quick-action- type clamping devices (all designed to take the temperatures and pressures expected) proved unsatisfactory in eartier experiments. Whereas the clamps did hold the mold closed, this resulted in some secondary damage to the molds, specifically warping of the aluminum plates. This was due to the internally generated pressure during the foaming of the panels. The pressure was maximum about 10 minutes after placing the mold into the oven. This resulted in cleaning problems with the mold and produced an unusable part.
我们首先寻找可以用来夹紧标准模具的装置,一旦这些新原料被倒入模具并开始发泡,就可以将模具夹紧。唯一能夹紧标准模具并使其闭合的合适装置是边缘的 C 形夹具 (12)。显然,这种夹具需要相当长的时间才能打开和闭合,但在更早的实验中,各种快动式夹具(所有设计都能承受预期的温度和压力)都不能令人满意。虽然夹具确实能使模具闭合,但却对模具造成了一些二次损坏,特别是铝板的翘曲。这是由于板材发泡过程中内部产生的压力造成的。将模具放入烤箱约 10 分钟后,压力达到最大。这导致了模具的清洁问题,并产生了无法使用的部件。
Having determined that the aluminum could not withstand the pressure without deflection, it was decided to build a steel mold housing 1.25 cm ( 1 / 2 1 / 2 1//21 / 2 inch) thick steel and to boll it together. To reduce the time required to close the mold, the list was split two-thirds and one-third, allowing two-thirds of the mold to be bolted shut prior to the adding of the foam ingredients. Once the foam ingredients were added, only about a dozen bolts needed to be inserted. Such a mold was fabricated and the first attempt at molding a part resulted in blowing the hinges off the end of the mold. Replacing the hinges and doubling up on the bolts with the hinges on, a second molding was made which actually caused a deflection of the 1.25 cm ( 1 / 2 1.25 cm ( 1 / 2 1.25cm(1//21.25 \mathrm{~cm}(1 / 2 inch ) ) )) thick steel. Thus we have been unsuccessful in our efforts to design a mold that can accommodate the high pressure created during foaming by the higher density foams.
在确定铝材无法在不变形的情况下承受压力后,决定建造一个钢模,内含 1.25 厘米( 1 / 2 1 / 2 1//21 / 2 英寸)厚的钢材,并将其捆绑在一起。为了减少合模所需的时间,清单被分成三分之二和三分之一,这样就可以在添加泡沫成分之前用螺栓将三分之二的模具合上。添加泡沫成分后,只需插入十几个螺栓即可。这样的模具已经制作完成,第一次尝试成型零件时,模具末端的铰链被炸断。更换铰链并在铰链上加倍使用螺栓后,第二次成型实际上造成了 1.25 cm ( 1 / 2 1.25 cm ( 1 / 2 1.25cm(1//21.25 \mathrm{~cm}(1 / 2 英寸 ) ) )) 厚钢的变形。因此,我们一直未能成功设计出一种能够承受高密度泡沫在发泡过程中产生的高压的模具。
I recommend that during the next month you schedule us to work exclusively on this important problem.
我建议您在下个月安排我们专门研究这个重要问题。
This memo definitely provides more details,but he also realizes that the information is very technical.In addition,after carefully re-examining the purposes of the memo,he begins to question whether such a memo would accomplish what it's supposed to accomplish.This time,he decides to obtain a second opinion on the memo from the technical writer in his department,which is you.
这份备忘录无疑提供了更多的细节,但他也意识到这些信息非常专业。此外,在仔细重新审视了备忘录的目的之后,他开始怀疑这样一份备忘录是否能达到它应该达到的目的。

Your task  您的任务

After a lengthy conversation with Buddy and a careful analysis of the rhetorical situation, please give Buddy your analysis of his second memo.
在与巴迪长时间交谈并仔细分析修辞情境后,请给巴迪的第二份备忘录写出你的分析。

3.Scenario description  3.情景描述

With your help,Buddy comes to a chilling realization that if Jill is not happy with him,this memo could be good fodder for her to put the blame on him or even fire him.Although Buddy doesn't have evidence that this is Jill's intention,at least he shouldn't give anybody this ammunition.Buddy therefore decides to do some good research.An important piece of information that Buddy finds out is that Jill's boss,Robin Lakoff,Supervisor of Quality Control Overview,has asked Jill for a progress report.With this important information,Buddy decides to enlist your help again.With your help,Buddy's memo ends up looking like the following.
在你的帮助下,巴迪意识到,如果吉尔对他不满,这份备忘录可能会成为她指责他甚至解雇他的好素材。 虽然巴迪没有证据证明这是吉尔的意图,但至少他不应该给任何人提供这样的弹药。巴迪发现的一个重要信息是,吉尔的上司、质量控制主管罗宾-拉科夫(Robin Lakoff)要求吉尔提交一份进度报告。

Samples  样品

Buddy McCormick, Revision 2
巴迪-麦考密克,修订 2

Memorandum  备忘录

To: Jill Skelton, Supervisor, Chemical Products Division
致 Jill Skelton,化学产品部主管

From: Buddy McCormick, Research Technician, Chemical Products Division
来自化学产品部研究技术员 Buddy McCormick

Date: November 12, 1999
日期: 1999 年 11 月 12 日 1999 年 11 月 12 日

Re: Progress Report-Mold Design Project, Tests 1 and 2
关于进度报告--模具设计项目,测试 1 和 2

CC: Robin Lakoff, Supervisor, Quality Control Overview
抄送:罗宾-拉科夫,主管,质量控制概述

Over the past month, we have concentrated on designing molds for the new “Instant Styrofoam” product that is being developed by the Chemical Products Division. We have so far determined that (1) bolts work better than C-clamps as mold fasteners, (2) aluminum is not satisfactory as a material for the molds, and (3) one steel mold design that we tested will not work. We are currently trying to develop another steel mold design which will accommodate the high pressure “Instant Styrofoam” creates as it cures.
在过去的一个月里,我们集中精力为化学产品部正在开发的新型 "速溶发泡胶 "产品设计模具。到目前为止,我们已经确定:(1) 作为模具紧固件,螺栓比 C 形夹更好用;(2) 作为模具材料,铝不令人满意;(3) 我们测试过的一种钢模具设计无法使用。我们目前正在尝试开发另一种钢制模具设计,以适应 "即时发泡胶 "在固化时产生的高压。
This memo will acquaint you with what we have accomplished to date and what we plan to do in order to complete the project.
本备忘录将向您介绍我们迄今为止所取得的成就,以及为完成该项目我们计划开展的工作。

Work Accomplished  已完成的工作

Test 1: Clamping Aluminum Molds
测试 1:夹紧铝制模具

We discovered that standard C-clamps are unsatisfactory, requiring considerable time for opening and closing. We switched to the quick-action-type clamping devices, which did hold the mold closed but which resulted in damage to the molds (the pressure of the foam warped the aluminum plates). Thus, we have eliminated aluminum as a possible material for the molds. (See Appendix A for test results).
我们发现,标准的 C 型夹钳不能令人满意,打开和闭合需要相当长的时间。我们改用了快动式夹具,这种夹具确实能使模具闭合,但却导致模具损坏(泡沫塑料的压力使铝板变形)。因此,我们取消了铝作为模具材料的可能性。(测试结果见附录 A)。

Test 2: Bolting Steel Molds
测试 2:螺栓连接钢模

A prototype mold fastened with bolts and made of 1.25 cm cold-rolled steel plate was constructed and, after one redesign, successfully tested. The first attempt at molding a part resulted in blowing the hinges off the end of the mold. We replaced the hinges and doubled up on the bolts in making a second mold. However, curing pressure caused the plates to deflect 1.25 cm -an unacceptable deviation.
我们用 1.25 厘米的冷轧钢板制作了一个用螺栓固定的原型模具,经过一次重新设计后,成功地进行了测试。第一次尝试成型零件时,铰链从模具末端被炸断。我们更换了铰链,并在制作第二个模具时加倍使用了螺栓。然而,固化压力导致板偏离了 1.25 厘米,这是不可接受的偏差。

Work Remaining  剩余工作

Test 3: Steel Mold Design
测试 3:钢模设计

We would like to continue testing steel molds, to determine whether thicker steel or welded brackets will best stiffen the mold to reduce deflection to within tolerances. We then need to modify the prototype and conduct tests to verify the new design.
我们希望继续测试钢模,以确定加厚钢材或焊接支架是否能最好地加固模具,从而将挠度减小到公差范围内。然后,我们需要修改原型,并进行测试以验证新设计。

Recommendation  建议

Our team will complete Test #3 within two weeks if you can schedule us to work on it exclusively.
如果您能安排我们专门进行测试,我们的团队将在两周内完成测试 #3。

(All three versions of the Buddy McCormick memo were taken and modified from Sullivan, Porter, and Johnson-Eilola’s Professional Writing Online 2.0 published by Allyn & Bacon/Longman.)
(巴迪-麦考密克备忘录的所有三个版本均摘自沙利文、波特和约翰逊-埃罗拉的专业写作在线 2.0,由 Allyn & Bacon/Longman 出版)。

Your task  您的任务

This third version of the memo is much more improved. Please read it carefully and list aspects on which it has been improved.
第三版备忘录有了很大改进。请仔细阅读并列出改进之处。

Chapter 4   第 4 章

Technical Writing Style: Brevity and Clarity
技术写作风格:简洁明了

Contents  目录

CASE … 58  案例 ... 58
GLOSSARY … 59  术语表 ... 59
TASKS … 60  任务 ... 60
Brevity … 60  简洁 ... 60
Clarity … 62  清晰度 ... 62
GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 66
EXERCISES … 66  练习 ... 66
You have been working as a technical writer for a few months now.As the recognized writing expert,you are sometimes asked to help your new colleagues with their writing. Your goal is user or reader-centered prose,which is writing that directly addresses the intended audience,offering specific instructions or guidance on how to perform some specific task in a known context.This kind of writing is often called transactional writing, and good transactional writing is brief,direct,and unambiguous.
作为公认的写作专家,你有时会被要求帮助你的新同事进行写作。 你的目标是以用户或读者为中心的散文,即直接针对目标受众的写作。这种写作通常被称为事务性写作,好的事务性写作简短、直接、明确。
Technical and professional readers are in a hurry.They need to accomplish a specific task, and they are only reading what you've written because they can't accomplish the task without reading what you wrote.Efficient interpretation is therefore your primary goal.
技术和专业读者都很匆忙,他们需要完成特定的任务,而他们之所以阅读你写的内容,是因为如果不阅读你写的内容,他们就无法完成任务。

EXAMPLE  示例

Your colleague who writes for the company blog and who has been tasked with creating a top 10 list of CSS tools sends you the following two paragraphs and asks you to edit them.Knowing your goals are always to be brief,direct,and unambiguous,you read the following several times to make sure you know what the intended audience needs from it, and then you revise accordingly.
你的同事为公司博客撰稿,他的任务是创建 CSS 工具的 10 大列表,他给你发来了以下两段文字,并要求你对其进行修改。 你知道自己的目标始终是简短、直接和明确,因此你阅读了几遍以下文字,以确保你知道目标受众需要什么,然后你对其进行了相应的修改。
BEFORE

Bourbon 是我们为开发人员收集的 10 款最佳 CSS 工具和网络应用程序中的下一款便捷工具。至于 Sass 或语法超棒的样式表,它是一种 CSS 扩展语言,旨在让网站管理员轻松创建高级样式。创建高级样式。(<a href='https://www.sktthemes.org/fyi/best-css-tools-webapps-developers/'>/link</a>)。
The next convenient instrument included in our collection of the 10 best CSS tools and
web apps for developers is Bourbon.You can quickly integrate this tool as a part of your
work and make your digital life much easier with it.
All in all,it's a simple and lightweight SCSS framework for Sass development to
contribute to the modern web design.As for the Sass or syntactically awesome stylesheets,
it is a CSS extension language directed at making it super easy for the webmaster to
create advanced styles.(<a href='https://www.sktthemes.org/fyi/best-css-tools-webapps-
developers/'>/link</a>)
The next convenient instrument included in our collection of the 10 best CSS tools and web apps for developers is Bourbon.You can quickly integrate this tool as a part of your work and make your digital life much easier with it. All in all,it's a simple and lightweight SCSS framework for Sass development to contribute to the modern web design.As for the Sass or syntactically awesome stylesheets, it is a CSS extension language directed at making it super easy for the webmaster to create advanced styles.(<a href='https://www.sktthemes.org/fyi/best-css-tools-webapps- developers/'>/link</a>)| The next convenient instrument included in our collection of the 10 best CSS tools and | | :--- | | web apps for developers is Bourbon.You can quickly integrate this tool as a part of your | | work and make your digital life much easier with it. | | All in all,it's a simple and lightweight SCSS framework for Sass development to | | contribute to the modern web design.As for the Sass or syntactically awesome stylesheets, | | it is a CSS extension language directed at making it super easy for the webmaster to | | create advanced styles.(<a href='https://www.sktthemes.org/fyi/best-css-tools-webapps- | | developers/'>/link</a>) |
AFTER

<一个简单的 SCSS 框架,用于快速创建基于 Sass 的现代网页设计。
<a href='https://www.bourbon.io/'>Bourbon:</a>a simple SCSS framework for quickly
creating Sass-based modern web designs.
<a href='https://www.bourbon.io/'>Bourbon:</a>a simple SCSS framework for quickly creating Sass-based modern web designs.| <a href='https://www.bourbon.io/'>Bourbon:</a>a simple SCSS framework for quickly | | :--- | | creating Sass-based modern web designs. |
BEFORE "The next convenient instrument included in our collection of the 10 best CSS tools and web apps for developers is Bourbon.You can quickly integrate this tool as a part of your work and make your digital life much easier with it. All in all,it's a simple and lightweight SCSS framework for Sass development to contribute to the modern web design.As for the Sass or syntactically awesome stylesheets, it is a CSS extension language directed at making it super easy for the webmaster to create advanced styles.(<a href='https://www.sktthemes.org/fyi/best-css-tools-webapps- developers/'>/link</a>)" AFTER "<a href='https://www.bourbon.io/'>Bourbon:</a>a simple SCSS framework for quickly creating Sass-based modern web designs."| BEFORE | The next convenient instrument included in our collection of the 10 best CSS tools and <br> web apps for developers is Bourbon.You can quickly integrate this tool as a part of your <br> work and make your digital life much easier with it. <br> All in all,it's a simple and lightweight SCSS framework for Sass development to <br> contribute to the modern web design.As for the Sass or syntactically awesome stylesheets, <br> it is a CSS extension language directed at making it super easy for the webmaster to <br> create advanced styles.(<a href='https://www.sktthemes.org/fyi/best-css-tools-webapps- <br> developers/'>/link</a>) | | :---: | :--- | | AFTER | <a href='https://www.bourbon.io/'>Bourbon:</a>a simple SCSS framework for quickly <br> creating Sass-based modern web designs. |

EXPLANATION  说明

The example your colleague gave you is from a list,so it does not need the first sentence because the reader already knows he is reading a list.The numeral 2 says all that. The second sentence is useless: how does Bourbon make digital life easier?What is digital life anyway? Just tell us what Bourbon does and let us decide if we need it.There
你的同事给你举的例子来自一个列表,所以不需要第一句,因为读者已经知道他读的是一个列表。 数字 2 已经说明了一切。 第二句是无用的:Bourbon 如何使数字生活更轻松? 数字生活到底是什么? 告诉我们 Bourbon 有什么作用,让我们决定是否需要它。

are only 4 sentences.You do not need to signal a conclusion.And"all in all"is not the concluding sentence anyway.To improve this chunk,rewrite the third sentence to say everything needs saying.
只有四个句子.你不需要给出结论.而且 "总之 "也不是结论句.要改进这一部分,把第三句写成需要说的一切.
Because your colleague gave you two paragraphs and you are sending back just one sentence,you should check before you send it that your colleague does not have a word count he or she needs to meet.Then you should make sure they understand why you suggested the changes you suggested.You need to be careful that you don't offend someone while just trying to be helpful.
因为你的同事给了你两个段落,而你只发回了一句话,所以在发送之前,你应该确认你的同事没有需要达到的字数。


brief/brif/concise in expression;using few words.Shorter sentences are better than longer ones.Seven to ten words per sentence is a good average.Say only what the intended audience needs to get their job done.简报(内容凝练,语句精炼,每句 7-10 个单词为宜)
简短/精炼/表达简洁;用词少。 短句比长句好。简报(内容凝练,语句精炼,每句 7-10 个单词为宜) .

direct/da'rekt/job done is job one.Focus on the needs of the audience,assume willingness to receive instruction and desire to complete a specific task.The writing should sound businesslike,cheerful, helpful,but task-oriented rather than relationship-oriented。(文风和内容表达方式)直接
注重听众的需求,假定听众愿意接受指导并希望完成特定的任务。写作应该听起来像生意,有礼貌,有帮助,但以任务为导向,而不是以关系为导向。

unambiguous/,^næm'bigjawas/not open to more than one interpretation.Each sentence should be effortlessly meaningful.Don't make your readers calculate,interpret,or have to guess.(信息传达 )毫不含糊的
每个句子都应该毫不费力地意味深长. 不要让你的读者计算,解释,或不得不猜测.(信息传达)毫不含糊的

transactional-task oriented prose/træn'zækfən(ə)1/-/tæsk//' ri ri ri\operatorname{ri}, entəd//provz/
Transactional-task orientated prose/træn'zækfən(ə)1//tæsk/' ri ri ri\operatorname{ri} , entəd/provz/

Poetry is about conspicuous artistry,about sound,affect,and structure.The audience is educated and appreciative.Prose narrative(storytelling)is about creating a scene and placing the audience in it,vicarious experience.The author is important only in so far as he or she is the storyteller.The audience wants to be entertained,transported to another world.Technical and professional writing is transactional.The author is invisible,and the author's goal is to help the audience do their job with the greatest possible efficiency.The audience is busy,trying to complete a task which they would rather complete without having to consult documentation.以任务为导向,高效传递信息的文体
诗歌讲究艺术性,讲究声音、效果和结构,听众是受教育者和欣赏者。散文叙事(讲故事)讲究创造一个场景,让听众身临其境,获得各种体验。技术和专业写作是交易性的。作者是隐形的,作者的目标是帮助受众尽可能高效地完成他们的工作。以任务为导向,高效传递信息的文体。

Technical writing should communicate efficiently.Generally speaking,it takes more time to read ten words than it does to read five,as long as the five words are the right ones.So when you edit,take every opportunity to reduce the number of words.Because shorter sentences can be read more quickly than long ones,consider also shortening each sentence.
一般来说,阅读十个单词比阅读五个单词花费更多的时间,只要这五个单词是正确的。因此,在编辑时,抓住一切机会减少单词数量。

Brevity  简洁

Shorten each sentence to 7 to 10 words.
将每个句子缩短为 7 至 10 个字.

If the meaning requires a complex sentence,one with coordination or subordination,then use a longer sentence.But your goal should be 7 to 10 words per sentence.
如果意思需要一个复杂的句子,一个有协调或从属关系的句子,那就用一个较长的句子。
Truncate redundant expressions.
截断多余的表达式.

Your goal is to use the fewest possible words.If a word or phrase doesn't add to the meaning or if that meaning is already contained in another word or phrase,remove it.
如果一个单词或短语没有增加意思,或者这个意思已经包含在另一个单词或短语中,就去掉它。

a bolt of lightning-lightning(delete unnecessary adjectives)
一道闪电--闪电(删除多余的形容词)

a distance of 10 km - 10 km (distance is measured in km .No need to say both)
10 km - 10 km (距离以 km 为单位) .

absolute last-last(superlatives don't take modifiers.Delete.)
绝对最后(形容词不带修饰语. 删除.)

added bonus - bonus (both words say the same thing. Use one)
added bonus - bonus(两个词说的是同一件事,用一个词)

adequate enough - adequate (both words say the same thing. Use one)
adequate enough - adequate(两个词说的是同一件事,用一个词)

Use verbs or adjectives instead of noun phrases.
用动词或形容词代替名词短语。

Verbosity is inefficient because a reader has to read many words to find just one idea. The phrases in the examples below use two or three words to do what the one verb or noun does on its own.
动词性是低效的,因为读者必须阅读许多单词才能找到一个意思。下面例子中的短语用两三个词来完成一个动词或名词的作用。

an emphasis - emphasize
强调 - 强调

appearance of - appear
出现 - 出现

in agreement with - agree
同意 - 同意

argumentation about - argument
论证 - 论点

at risk of — risk
濒危 - 风险

by the repetition of - repeat
通过重复 - 重复

came to the realization - realized
意识到--意识到

conducted an experiment - experimented
进行实验 - 实验

conducted an investigation - investigated
进行调查 - 调查

discussion of - discuss
讨论 - 讨论

explorations of - explored
探索 - 已探索

rate of success - success rate
成功率 - 成功率

without fear - fearlessly
无畏--无所畏惧

Use word instead of phrase (description or definition) whenever the audience will understand
在听众能够理解的情况下,使用单词而不是短语(描述或定义)。
Original: Three hundred and sixty five degrees
原件:三百六十五度三百六十五度

Revised: A circle  已修订:一个圆圈
Original: Boiling point of water
原创:水的沸点

Revised: 100 degrees  修订:100 度
Original: North America above the 49th parallel
原件:北纬 49 度线以上的北美洲北纬 49 度线以上的北美洲

Revised: Canada  已修订:加拿大
Original: A disk made of vulcanized rubber used like a ball in a game played on skates
原形:用硫化橡胶制成的圆盘,在穿溜冰鞋进行的游戏中像球一样使用

with sticks  带棍子
Revised:A hockey puck  修订:冰球
Original:High-quality learning environments are a necessary precondition for facilitation and enhancement of the ongoing learning process.
原文:高质量的学习环境是促进和提高持续学习过程的必要前提。
Revised:Good schools are prerequisite for learning.
修订:好学校是学习的前提。

Replace any general words with specific ones because they are easier to understand and remember.But be careful.Use a thesaurus to verify that the more specific word is the right one.Notice how in the warning above I used the word"careful"and then specified how to be careful by using a thesaurus."Careful"is a general word.Using a thesaurus is a specific way of being careful.I could have revised that pair of sentences into just one-Use a thesaurus...
用具体的词代替笼统的词,因为它们更容易理解和记忆.但要小心.使用词库来验证更具体的词是否是正确的词.注意在上面的警告中,我使用了 "小心 "这个词,然后具体说明了如何通过使用词库来小心.小心 "是一个笼统的词. 使用词库是小心的具体方法.
Delete vague words such as looks[how?],works[what kind?how well?],it[what ?],this [what?],a number[how many?],ability[what kind?],around[quantify],aspect[which one?], about[how much exactly?],area[geography or geometry?],bad[how?why?],better[than what?by how much?],help[how?],important[in what way?],increase[how much?],less[how much?],some[how many?],some people[who exactly?],and strange[in what way?]
删去含糊不清的词语,如貌似[怎么?多少?],ability[what kind?],around[quantify],aspect[what one?],about[how much exactly?或几何?],由[多少?],etter[than what? by how much?],help[ how?],important[ in what way?],increase[ how much?],less[ how much?],some[ how many?],some people[who exactly?],and strange[ in what way?]
Use concrete words instead of abstract ones whenever possible.
尽可能使用具体的词语,而不是抽象的词语.

Sometimes when we can't think of a word,we describe the object we can't name.That's fine for a draft and if the audience doesn't know the term.A description is fine,but if the audience knows the terminology,find the right word.
有时,当我们想不出一个词时,我们就描述我们无法命名的对象。这对草稿来说没有问题,如果听众不知道这个词,描述也可以,但如果听众知道这个术语,那就找到正确的词。

Clarity  清晰度

A clear sentence is one that can be interpreted in only one way.There is nothing in the words chosen or the structure used that makes a reader have to stop to think or interpret."Clarity" is really a metaphor,one that suggests words are like windows on the world.You want your windows clean and transparent,incapable of distorting or coloring the content.
清晰 "实际上是一个比喻,意指文字就像世界的窗户,你希望你的窗户干净、透明,不能扭曲或玷污内容。

Be direct  要直接

Get right to the point.The most efficient method is to construct sentences that are in subject/verb /object order.The subject should be concrete,a person or a thing.If the subject is a concept,
最有效的方法是按主语/副词/宾语的顺序造句,主语应该是具体的,一个人或一件事。

and so it can’t be concrete, then make sure it is specific.
因此不能具体化,那就确保具体化。

Original: One of the main cons of technology integration in the classroom is cheating becomes easier via technology.
原创:将技术融入课堂的主要弊端之一是,通过技术作弊变得更加容易。
Revised: Technology in the classroom makes cheating easier.
已修订:课堂技术让作弊更容易

Avoid opening a sentence with a prepositional phrase.
避免用介词短语开头。

Efficiency is your goal. If you start with a prepositional phrase, your readers have to search for the subject of the sentence. Start with what is most important.
效率是你的目标。如果以介词短语开头,读者就必须寻找句子的主语。从最重要的内容开始。
Original: In their plans for houses, there are brick walls that are often reinforced with stainless steel by architects because of stainless steel’s resistance to the effects of the weather.
原创:在房屋设计图中,建筑师通常会用不锈钢来加固砖墙,因为不锈钢具有耐候性。
Revised: Architects often choose to reinforce brick with stainless steel because it resists corrosion.
已修订:建筑师通常会选择用不锈钢加固砖块,因为不锈钢具有抗腐蚀性。
Avoid opening a sentence with a reference to the subject of a previous sentence (this, that, as was just mentioned). Because technical and professional writing is task-oriented, repetition is better than variation for variety’s sake.
避免在开头提到前一句的主题(这个、那个、刚才提到的)。因为技术和专业写作是以任务为导向的,所以重复比为了多样化而变化要好。
Original: This problem is created by the inability for students to have a forum where they can search for and find cheaper and up-to-date textbooks.
原来是这样:造成这一问题的原因是,学生无法在论坛上搜索并找到更便宜的最新教科书。
Revised: The artificially inflated prices of used textbooks are caused by a lack of competition among resellers.
已修订:二手教科书价格被人为抬高的原因是转售商之间缺乏竞争。

Avoid opening a sentence with "There is" or "There are" unless the existence of the
避免用 "有 "或 "有 "作为开头语,除非该句子中存在

subject matters more than the subject itself.
Original: There are many people who fear success because these are people who believe they do not deserve it.
原创:有很多人害怕成功,因为他们认为自己不配获得成功。
Revised: Many people fear success because they believe they do not deserve it.
已修订:许多人害怕成功,因为他们认为自己配不上成功。

Original: There is a presidential appeal being made to the American people for the conservation of gasoline.
原文总统呼吁美国人民节约汽油。
Revised: The President asks Americans to conserve gasoline.
已修订:总统要求美国人节约汽油。

Use active voice unless you need to use passive voice
使用主动语态,除非需要使用被动语态

Passive voice sentences are often harder to interpret because who is doing what to whom is unclear. Also, passive voice doesn’t attribute responsibility for whatever action is taking place. Avoiding responsibility can be important in some situations and in those situations the passive
被动语态的句子通常较难解释,因为谁对谁做了什么并不清楚。此外,被动语态不会对正在发生的任何行为归咎责任。在某些情况下,回避责任可能很重要,而在这些情况下,被动语态

voice is appropriate.  声音适当.
Original:The group's failure was the result of the way the chairman decided to submit his resignation.
原文:集团的失败是董事长决定提交辞呈的方式造成的。
Revised:The group failed because the chairman resigned the way he did.
修改:集团失败是因为董事长辞职的方式。

Use the verb"to be"and its conjugations only when necessary.The existence of the subject is more important than the subject itself.
只有在必要时才使用动词 "to be "及其变位。主语的存在比主语本身更重要。
Original:Effective speakers offer evidence to support the promises and assertions being made.
原文:有效的发言人提供证据来支持自己的承诺和主张。
Revised:Effective speakers support their promises and assertions with evidence.
修订:有效的发言人用证据支持他们的承诺和断言。

Original:The software is confusing.
原文:软件令人困惑.

Revised:The software confuses me.[Notice how these similar sentences mean very different things.]
修改:这个软件让我很困惑.[注意这些相似的句子是如何表达截然不同的意思的.]
Consider replacing auxiliary verbs(such as,make,give,put,help)with a main verb because often you will end up with a shorter,more efficient sentence.
考虑用主要动词代替助动词(如:做、给、放、帮),因为这样往往会使句子更简短、更有效。
Original:We need to make a change in the way we handle new technology when we make a decision of its incorporation.
原文:当我们决定采用新技术时,我们需要改变处理新技术的方式。
Revised:We need to change the way we choose technological solutions.
修订:我们需要改变选择技术解决方案的方式.

Original:People should give law enforcement their full support.
原标题:人民应全力支持执法工作.

Revised:People should fully support law enforcement.
修改:人民应全力支持执法.

Disambiguate  消除歧义

Use common words,words that have only one meaning or which can only be interpreted in one way given the context.Define technical terms before using them.Don't use synonyms, stick to the same word.
使用常用词,即只有一个意思或根据上下文只能有一种解释的词.在使用专业术语之前先确定其定义.不要使用同义词,坚持使用同一个词.
Write the full expression and place the acronym in round brackets the first time you use it. Then use the acronym.
第一次使用时,写出完整的表达式,并将首字母缩略词放在圆括号中. 然后使用首字母缩略词.
Specify and quantify whenever possible.Instead of saying"some distance",say how far exactly.Instead of saying"many things",list as many things as a user needs to get the general idea.
不要说 "有一段距离",而是说具体有多远。 不要说 "有很多东西",而是尽可能多地列出用户需要的东西,以便用户了解大意。

Use positive rather than negative expressions
使用积极而非消极的表达方式

Original:Don't use the verb"to be"and its conjugations unnecessarily.
原文:不要不必要地使用动词 "to be "及其变位。
Revised: Use the verb to be and its conjugations only when necessary.
已修订:仅在必要时使用动词 to be 及其变位。

Leave no reasonable question unanswered.
不回答任何合理的问题。

Original: Something that every student has to do at least once a week is dedicating a day to do their laundry.
原创:每个学生每周至少要做一件事,那就是抽出一天时间洗衣服。
Revised: Students should launder their clothes weekly.
已修订:学生应每周清洗衣物。

Use helpful subject headings. A subject heading can focus the reader’s attention on the important details and accelerate understanding. Consider the following example:
使用有用的主题标题。主题标题可以将读者的注意力集中在重要细节上,加快理解。请看下面的例子:
Original:  原创:
It is a game played by two or more people with a small leather ball. The object is to keep the ball off the ground. You can use any part of your body. But you can’t use your hands. Hands are forbidden, and the penalty for using them is banishment from the circle. For the best players, just keeping the ball off the ground and the game going isn’t enough. They want to show off their skill, flexibility and balance.
这是一种两人或多人玩的小皮球游戏。游戏的目的是让球不落地。您可以使用身体的任何部位。但不能用手。手是被禁止的,用手的惩罚是被驱逐出圈。对于最优秀的球员来说,仅仅让球离地和比赛继续是不够的。他们想展示自己的技巧、灵活性和平衡性
What is “it”? It’s unclear.
什么是 "它"?不清楚。

Revised:  已修订:
Hacky Sack is a game played with a small leather ball.
Hacky Sack 是一种用小皮球玩的游戏。

If you want to explain Hacky Sack to a person who might know the game, the subject heading alone will be enough to efficiently orient the reader to the description - the reader wouldn’t have to puzzle over what “it” meant, but if you know the audience will be unfamiliar with the subject, liken it to something familiar.
如果你想向一个可能知道 "哈奇沙克 "游戏的人解释 "哈奇沙克",那么单单标题就足以让读者有效地了解描述的方向--读者不必费力去猜测 "它 "是什么意思,但如果你知道听众不熟悉这个主题,那么就把它比作熟悉的事物。
Revised:  已修订:
A Game Like Jianzi
像剑子一样的游戏

Whereas Jianzi is played with a heavy shuttle cock, Hacky Sack is a game played with a small, light leather ball.
健子是用沉重的毽子玩的,而哈克萨克则是用轻巧的小皮球玩的。
Chunking - a dish is easier to remember than a shopping list
分块 - 菜肴比购物清单更容易记忆

Patterns are easier to remember than items. So if you want to make a meal, for example, and you need to go shopping for the ingredients, it is easier to remember the dishes you want to make than it is the list of ingredients you need for each dish. The idea of the dish contains the list of necessary ingredients.
模式比项目更容易记忆。例如,如果你想做一顿饭,需要去买食材,那么记住你想做的菜肴比记住每道菜所需的食材清单要容易得多。菜肴的构思包含所需的配料清单。
Similarly, acronyms are easier to remember than phrases.
同样,缩略语比短语更容易记忆。

Light amplification by simulated emission of radiation - laser.
通过模拟辐射发射进行光放大 - 激光。
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus-scuba gear.
自给式水下呼吸器--水肺装备.

Rather than asking readers to remember a lot of little things,give them one big thing that contains each of the things they need in an easy to locate format.
与其让读者记住一大堆小东西,不如给他们一个大东西,以方便查找的形式包含他们需要的每样东西。


\square Is the average sentence length between 7 and 10 words?
\square 平均句子长度在 7 到 10 个单词之间吗?

\square Does each sentence start with the subject?Is the subject concrete or at least specific?
\square 每个句子是否都以主语开头? 主语是否具体或至少明确?

\square Have you replaced all noun phrases with appropriate verbs?
\square 你是否用适当的动词替换了所有的名词短语?

\square Have you used the passive voice wisely?
\square 你是否明智地使用了被动语态?

\square Is each word the right word-specific and precise?
\square 每个词是否具体准确?

\square Have you eliminated all unnecessary words?
\square 您是否删除了所有不必要的词语?

\square Have you answered all the questions the readers would have in the order they would need them answered in?
\square 您是否按照读者需要的顺序回答了他们的所有问题?

1.Rewrite the following sentences to enhance brevity or clarity.
1.重写下列句子,使之更简洁或更清楚.

a.Fuel cost savings were achieved through the installation of thermal insulation.
a.通过安装隔热材料节省了燃料成本。
c. Our team won the contract after we submitted the proposal. It was a big one.
c. 我们的团队在提交提案后赢得了合同。这是一份大合同。

d. Computer programs that produce errors consistently require regular maintenance.
d. 持续出错的计算机程序需要定期维护。

e. There are three things that you need to remember before getting off: shut the window, lock the door, and bring your luggage.
e. 下车前要记住三件事:关窗、锁门、带好行李。

2. Without naming it, describe a task that most people will be familiar with and then give it to another student to see how long it takes him or her to identify the task. Now, make the name of the task the title of the piece. See how much more quickly it communicates.
2.在不点名的情况下,描述一项大多数人都熟悉的任务,然后把它交给另一名学生,看他或她需要多长时间才能确定任务。现在,把任务的名称作为文章的标题。看看它的传播速度有多快。

3. Lisa works in the marketing department at a home appliance company. She is writing a short pitch for the newly launched shared kitchen. Please help her revise the first draft. You may pay attention to conciseness and correctness.
3.丽莎在一家家电公司的市场部工作。她正在为新推出的共享厨房撰写一份简短的宣传材料。请帮她修改初稿。您可以注意简洁和正确性。
On behalf of my team, it’s a delight for me to introduce you the new product that is worthy of developing and promoting.
我很高兴代表我的团队向你们介绍值得开发和推广的新产品。
The product I would like to introduce is shared kitchens. The kitchen will be approximately one hundred and a half square meters with five complete set of cooking utensils and all kinds of electric appliances including blenders, microwaves, ovens, dishwashers and every other cooking appliances you can think of. Also, a bakery area will be provided, where people can spend a nice weekend morning here enjoying baking with friends. People will pay each time before they enter the kitchen or they can apply for a month card or year card if they will use the kitchen regularly. The price will not be much higher than their parking fee, and if they apply for a month or year card, it would be even cheaper. In this case, young people with low incomes will be willing to use the shared kitchen more frequently. Besides, we also provide cooking class with extra
我要介绍的产品是共享厨房。厨房面积约为一百五十平方米,配有五套完整的烹饪用具和各种电器,包括搅拌机、微波炉、烤箱、洗碗机和其他所有你能想到的烹饪用具。此外,还将提供一个烘焙区,人们可以在这里与朋友一起享受烘焙的乐趣,度过一个美好的周末早晨。人们每次进入厨房前都要付费,如果经常使用厨房,还可以申请月卡或年卡。价格不会比停车费高很多,如果办理月卡或年卡,价格会更便宜。在这种情况下,低收入的年轻人会更愿意使用共享厨房。此外,我们还提供额外的烹饪课程。

charge if they want to learn to cook,which means we have two approaches to make profits.Why do we think that shared kitchens will succeed?With the rapid development of the society,many people,especially young people lead a busy life with fast pace.In this case,they don't have time to cook every day.Moreover,many of them may rent a small or mini apartment to live in.And chances are that they may not have a kitchen in their apartment.Even if they do have a kitchen,those busy young people won't purchase a complete set of cooking utensils because it's unnecessary for people who don't cook very often to spend so much money on cooking utensils or electric appliances.But what if they want to enjoy the fun of cooking once in a while?A shared kitchen in the public area of the apartment would be a perfect solution.
为什么说共享厨房会成功呢? 随着社会的快速发展,很多人,尤其是年轻人生活节奏加快,工作繁忙。在这种情况下,他们没有时间每天做饭. 此外,他们中的许多人可能会租用小型或迷你公寓居住.即使他们有厨房,这些忙碌的年轻人也不会购买全套炊具,因为不经常做饭的人没必要花那么多钱买炊具。但如果他们想偶尔享受一下烹饪的乐趣呢?在公寓的公共区域设置一个共用厨房将是一个完美的解决方案。
Compared with other shared products,shared kitchens are more of a positive life attitude.In the shared kitchens,people can slow down a little bit to enjoy their lives.And that will certainly attract people who are eager to find an outlet in their busy life.This is why shared kitchens will prevail in similar products.I believe shared kitchens will be a dark horse in the market and it will be worthwhile to be invested in.
与其他共享产品相比,共享厨房更多的是一种积极的生活态度,在共享厨房里,人们可以放慢一点脚步,享受生活,这必然会吸引那些渴望在忙碌的生活中找到出口的人们,这也是为什么共享厨房会在同类产品中大行其道的原因。

Chapter 5  第 5 章

Communicating through Visual Elements
通过视觉元素进行交流

Contents  目录

CASE … 70  案例 ... 70
GLOSSARY … 78  术语表 ... 78
TASKS … 79  任务 ... 79
Tables, charts, and graphs … 79
表格、图表和图形 ... 79

Infographics … 87  信息图表 ... 87
Mind Maps … 100
思维导图 ... 100

LANGUAGE FOCUS … 101
语言重点 ... 101

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 102
EXERCISES … 103  练习 ... 103
Context  背景
You're a new graduate instructor in English at your university and will be teaching English 1101,English Composition I,for the first time.With the COVID-19 pandemic situation,your composition class will be fully online,with no face-to-face meetings.
在 COVID-19 大流行的情况下,您的作文课将完全在线,没有面对面的会议。

Your Task  您的任务

Before semester starts,you're to design a syllabus and put it online.You have the option to design a traditional syllabus,as in Figure 1.
学期开始前,您需要设计教学大纲并将其放到网上。您可以选择设计传统教学大纲,如图 1 所示。

ENGLISH 1101,ENGLISH COMPOSITION I SYLLABUS
英语 1101,英语作文 I 教学大纲

Course Iexts  课程摘要

1.Singer,Mart,\&Minardi,Cara.(Eds.)(2008).First Ersans A Peer Approach to Freshman composttion Plymouth,Michigan Hayden Mcleil.
1.Singer,Mart,&Minardi,Cara.(Eds.)(2008). First Ersans A Peer Approach to Freshman composttion Plymouth,Michigan Hayden Mcleil.

2.Lunsford,Andrea(2005).The Every don Triter,Zrd Edition(Georgia State Chiversity Edition). Boston:Bedford St.Martin's
2.Lunsford,Andrea(2005). Every don Triter,Zrd Edition(Georgia State Chiversity Edition). Boston:Bedford St.

Course Goals  课程目标

This course is designed to increase the student's ability to construct untten prose of various kinds.It focuses on methods of organization,analysis,research skills,and the production of short expository essays,readings consider issues of cortemporary social and cultural concem.A passing grade is C C CC
本课程旨在提高学生撰写各种散文的能力,重点是组织方法、分析、研究技巧和短文的写作,阅读内容涉及当代社会和文化问题。

By the end of the course,you are expected to be able to
课程结束时,您应该能够

=Engage in wnting as a process,including tanous invention heunstics(brainstorming,for example), gathering evidence,considering audience,drafting,re tising,editing,and proofreading,
=把写作作为一个过程,包括探究发明创造(头脑风暴,例如)、收集证据、考虑受众、起草、编辑、校对等。

Z Z ZZ Engage in the collaborative,social aspects of uriting,and use writing as a tool for learning,
Z Z ZZ 参与协作,将写作作为学习的一种工具。

Z Use language to explore and analyze contemporary multicultural,global,and intemational questions,
Z 运用语言探索和分析当代多元文化、全球和国际问题。

Demonstrate how to use unting aids,such as handbooks,detionaries,online aids,and tutors. Gather,summanze,s.nthesize,and explain information from various sources,
演示如何使用教学辅助工具,如手册、词典、在线辅助工具和辅导员。 收集、汇总、分析和解释各种来源的信息。

-Use grammatical,stylistic,and mechanical formats and conventions appropriate for a variety of audiences,
-使用适合不同受众的语法、文体、机械格式和惯例。

-Critique your oun and others work in written and oral formats,
-以书面和口头形式批判自己和他人的作品。

-Produce coherent,organized,readable prose for a variety of rhetorical situations,and
-针对各种修辞情况,写出连贯、有条理、可读性强的散文,以及

-Reflect on what contributed to your unting process and evaluate your oun work.
-反思是什么促成了你的选择过程,并对你的工作进行评价。
However,you also realize that this generation of college students are a visually-oriented generation,more so than any of the previous generations.In addition,the online delivery mode of the class also demands that whatever you design should be visually appealing and
不过,你也意识到,这一代大学生是注重视觉效果的一代,比前几代人都更注重视觉效果。 此外,在线授课模式也要求你的设计必须具有视觉吸引力,并能在课堂上与学生互动。

engaging. So, you’re thinking: how can I design a non-traditional syllabus that incorporates more visual elements?
吸引人。那么,你一定在想:我怎样才能设计出一个融入更多视觉元素的非传统教学大纲呢?

A Sample Infographic Syllabus
信息图表教学大纲样本

Danielle Garner, a PhD student in Rhetoric and Composition and a graduate instructor in the composition program, uses a unique and effective approach: she designed an infographic syllabus.
丹妮尔-加纳(Danielle Garner)是修辞与写作专业的博士生,也是写作课程的研究生导师,她采用了一种独特而有效的方法:她设计了一个信息图表教学大纲。
Rhargaa State Unurreaty Iall 2020 Sylature  Rhargaa State Unurreaty Iall  2020  Sylature  " Rhargaa State Unurreaty Iall "2020" Sylature "\text { Rhargaa State Unurreaty Iall } 2020 \text { Sylature }

ENGLISH COMPOSITION IIOI
英语作文 IIOI


This course is designed to increase the student’s ability construct written prose of various kinds. It focuses on methods of ordanization, analysis, research skills, and the production of short expository essays. Readings consider issues of contemporary social and cultural concern. A passing grade is a C
本课程旨在提高学生创作各类书面散文的能力。其重点是条理化方法、分析、研究技能和短篇说明文的写作。阅读内容涉及当代社会和文化关注的问题。及格分数为 C

MESSAGE  留言

We are going to do a lot of writing in this course. My philosophy is that the more you write the more proficient you will become. What you learn in this course can help you with writing in your other academic classes, with writing in your chosen career or workplace, and with community work or personal writing tasks. Communicating effectively through writing is an invaluable skill. You will be able to draw on your own experiences and interests throughout the course and I will introduce you to other ideas and approaches to those ideas. In addition, we will use technology to accomplish our writing tasks. These technology skills are also transferable to your other courses and your chosen career
在本课程中,我们将进行大量写作。我的理念是,你写得越多,你就会变得越熟练。在本课程中学到的知识可以帮助你在其他学术课程中进行写作,在你选择的职业或工作场所中进行写作,以及完成社区工作或个人写作任务。通过写作进行有效沟通是一项宝贵的技能。在整个课程中,你可以利用自己的经验和兴趣,我也会向你介绍其他的想法和方法。此外,我们还将使用技术来完成写作任务。这些技术技能也可以运用到你的其他课程和你选择的职业中。

OFFICE DAY  办公日
Tuesdays or by appointment
每周二或预约


EMAIL dgarner18@gsu.edu  电子邮件 dgarner18@gsu.edu
CLASSROOM  教室
Classroom South  教室南侧
411
1:15-3:15
OFFICE  办公室

WebEx via iCollege  通过 iCollege 的 WebEx

Sign-up  注册
[?
CLASS TIME  上课时间
W 3:30-4:45
icon for Grou CD:
Grou CD 的图标:

CLASS TIME  上课时间
MW 3:30-4:45  周一 3:30-4:45
k icon for Grou
k 群组图标

(Click icon for Groups)
(点击图标查看小组)

LEARNING  学习

  • Engage in writing as a process, including various invention heuristics (brainstorming, for example), gathering evidence, considering audience, dratting. revising, editing, and proofreading.
    将写作作为一个过程,包括各种发明启发法(例如头脑风暴)、收集证据、考虑受众、写作、修改、编辑和校对。
  • Engage in the collaborative, social aspects of written composition, and use these as tools for learning.
    参与书面写作的协作和社交活动,并将其作为学习工具。
  • Use language to explore and analyze contemporary multicultural, global, and international questions.
    使用语言探索和分析当代多元文化、全球和国际问题。
  • Demonstrate how to use composition aids, such as handbooks, dictionaries, online aids, and tutors.
    演示如何使用作文辅助工具,如手册、字典、在线辅助工具和辅导员。
  • Gather, summarize, synthesize and explain information from various sources.
    收集、总结、归纳和解释各种来源的信息。
Use grammatical, stylistic, and mechanical formats and conventions appropriate for a variety of audiences, but in particular the formal academic audience that makes up the discourse community with which you will also become more familiar in this course.
使用适合各种受众的语法、文体和机械格式和惯例,尤其是正式的学术受众,他们构成了本课程中您也将更加熟悉的话语社区。
  • Critique your and others’ work in written, visual and oral formats.
    以书面、视觉和口头形式评论自己和他人的作品。
  • Produce coherent, organized, readable compositions for a variety of rhetorical situations.
    针对各种修辞情况,写出连贯、有条理、可读性强的作文。
  • Reflect on what contributed to your composition process and evaluate your own work.
    反思是什么促成了你的创作过程,并对自己的作品进行评价。
Danielle Garner’s Infographic Syllabus Part 1
丹妮尔-加纳的信息图表提纲第 1 部分

(Source: https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final; used with permission from Danielle Garner)
(资料来源:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;经 Danielle Garner 授权使用)

COMMUNICATION  沟通

Communication is important,especially with a mainly online class!
沟通很重要,特别是对于以在线学习为主的班级而言
Below are a few things to keep in mind when contacting me.
以下是与我联系时需要注意的一些事项。

1.Only email dgarner18@gsu.edu and only use your student email to contact me!This is GSU policy.I will not respond if you aren't using the proper email addresses.
1.只能发邮件到 dgarner18@gsu.edu,并且只能用你的学生邮箱联系我!这是 GSU 的规定。 如果你没有使用正确的邮箱地址,我将不会回复你。
2.Do not message me through iCollege.I'm horrendous at checking those,and I don't want to miss you reaching out.
2.请不要通过 iCollege 给我发消息,我不擅长查看这些消息,而且我不想错过你的联系。
3.Schedule a virtual meeting through WebEx!Oftentimes,speaking with me face-to-face can really help clarify issues.Based off of past classes,students that stay in contact with me and reach out when they need help often do well in my course.
3.通过 WebEx 安排虚拟会议!很多时候,与我面对面交谈确实有助于澄清问题。 根据以往的课程,与我保持联系并在需要帮助时主动联系我的学生往往在我的课程中表现出色。
4.Also,since I will only be seeing you guys twice a month,I would love to see your faces!So again,schedule a virtual meeting!
4.另外,由于我每个月只能见你们两次,我很想看看你们的脸!所以,还是那句话,安排一次虚拟会议吧!"。
5.You can refer to me as Ms.Garner or Ms.G,whichever you prefer! Just not"Yo,Teach!"or"Hey,You!"
5.你可以叫我 "Garner 女士 "或 "G.女士",随你喜欢!但不能叫 "Yo,Teach!"或 "Hey,You!
6.When emailing me,always ask some type of question if you would like a response.If there is no question,I will just assume you are telling me something that requires no response.I receive a lot of emails each day,so I need some way of knowing what I need to respond to.
6.给我发邮件时,如果你想得到回复,一定要问一些问题,如果没有问题,我就认为你是在告诉我一些不需要回复的事情。 我每天都会收到很多邮件,所以我需要一些方法来知道我需要回复什么。

7.I rarely check my emails on weekends,so if you don't receive a response,don't worry.I will get to the following Monday.We all need some type of break.
7.我很少在周末查看我的电子邮件,所以如果你没有收到回复,不要担心,我会在下周一给你回复的。
8.I'm usually really quick to reply to emails,so expect some type of response within 24 hours.However,my response to your question may be something that I believe the entire class needs to know,so you may not get an individual response.
8.我通常会很快回复电子邮件,因此希望在 24 小时内得到某种类型的回复。但是,我对您的问题的回复可能是我认为全班都需要知道的内容,因此您可能不会得到单独的回复。
9.My main mode of communication is email and iCollege Announcements.So,check your emails DAILY!I have my emails come directly to my phone.That is the BEST way to stay updated with any of your courses.
9.我的主要通信方式是电子邮件和 iCollege Announcements.所以,每天检查您的电子邮件!我的电子邮件直接发送到我的手机上。
10.I have an"open door"policy,which means you can always come to me with questions.I will gladly answer them to the best of my ability.
10.我有一项 "开放 "政策,这意味着你可以随时向我提出问题。

ENGLISH MAJORS  英文专业

The English department at GSU requires an exit portolio of all students graduating with a degree in English.Ideally,students should work on this every semester,selecting 1-2 papers from each course in the major and revising them,with direction from faculty members.The portfolio includes revised work and a reflective essay about what you've learned.
GSU 的英语系要求所有英语专业毕业的学生提交一份毕业作品集(outcome portolio)。

Each concentration(literature,creative writing,rhetoric/composition, and secondary education)within the major has specific items to place in the portfolio,so be sure to download the packet from the English department website.
每个专业(文学、创意写作、修辞学/作文、中学教育)都有特定的项目需要放入作品集,因此请务必从英语系网站下载该资料包。
The Senior Porffolio is due at the midpoint of the semester you intend to graduate.Please check the university's academic calendar for that date.Please direct questions about your portfolio to the instructor of your senior seminar or to Dr.Mark Noble,Director of Undergraduate Studies.
有关作品集的问题,请直接向您的高级研讨班教师或本科生研究主任 Mark Noble 博士咨询。

I won't know if you're confused if you don't tell me.There are no stupid questions.And if you are confused,I can almost 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% guarantee you someone else is confused as well.
如果你不告诉我,我就不知道你是否感到困惑。没有愚蠢的问题。如果你感到困惑,我几乎可以 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% 向你保证别人也感到困惑。
Danielle Garner's Infographic Syllabus Part 2
丹妮尔-加纳的信息图表提纲第 2 部分

(Source:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;used with permission from Danielle Garner)
(来源:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;经 Danielle Garner 授权使用)。

Click Image to purchase through GSU Bookstore
点击图片通过 GSU 书店购买

Lopez, Elizabeth Sanders, Andrea Jurievic, and Megan E. Malone. Guide to First-Year Writing for English 1101. Top Hat Ed, Fountainhead, 2020. ISBN 9781644852882
Lopez, Elizabeth Sanders, Andrea Jurievic, and Megan E. Malone.英语 1101》一年级写作指南。Top Hat Ed,Fountainhead,2020。订货号 9781644852882
Click here to purchase through TopHat with Join Code. Join Code: 286755
点击此处使用加盟代码通过 TopHat 购买。加盟代码 286755

Laptop, Tablet, or Smartphone
笔记本电脑、平板电脑或智能手机

equipment. Click Here! You will need some type of device when classes (laptop preferred)!
设备。点击此处!上课时,您需要一些设备(最好是笔记本电脑)!

Google Docs  谷歌文档
Internet Access  互联网接入

[C]#C

REQUIRED TEXT  必填文本

STUDENT EXPECTATIONS  学生期望

Ask questions anytime  随时提问
you need to. Your
您需要您的

instructor is happy to
教员乐于

connect via email, virtual
通过电子邮件、虚拟

office hours, or web
办公时间或网络

meetings  会议
  • Schedule an individual appointment to discuss details of your coursework, grades, accommodations, or any
    安排个人预约,讨论您的课业、成绩、住宿或任何其他问题。

  • Check iCollege and email daily for any
    每天查看 iCollege 和电子邮件,以了解任何

    class updates  班级更新
  • Our main mode of instruction will be online with required in-person class. See the Google Doc for Group designation and class attendance days
    我们的主要教学模式是在线授课,但也有必要的面授课程。有关小组指定和上课天数,请参阅 Google 文档。
  • Review all modules immediately when posted in case you have any questions about that week’s activities
    发布所有模块后,立即查看,以防对该周的活动有任何疑问
  • Active participation in blended classes means regular, meaningful contributions . to our class discussion board and providing peer feedback on daily writing and projects as assigned. All of which are expected and integral to success in the course.
    积极参与混合式课堂意味着定期在班级讨论板上发表有意义的意见,并就日常写作和指定项目提供同伴反馈。所有这些都是我们所期望的,也是课程成功不可或缺的一部分。
Danielle Garner’s Infographic Syllabus Part 3
丹妮尔-加纳的信息图表提纲第 3 部分

(Source: https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final; used with permission from Danielle Garner)
(资料来源:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;经 Danielle Garner 授权使用)

Students are expected to attend their assigned in-person class sessions(see iCollege communication about your assigned group and time/day).Students may not attend a class session they are not assigned to attend.On the first day of in-person class, students should sit only in seats indicated by a blue GSU"sit here"label.Instructors will then create a seating chart.Students should sit in their assigned seats for each in-person class session.If a student becomes ill,the seating chart will heip identify those who may have been in close contact.
学生应参加指定的面授课程(请查看 iCollege 的通知,了解指定的小组和时间/天)。如果有学生生病,座位表将帮助识别可能曾密切接触过的学生。
Students who are unable to attend classes in-person should work with their academic advisers to build a schedule of fully online classes.Students who need accommodations for a disability should contact the Access and Accommodations Center at https:llaccess.gsu.edu/.Additional information about accommodations ay be found below.
无法亲自到校上课的学生应与他们的学术顾问合作,制定完全在线的课程表。 因残疾而需要住宿的学生应联系访问和住宿中心,网址为 https:llaccess.gsu.edu/。 有关住宿的其他信息请参见下文。

STUDENT ILLNESS  学生病

If a student develops a fever,cough or shortness of breath they should stay at home,not go to class or work,and stay away from other people.If a student becomes sick or is required to quarantine during the semester,they should notify their instructor as soon as possible.The student will work with the instructor to develop a plan to complete the necessary course content,activities,and assessments in order to meet the course student learning outcomes.
如果学生发烧、咳嗽或呼吸急促,他们应该呆在家里,不要去上课或工作,并远离其他人。 如果学生在学期中生病或被要求隔离,他们应该尽快通知教师。 学生将与教师一起制定计划,完成必要的课程内容、活动和评估,以达到课程的学生学习成果。
Students in residence halls who report an infection will be asked to return home.For those unable to do so,GSU will provide a sequestered area that will
对于无法回家的学生,格拉斯哥大学将提供一个隔离区,以确保他们的安全。

allow residential students to isolate while infected.
允许住校生在感染时进行隔离.

MENTAL HEALTH  精神健康

As your instructor,your mental health is one of my number one priorities.We are in trying times currently, which is a lot for anyone!But just know,I AM HERE FOR YOU!
作为你的导师,你的心理健康是我的首要任务之一。 我们目前正处于艰难时期,这对任何人来说都很艰难!但你要知道,我在这里等你!"。
If you ever need to vent,or you're feeling anxious, overwhelmed,confused,or you need clarification,or just need to talk to someone...anything...I AM HERE FOR YOU!
如果你需要发泄,或者你感到焦虑、不知所措、困惑,或者你需要澄清,或者只是需要和某人谈谈.
I am not here to judge you;I am here to help you be the best student you can be.I can just be a sounding board if you need me to be.I can offer advice if you need it. Or,I can clarify an assignment.Just know...I AM HERE FOR YOU!
我不是来评判你的,我是来帮助你成为最好的学生的。如果你需要,我可以做你的传声筒;如果你需要,我可以提供建议;或者,我可以澄清作业。
If you need to talk,schedule a face-to-face WebEx meeting during my office hours or shoot me an email.
如果您需要交谈,请在我的办公时间内安排 WebEx 面谈,或给我发电子邮件。
All I want is for you to come to me if you are struggling mentally,emotionally,physically,or academically.We can see what we can do.If you aren't comfortable with coming to me,you can contact Counseling Services or Dean of Students Student Advocacy.
如果你在心理上、情感上、身体上或学业上遇到困难,我希望你能来找我;如果你不愿意来找我,你可以联系心理咨询服务或学生会主席。

Click icon for Dean of Students Student Advocacy page
点击图标查看学生处处长学生宣传页面
LATE WORK  延迟工作
-All major assignments must be completed to pass the course.
-必须完成所有主要作业才能通过课程。

-Discussions,Homework,\&Quizzes will be 25 % 25 % 25%25 \% of your grade and are time sensitive.These activities cannot be submitted past the due date.
-讨论,家庭作业,&小测验将占你的成绩的 25 % 25 % 25%25 \% ,并具有时间敏感性。这些活动不能在截止日期后提交。

-Major assignments must be turned in on time with ALL directions for submission followed.Failing to do so will result in a zero for the assignment.
-主要作业必须按时上交,并遵守所有提交说明。

-You will have up to FIVE days to submit major assignments after the due date.After five days the assignment will close.HOWEVER, each day an assignment is turned in after the due day will result in 5 points off of your final grade each day the assignment is late.
-您最多有五天的时间在到期日之后提交主要作业。五天之后,作业将关闭。但是,在到期日之后提交的作业,每迟交一天,您的期末成绩将被扣 5 分。

-With all that being said,I know we are in trying times,and I acknowledge that something may come up that will prevent you from completing your work.But,you MUST contact me to let me know.If you aren't turning your work in and you have failed to get in contact with me to work something out,I will assume you're just not doing your work.It is imperative,especially with an online class,to keep me in the loop.I don't need full details,but I do need to know if something has changed in your life that will prevent you from completing your work.
-我知道我们正处于艰难时期,我也承认可能会有一些事情让你无法完成作业.但是,你必须联系我,让我知道.如果你没有交作业,也没有和我联系解决.我不需要你提供全部细节,但我需要知道你的生活是否发生了什么变化,导致你无法完成作业。

-There are resources for you out that and I am here to help!
-我在这里为您提供帮助。
Danielle Garner's Infographic Syllabus Part 4
丹妮尔-加纳的信息图表提纲第 4 部分

(Source:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;used with permission from Danielle Garner)
(来源:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;经 Danielle Garner 授权使用)。
\section*{KEY ASSIGNMENTS
\小节*{键位分配


Superior  高级 Satisfactory  满意 Needs Improvement  需要改进 Failing  失败
100 98 = A + 100 98 = A + 100-98=A+100-98=\mathrm{A}+ 89 88 = B + 89 88 = B + 89-88=B+89-88=\mathrm{B}+ 79 78 = C + 79 78 = C + 79-78=C+79-78=\mathrm{C}+ 69 60 = D 69 60 = D 69-60=D69-60=\mathrm{D}
97 93 = A 97 93 = A 97-93=A97-93=\mathrm{A} 87 83 = B 87 83 = B 87-83=B87-83=\mathrm{B} 77 70 = C 77 70 = C 77-70=C77-70=\mathrm{C} Below 60 = F 60 = F 60=F60=\mathrm{F}  下图 60 = F 60 = F 60=F60=\mathrm{F}
92 90 = A 92 90 = A 92-90=A-92-90=\mathrm{A}- 82 80 = B 82 80 = B 82-80=B-82-80=\mathrm{B}-
Superior Satisfactory Needs Improvement Failing 100-98=A+ 89-88=B+ 79-78=C+ 69-60=D 97-93=A 87-83=B 77-70=C Below 60=F 92-90=A- 82-80=B- | Superior | Satisfactory | Needs Improvement | Failing | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | $100-98=\mathrm{A}+$ | $89-88=\mathrm{B}+$ | $79-78=\mathrm{C}+$ | $69-60=\mathrm{D}$ | | $97-93=\mathrm{A}$ | $87-83=\mathrm{B}$ | $77-70=\mathrm{C}$ | Below $60=\mathrm{F}$ | | $92-90=\mathrm{A}-$ | $82-80=\mathrm{B}-$ | | |
}
Grading Breakdown  分级细目
Danielle Garner’s Infographic Syllabus Part 5
丹妮尔-加纳的信息图表提纲第 5 部分

(Source: https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final; used with permission from Danielle Garner)
(资料来源:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;经 Danielle Garner 授权使用)

ESSAY SUBMISSION  提交论文

WHAT IS IT?  它是什么?

Georgia State University defines plagiarism as ..
佐治亚州立大学将剽窃定义为 .

*...any paraphrasing or summarizing of the works of another person without acknowledgment,including the submitting of another student's work as one's own ...[it]frequently involves a failure to acknowledge in the text ...the quotation of paragraphs,sentences,or even phrases written by someone else."At GSU,"the student is responsible for understanding the legitimate use of sources ...and the consequences of violating this responsibility."
对他人的作品进行转述或概括而不注明出处,包括将他人的作品作为自己的作品提交。在 GSU,"学生有责任了解合法使用资料来源以及违反这一责任的后果"。

ACADEMIC HONESTY  学术诚信

You should familiarize yourself with Georgia State's Policy on Academic Honesty.Click icon for more information.
您应熟悉佐治亚州立大学的学术诚信政策(点击图标获取更多信息)。

This policy refers to every piece of writing you do for class, including drafts,reading responses,discussion posts,and finished essays.In addition,students are required to be honest in their academic work by writing their own papers.Handing in papers you receive from someone else or allowing someone else to heavily edit or write work for you constitutes an academic honesty violation.In addition,using your OWN work from previous courses or other current courses(from any course at any school whether high school or college)is also a violation of the academic honesty code.
此外,学生必须诚实对待自己的学术工作,自己撰写论文。此外,使用自己以前课程或其他当前课程(无论是高中还是大学的任何学校的任何课程)的作业也违反了学术诚信守则。

WHAT HAPPENS?

Any work that is turned in to this class that is plagiarized or violates the university academic honesty policy will receive an automatic 0 for the assignment grade and must be referred to the College of Arts and Sciences for further review and potential disciplinary action.
任何剽窃或违反大学学术诚信政策的作业将被自动记为 "0 "分,并必须提交文理学院作进一步审查和可能的纪律处分。

HOW TO AVOID?  如何避免?

If you are ever unsure what may or may not be plagiarism, please do not hesitate to ask me.In fact,I welcome your questions.
如果你不确定什么是抄袭,什么不是抄袭,请随时向我提问。 事实上,我欢迎你向我提问。
Follow ALL MLA citation guidelines I post in iCollege.You can also visit Purdue Owl's MLA Guide.They give a full break down of the newest edition of MLA.But,when in doubt,always quote and use in-text citations and a Works Cited page!
您也可以访问 Purdue Owl's MLA Guide.他们对最新版的 MLA 进行了全面的分析。
However,we will also be using Turnitin.com to check for
不过,我们还将使用 Turnitin.

likeness.If you turn in your work early enough,you can receive your score back and make any corrections before the deadline.
如果你能尽早上交作品,你就能在截止日期前收到分数并进行修改。

Danielle Garner's Infographic Syllabus Part 6
丹妮尔-加纳的信息图表提纲第 6 部分

(Source:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;used with permission from Danielle Garner)
(来源:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;经 Danielle Garner 授权使用)。

FACE MASKS! THEY'RE ALL THE RAGE
面罩!风靡全球

face covering policy  包面政策
Georgia State University and the University System of Georgia have mandated a face covering policy. Students are required to wear an appropriate face covering while inside campus facilities (classrooms, hallways, elevators, labs and in all other public spaces) because six feet of social distancing may not always be possible. Face coverings will be worn in addition to and not as a substitute for social distancing. Face coverings aren’t required in one’s own dorm room or suite, when alone in an enclosed office or study room, or in campus outdoor settings where social distancing requirements are met.
佐治亚州立大学和佐治亚大学系统已强制推行遮脸政策。学生在校园设施内(教室、走廊、电梯、实验室和所有其他公共场所)必须佩戴适当的面部遮蔽物,因为六英尺的社交距离可能并不总是可行的。面部遮蔽物是社交距离的补充,而不是替代。在自己的寝室或套房内、单独在封闭的办公室或自习室内,或在满足社交距离要求的校 园室外环境中,无需佩戴面部遮蔽物。
I will be wearing my face mask in class this semester, and you are required to wear yours. I know that face masks may make some aspects of class more difficult. It will be harder for us all to project our voices and read each other’s facial expressions. However, I am willing to sacrifice these elements since wearing a mask is one thing I can control to support the health and safety of our community. This is a new situation for all of us and if we start the semester off from a place of mutual understanding it will be easier for us all to get through this together. Be aware that wearing face mask is required by GSU and there is a penalty if you choose to not wear a mask. Our university community has a strong tradition of upholding the value of mutual respect; we, therefore, ask students to not engage in behavior that would be disruptive to class regarding this policy.
本学期我将戴口罩上课,你们也必须戴上口罩。我知道戴口罩可能会增加课堂的某些难度。我们会更难发出自己的声音和读懂对方的面部表情。但是,我愿意牺牲这些因素,因为戴口罩是我可以控制的一件事,以支持我们社区的健康和安全。这对我们所有人来说都是一个新情况,如果我们在学期开始时就能相互理解,那么我们就能更容易地共同渡过难关。请注意,佩戴口罩是 GSU 的要求,如果您选择不佩戴口罩,将会受到处罚。我们的大学社区有着维护相互尊重价值观的深厚传统;因此,我们要求学生在遵守这一政策时不要做出扰乱课堂秩序的行为。
Anyone not using a face covering when required will be asked to wear one or leave the area. Repeated refusal to comply with the requirement may result in discipline through the applicable conduct code for students. Reasonable accommodations may be made for those who are unable to wear a face covering for documented health reasons. To request an accommodation, start with the Access & Accommodations Center Welcome Form found at How to Connect.
任何未按要求佩戴面罩的人都将被要求佩戴面罩或离开该区域。屡次拒绝遵守要求可能会导致根据适用的学生行为守则进行纪律处分。对于因健康原因无法佩戴面罩的人,可提供合理的便利。如需申请便利,请从 "如何联系 "中的 "无障碍与便利中心欢迎表 "开始。
When you wear a face covering, you’re protecting yourself, but equally important, you’re protecting other members of the university community. You’re showing you’re taking responsibility for the welfare of those around you.
当你戴上面罩时,你是在保护自己,但同样重要的是,你是在保护大学社区的其他成员。这表明你在为周围人的福祉负责。

Danielle Garner’s Infographic Syllabus Part 7
丹妮尔-加纳的信息图表提纲第 7 部分

(Source: https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final; used with permission from Danielle Garner)
(资料来源:https://create.piktochart.com/output/48350531-1101-194-syllabus-final;经 Danielle Garner 授权使用)
Garner's infographic syllabus is effective in several aspects:
加纳的信息图表教学大纲在以下几个方面非常有效: 1.

-It does a good job incorporating appealing visual elements into an otherwise text-heavy document.
-它很好地将吸引人的视觉元素融入到了原本文字较多的文件中。

-There's a good variety of visual elements,including icons,graphics,photos,charts,well formatted headings,etc.
-视觉元素丰富多样,包括图标、图形、照片、图表、格式化良好的标题等。

-The visual elements,such as headings formatted in arrows,provide a good reading order.
-视觉元素,如箭头式标题,提供了良好的阅读顺序。

-It uses the proximity rule well and divides the syllabus into distinctive yet connected groups/sections.
-它很好地运用了邻近规则,并将教学大纲分为各具特色但又相互联系的组/节。

-Visuals are used not at the cost of information.Although visuals take up a lot of space, the syllabus is still as informative as a traditional syllabus.
-虽然视觉效果占用了大量空间,但教学大纲的信息量仍然不亚于传统教学大纲。

-It varies the format of different elements,such as background,typography,headings,and yet maintains good consistency throughout the document.
-它改变了不同元素的格式,如背景、排版、标题,但在整个文档中保持了良好的一致性。
Such an infographic syllabus would no doubt catch students'attention and would help students'information retention.
这样的信息图表教学大纲无疑会吸引学生的注意力,有助于学生保留信息。


visual/'vizəwəl/any element in a document that's non-textual(文档中的)视觉元素 table/'terbal/an arrangement of data and text in columns and rows to show relationships and comparisons 表格 graph/græf/a diagram that displays connections or interrelations using lines,columns,or bars 图表 chart/tfart/a graphic representation of information to show relationships;often used interchangeably with the term"graph"图表(与 graph 基本指代相同)
visual/'vizəwəl/文档中的任何非文本(文档中的)视觉元素 table/'terbal/一个将数据和文本排列成列和行,以显示关系和比较 表格/græf/一种图表,用线条、列和行显示连接或相互关系。用线条、柱形或条形显示联系或相互关系的图表 图表/tfart/用图形表示信息以显示关系;常与 "graph "一词交替使用 图表(与 graph 基本指代相同)。

column graph/'kaləm//græf/a graphic representation of data in columns,often for comparison purposes 柱状图
column graph/'kaləm//græf/以列表示数据的图形,通常用于比较目的 柱状图

bar graph/bar//græf/a graphic representation of data in bars,often for comparison purposes 条状图,长条图
条形图/bar/græf/以条形表示数据的图形,通常用于比较条状图,长条图

line graph/lain//græf/a graphic representation of data in lines,often to depict trends and changes over a period of time 折线图
折线图/lain/græf/用线条表示数据的图形,通常用来描述一段时间内的趋势和变化。

pie chart/pal//fart/a graphic representation of data in a pie,often to show the relative percentages of parts to the whole 饼图
饼图/pie chart/pal/fart/用饼状图形表示数据,通常用来表示部分数据占整体数据的相对百分比。

infographic/infə'grafik/a graphic representation of information,often a combination of visuals and text 信息图(一种既有文字也有视觉元素的图)
infographic/infə'grafik/用图形表示信息,通常是视觉和文字相结合的信息图(一种既有文字也有视觉元素的图)。

mind map/mand//mæp/a brainstorming and planning tool that helps you put the ideas in your mind on paper 思维导图
思维导图/mand/mæp/一种头脑风暴和计划工具,帮助您将头脑中的想法写在纸上。

Visual elements have become a staple in our communication today as they are very effective tools in presenting information.Visuals have useful functions in technical writing:
视觉元素是展示信息的有效工具,因此已成为当今交流的主要手段。

-They help emphasize the important information.
-它们有助于强调重要信息.

-They sometimes act as the focal point of the page.
-它们有时会成为页面的焦点。

-They help readers remember the important information.
-帮助读者记住重要信息。

-They help to interpret data more easily.
-它们有助于更轻松地解释数据。

-They help to explain a process or procedure.
-它们有助于解释过程或程序.

-They help to orient the reader to the actions they need to take.
-它们有助于引导读者采取他们需要采取的行动。

Visuals should be used whenever you think they help to make things clearer.This chapter discusses the following major types of visual elements:
本章将讨论以下几种主要的视觉元素: 1.

-Tables,charts,and graphs
-表格、图表和图形

-Infographics  -信息图表
-Mind maps  -思维导图

Tables,charts,and graphs
表格、图表和图形

This section focuses on the most common types of visuals:tables,charts, and graphs.
本节重点介绍最常见的视觉效果类型:表格、图表和图形。

Tables  表格

Tables present data and other information in rows and columns for easy comparison,as in table 1.
表格以行和列的形式显示数据和其他信息,便于比较,如表 1。
TABLE 1.CAR SALES(AUGUST 1-31,2020)
表 1.汽车销量(2020 年 8 月 1-31 日)
Ford  福特 Toyota  丰田 Honda  本田 Chevy  雪佛兰
SEDANS 111 234 36 29
SUVS 47 31 24 33,
PICKUPS 25 37 12 159
Ford Toyota Honda Chevy SEDANS 111 234 36 29 SUVS 47 31 24 33, PICKUPS 25 37 12 159| | Ford | Toyota | Honda | Chevy | | :--- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | SEDANS | 111 | 234 | 36 | 29 | | SUVS | 47 | 31 | 24 | 33, | | PICKUPS | 25 | 37 | 12 | 159 |
Tables are also a good tool to present detailed information in a number of categories. Sometimes,tables can present a large amount of numerical data and save a lot of space compared with prose descriptions.The table below presents the results about age and sex of the 2019 U.S.census survey:
有时,表格可以呈现大量的数字数据,比散文描述节省大量空间。
Table 1.Population by Age and Sex: 2019
表 1.按年龄和性别分列的人口: 2019 年

(Numbers in thousands.Civilian noninstitutionalized population.1)
(以千为单位的非住院平民人口.)
Age  年龄 Both sexes  两性 Male   Female  女性
Number  数量 Percent  百分比 Number  数量 Percent  百分比 Number  数量 Percent  百分比
All ages  所有年龄 324,356 100.0 159,028 100.0 165,328 100.0
.Under 5 years  5 年以下 19,736 6.1 10,094 6.3 9,642 5.8
.5 to 9 years
.5 至 9 年
20,212 6.2 10,328 6.5 9,884 6.0
.10 to 14 years
.10 至 14 岁
20,827 6.4 10,650 6.7 10,177 6.2
.15 to 19 years
.15 至 19 岁
20,849 6.4 10,545 6.6 10,304 6.2
.20 to 24 years
.20 至 24 岁
21,254 6.6 10,716 6.7 10,538 6.4
.25 to 29 years
.25 至 29 岁
23,277 7.2 11,792 7.4 11,485 6.9
.30 to 34 years
30 至 34 岁
21,932 6.8 10,935 6.9 10,997 6.7
.35 to 39 years
.35 至 39 岁
21,443 6.6 10,629 6.7 10,814 6.5
.40 to 44 years
.40 至 44 岁
19,584 6.0 9,628 6.1 9,956 6.0
.45 to 49 years
.45 至 49 岁
20,345 6.3 9,993 6.3 10,351 6.3
.50 to 54 years
50 至 54 岁
20,355 6.3 9,930 6.2 10,425 6.3
.55 to 59 years
.55 至 59 岁
21,163 6.5 10,046 6.3 11,117 6.7
.60 to 64 years
.60 至 64 岁
20,592 6.3 9,819 6.2 10,773 6.5
.65 to 69 years
.65 至 69 岁
17,356 5.4 8,198 5.2 9,158 5.5
Age Both sexes Male Female Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent All ages 324,356 100.0 159,028 100.0 165,328 100.0 .Under 5 years 19,736 6.1 10,094 6.3 9,642 5.8 .5 to 9 years 20,212 6.2 10,328 6.5 9,884 6.0 .10 to 14 years 20,827 6.4 10,650 6.7 10,177 6.2 .15 to 19 years 20,849 6.4 10,545 6.6 10,304 6.2 .20 to 24 years 21,254 6.6 10,716 6.7 10,538 6.4 .25 to 29 years 23,277 7.2 11,792 7.4 11,485 6.9 .30 to 34 years 21,932 6.8 10,935 6.9 10,997 6.7 .35 to 39 years 21,443 6.6 10,629 6.7 10,814 6.5 .40 to 44 years 19,584 6.0 9,628 6.1 9,956 6.0 .45 to 49 years 20,345 6.3 9,993 6.3 10,351 6.3 .50 to 54 years 20,355 6.3 9,930 6.2 10,425 6.3 .55 to 59 years 21,163 6.5 10,046 6.3 11,117 6.7 .60 to 64 years 20,592 6.3 9,819 6.2 10,773 6.5 .65 to 69 years 17,356 5.4 8,198 5.2 9,158 5.5| Age | Both sexes | | Male | | Female | | | :--- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | | All ages | 324,356 | 100.0 | 159,028 | 100.0 | 165,328 | 100.0 | | .Under 5 years | 19,736 | 6.1 | 10,094 | 6.3 | 9,642 | 5.8 | | .5 to 9 years | 20,212 | 6.2 | 10,328 | 6.5 | 9,884 | 6.0 | | .10 to 14 years | 20,827 | 6.4 | 10,650 | 6.7 | 10,177 | 6.2 | | .15 to 19 years | 20,849 | 6.4 | 10,545 | 6.6 | 10,304 | 6.2 | | .20 to 24 years | 21,254 | 6.6 | 10,716 | 6.7 | 10,538 | 6.4 | | .25 to 29 years | 23,277 | 7.2 | 11,792 | 7.4 | 11,485 | 6.9 | | .30 to 34 years | 21,932 | 6.8 | 10,935 | 6.9 | 10,997 | 6.7 | | .35 to 39 years | 21,443 | 6.6 | 10,629 | 6.7 | 10,814 | 6.5 | | .40 to 44 years | 19,584 | 6.0 | 9,628 | 6.1 | 9,956 | 6.0 | | .45 to 49 years | 20,345 | 6.3 | 9,993 | 6.3 | 10,351 | 6.3 | | .50 to 54 years | 20,355 | 6.3 | 9,930 | 6.2 | 10,425 | 6.3 | | .55 to 59 years | 21,163 | 6.5 | 10,046 | 6.3 | 11,117 | 6.7 | | .60 to 64 years | 20,592 | 6.3 | 9,819 | 6.2 | 10,773 | 6.5 | | .65 to 69 years | 17,356 | 5.4 | 8,198 | 5.2 | 9,158 | 5.5 |
.70 to 74 years
70 至 74 岁
14,131 4.4 6,691 4.2 7,440 4.5
.75 to 79 years
.75 至 79 岁
9,357 2.9 4,233 2.7 5,124 3.1
.80 to 84 years
.80 至 84 岁
6,050 1.9 2,519 1.6 3,532 2.1
.85 years and over
.85 岁及以上
5,893 1.8 2,282 1.4 3,611 2.2
. Under 15 years
.15 岁以下
60,774 18.7 31,072 19.5 29,703 18.0
.15 to 17 years
.15 至 17 岁
13,018 4.0 6,656 4.2 6,363 3.8
.18 to 20 years
.18 至 20 年
11,851 3.7 5,931 3.7 5,920 3.6
.21 to 44 years
.21 至 44 岁
103,469 31.9 51,658 32.5 51,811 31.3
.45 to 64 years
.45 至 64 岁
82,455 25.4 39,789 25.0 42,666 25.8
.65 years and over
.65 岁及以上
52,788 16.3 23,923 15.0 28,865 17.5
Median age  中位年龄 38.3 ( X ) ( X ) (X)(X) 37.1 ( X ) ( X ) (X)(X) 39.5 ( X ) ( X ) (X)(X)
.70 to 74 years 14,131 4.4 6,691 4.2 7,440 4.5 .75 to 79 years 9,357 2.9 4,233 2.7 5,124 3.1 .80 to 84 years 6,050 1.9 2,519 1.6 3,532 2.1 .85 years and over 5,893 1.8 2,282 1.4 3,611 2.2 . Under 15 years 60,774 18.7 31,072 19.5 29,703 18.0 .15 to 17 years 13,018 4.0 6,656 4.2 6,363 3.8 .18 to 20 years 11,851 3.7 5,931 3.7 5,920 3.6 .21 to 44 years 103,469 31.9 51,658 32.5 51,811 31.3 .45 to 64 years 82,455 25.4 39,789 25.0 42,666 25.8 .65 years and over 52,788 16.3 23,923 15.0 28,865 17.5 Median age 38.3 (X) 37.1 (X) 39.5 (X)| .70 to 74 years | 14,131 | 4.4 | 6,691 | 4.2 | 7,440 | 4.5 | | :--- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | .75 to 79 years | 9,357 | 2.9 | 4,233 | 2.7 | 5,124 | 3.1 | | .80 to 84 years | 6,050 | 1.9 | 2,519 | 1.6 | 3,532 | 2.1 | | .85 years and over | 5,893 | 1.8 | 2,282 | 1.4 | 3,611 | 2.2 | | | | | | | | | | . Under 15 years | 60,774 | 18.7 | 31,072 | 19.5 | 29,703 | 18.0 | | .15 to 17 years | 13,018 | 4.0 | 6,656 | 4.2 | 6,363 | 3.8 | | .18 to 20 years | 11,851 | 3.7 | 5,931 | 3.7 | 5,920 | 3.6 | | .21 to 44 years | 103,469 | 31.9 | 51,658 | 32.5 | 51,811 | 31.3 | | .45 to 64 years | 82,455 | 25.4 | 39,789 | 25.0 | 42,666 | 25.8 | | .65 years and over | 52,788 | 16.3 | 23,923 | 15.0 | 28,865 | 17.5 | | | | | | | | | | Median age | 38.3 | $(X)$ | 37.1 | $(X)$ | 39.5 | $(X)$ |
1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} Plus armed forces living off post or with their families on post.
1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} 再加上在哨所外或与家人在哨所生活的武装部队。

Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
注:由于四舍五入的原因,详细信息的总和可能与总数不符。

The U.S. Census Bureau reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied to this release. CBDRB-FY20-027.
美国人口普查局对该数据产品进行了审查,以防止未经授权披露机密信息,并批准了适用于此次发布的避免披露做法。CBDRB-FY20-027。

(SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2019. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2019/demo/age-and-sex/2019-age-sex-composition.html. Internet release date: April 2020)
(资料来源美国人口普查局,《当前人口调查》,《年度社会和经济补编》,2019 年。https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2019/demo/age-and-sex/2019-age-sex-composition.html。互联网发布日期:2020 年 4 月)
If we were to present all the data in this table in textual format, it would probably take a couple of pages, and it would be very difficult for the reader to consume the information and to extract all the data from the prose description.
如果我们用文本格式来展示这个表格中的所有数据,可能需要几页纸的篇幅,而且读者也很难从散文描述中读懂信息和提取所有数据。
A table has the following elements:
表格包含以下要素
Table number  表格编号 All tables in one document should be numbered consecutively, e.g., Table 10.1.
一份文件中的所有表格都应连续编号,如表 10.1。
Table caption  表格标题 This will be the title of the table and should appear on top of the table.
这将是表格的标题,应出现在表格顶部。
Row heads  排头 These are the category names in the first column.
这就是第一栏中的类别名称。
Column heads  柱头 These are the cross category names in the first row.
这些是第一行中的交叉类别名称。
Data  数据

这些将是单元格中的信息,表格数据可以是数字或文本。
These will be the information in the cells, and table data can either be numerical or
textual.
These will be the information in the cells, and table data can either be numerical or textual.| These will be the information in the cells, and table data can either be numerical or | | :--- | | textual. |
Table number All tables in one document should be numbered consecutively, e.g., Table 10.1. Table caption This will be the title of the table and should appear on top of the table. Row heads These are the category names in the first column. Column heads These are the cross category names in the first row. Data "These will be the information in the cells, and table data can either be numerical or textual."| Table number | All tables in one document should be numbered consecutively, e.g., Table 10.1. | | :--- | :--- | | Table caption | This will be the title of the table and should appear on top of the table. | | Row heads | These are the category names in the first column. | | Column heads | These are the cross category names in the first row. | | Data | These will be the information in the cells, and table data can either be numerical or <br> textual. |
In presenting data in a table, follow the following rules:
在表格中显示数据时,请遵循以下规则:
  • Number all tables in their order of appearance in a document, e.g., “Table 1.”
    按表格在文件中出现的先后顺序编号,如 "表 1"。
  • Avoid using overly complicated data.
    避免使用过于复杂的数据。
  • Provide a label for each column (e.g., Ford, Toyota) and each row (e.g., SEDANS, SUVS).
    为每列(如福特、丰田)和每行(如轿车、越野车)提供标签。

    -Align numbers without decimals on the right to better show differences.
    -将不带小数点的数字靠右对齐,以便更好地显示差异.

    -Align numbers with decimals on the decimals.
    -将带小数的数字对齐小数.

    -Specify units of measurement and use standard units whenever possible.
    -指定测量单位,并尽可能使用标准单位。

    -Put data to be compared in columns next to one another.
    -把要比较的数据放在相邻的列中。

    -Use columns instead of rows for comparison.
    -用列代替行进行比较.

    -Avoid using fractions.Convert them into decimals.
    -避免使用分数.将分数转换成小数.

    -Present items in a logical order:alphabetical,chronological,increasing value,decreasing value,etc.
    -按逻辑顺序排列项目:字母顺序、时间顺序、数值递增、数值递减等。

    -Present the entire table on one page whenever possible.If you have to use two pages, write"Continues on next page"at the bottom of the first page and use the full title and "Continued"on top of the next page.
    -如果你必须使用两页纸,在第一页的底部写上 "下一页继续",在下一页的顶部使用完整的标题和 "继续"。

Graphs  图表

Graphs present information in shapes and patterns.There're three different kinds of graphs: column graph,bar graph,and line graph.
图形以形状和模式呈现信息。 有三种不同的图形:柱形图、条形图和线形图。
Column Graphs  柱状图
Column graphs show comparisons.Here's a sample column graph.
下面是一个柱状图示例。

What the column chart does well is to show the comparison between different categories, in this instance,of vehicles:sedans,SUVs,and pickups.You can also compare the same car
柱状图的作用是显示不同类别车辆之间的比较,在这个例子中,不同类别车辆之间的比较是:轿车、SUV 和皮卡。

category (e.g., sedans) across the four manufacturers: Ford, Toyota, Honda, and Chevy.
四家制造商的产品类别(如轿车):福特、丰田、本田和雪佛兰。

Bar Graphs  条形图
A bar graph is very similar to a column graph in its function (see the example below).
条形图的功能与柱形图非常相似(见下例)。

Line Graphs  折线图

Sales Trend for Different Vehicles (Jan.-
不同车型的销售趋势(1 月-2 月

Dec. 2019)  2019 年 12 月)
A line graph often expresses a trend over a period of time (see the example below).
折线图通常表示一段时间内的趋势(见下例)。

This line graph shows three different trends in vehicle sales. While SUV sales have roughly held steady, sedan sales have demonstrated a declining trend. Pickup sales, on the other hand, have shown an increasing trend, with a sudden spike in the month of October.
该折线图显示了汽车销售的三种不同趋势。越野车销量基本保持稳定,而轿车销量则呈下降趋势。而皮卡销量则呈上升趋势,并在 10 月份突然飙升。
As you can see from this sample, line graphs are good at showing trends or development over a period of time, but they are not good at showing accurate values. For example, the January sales of SUVs (the orange line) is a little below 50, but there’s no telling whether the exact figure is 49 , 48 , 47 49 , 48 , 47 49,48,4749,48,47 or something else.
从这个示例中可以看出,折线图善于显示一段时间内的趋势或发展情况,但不善于显示准确的数值。例如,1 月份的 SUV 销量(橙色线)略低于 50,但不知道具体数字是 49 , 48 , 47 49 , 48 , 47 49,48,4749,48,47 还是其他。

Charts  图表

As mentioned earlier,the term"chart"is often used interchangeably with"graph."They both show relationships,but they differ in that a graph displays interrelations on an x y x y x-yx-y coordinate system while charts use other forms.
如前所述,"图表 "一词经常与 "图形 "交替使用,它们都显示关系,但不同之处在于图形是在 x y x y x-yx-y 坐标系上显示相互关系,而图表则使用其他形式。

Pie Charts  饼图

A pie chart shows relationships through comparison of each item's relative percentage to the whole.
饼图通过比较每个项目在整个项目中所占的相对比例来显示各种关系。
A pie chart can have labels directly on the pie and show direct values as well(see the example below):
饼图可以直接在饼上贴标签,也可以直接显示数值(见下面的示例):饼图可以直接在饼上贴标签,也可以直接显示数值。
Pickup Sales(August 2020)
皮卡销量(2020 年 8 月)。

A pie chart may also use legends(often using colors or patterns)instead of labels and show percentages instead of values(see the example below).
饼图还可以使用图例(通常使用颜色或图案)来代替标签,并显示百分比而不是数值(见下面的示例)。

Flow Charts  流程图
A flow chart describes a procedure or process(see the example below).
流程图描述一个程序或流程(见下例)。

Source: https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/templates/flowchart/system-flowchart-template
来源:https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/templates/flowchart/system-flowchart-template

Organization Charts  组织结构图

An organization chart shows the hierarchical relationships among different offices or positions (see the example below).
组织结构图显示不同部门或职位之间的等级关系(见下例)。


(Source: https://www.edrawsoft.com/template-seafood-restaurant-org-chart.html)
(来源:https://www.edrawsoft.com/template-seafood-restaurant-org-chart.html)

Gannt Charts  甘特图

A Gannt chart,named after engineer H.L.Gannt,is typically used as a tool for project planning.It shows the different phases of a project as well as the start and end dates of each phase.A Gannt chart allows you to see all the major phases and tasks at a glance,and you can set the order of tasks based on your priority(see the example below).
甘特图是以工程师 H.L.甘特命名的,通常用作项目规划的工具。它显示项目的不同阶段以及每个阶段的开始和结束日期。甘特图可以让你对所有主要阶段和任务一目了然,你还可以根据优先级设置任务的顺序(见下面的示例).


(Source:https://venngage.com/blog/gantt-chart-example/\#2)
(来源:https:///venngage.com/blog/gantt-chart-example/ ዄ #2)
Before deciding what graph or chart to use,determine what you need to emphasize:
在决定使用什么图表之前,先确定您需要强调的内容: 在决定使用什么图表之前,先确定您需要强调的内容: 在决定使用什么图表之前,先确定您需要强调的内容

-If it's accurate values and complex data,consider a table.
-如果需要精确的数值和复杂的数据,请考虑使用表格。

-If it's the comparison among different items,consider a column graph or bar graph.
-如果是不同项目之间的比较,可以考虑使用柱形图或条形图。

-If it's the trend and changes over time,consider a line graph.
-如果是趋势和随时间的变化,可以考虑使用折线图。

-If it's relative percentage of different parts to the whole,consider a pie chart.
-如果是不同部分占整体的相对百分比,可以考虑饼图。

-If it's the procedural steps of a process,consider a flow chart.
-如果是一个过程的程序步骤,可以考虑使用流程图。

-If it's the structure of a business or organization,consider an organization chart.
-如果是企业或组织的结构,请考虑组织结构图。

-If it's the different phases of a project and the respective time each phase takes,consider
-如果是项目的不同阶段以及每个阶段分别需要的时间,请考虑

a Gannt chart.  甘特图.

Infographics  信息图表

An infographic, as the name suggests, is a graphic representation of data or information. More specifically, an infographic is a combination of graphics and minimal text that explains a concept, idea, topic, story, etc. in a visually engaging and appealing way that prose text
信息图表,顾名思义,就是用图形表示数据或信息。更具体地说,infographic 是图形和极少量文字的组合,它以一种视觉上引人入胜和吸引人的方式解释一个概念、想法、话题、故事等,而散文文本则是这种方式的补充。

often can’t do.  往往做不到。
Take a look, for example, at the famous infographic of infographics designed by Ivan Cash in the figure below.
例如,请看下图中伊万-卡什设计的著名信息图表。

IIWFOERAPHICOINFOGRAPHICS

Data visualization is a popular new way of sharing research. Here is a look at some of the visual devices, informational elements, and general trends found in the modem day infographic.
数据可视化是分享研究成果的一种流行新方式。下面我们就来看看现代信息图表中的一些可视化手段、信息元素和总体趋势。




CONTENT  内容


qquad\qquad

BUSINESS micuiture micuiture  ^("micuiture "){ }^{\text {micuiture }} HEALTH POLITICS myspananow ENVIRONMENT
商业 micuiture micuiture  ^("micuiture "){ }^{\text {micuiture }} 健康 政治 myspanow 环境
secrues cranule sunis  颅骨
G®t "RICHEST  "最富有
AN
AMERIC
ma   NEIGH
secrues cranule sunis https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_07_9ef08ad1bc71032e5cc4g-096.jpg?height=71&width=164&top_left_y=1929&top_left_x=1181 G®t "RICHEST AN AMERIC ma NEIGH| secrues | cranule sunis | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_07_9ef08ad1bc71032e5cc4g-096.jpg?height=71&width=164&top_left_y=1929&top_left_x=1181) | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | | G®t | "RICHEST | | | | AN | | | | AMERIC | | | ma | NEIGH |
(Source: http://www.ivan.cash/infographic-of-infographics/)
(来源:http://www.ivan.cash/infographic-of-infographics/)
This infographic is a summary of information from 49 infographics that cover a wide range of topics,such as health,geography,tax,family,politics,food,diseases,and transportation(see the figure below).Imagine how many pages it would take if you were to summarize all this information in prose format.
本信息图表汇总了 49 幅信息图表中的信息,涉及健康、地理、家庭、交通等多个主题。


(Source:http://www.ivan.cash/infographic-of-infographics/)
(来源:http://www.ivan.cash/infographic-of-infographics/)
Venngage's website identifies nine types of infographics,each of which visualizes a particular type of content:
Venngage's 网站确定了九种信息图表类型,每种类型都将特定类型的内容可视化。

-Statistical infographics
-统计信息图表

-Informational infographics
-信息图表

-Timeline infographics  -时间轴信息图表
-Process infographics  -流程信息图表
-Geographic infographics
-地理信息图表

-Comparison infographics
-信息图表比较

-Hierarchical infographics
-分层信息图表

-List infographics  -信息图表列表
-Résumé infographics  -简历信息图表

Statistical Infographics
统计信息图表

A statistical infographic visualizes statistical information. Often, to design a statistical infographic, you have to synthesize information from a fairly large amount of statistics.
统计信息图表将统计信息可视化。通常情况下,要设计统计信息图表,您必须从相当多的统计数据中归纳出信息。
Pick and choose the important information you want to present. The figure below presents information about children’s employment statistics.
挑选您想要介绍的重要信息。下图展示了儿童就业统计信息。

Children shouldn't work in fields, but on dreams
儿童不应在田间劳作,而应在梦想中工作


Statistics on Child Labor
童工统计

218 Million  2.18 亿美元
children are in employment between 5 and 17 years old
儿童就业年龄在 5 至 17 岁之间

7/10
work in agriculture  务农
Age Of Children Employed  就业子女年龄
Million  百万
Million  百万
victims work in hazardous child labor
从事危险童工劳动的受害者

Informational Infographics
信息图表

An informational infographic is typically more text heavy than most other infographics.
与其他大多数信息图表相比,信息信息图表的文字量通常更大。

Be sure to limit the amount of text you present and summarize your information in concise language(see the figure below).
请务必限制文字量,用简洁的语言概括信息(见下图)。


(Source:https://venngage.com/blog/what-is-an-infographic/)
(来源:https://venngage.com/blog/whatis-an-infographic/)

Timeline Infographics  时间轴信息图表

A timeline infographic presents timeline information for project planning, historical events, process descriptions, event planning, etc. (see the figure below).
时间轴信息图表为项目规划、历史事件、流程描述、活动策划等提供时间轴信息(见下图)。


(Source: https://www.easel.ly/blog/timeline-infographic-templates/)
(来源:https://www.easel.ly/blog/timeline-infographic-templates/)

Process Infographics  流程信息图表
A process/procedural infographic visualizes and summarizes information about a process or procedure, often to simplify the information, as in the figure below.
流程/程序信息图表对流程或程序的信息进行可视化总结,通常是为了简化信息,如下图所示。


(Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/667940188474496207/)

Geographic Infographics  地理信息图表

A geographic infographic captures and visualizes geographic data such as the best features of some of the states as in the figure below.
地理信息图捕捉地理数据并将其可视化,例如下图中一些州的最佳特征。

SIMPLY THE BEST  简直棒极了

6 STATES AND WHAT THEY'RE BEST KNOWN FOR
6 个州及其最著名的特色

Pike Place Market is a public market overlooking the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle,Washington, United States.The Market opened August 17,1907 ,and is one of the oldest continuousiy operated public farmers'markets in the United States.
派克市场位于美国华盛顿州西雅图市,是一个俯瞰埃利奥特湾海滨的公共市场,于 1907 年 8 月 17 日开业,是美国历史最悠久、持续经营的公共农贸市场之一。

Las Vegas,in Nevada's Mojave Desert,is a resort city famed for its vibrant nightife,centered around 24 -hour casinos and other entertainment options.Its main street and focal point is the Strip,just over 4 miles long.
拉斯维加斯位于内华达州的莫哈韦沙漠,是一座度假城市,以其充满活力的夜生活而闻名,主要以 24 小时营业的赌场和其他娱乐项目为主。

TEXAS  得克萨斯州
Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.In its
按面积和人口计算,得克萨斯州是美国第二大州。

biggest city,Houston,the Museum of Fine Arts houses works by well-known mpressionist and Renaissance painters,while Space Center Houston offers interactive displays engineered by NASA.
休斯顿是美国最大的城市,艺术博物馆收藏了著名的印象派和文艺复兴画家的作品,休斯顿航天中心提供由美国国家航空航天局设计的互动展示。
Devils take is a lake in the U.S state of North Dakota.It is the largest natural body of water and the second-largest body of water in North Dakota after Lake Sakakawea.It can reach a level of 1.458 ft ( 444 m ) 1.458 ft ( 444 m ) 1.458ft(444m)1.458 \mathrm{ft}(444 \mathrm{~m}) before naturally flowing into the Sheyenne River via the Tolna Coulee.
魔鬼湖是美国北达科他州的一个湖泊,是北达科他州最大的天然水体,也是仅次于萨卡卡维亚湖的第二大水体。
The City of New York is the most populous city in the United States.With an estimated 2016 population of $ , 537 , 673 $ , 537 , 673 $,537,673\$, 537,673 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles( 784 km 2 km 2 km2\mathrm{km2} ),New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States.
纽约市是美国人口最多的城市.在约 302.6 平方英里(784 km 2 km 2 km2\mathrm{km2} 平方英里)的土地上分布着约 2016 年的 $ , 537 , 673 $ , 537 , 673 $,537,673\$, 537,673 人口,纽约市也是美国人口最稠密的大城市.

GEORGIA  乔治亚州
Callaway Gardens is a 6,500 acres(2,600 ha)resort complex located in Pine Mountain,Georgia.Founded in 1952 by Cason J.and Virginia Hand Callaway to promote and protect native azalea species.
卡拉威花园占地 6,500 英亩(2,600 公顷),位于佐治亚州松树山。 1952 年由卡森-J-卡拉威和弗吉尼亚-汉德-卡拉威创建,旨在推广和保护本地杜鹃花品种。

(Source:https://venngage.com/blog/geographic-infographic-template/)
(来源:https://venngage.com/blog/geographic-infographic-template/)
Comparison Infographics  比较信息图表
A comparison infographic is, by its name, an infographic that displays comparison in a visual way. For example, the figure below compares various features of iPhone 6s vs. Galaxy S7.
对比信息图表,顾名思义,就是以可视化的方式显示比较结果的信息图表。例如,下图比较了 iPhone 6s 和 Galaxy S7 的各种功能。


iPhone 6s VS Galaxy S7
iPhone 6s 与 Galaxy S7

$ 808.95 $ 808.95 $808.95\$ 808.95 as of Apr. 22nd
$ 808.95 $ 808.95 $808.95\$ 808.95 截至 4 月 22 日

750 × 1334 750 × 1334 750 xx1334750 \times 1334
4.7 inches  4.7 英寸
64 CB
2 GB
1715 mah  1715 马赫
5.04 ounces  5.04 盎司

$ 741.16 $ 741.16 $741.16\$ 741.16 as of Apr. 21nd
$ 741.16 $ 741.16 $741.16\$ 741.16 截至 4 月 21 日

1440 × 2560 1440 × 2560 1440 xx25601440 \times 2560
5.5 inches  5.5 英寸
32 GB
4 GB
3600 mah  3600 马力
5.54 ounces  5.54 盎司
http://wnw.productchart.com/smartphones/
(Source: https://venngage.com/blog/6-comparison-infographic-templates/)
(来源:https://venngage.com/blog/6-comparison-infographic-templates/)

Hierarchical Infographics
分层信息图表

A hierarchical infographic organizes information into different levels and displays the relationships between these levels(see the figure below).
分层信息图表将信息分为不同层次,并显示这些层次之间的关系(见下图)。

Matrix Organisational Structure Chart
矩阵式组织结构图


(Source:https://slideuplift.com/powerpoint-templates/matrix-organisational-chart/)
(来源:https://slideuplift.com/powerpoint-templates/matrix-organisational-chart/)

List Infographics  信息图表列表

A list infographic provides a list of information items on a common topic.A list infographic is different from a process infographic in that information items in the latter are procedural while those in the former are not.The figure below,for example,lists five measures to cope with the COVID-19 situation recommended by the Ohio Department of Health.These five items,however,are not procedural.
列表式信息图提供了一个共同主题的信息条目列表。列表式信息图与流程式信息图的不同之处在于,后者的信息条目是程序性的,而前者的信息条目则不是。

COVID-19 TIPS FOR COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS
COVID-19 给社区组织的提示

Ohio Department of Health Director Amy Acton. M.D., MPH strongly recommends that all faith- based and community organizations immediately take the following actions:
俄亥俄州卫生局局长艾米-阿克顿(Amy Acton.医学博士、公共卫生硕士强烈建议所有信仰组织和社区组织立即采取以下行动:

PLAN FOR REMOTE MEETINGS
远程会议计划

Implement a plan to hold remote meetings for regular gatherings, including weekly services. Review religious practices and consider ways they could occur to reduce the transmission of illness, especially practices that involve the sharing of common items or close contact with other individuals.
实施定期聚会的远程会议计划,包括每周的礼拜仪式。审查宗教习俗,考虑如何减少疾病传播,尤其是涉及与他人共用物品或密切接触的习俗。

ANNOUNCE CANCELLATIONS  宣布取消

Establish a process for temporarily postponing or canceling events, programs, and services-especially for groups at greater risk, such as older adults or people with chronic health conditions.
建立临时推迟或取消活动、计划和服务的程序,尤其是针对风险较大的群体,如老年人或慢性病患者。

HELP THE COMMUNITY  帮助社区
Engage other community leaders and establish a process to help with grocery delivery, other household tasks, and reduce the feelings of isolation and loneliness of people who are staying home while sick or to avoid exposure to COVID-19.
让其他社区领袖参与进来,并建立一个流程,帮助他们运送日用品和处理其他家务,减少生病时呆在家中或为避免接触 COVID-19 而感到孤独和寂寞的人。

SHARE CREDIBLE SOURCES  分享可靠来源

Share messages only from credible sources such as: World Health Organization or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
仅分享可靠来源的信息,如世界卫生组织或美国疾病控制和预防中心。

EDUCATE MEMBERS  教育成员
Engage with stigmatized groups and speak out against negative behaviors to help counter discrimination against people who are sick. Also watch out for potential language, cultural, and disability barriers
与被污名化的群体接触,大声疾呼反对负面行为,帮助抵制对病人的歧视。还要注意潜在的语言、文化和残疾障碍

when communicating with members or congregants.
在与成员或会众交流时。

VENNGAGE

(Source: https://venngage.com/blog/infographic-templates-free/)
(来源:https://venngage.com/blog/infographic-templates-free/)

Résumé Infographics  信息图表摘要

Infographics are increasingly being used in résumé design today as more job seekers realize the importance of an appealing design that can leave a deep first impression on the potential employer.Figure 29 represents a combination of infographics and the traditional résumé and is a moderate deviation from the traditional résumé format design.
图 29 是信息图表与传统简历的结合,是对传统简历格式设计的适度偏离。


(Source:https://venngage.com/blog/infographic-resume-template/)
(来源:https://venngage.com/blog/infographic-resume-template/)
This next résumé infographic demonstrates a more bold approach in visual design (see the figure below).
下一张简历信息图表展示了一种更大胆的视觉设计方法(见下图)。

How about a more drastic approach?The figure below features a design that is more on the graphic side of the info-graphic spectrum.
下图中的设计更偏向于信息图形化。


(Source:https://infographicworld.com/15-amazing-infographic-resumes-to-inspire-you/)
(来源:https://infographicworld.com/15-amazing-infographic-resumes-to-inspire-you/)
Infographics are a signature of this increasingly visual world. As you start creating your infographic, consider these general guidelines:
信息图表是这个日益视觉化的世界的标志。在开始制作信息图表时,请考虑以下一般准则:
  • Determine the most important statistics you want to present.
    确定您要展示的最重要的统计数据。
  • Use appropriate icons to present these important statistics, one icon for each category.
    使用适当的图标来展示这些重要的统计数据,每个类别使用一个图标。
  • Divide your statistics into appropriate categories and color-code them in your infographic.
    将统计数据分成适当的类别,并在信息图表中用颜色标记。
  • Identify one statistic that has shocking value and use it to catch the reader’s attention.
    找出一个具有震撼价值的统计数据,用它来吸引读者的注意力。
  • Incorporate a variety of charts and graphs to make it visually interesting.
    加入各种图表,使其具有视觉趣味性。
  • Have a good title that summarizes the key topic and argument of the infographic.
    标题要好,能概括信息图表的关键主题和论点。
  • Highlight one particular element by using a contrasting color or pattern to make it stand out.
    使用对比鲜明的颜色或图案来突出某一元素。
  • Don’t be afraid to give your infographic personality by incorporating your individual style.
    不要害怕通过融入个人风格来赋予信息图表个性。
  • Use the rule of proximity to group related information together and create distinctive sections.
    使用邻近规则将相关信息归类,创建独特的部分。
  • Create a clear logical reading order on the infographic to guide the reader.
    在信息图表上创建清晰的逻辑阅读顺序,以引导读者。
  • Number the sections whenever it makes sense to facilitate readers’ quick scanning of the infographic.
    在合理的情况下给各部分编号,以方便读者快速浏览信息图表。
  • Consider employing the principle of minimalist design to avoid clutter on the infographic.
    考虑采用极简设计原则,避免信息图表杂乱无章。
  • Use good contrasting colors between the background and the foreground to afford good readability.
    在背景和前景之间使用对比鲜明的颜色,以提供良好的可读性。
There are many tools to design your own infographics. Craig Stewart (2020) recommended the following infographic design tools:
有很多工具可以设计自己的信息图表。Craig Stewart(2020 年)推荐了以下信息图表设计工具:
  • Adobe Spark: free; good especially for social media, with more than 1000 templates available
    Adobe Spark:免费;尤其适用于社交媒体,有 1000 多种模板可供选择
  • Piktochrt: free; good entry-level infographic maker
    Piktochrt:免费;入门级信息图表制作工具
  • DesignCap: free; basic functions, with an option to upgrade to a higher level with more options
    DesignCap:免费;基本功能,可选择升级到具有更多选项的更高级别
  • Mural: good for teams to brainstorm and collaborate
    壁画:有利于团队集思广益和协作
  • Visme: free; very good for creating engaging infographics
    Visme:免费;非常适合制作引人入胜的信息图表
  • Biteable: free; offers the capability to create audio and video infographics
    Biteable:免费;提供创建音频和视频信息图表的功能

    -Canva Infographic Tool:free;easy-to-use online design tool
    -Canva 信息图表工具:免费;易于使用的在线设计工具

    -Google Charts:free;very powerful but simple to use
    -谷歌图表:免费;功能强大但使用简单

    -Infogram:free;offers a wide variety of charts,graphs,and maps;also allows you to incorporate your own pictures and videos
    -Infogram:免费;提供多种图表、图形和地图;还允许您添加自己的图片和视频

    -Mind the Graph:free;specializes in scientific infographics
    -Mind the Graph:免费;专门制作科学信息图表

    -Kartograph:free;a map-based infographic tool
    -Kartograph:免费;基于地图的信息图表工具

    -Easel.ly:free;web-based;offers a range of customizable templates
    -Easel:免费;基于网络;提供一系列可定制的模板

    -Adioma:offers adaptive templates that build infographics around the text you supply
    -Adioma:提供自适应模板,可根据您提供的文本构建信息图表

    -PicMonkey:an online editor with a section specifically dedicated to infographic design
    -PicMonkey:在线编辑器,有专门的信息图表设计版块

    (Source:https://www.creativebloq.com/infographic/tools-2131971\#:~:text=The\%20 best\%20infographic\%20makers\%20from\%20around\%20the\%20web.,4\%2004.\%20
    (来源:https://www.creativebloq.com/infographic/tools-2131971\#:~:text=the/the%20 best/20%20infographic/%20makers/%20from/%20around/%20the/%20web.,4%2004.
MURAL.\%205\%2005.\%20Visme.\%20More\%20items)
(MURAL.com%205\%2005.com%20Visme.com%20More\%20items)

Mind maps  思维导图

A mind map is a graphic representation tool that captures your thinking in your mind.It's a brainstorming tool that helps you create and develop ideas,gather knowledge,and shape your ideas into distinctive but connected threads.
思维导图是一种图形表示工具,它能在你的头脑中捕捉你的想法。它是一种头脑风暴工具,能帮助你创造和发展想法,收集知识,并将你的想法塑造成独特而又相互联系的线索。
The following is a typical process of mind mapping.Keep in mind that the steps are not exactly procedural,and the order of some of the steps could be flipped.
下面是一个典型的思维导图绘制过程.请记住,这些步骤并不完全是程序性的,有些步骤的顺序可以颠倒.

Your birthday idea might end up like the following after your mind- mapping process (see the figure below):
经过思维导图绘制后,你的生日创意可能会如下图所示(见下图):


(Source: https://simplemind.eu/how-to-mind-map/basics/)
(来源:https://simplemind.eu/how-to-mind-map/basics/)

LANGUAGE FOCUS  语言重点

Here is the process of making a chart. The underlined words and expressions would be useful to you.
下面是制作图表的过程。下划线的单词和表达方式对您会很有用。
How to make a chart?
如何制作图表?
  1. Once your data is formatted, making a pie chart only takes a couple of clicks. First, highlight the data you want in the chart.
    数据格式化后,制作饼图只需点击几下。首先,选中图表中需要的数据。
  2. Then click to the Insert tab on the Ribbon. In the Charts group, click Insert Pie or Doughnut Chart.
    然后单击功能区上的插入选项卡。在图表组中,单击插入饼图或圆环图。
  3. In the resulting menu, click 2D Pie.
    在生成的菜单中,单击 2D Pie。
  4. Once you’ve clicked that, your pie chart will appear!
    点击后,您的饼图就会出现!
How to create a flowchart in Visio?
如何在 Visio 中创建流程图?
  1. Start Visio.  启动 Visio。
  2. Click the Flowchart category.
    单击流程图类别。
1 Source: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/create-a-basic-flowchart-in-visio-e207d975-4a51-4bfa-a356-eeec314bd276?ui=en-us&rs=en-us&ad=us
1 资料来源:https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/create-a-basic-flowchart-in-visio-e207d975-4a51-4bfa-a356-eeec314bd276?ui=en-us&rs=en-us&ad=us

3.Double-click Basic Flowchart.
3.双击基本流程图.

4.For each step in the process that you are documenting,drag a flowchart shape onto your drawing.
4.为记录流程中的每个步骤,在绘图中拖动一个流程图形状。
5.Connect the flowchart shapes by holding the mouse pointer over the first shape,and then clicking the small arrow that appears that points to the shape you want to connect to.If the second shape is not directly across from the first shape,click and hold the small arrow,drag it to the second shape,and drop the connector in the middle of the second shape.
5.将鼠标指针停留在第一个形状上,然后单击出现的指向要连接的形状的小箭头,即可连接流程图形状。 如果第二个形状不在第一个形状的正对面,则单击并按住小箭头,拖动到第二个形状,然后将连接器放到第二个形状的中间。
6.To add text to a shape or connector,select it,and then type.When you are finished typing,click on a blank area of the page.
6.要在形状或连接器上添加文字,选择它,然后键入。 键入完成后,单击页面的空白区域。
7.To change the direction of a connector's arrow,select the connector,and then,on the Shape tab,in the Shape Styles group,click Line,point to Arrows,and select the arrow direction and style that you want.
7.要改变连接器箭头的方向,选择连接器,然后在 "形状 "选项卡上的 "形状样式 "组中单击线条,指向箭头,选择所需的箭头方向和样式。


\square Use images and visual elements appropriate to the topic and audience.
\square 使用与主题和受众相适应的图像和视觉元素。

\square Use visual elements-logo,typeface,colors,etc.-consistent with your institution's branding practices.
\square 使用与机构品牌实践相一致的视觉元素--标志、字体、颜色等。

\square Make sure that all types of data graphics and illustrations are uniform in color,design, and style.
\square 确保所有类型的数据图形和插图在颜色、设计和风格上统一。

\square Use accurate and reliable data in text and graphics.
\square 在文本和图形中使用准确可靠的数据.

\square Make sure the text is concise and clear.
\square 确保文字简洁明了.

\square Cite the sources of information appropriately.
\square 适当引用信息来源.

\square Make sure the graphic serves a purpose.
\square 确保图形具有实用性.

\square The graphic presents a manageable amount of information.
\square 图形呈现的信息量适中.

\square The graphic is clearly labeled.
\square 图形上标注得很清楚.

\square The graphic appears in a logical location in the document.
\square 图形出现在文档中的合理位置。

EXERCISES  练习

Accusation by the Media
媒体的指责

Georgia University, where you work, is a public state university with a large student body. Recently, a local newspaper published a report that accused Georgia University of giving admission preferences to white Caucasian students. As a result, the report claims, Georgia University has a predominantly white Caucasian student body and lacks diversity in its student population. This, the report alleges, is a clear violation of the federal Affirmative Action mandate.
您工作所在的佐治亚大学是一所公立州立大学,学生人数众多。最近,当地一家报纸发表了一篇报道,指责佐治亚大学优先录取白人高加索学生。该报道称,佐治亚大学的学生以白人高加索人为主,学生群体缺乏多样性。报道称,这明显违反了联邦平权法案的规定。

Your Task from Your Supervisor
上司交给您的任务

You’re the technical writer in the Office of Public Relations at Georgia University. In answer to this accusation from the media, your supervisor has asked you to write a letter to the editor to be sent to the newspaper. The purpose of the letter is to make and provide evidence for the argument that Georgia University has a diverse student body.
你是佐治亚大学公共关系办公室的技术撰稿人。为了回应媒体的这一指责,你的主管要求你写一封致编辑的信寄给报纸。这封信的目的是为佐治亚大学拥有多元化学生群体这一论点提供证据。
This letter to the editor will include a graphic (a graph, a chart, or a table, etc.) that will represent the statistics about the student body makeup at Georgia University. Your supervisor has provided you with the following data:
这封给编辑的信将包括一个图表(图形、图表或表格等),该图表将代表佐治亚大学学生群体构成的统计数据。您的主管为您提供了以下数据:
Georgia University has a total of 32,150 students, classified as follows:
佐治亚大学共有 32,150 名学生,分类如下:
- White Caucasian students:
- 高加索白人学生:
11,574 36 % 36 % 36%36 \%
- African American students:
- 非裔美国学生:
9,002 28 % 28 % 28%28 \%
- Hispanic students:  - 西班牙裔学生: 2,572 8 % 8 % 8%8 \%
- Native Indian students:
- 印第安原住民学生:
1,286 4 % 4 % 4%4 \%
- Asian American students:
- 亚裔美国学生:
4,501 14 % 14 % 14%14 \%
- International students:
- 国际学生:
3,215 10 % 10 % 10%10 \%
- White Caucasian students: 11,574 36% - African American students: 9,002 28% - Hispanic students: 2,572 8% - Native Indian students: 1,286 4% - Asian American students: 4,501 14% - International students: 3,215 10%| - White Caucasian students: | 11,574 | $36 \%$ | | :--- | ---: | ---: | | - African American students: | 9,002 | $28 \%$ | | - Hispanic students: | 2,572 | $8 \%$ | | - Native Indian students: | 1,286 | $4 \%$ | | - Asian American students: | 4,501 | $14 \%$ | | - International students: | 3,215 | $10 \%$ |

Assignment  任务

Your task today is to design a graphic that will effectively represent these data to support your argument that Georgia University has a diverse student body.You can use the data in any way you think is appropriate.
你今天的任务是设计一个图表,有效地表达这些数据,以支持你的论点,即佐治亚大学拥有多元化的学生群体。 你可以用任何你认为合适的方式使用这些数据。
In evaluating your options,consider the following:
在评估您的选择时,请考虑以下几点: 1.

-What type of graphic would most effectively present the data to support your argument?
-哪种类型的图表能最有效地展示数据以支持你的论点?

-Would a direct visual representation of all the categories as they are be effective in supporting your argument?For example,if you use a column graph to represent the data,inevitably the"white Caucasian students"category will be the highest column, which will beat your purpose of underplaying this category.
-例如,如果你使用柱状图来表示数据,那么 "白种高加索学生 "类别将不可避免地成为 最高的一列,这将违背你轻视这一类别的目的。

-How would you design your visual so that there's a clear comparison between"white Caucasian students"and all the other categories combined?
-您将如何设计视觉效果,以便对 "白种高加索学生 "和所有其他类别的学生进行清晰的比较?

-If you're to combine all the categories other than"white Caucasian students,"how can you combine them and yet keep the respective categories?
-如果你要合并 "白种高加索学生 "以外的所有类别,你怎样才能在合并的同时保留各自的类别?

Chapter 6  第六章

Workplace correspondence (1): Letters, emails, and memos
工作场所信函 (1):信件、电子邮件和备忘录

Contents  目录

CASE … 106  案例 ... 106
GLOSSARY … 106  术语表 ... 106
TASKS … 107  任务 ... 107
Types of workplace correspondence … 107
工作场所信函的类型 ... 107

Principles of effective correspondence … 113
有效通信的原则 ... 113

Writing letters … 115
写信 ... 115

Writing emails … 118
撰写电子邮件 ... 118

Writing memos … 123
撰写备忘录 ... 123

LANGUAGE FOCUS … 129
GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 132
EXERCISES … 132  练习...... 132
Sylvia is a project manager working at a financial services firm.As part of her primary responsibilities,she coordinates and runs meetings and communications, documents each project and assesses risks and solutions
西尔维娅是一家金融服务公司的项目经理,她的主要职责是协调和主持会议与沟通,记录每个项目并评估风险和解决方案。

that keep the project running as smoothly as possible.Her daily routines include writing letters and emails to her clients,exchanging notes with colleagues,writing memos to keep track of the project progress.And she finds that writing clearly is really important for workplace correspondence,since the texts can be interpreted in so many ways.So she must avoid any miscommunication in writing letters,emails and memos.
她的日常工作包括给客户写信和发电子邮件,与同事交换便条,撰写备忘录以跟踪项目进展情况。


recipient/ra'sipiant/a receiver;one who receives or is given something(文档的)接收者 salutation/sæljn'teifn/a word or phrase serving as the greeting in a letter or speech,as Dear Sir in a letter or Ladies and Gentlemen in a speech 称呼
recipient/ra'sipiant/a receiver;one who receiveives or is given something(文档的)接收者致意/sæljn'teifn/a 在书信或演讲中作为问候语的词或短语,如书信中的 "亲爱的先生 "或演讲中的 "女士们,先生们" 称呼

addressee/ædr ε ε epsi\varepsilon'si/the one to whom something is addressed 收件人
addressee/ædr ε ε epsi\varepsilon 'si/ 收件人

carbon copy/karbən//'kapi/a copy of a document made by using carbon paper,a photocopier or similar mechanism 复写件,抄送件
carbon copy/karbən/'kapi/ 使用复写纸、复印机或类似装置制作的文件副本,抄送件

cliche/kli' Jel / a Jel / a Jel//a\mathrm{Jel} / \mathrm{a} word or expression that has lost much of its force through overexposure 陈词滥调 enclosure/n' klorg r/something,esp.a supporting document,enclosed,as within a letter 附件
陈词滥调 enclosure/n' klorg r/something,esp.a supporting document,enclosed,as within a letter 附件中。

notation/nov'ter n / n / int⿰n//\int ⿰ n / a system of figures or symbols used in a specialized field to represent numbers, quantities,tones,or values 记号,标记
符号/nov'ter n / n / int⿰n//\int ⿰ n / 在专门领域中用来表示数字、数量、音调或数值的数字或符号系统。

indent/In'dent/to set in from the margin 缩排,缩进
缩排/缩进/从页边开始缩排,缩进

netiquette/'ncto,kıt/etiquette practiced or advocated in electronic communication over a computer network 网上礼仪,网络冲浪守则
netiquette/'ncto,kıt/在通过计算机网络进行电子通信时实行或提倡的礼仪 网上礼仪,网络冲浪守则

buffer/'b^fər/one that protects by intercepting or moderating adverse pressures or influences 起缓冲作用的人(或物)
缓冲器/b^fər/one that protects by intercepting or moderating adverse pressures or influences 起缓冲作用的人(或物)。

Emails,letters,and memos are forms of correspondence,frequently used to correspond with clients,supervisors,colleagues,and others to share information,make requests,and convey decisions.Writing these documents will be a regular part of your job,which can lead to efficient workplace communication.
电子邮件、信函和备忘录都是书信形式,常用于与客户、上级同事和其他人通信,以共享信息、提出要求和传达决策。撰写这些文件将成为您工作的常规部分,从而提高工作场所的沟通效率。

Types of workplace correspondence
工作场所信函类型

Features of letters,emails,and memos
信函、电子邮件和备忘录的特点

A great deal of communication in the workplace is conducted through letters,emails,and memos.When you need to correspond with others,the first thing you need to consider is the appropriate type of document.Here are the main features of letters,emails,and memos:
当你需要与他人通信时,首先要考虑的是合适的文件类型。

-Letters have many conventional parts and are the most formal of the three types of workplace correspondence.They are most appropriate for communicating with those who are outside your organization,or in some formal situations,with people in your organization.Letters can be used to make requests or inquiries,accept or refuse claims, communicate important information,and apply for jobs.
-信函有许多常规部分,是三种工作场所信函中最正式的一种。信函最适合与组织外的人沟通,或在某些正式场合与组织内的人沟通。信函可以用来提出请求或询问,接受或拒绝索赔,传达重要信息,以及申请工作。

-Emails are the fastest and most efficient means of written communication.Emails can be written to people either inside or outside your organization.You can send a message electronically to one or many recipients.And it is also convenient for the recipients
-电子邮件是最快捷、最有效的书面交流方式。 电子邮件既可以写给组织内部的人,也可以写给组织外部的人。 您可以向一个或多个收件人发送电子信息。

to store and forward your messages.In addition,you can attach other files to an email message.Previously,emails were regarded as a less formal format of workplace communication.However,emails are being increasingly used for formal communication,too.
此外,您还可以将其他文件附加到电子邮件中。 以前,电子邮件被认为是一种不太正式的工作场所通信格式。然而,电子邮件也越来越多地被用于正式通信。

-Memos are usually used for communication within your own organization.Memos are more reliable than emails for information that should not be broadly released.They are often used to convey decisions,meeting agendas,policies,internal reports,and short proposals.
-备忘录通常用于组织内部的交流。备忘录比电子邮件更可靠,可用于传递不宜广泛发布的信息。备忘录通常用于传达决策、会议议程、政策、内部报告和简短建议。

Basic pattern of letters,emails,and memos
书信、电子邮件和备忘录的基本格式

Letters,emails and memos are used for different purposes of communication,so the patterns are somewhat different.But they also have something in common.Generally,letters,memos, and emails are formatted based on the following pattern:
信件、电子邮件和备忘录用于不同的通信目的,因此格式也有些不同。 但它们也有一些共同点。一般来说,信件、备忘录和电子邮件的格式都基于以下模式:

-Header with the company name and address of the sender,as well as the recipient's name and address
-标有发件人公司名称和地址以及收件人名称和地址的邮件头

-Salutation for the recipient(not included in memos)
-向收件人致敬(不包括在备忘录中)

-Introduction that states the writing purpose and/or a clear main point
-说明写作目的和/或明确要点的引言

-Body paragraphs that provide need-to-know information
-提供需要了解的信息的正文段落

-Conclusion that restates the main point
-重申要点的结论

-Signature of the sender(not included in memos)
-发件人签名(不包括在备忘录中)

The following model shows a basic pattern that can be applied to a letter,an email,and a memo.
下面的模式显示了可用于信件、电子邮件和备忘录的基本模式。

Obviously, letters, emails, and memos differ in the way they are formatted. The table shows the components usually included in the format of letters, emails and memos. And the figures illustrate how a letter, an email and a memo look like.
显然,信件、电子邮件和备忘录的格式各不相同。表格显示了信函、电子邮件和备忘录格式中通常包含的组成部分。图表说明了信函、电子邮件和备忘录的外观。
Letters  信件 Emails  电子邮件 Memos  备忘录

- 信笺--日期--内页地址--敬辞--结尾及签名
- letterhead
- date
- inside address
- salutation
- closing with
signature
- letterhead - date - inside address - salutation - closing with signature| - letterhead | | :--- | | - date | | - inside address | | - salutation | | - closing with | | signature |

- 读者电子邮件地址的收件人行 (To: qquad\qquad )- 抄送行 (Cc: qquad\qquad )(Bcc: qquad\qquad )- 主题行 (Subject: qquad\qquad )- 附件行 (Attachment: qquad\qquad )- 用预制签名结尾
- An addressee line for the readers' email addresses (To: qquad\qquad )
- Carbon copy lines
(Cc: qquad\qquad )
(Bcc: qquad\qquad )
- A subject line
(Subject: qquad\qquad )
- An attachment line (Attachment: qquad\qquad )
- Closing with a pre-made signature
- An addressee line for the readers' email addresses (To: qquad ) - Carbon copy lines (Cc: qquad ) (Bcc: qquad ) - A subject line (Subject: qquad ) - An attachment line (Attachment: qquad ) - Closing with a pre-made signature| - An addressee line for the readers' email addresses (To: $\qquad$ ) | | :--- | | - Carbon copy lines | | (Cc: $\qquad$ ) | | (Bcc: $\qquad$ ) | | - A subject line | | (Subject: $\qquad$ ) | | - An attachment line (Attachment: $\qquad$ ) | | - Closing with a pre-made signature |

- 备忘录标题 - 日期 - 一行表示读者 (To: qquad\qquad )- 一行表示发件人 (From: qquad\qquad _)- 一行表示主题 (Subject: qquad\qquad )
- memo head
- date
- A line for the readers
(To: qquad\qquad )
- A line for the sender
(From: qquad\qquad _)
- A line for the subject
(Subject: qquad\qquad )
- memo head - date - A line for the readers (To: qquad ) - A line for the sender (From: qquad _) - A line for the subject (Subject: qquad )| - memo head | | :--- | | - date | | - A line for the readers | | (To: $\qquad$ ) | | - A line for the sender | | (From: $\qquad$ _) | | - A line for the subject | | (Subject: $\qquad$ ) |
Letters Emails Memos "- letterhead - date - inside address - salutation - closing with signature" "- An addressee line for the readers' email addresses (To: qquad ) - Carbon copy lines (Cc: qquad ) (Bcc: qquad ) - A subject line (Subject: qquad ) - An attachment line (Attachment: qquad ) - Closing with a pre-made signature" "- memo head - date - A line for the readers (To: qquad ) - A line for the sender (From: qquad _) - A line for the subject (Subject: qquad )"| Letters | Emails | Memos | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | - letterhead <br> - date <br> - inside address <br> - salutation <br> - closing with <br> signature | - An addressee line for the readers' email addresses (To: $\qquad$ ) <br> - Carbon copy lines <br> (Cc: $\qquad$ ) <br> (Bcc: $\qquad$ ) <br> - A subject line <br> (Subject: $\qquad$ ) <br> - An attachment line (Attachment: $\qquad$ ) <br> - Closing with a pre-made signature | - memo head <br> - date <br> - A line for the readers <br> (To: $\qquad$ ) <br> - A line for the sender <br> (From: $\qquad$ _) <br> - A line for the subject <br> (Subject: $\qquad$ ) |

Principles of effective correspondence
有效通信的原则

Writing effective letters, emails, and memos not only helps get the job done, but also serves as a way to evaluate the writer’s performance. Your managers and administrators can tell from your correspondence whether you are solving or creating problems, communicating with or confusing readers, building or ruining relationships, and getting the job done or making no progress. When writing workplace correspondence, follow these suggestions:
撰写有效的信函、电子邮件和备忘录不仅有助于完成工作,而且也是评估撰稿人绩效的一种方式。你的经理和管理人员可以从你的信函中看出你是在解决问题还是在制造问题,是在与读者沟通还是在混淆视听,是在建立关系还是在破坏关系,是在完成工作还是在毫无进展。在撰写工作信函时,请遵循以下建议:

Creating goodwill  创造商誉

Goodwill is a feeling of good intentions. Just like friendship, goodwill is fostered by being honest and polite. Business friendships grow in an atmosphere of mutual respect and trust. You need to create goodwill through the choice of words. You can also generate your goodwill by responding to correspondence as quickly as you can. Using humor can create goodwill, but humor used carelessly may be harmful. Consider readers, situation, and character of the relationship before deciding whether to involve humor in your correspondence.
善意是一种善意的感觉。就像友谊一样,诚实有礼也能增进商誉。商业友谊是在相互尊重和信任的氛围中发展起来的。您需要通过言辞的选择来创造商誉。您还可以通过尽快回复信函来创造商誉。幽默可以创造商誉,但不经意的幽默可能会造成伤害。在决定是否在通信中使用幽默之前,要考虑读者、情况和关系的特点。

Communicating honestly  诚实交流

You should communicate honestly when you write any kind of workplace correspondence. Because the topics discussed in letters, emails, and memos often relate to your professionalism and the quality of your work. For example, if you conceal the truth about the delay of shipments to avoid responsibility, you will lose your most important credential: your credibility. Even your organization has to suffer the consequences of your dishonest behaviors. In such a case, the professional approach is to be honest and tell the truth.
在撰写任何类型的工作信函时,您都应该诚实地进行沟通。因为信件、电子邮件和备忘录中讨论的主题往往关系到你的专业水平和工作质量。例如,如果你为了逃避责任而隐瞒货物延误的真相,你将失去最重要的证书:你的信誉。甚至你的组织也要为你的不诚实行为承担后果。在这种情况下,专业的做法是诚实并说出真相。

Using a suitable tone and the "you attitude"
使用合适的语气和 "你的态度"

Always remember that correspondence should convey a courteous and positive tone. The key to accomplishing it is the “you attitude”. You need to look at the situation from the reader’s angle and adjust the content, choice of words, and tones to meet the needs of the reader.
请始终牢记,信函应传达礼貌和积极的语气。做到这一点的关键在于 "你的态度"。你需要站在读者的角度看问题,调整内容、用词和语气,以满足读者的需求。
When you convey neutral or positive information, you should use the word you to address your readers. This style emphasizes the readers rather than the writer. For example:
在传达中性或正面信息时,应使用 "你 "来称呼读者。这种文体强调的是读者而不是作者。例如
We would like to update your team on the progress of the project.
我们希望向贵团队通报项目的最新进展情况。
In most cases,negative information should not use y o u y o u youy o u ,because it sounds somewhat offensive.Read the following two versions:
在大多数情况下,负面信息不应使用 y o u y o u youy o u ,因为它听起来有些冒犯。
Version 1:Your lack of supervision on the machinery led to the recent breakdown.
版本 1:你对机器的监管不力导致了最近的故障。

Version 2:Improved supervision will help us avoid machinery breakdown in the future.
第 2 版:加强监管有助于我们今后避免机械故障。

Version 2 avoids you and sounds more acceptable,creating a constructive tone,even though the author is criticizing them.
版本 2 避开了你,听起来更容易让人接受,营造出一种建设性的语气,尽管作者是在批评他们。

Providing need-to-know information accurately and logically
准确、合理地提供需要了解的信息

While drafting,ask yourself,"What information do I need to provide to achieve the purpose of writing this letter/email/memo?"Then,include any facts,examples,data,and reasoning that will help meet the needs of your readers.Don't take up readers'time with details they do not need.Inaccurate,incomplete information will create misunderstanding and problems.
在起草时,问问自己:"为了达到写这封信/电子邮件/备忘录的目的,我需要提供哪些信息?"然后,将有助于满足读者需求的事实、示例、数据和推理纳入其中。不要用读者不需要的细节来占用他们的时间。 不准确、不完整的信息会造成误解和问题。
Organize the information in a logical way and follow conventional format,which will make it easy for your readers to follow your thinking and,at the same time,demonstrate your professionalism.Unfamiliar format may confuse your readers and make your intent unclear. Sloppy appearance may make you and your organization appear incompetent and/or careless.
以符合逻辑的方式组织信息并遵循常规格式,这将使你的读者易于理解你的想法,同时还能显示你的专业性。 不熟悉的格式可能会让读者感到困惑,使你的意图不明确。

Using concise,standard language and avoiding clichés
使用简洁、标准的语言,避免陈词滥调

All types of workplace correspondence should be correct and concise.Never use fuzzy, unnecessary words.Grammatical and punctuation errors and misspelled words will cause you and your organization to appear uneducated and/or careless.
所有类型的工作场所信函都应正确、简洁,切勿使用模糊、不必要的词语。 语法和标点符号错误以及拼写错误会使您和您的组织显得缺乏教养和/或粗心大意。
Although traditionally some words and phrases have come to be associated with workplace correspondence(e.g.,per your request),don't use them,because they sound bureaucratic and insincere and depersonalize the correspondence.The following table shows some clichés and their plain-language equivalents.
尽管传统上有些单词和短语与工作场所的信函联系在一起(例如:"您好,根据您的要求"),但请不要使用这些单词和短语,因为它们听起来既官僚又缺乏诚意,而且会使信函失去个性。 下表列出了一些陈词滥调及其相应的通俗语言。
Correspondence clichés  匹配陈词滥调 Plain-language equivalents
普通话对应
Per your request...  根据您的要求... As you requested...  按照您的要求...
Attached, please find...
请参阅附件...
I have attached...  我附上了...
Enclosed, please find...
随信附上...
I have enclosed...  我附上了...
pursuant to our agreement...
根据我们的协议
as we agreed...  按照我们的约定...
In accordance with your wishes...
根据您的愿望...
As you requested...  按照您的要求...
In observance with...  为纪念... According to...  根据...
Correspondence clichés Plain-language equivalents Per your request... As you requested... Attached, please find... I have attached... Enclosed, please find... I have enclosed... pursuant to our agreement... as we agreed... In accordance with your wishes... As you requested... In observance with... According to...| Correspondence clichés | Plain-language equivalents | | :--- | :--- | | Per your request... | As you requested... | | Attached, please find... | I have attached... | | Enclosed, please find... | I have enclosed... | | pursuant to our agreement... | as we agreed... | | In accordance with your wishes... | As you requested... | | In observance with... | According to... |

Writing letters  写信

Letters are still a basic means of communication between organizations. Compared with memos and email messages, letters are a more formal and personal medium. To write effective letters, you need to understand the audience and purpose, the elements and the formats, and the common types of letters sent in the workplace.
信件仍然是组织间沟通的基本手段。与备忘录和电子邮件相比,信件是一种更为正式和个性化的媒介。要写出有效的信件,你需要了解信件的受众和目的、要素和格式,以及工作场所常见的信件类型。

Audience and Purpose of Letters
信件的受众和目的

Letters are generally for readers outside an organization. The audience for letters are usually an external audience, whom you may know very little about. So before writing a letter, consider your audience: Who will read this letter? What is your relationship to this person? What is the formality level expected by the reader? Then, focus on your purpose: What do you want your reader to do after reading your letter? Answering in advance these questions about the audience and purpose of your letter will enable you to write a letter that better connects with your readers and achieve the outcome you seek in writing the letter.
信件一般是写给组织外部读者的。信件的读者通常是外部读者,你可能对他们知之甚少。因此,在写信之前,先考虑一下你的受众:谁会读这封信?你和这个人是什么关系?读者期望的正式程度如何?然后,关注你的目的:你希望读者读完你的信后做什么?提前回答这些关于读者和写信目的的问题,将使你写出的信能更好地与读者沟通,并达到你写信所追求的结果。
Since letters typically address external audiences, your readers may not know the jargon, the background, and relevant information important in understanding the issues being discussed in the letter. Be careful about the choice of words and the appropriate tone. For special circumstances such as promotions and dismissals, letters are used internally. You need to plan for a higher level of formality because of the importance of the issue.
由于信件通常是写给外部受众的,你的读者可能不知道信件中的行话、背景以及对理解信中讨论的问题很重要的相关信息。要注意用词和语气的适当性。在晋升和解职等特殊情况下,信件在内部使用。由于问题的重要性,您需要计划采用更高级别的形式。

Elements of a Letter
信件的要素

Most letters include a heading, date, inside address, salutation, body, closing, and signature. Some letters also include some other parts, such as enclosure notation and copy notation. The following figure illustrates and describes the elements of a letter.
大多数信件包括标题、日期、内页地址、敬辞、正文、结尾和签名。有些信件还包括一些其他部分,如附文注释和副本注释。下图对信件的要素进行了说明和描述。

-Letterhead:Most organizations use letterhead stationery with their logo,company name,and address printed at the top.Optional information, such as telephone and fax numbers,can also be included.
-信头:大多数组织使用信头信纸,信头上方印有组织标志、公司名称和地址。

-Date:The date the letter is written.
-日期:写信的日期。

-Inside Address:The inside address shows the name and address of the recipient of the letter.If the recipient has a professional title(e.g.,Prof. or C E O C E O CEOC E O ),use it.If not,use M r M r MrM r .or M s M s MsM s .Spell the name of the organization the way the organization itself does(e.g.,International Business Machines calls itself I B M I B M IBMI B M ).Include the complete mailing address-street number and name,city,state,and zip code.
-内页地址:内页地址显示收信人的姓名和地址。如果没有,请使用 M r M r MrM r M s M s MsM s 。如果没有,使用 M r M r MrM r .或 M s M s MsM s .用该组织自己的方式拼写该组织的名称(e.g.,International Business Machines 称自己为 I B M I B M IBMI B M ).包括完整的邮寄地址--街道号码和名称、城市、州和邮政编码.

-Salutation:The salutation directly addresses the recipient of the letter.The traditional salutation is Dear,followed by the recipient's courtesy title (e.g.,Mr.,Ms.)or professional title(e.g.,Capt., Chief)and last name,and then a colon.If you do not know whether the recipient is a man or a woman,the best solution is to address the recipient to a department name,committee name,or a position name(e.g.,Dear Sales Department,Dear Director of Financial Department).
-敬语:敬语直接称呼收信人。 传统的敬语是 "亲爱的",然后是 "收信人 "的称呼(e.收信人的敬称(e.g.,Mr.,Ms.)或职称(e.g.,Capt., Chief)和姓氏,然后是冒号.如果你不知道收信人是男是女,最好的办法是称呼收信人的部门名,委员会名,或职位名(e.g.,亲爱的销售部,亲爱的财务部主任)。

-Text:In most cases,the text contains at least three paragraphs:an introductory paragraph,one or more body paragraphs,and a concluding paragraph.The introductory paragraph identifies your purpose of writing this letter and connects with the recipient's interest.The body paragraphs present details of your message.The concluding paragraph sums up and encourages action.
-正文:在大多数情况下,正文至少包含三个段落:一个引言段,一个或多个主体段,以及一个结尾段。 引言段表明你写这封信的目的,并与收信人的兴趣相联系。 主体段介绍你所传达信息的细节。

-Closing:The closing is also called the complimentary close.It is often written as Sincerely yours, Respectfully,or Respectfully yours.Notice that only the first letter is capitalized,and it is always followed by a comma.The closing should parallel the level of formality used in the salutation and should reflect your relationship to the recipient.Yours truly and Sincerely are the most common.Others,in order of decreasing formality,include:
-结束语:结束语也叫赠言式结束语,通常写成 Sincerely yours, Respectfully,或 Respectfully yours。结尾应与敬语的正式程度一致,并应反映出你与收信人的关系。Yours truly 和 Sincerely 是最常用的。

Respectfully,Best wishes,Best,
谨致最美好的祝愿,最美好的,......

Cordially,Regards,  衷心感谢
-Signature block:Type your full name below the complimentary close and sign your name,in ink,between the complimentary close and the printed name.Whenever possible,include your title or the name of the position you hold just below your name.
-签名栏:在赠送的封口下方输入您的全名,并在赠送的封口和打印的姓名之间用墨水签署您的姓名。 尽可能在您姓名的下方注明您的头衔或您担任的职位名称。

-Enclosure notation:If the envelope contains documents other than the letter,include an enclosure line that indicates the number of enclosures.If there are more than one enclosure,add the number.For example:
附文注释:如果信封中装有信件以外的文件,请在附文栏中注明附文的数量。 如果附文不止一个,请加上数量。例如: -附文:如果信封中装有信件以外的文件,请在附文栏中注明附文的数量。

Enclosure  附文

Enclosures 3  附件 3
Encl. 2  附件 2
Enclosure: 2019 Sales Report
附件: 2019 年销售报告

Enclosure(2): 2019 Sales Report
附件(2): 2019 年销售报告

2020 Sales Conference Agenda
2020 年销售会议议程

-Copy notation:If you distribute copies of your letter to other recipients and want your primary recipient to know it,include a copy notation.Use the notation Copy,or the symbol c c cc for Copy,or the symbol Cc for Courtesy copy,followed by a colon,and the names and titles of the other recipients.
-副本标记:如果您将信件副本分发给其他收信人,并希望主要收信人知道,请使用副本标记。 使用副本标记,或表示副本的符号 c c cc ,或表示礼貌副本的符号 Cc,后面加冒号,以及其他收信人的姓名和职务。

Formats of a Letter
信件的格式

Letters have a rather plain design and follow standardized formats and templates. Usually letters follow one of two typical formats: modified block or full block.
信件的设计比较朴素,采用标准格式和模板。信函通常采用两种典型格式之一:修改后的正楷或整楷。
  • In modified block format, the dateline and closing begin at the horizontal center of the page. Paragraphs begin at the left margin. This format may be more difficult to key, but it looks more symmetrical on the page.
    在修改后的正楷格式中,日期栏和结尾从页面的水平中心开始。段落从左侧空白处开始。这种格式可能比较难抠,但在页面上看起来比较对称。
  • In full block format, every line begins at the left margin, and paragraphs are not indented. This format is popular because it saves keying time.
    在整块格式中,每行从左侧边距开始,段落不缩进。这种格式很受欢迎,因为它节省了键入时间。


    a. Modified block format
    a. 修改后的区块格式
July 30, 2020  2020 年 7 月 30 日
Mr.Scott Brown,CFO  斯科特-布朗先生,CFO
HC Group  HC 集团
8812 Walker Drive  沃克路 8812 号
XX City, 034789  XX 市,034789
Dear Mr.Brown,  亲爱的布朗先生
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
Yours sincerely,  此致敬礼
Elton Wilson  埃尔顿-威尔逊
Sales Manager  销售经理
Enclosure  附文
b.Full block format  b.整块格式

Writing emails  撰写电子邮件

Email is the primary way people communicate in the workplace.In many cases,email has replaced both phone calls and letters.Email offers both rapid speed and wide reach and gives readers the time to consider the message being sent.Besides,email provides organizations
电子邮件是人们在工作场所交流的主要方式。在许多情况下,电子邮件已经取代了电话和信件。 电子邮件速度快、覆盖面广,让读者有时间考虑发送的信息。

with written documentation, helping track a project or even proving critical for legal purposes. What’s more, email is probably the best approach for regular communication when people are in different time zones or have different work schedules. Another advantage is its function as a vehicle for sending attachments, such as long reports, contracts, and photos.
电子邮件可以提供书面文件,帮助跟踪项目,甚至在法律方面起到关键作用。此外,当人们处于不同的时区或有不同的工作时间安排时,电子邮件可能是定期沟通的最佳方式。另一个优势是它可以作为发送附件的工具,例如长报告、合同和照片。

Audience and purposes of emails
电子邮件的受众和目的

For professional correspondence, email is a common way to communicate. The audience may be inside or outside your organization. No matter you know them or not, remember that your readers often receive a great deal of emails in a day and they expect the writers to focus on a point and to keep the message brief, relevant, and clear.
对于专业信函,电子邮件是一种常见的沟通方式。受众可能是组织内部的,也可能是组织外部的。无论你是否认识他们,请记住,你的读者通常一天会收到大量的电子邮件,他们希望撰稿人能集中精力,保持信息的简短、相关和清晰。
Since emails can be forwarded easily, you have little control over who the final readers will be, even if you send your email only to one particular person or group. Suppose, for example, you email a colleague in your project team with some complaints about another department. Then your message probably could end up being read by the vice president, a scenario that may bring you some trouble. To avoid such embarrassment, always assume that your email will travel far beyond its intended recipient.
由于电子邮件很容易被转发,即使你只向一个特定的人或团体发送电子邮件,你也很难控制最终的阅读者是谁。例如,假设你给项目组的一位同事发邮件,抱怨另一个部门的工作。那么你的邮件最终可能会被副总裁阅读,这种情况可能会给你带来一些麻烦。为了避免这种尴尬,请务必假定你的电子邮件将远远超出预期的收件人范围。
The audience for an email might be vast, and the purpose of email should be specific: to schedule meetings, update information on a project, discuss issues with your colleagues, contact your clients, confirm or inform messages, and send other documents as attachments When drafting an email, make the purpose clear and be sure your purpose is strictly workrelated.
电子邮件的受众可能很广,电子邮件的目的也应该很明确:安排会议、更新项目信息、与同事讨论问题、联系客户、确认或告知信息,以及以附件形式发送其他文件 在起草电子邮件时,要明确目的,确保目的严格与工作相关。

Elements of an Email
电子邮件的要素

Usually you do not need to be concerned about the format of emails because a default format usually is available in the email program such as Microsoft Outlook. What you need to do is to type the intended recipient, the subject, the messages, and other necessary information. The following two figures illustrate and describe the elements of an email.
通常情况下,您不必关心电子邮件的格式,因为电子邮件程序(如 Microsoft Outlook)中通常会提供默认格式。您需要做的就是键入收件人、主题、信息和其他必要信息。下面两图说明和描述了电子邮件的要素。


  • Header: Almost all heading sections in email programs include fields for “To” and “Subject”. And the subject line should be brief and specific. Usually the sender’s name or address and date are automatically inserted. Header can also contain other fields, such as “CC” and “BCC”. “CC” stands for courtesy copy, which means all your recipients know that you are sending a copy to this person or this group. “BCC” stands for blind courtesy copy, indicating that none of your recipients know that you are sending a copy to this person or this group.
    标题:几乎所有电子邮件程序的标题部分都包含 "收件人 "和 "主题 "字段。主题行应简明扼要。通常会自动插入发件人姓名或地址和日期。标题还可以包含其他字段,如 "抄送 "和 "密送"。"抄送 "是礼貌副本的缩写,表示所有收件人都知道您要向此人或此团体发送副本。"BCC "代表盲抄送,表示所有收件人都不知道您要向此人或此组发送副本。
  • Salutation: You need to name the recipient at the start, by which you are showing respect to them.
    敬语:您需要在开头点名收件人,以此表示对他们的尊重。
  • Introduction: In the first paragraph, you need to clarify the purpose of the email, getting right to the point.
    引言:在第一段中,你需要明确邮件的目的,开门见山。
  • Body paragraph(s): One or more paragraphs are needed to explain the details. Notice that all the paragraphs in an email are relatively short and brief. Skip a line between paragraphs.
    正文段落:需要一个或多个段落来解释细节。请注意,电子邮件中的所有段落都相对简短。段落之间跳行。
  • Conclusion: The last paragraph invites further action. You can explain what you would like the recipients to do, express your appreciation, state your request, etc.
    结论:最后一段请收信人采取进一步行动。你可以解释你希望收信人做什么,表达你的谢意,提出你的要求等。
  • Closing: Just like writing letters, end politely with complimentary closing.
    结束语:就像写信一样,以赞美式结尾礼貌结束。
  • Signature block: Signature block includes your signature and contact information. You can set up the signature block in Setting (usually displayed as a gear icon in your email program), and it will be attached automatically to your email every time you click “New Email” icon.
    签名栏:签名块包括您的签名和联系信息。您可以在 "设置"(通常在电子邮件程序中显示为齿轮图标)中设置签名块,每次点击 "新邮件 "图标时,签名块就会自动附加到您的电子邮件中。

Email tone and netiquette
电子邮件语气和网络礼仪

All workplace emails should be professional and factual in tone.
所有工作场所电子邮件的语气都应专业、实事求是。

-Keep your subject line brief,specific and descriptive.Busy professionals may receive a great volume of emails every day.So a clear and brief subject line can show your recipients how the topic relates to them.A poorly written subject line may make your recipient delete your email without even reading it.
-繁忙的专业人士每天可能会收到大量电子邮件,因此清晰简短的主题行可以让收件人了解主题与他们的关系。

-Consider who are your recipients and purposes of writing the email,and then decide on the formality and length.For example,emails written for people inside your company and those outside your company have different levels of formality.Besides,in most cases your recipients will read emails from a computer screen or a cellphone screen,instead of printing hard copies.So keep your messages as brief as possible so that your recipients can read the message without scrolling through several pages.
-例如,写给公司内部人员和公司外部人员的电子邮件的正式程度不同;此外,在大多数情况下,收件人会通过电脑屏幕或手机屏幕阅读电子邮件,而不会打印出硬拷贝;因此,邮件应尽可能简短,以便收件人无需滚动几页就能阅读邮件。

-Consider privacy and security.Electronic communication is not truly private.Any email message written at work is usually owned by your organization.Another problem is security.Keep in mind that email leak and compromise happen and may cause quite a mess.
-考虑隐私和安全问题.电子通信并不是真正的私人通信.在工作中撰写的任何电子邮件信息通常都归你的组织所有.另一个问题是安全问题.请记住,电子邮件泄漏和泄露时有发生,可能会造成相当大的混乱。

-Handle emotions effectively.In emails,don't flame,even you are criticizing the recipient.Don't use all capital letters,which generally equates to shout.If you want to convey feelings in emails,you can use emoticons,symbols,such as the smiley face.But before using them,you must carefully consider how your recipients will react to them. Those emoticons and symbols can be misinterpreted or misunderstood.
-如果你想在电子邮件中表达情感,你可以使用表情符号,如笑脸。但在使用之前,你必须仔细考虑收件人对它们的反应。 这些表情符号和符号可能会被曲解或误解。

-Learn about netiquette for electronic communication.The following table shows a list of netiquettes.
-学习电子通信中的网络礼仪。
Netiquette  网络礼仪 Explanation  说明
Read and respond to email promptly.
及时阅读和回复电子邮件.

如果您真的很忙,请先确认收件人,稍后再回复。
If you are really busy,acknowledge your recipient and respond
later.
If you are really busy,acknowledge your recipient and respond later.| If you are really busy,acknowledge your recipient and respond | | :--- | | later. |
Stick to business.  坚持公事公办.

不要通过工作场所的电子邮件发送非业务信息和讨论非业务问题。
Don't send nonbusiness messages and discuss nonbusiness issues
via workplace emails.
Don't send nonbusiness messages and discuss nonbusiness issues via workplace emails.| Don't send nonbusiness messages and discuss nonbusiness issues | | :--- | | via workplace emails. |
Keep email messages short and brief.
电子邮件信息要简短扼要.

收件人希望电子邮件简明扼要,避免引用大段文字。如果可能,不要要求收件人滚动浏览冗长的信息。
The recipients expect emails to be brief.Avoid quoting large
blocks of text.If possible,don't ask your recipient to scroll
through long screens of information.
The recipients expect emails to be brief.Avoid quoting large blocks of text.If possible,don't ask your recipient to scroll through long screens of information.| The recipients expect emails to be brief.Avoid quoting large | | :--- | | blocks of text.If possible,don't ask your recipient to scroll | | through long screens of information. |
Netiquette Explanation Read and respond to email promptly. "If you are really busy,acknowledge your recipient and respond later." Stick to business. "Don't send nonbusiness messages and discuss nonbusiness issues via workplace emails." Keep email messages short and brief. "The recipients expect emails to be brief.Avoid quoting large blocks of text.If possible,don't ask your recipient to scroll through long screens of information."| Netiquette | Explanation | | :--- | :--- | | Read and respond to email promptly. | If you are really busy,acknowledge your recipient and respond <br> later. | | Stick to business. | Don't send nonbusiness messages and discuss nonbusiness issues <br> via workplace emails. | | Keep email messages short and brief. | The recipients expect emails to be brief.Avoid quoting large <br> blocks of text.If possible,don't ask your recipient to scroll <br> through long screens of information. |

使用适当的正式级别。
Use the appropriate level of
formality.
Use the appropriate level of formality.| Use the appropriate level of | | :--- | | formality. |
Consider your audience and purposes of email.
考虑受众和电子邮件的目的。
Write correctly.  正确书写。 Proofread carefully before you press "Send".
按 "发送 "键前请仔细校对。

编写一个描述性的、准确的主题行。
Develop a descriptive, precise
subject line.
Develop a descriptive, precise subject line.| Develop a descriptive, precise | | :--- | | subject line. |

收件人可以预测信息,并决定是立即阅读还是存档和稍后查找。
The recipients can predict the message and decide whether to read
it immediately or to file and locate it later.
The recipients can predict the message and decide whether to read it immediately or to file and locate it later.| The recipients can predict the message and decide whether to read | | :--- | | it immediately or to file and locate it later. |

礼貌而专业地沟通。
Communicate politely and
professionally.
Communicate politely and professionally.| Communicate politely and | | :--- | | professionally. |

不要火上浇油。职场交流应理性、专业。
Don't flame. Workplace communication should be rational and
professional.
Don't flame. Workplace communication should be rational and professional.| Don't flame. Workplace communication should be rational and | | :--- | | professional. |

让你的信息更容易吸引眼球。
Make your message easy on the
eyes.
Make your message easy on the eyes.| Make your message easy on the | | :--- | | eyes. |

不要缩进段落。段落之间跳行。不要用大写字母书写,因为这样会显得你在向听众大喊大叫。
Don't indent paragraphs. Skip lines between paragraphs. Don't
write in ALL CAPS, which seems that you are shouting at the
audience.
Don't indent paragraphs. Skip lines between paragraphs. Don't write in ALL CAPS, which seems that you are shouting at the audience.| Don't indent paragraphs. Skip lines between paragraphs. Don't | | :--- | | write in ALL CAPS, which seems that you are shouting at the | | audience. |
"Use the appropriate level of formality." Consider your audience and purposes of email. Write correctly. Proofread carefully before you press "Send". "Develop a descriptive, precise subject line." "The recipients can predict the message and decide whether to read it immediately or to file and locate it later." "Communicate politely and professionally." "Don't flame. Workplace communication should be rational and professional." "Make your message easy on the eyes." "Don't indent paragraphs. Skip lines between paragraphs. Don't write in ALL CAPS, which seems that you are shouting at the audience."| Use the appropriate level of <br> formality. | Consider your audience and purposes of email. | | :--- | :--- | | Write correctly. | Proofread carefully before you press "Send". | | Develop a descriptive, precise <br> subject line. | The recipients can predict the message and decide whether to read <br> it immediately or to file and locate it later. | | Communicate politely and <br> professionally. | Don't flame. Workplace communication should be rational and <br> professional. | | Make your message easy on the <br> eyes. | Don't indent paragraphs. Skip lines between paragraphs. Don't <br> write in ALL CAPS, which seems that you are shouting at the <br> audience. |

Writing memos  撰写备忘录

Memo, short for “memorandum”, means “memorize” and “remind”. Memos are mainly used to remind readers about important events, give instructions, and provide written records of project progress. Memos are important in workplace communication because memos signal a more official communication and provide formal, written documentation about a project, event, or issue. Compared with letters, memos are more efficient. They are more reliable than emails, especially for the information that should not be broadly released.
备忘录是 "备忘录 "的简称,意思是 "记住 "和 "提醒"。备忘录主要用于提醒读者注意重要事件、下达指示以及提供项目进展的书面记录。备忘录在工作场所的沟通中非常重要,因为备忘录是一种更正式的沟通信号,提供有关项目、事件或问题的正式书面文件。与信件相比,备忘录的效率更高。与电子邮件相比,备忘录更加可靠,尤其是对于不应广泛发布的信息。

Audience and purpose of memos
备忘录的受众和目的

Memos are mainly used to correspond inside an organization. So most memos are addressed to internal audience. But you still need to consider your audience carefully. Although they are in the same organization, the audience may have various backgrounds, opinions, roles, interests, and levels in the organization. So the first step of writing an effective memo is to identify the audience who will receive and read it.
备忘录主要用于组织内部通信。因此,大多数备忘录都是写给内部受众的。但是,您仍然需要仔细考虑您的受众。虽然同属一个组织,但受众可能有不同的背景、观点、角色、兴趣以及在组织中的级别。因此,撰写有效备忘录的第一步就是确定接收和阅读备忘录的受众。
The purpose of your memo should be clear. Memos are usually used for informing the audience, motivating them to take action, offering solutions, outlining changes in procedures, and announcing news and decisions. Sometimes, memos can also be used as documentation of discussions, decisions, or actions.
备忘录的目的要明确。备忘录通常用于通知受众、激励他们采取行动、提供解决方案、概述程序变化以及宣布新闻和决定。有时,备忘录也可用作讨论、决定或行动的文件。
Typically, memos are sent as a PDF attachment to an email or printed out. But now, hard copy is giving way to digital delivery, which is much easier to trace. But messages may also be ignored when received among a large amount of daily emails.
通常情况下,备忘录会以 PDF 附件的形式发送到电子邮件或打印出来。但现在,硬拷贝正在让位于数字发送,因为数字发送更容易追踪。但是,当每天收到大量电子邮件时,信息也可能被忽略。

Elements of a memo
备忘录的要素

-Header:A standard memo has the name and logo of the organization and the word "Memo","Memorandum","Interoffice Communication",or"Internal Correspondence" centered at the top of the page.The following are standard headers of memos.
-页眉:标准备忘录的页眉上方居中位置有组织名称和标识,以及 "备忘录"、"备忘录"、"办公室内部通信 "或 "内部通信 "字样。


-Heading section:Typically,the heading identifies the recipient(s),sender,date,and subject.The following shows elements included in the heading.These elements may not appear in that order since different organizations have different designs for their memo templates.
-标题部分:通常情况下,标题确定收件人(s)、发件人、日期和主题。
To:  致: H.Cruz  H. cc: J.Williams  J.
From:  来自: W.Blackwood  W.黑木 W.B. C.Braxton  C.布拉克斯顿
Date:  日期: 22,August,2020  22,2020 年 8 月
Subject: Report on the Shipment Delay and Recommendations
关于装运延误的报告和建议
To: H.Cruz cc: J.Williams From: W.Blackwood W.B. C.Braxton Date: 22,August,2020 Subject: Report on the Shipment Delay and Recommendations | | | | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | To: | H.Cruz | cc: | J.Williams | | From: | W.Blackwood | W.B. | C.Braxton | | Date: | 22,August,2020 | | | | Subject: | Report on the Shipment Delay and Recommendations | | |
-To:Name the recipient(and his/her title).You may name one person or a group,for example,Recruitment Committee.When you are sending a memo to more than one person, key all their names(and titles).For example:
-要:命名收件人(和他/她的头衔).你可以命名一个人或一个团体,例如,招聘委员会.当你要给多个人发送备忘录时,键入他们的所有姓名(和头衔).例如:你可以命名一个人或一个团体,例如,招聘委员会.
To:Sue Beniwal,Director of Operations
致:Sue Beniwal,运营总监

To:Recruitment Committee
致:招聘委员会

To:Neelam Harrington,Thomas Wilson
致:内兰姆-哈灵顿,托马斯-威尔逊

If the copies of your memo are to be sent to readers not listed in the"To"line,you can name these people(and their titles)in the field"cc".You can also create a distribution list at the bottom of the memo.
如果您要将备忘录副本发送给 "收件人 "栏中未列出的读者,您可以在 "抄送 "栏中列出这些人的姓名(及其头衔)。
  • From: List the name of the sender. If you are the only person responsible for the memo, your name appears. If the memo is from several people or from a group, list all their names or the group name. Remember to write your initials or sign your full name after the keyed name to show that you have reviewed the memo and accept responsibility for it. For example:
    发件人:列出发件人姓名。如果您是备忘录的唯一负责人,则显示您的姓名。如果备忘录由几个人或一个小组发出,则列出他们的姓名或小组名称。记住在键入的姓名后面写上你的姓名缩写或签上你的全名,以表明你已审阅备忘录并对其负责。例如

From: Sales Department  来自销售部

From: William Blackwood Willian Blackweed
来自威廉-布莱克伍德 Willian Blackweed
  • Date: The dateline serves as a chronological record for future reference. It would be better to write out the month instead of using the all-numeral format, especially for multicultural readers. The all-numeral format can have different notations for readers from different backgrounds, which may lead to confusion and misunderstanding. Write "Dec. 10, 2020 " instead of “10-12-2020”.
    日期:日期的作用是按时间顺序记录,供日后参考。最好写出月份,而不是使用全数字格式,尤其是对多元文化读者而言。对于不同背景的读者来说,全数字格式会有不同的符号,可能会造成混淆和误解。请写 "Dec. 10, 2020",而不是 "10-12-2020"。
  • Subject: Usually, the subject line appears at the last of the headings. You may also use terms such as Reference, Regarding, and Re. The subject line should be specific, clearly announcing your purpose and telling the readers what you are going to discuss in the memo. A subject line that reads “Shipment Delay” is too general to provide hints for readers’ prediction. Instead, “Reports on the Shipment Delay and Recommendations” is precise to tell the readers what to expect in the memo. You can capitalize the first letter of all major words and use a phrase or a clause, instead of a complete sentence, for the subject line.
    主题:通常,主题行出现在标题的最后。您也可以使用 Reference、Regarding 和 Re 等术语。主题行应具体明确,清楚地宣布你的目的,并告诉读者你将在备忘录中讨论什么。如果主题词写成 "装运延迟",则过于笼统,无法为读者的预测提供提示。相反,"关于装运延迟的报告和建议 "则能准确地告诉读者在备忘录中要讨论的内容。您可以大写所有主要单词的首字母,并使用一个短语或分句,而不是一个完整的句子作为主题行。
Another critical function of the subject line is to help you focus on the most important idea. A memo should cover only one point. If you have two messages for the same audience, you should write two memos. Generally, the memo should cover the same idea the subject line states.
主题行的另一个重要功能是帮助您集中精力表达最重要的观点。备忘录应只涉及一个要点。如果您要给同一受众发送两条信息,您应该写两份备忘录。一般来说,备忘录应涵盖与主题词相同的观点。
  • Main text: The memo begins with a clear statement of purpose in the opening paragraph. If possible, provide a context the audience can recognize, such as
    正文:备忘录的开头段要明确说明目的。如果可能,提供受众能够识别的背景,例如
As you requested at our May 22 meeting, I have gathered all the information about…
正如你们在 5 月 22 日的会议上所要求的,我已经收集了所有关于...

The body section provides necessary details of the message, complete yet compact. For audience not familiar with the topic, offer a brief background paragraph and one or two paragraphs to address the main issue. You can conclude by suggesting a course of action or asking your readers to follow up.
正文部分提供信息的必要细节,完整而紧凑。对于不熟悉主题的受众,可提供一个简短的背景段落和一两个段落来阐述主要问题。最后可以提出行动方案或要求读者跟进。
  • Distribution and enclosure notations: If you need to send copies of the memo to other readers, you can use distribution notation, such as “Distribution List” and “Copies”. Other documents can also be attached to the memo. You can use terms such as “Attachment” and
    分发和附文标记:如果需要将备忘录的副本发送给其他读者,可以使用分发标记,如 "分发清单 "和 "副本"。备忘录还可以附加其他文件。您可以使用 "附件 "和 "附文 "等术语。

    "Enclosure"as needed in the same way with workplace letters.
    "附文"(Enclosure),根据需要以同样的方式用工作场所字母表示.

Formats of a memo
备忘录的格式

When you write a memo,organize it in a way that it is easy for your audience to follow.Most organizations have their own memo template or memo stationery.Usually,do not indent a paragraph's first line,and single-space within paragraphs and double-space in between.The figure illustrates a standard memo format.
大多数组织都有自己的备忘录模板或备忘录文具。通常,段落首行不缩进,段内单倍行距,段间双倍行距。

When the memo covers multiple subtopics, include headings (as shown in the following figure) to help you organize and help readers locate information quickly. These internal headings should be set two-line space below the preceding paragraph and one line space above the following paragraph.
当备忘录涉及多个子主题时,可加入标题(如下图所示),以帮助您组织并帮助读者快速查找信息。这些内部标题应在上一段落下方空两行,在下一段落上方空一行。
To improve readability, you can organize facts and figures in a table or in bulleted or numbered lists. The line graph used in the following memo underscores and justifies the writer’s concern about the company’s sales performance.
为了提高可读性,可以用表格、圆点或编号列表来组织事实和数字。下面备忘录中使用的折线图强调并证明了作者对公司销售业绩的担忧。

GE Enterprises  通用电气企业

Memorandum  备忘录
Date: January, 16, 2020  日期: 2020 年 1 月 16 日日期: 2020 年 1 月 16 日
To: Hannah Smith, Director of Sales
致销售总监 Hannah Smith

From: Jorge Martin. Sales Manager J.M.
来自 Jorge Martin.销售经理 J.M.

Subject: Yearly Sales Volumes in 3 Regions
主题 3 个地区的年销售量






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GE Enterprises  通用电气企业

Memorandum  备忘录

Date:September,16, 2019  日期:2019 年 9 月 16 日
To:Belinda Jones.Director of R\&D
致:Belinda Jones.

From:Steve Robin,Technical Service S.R.
发件人:Steve Robin,技术服务 S.

Subject:Trip Report to HC Industries
主题:HC Industries 考察报告
The purpose of this memo is to
本备忘录旨在

qquad\qquad

Summary  摘要

In general,  一般来说

Discussion  讨论

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qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
\square

Recommendation  建议

Language
LANGUAGE FOCUS  语言 重点语言

Focus  聚焦
Letters, emails and memos are used for conveying messages. Use appropriate language styles and expressions to suit the message. Generally, the informative and good news messages are best presented in a straightforward manner; the strategy for bad news messages is indirect; persuasive messages require more motivation.
信件、电子邮件和备忘录用于传递信息。根据信息的内容,使用适当的语言风格和表达方式。一般来说,信息性信息和好消息最好以直截了当的方式表达;坏消息的策略是间接表达;说服性信息则需要更多的激励。

Language for informative and good news messages
信息和好消息的语言

Workplace correspondence usually gives the readers messages that are pleasant, or at least acceptable. Correspondence about good news, inquiry, and appreciation are all in similar language style. Since readers are in a receptive mood, the language can be direct.
职场书信通常给读者的信息是令人愉快的,或者至少是可以接受的。有关好消息、询问和感谢的信函都采用类似的语言风格。由于读者处于接受状态,因此语言可以直接。
In an inquiry memo: I would appreciate any information you will send to me by email about the progress of the project.
在询问备忘录中如果您能通过电子邮件向我提供任何有关项目进展的信息,我将不胜感激。
In a good news email: By Oct. 6, 2019, please submit all the lab garments checked out to you. We signed a contract with a new cleaning company, which will replace all the garments.
在一封好消息邮件中在 2019 年 10 月 6 日之前,请提交所有退还给您的实验室服装。我们与一家新的清洁公司签订了合同,该公司将更换所有服装。

Language for bad news messages
坏消息信息的语言

The messages conveyed through workplace correspondence are not always pleased to read. Occasionally, you need to write correspondence to share negative news or information, such as layoffs, unpopular policy changes, request refusal, shipment delay, and service complaint. Readers are not expecting negative news. A bad news message must convey the bad news and, at the same time, maintain the goodwill. Therefore, consider writing in an indirect way to soften bad news with the following language strategy:
通过工作场所信函传递的信息并不总是让人喜闻乐见的。有时,您需要撰写信函来分享负面消息或信息,例如裁员、不受欢迎的政策变更、请求被拒、发货延迟和服务投诉。读者并不期待负面消息。坏消息必须在传达坏消息的同时保持善意。因此,可以考虑用以下语言策略间接地软化坏消息:
  • Step 1: Begin with a buffer. Usually, a buffer states a point upon which the reader agrees. For example, if your email is to decline the invitation to a ceremony, you can mention the significance of the ceremony at first.
    步骤 1:以缓冲区开始。通常情况下,缓冲区要说明读者同意的一点。例如,如果您的邮件是拒绝参加某项仪式的邀请,您可以在邮件开头提到该仪式的意义。


    -Step 2:Announce the bad news.Remember to place the bad news in the middle or at the end of the section,not at the beginning.Sometimes you may need to explain the reason.You can also imply the bad news rather than state it directly.In the following examples,Version 1 follows an indirect pattern which the readers will find more acceptable.
    -第 2 步:宣布坏消息,记住把坏消息放在中间或末尾,而不是开头,有时你可能需要解释原因,你也可以暗示坏消息,而不是直接说出来。
Version 1:As described in the letter you sent us,the camera experienced a fall and stopped working.After inspecting your camera,we have determined that we will need to charge for the repair.According to the warranty,repairs can only be made at no cost when problems are due to manufacturer error:
版本 1:如您在来信中所述,您的相机在使用过程中不慎摔落,导致相机无法正常工作。
Version 2:We will charge for the repair.As you described,the camera experienced a fall and stopped working,which is your own fault,not a manufacturer error:
版本 2:我们将收取维修费用。正如您所描述的,相机摔倒并停止工作,这是您自己的过失,而不是制造商的错误。

-Step 3:Close the message on a pleasant note by offering an alternative solution,making a constructive suggestion,or holding a positive view on the future.For example,in a memo about the uniform dress policy,you may conclude like this:
第 3 步:通过提供替代解决方案、提出建设性建议或对未来持积极看法,以愉悦的语气结束信息。 例如,在一份关于统一着装政策的备忘录中,你可以这样结束: -第 4 步:通过提供替代解决方案、提出建设性建议或对未来持积极看法,以愉悦的语气结束信息。
Besides enhancing the company's professional image,the new policy will save you money because your personal clothes will not be subjected to the chemicals you need to use for work.
除了提升公司的专业形象外,新政策还能为您节省开支,因为您的个人衣物不会受到工作所需的化学品的影响。

Language for persuasive messages
说服信息的语言

Frequently,you need to write correspondence to convince the recipients.Persuasive messages
通常,您需要撰写信函来说服收信人。

are often used to promote products and services, and request for assistance and participation. Sometimes your readers are receptive to such messages, but some are not. So what you need to do when conveying persuasive message is, first to arouse readers’ attention, then to convince them to agree with the message. To make your products, services, ideas and proposals appealing, try the following language strategies:
通常用于促销产品和服务,以及请求协助和参与。有时,你的读者会接受这类信息,但有些读者并不接受。因此,在传达有说服力的信息时,你需要做的是,首先引起读者的注意,然后说服他们同意你的信息。为了使你的产品、服务、想法和建议具有吸引力,可以尝试以下语言策略:
  • Hook your readers’ attention. Hooks are words designed to get readers’ attention and begin to read the message. Hooks may start on the envelope of a letter, or can be an announcement written in boldface at the beginning of the message. Those words can also be underlined, bulleted, shadowed with color, or set apart from the text. Persuasive messages can use fonts, pictures or graphics, or anything to capture the attention of the readers. The following are some attention-getters:
    吸引读者的注意力。所谓 "钩子",就是旨在引起读者注意并开始阅读邮件的词语。钩子可以从信件的信封开始,也可以是以黑体字写在信息开头的公告。这些词语也可以用下划线、圆点、阴影或与正文区分开来。说服性信息可以使用字体、图片或图形,或任何能吸引读者注意力的东西。以下是一些能吸引注意力的方法:
Free Sample Inside - who doesn’t love free stuff?
内附免费样品 - 谁不喜欢免费的东西?

BOGO: Buy One Get One Free - acronym
BOGO:买一送一 - 缩写

Would you like to save money? - a rhetorical question
您想省钱吗?- 反问句

The homeless kids need YOUR help! - capitalization
无家可归的孩子需要您的帮助- 资本化
  • Convince your readers of the benefits or advantages. Convince your readers with facts. A persuasive message should offer solid evidence of the merits of the product, service or idea. You need to use facts, figures, and statistics to provide objective proof. Your language should be of factual style. For example, in a memo discussing the Bird Flu Contingency Plan, you can convince your readers like this:
    让读者相信你的好处或优势。用事实说服读者。有说服力的信息应为产品、服务或想法的优点提供确凿的证据。您需要使用事实、数字和统计资料来提供客观证据。你的语言应具有事实风格。例如,在讨论禽流感应急计划的备忘录中,你可以这样说服读者:
The above statistics show that the risk of a pandemic is real.
上述统计数据表明,大流行病的风险是真实存在的。

The WHO recommends the immediate development of contingency plans.
世卫组织建议立即制定应急计划。
  • Motivate your readers to action. Finally, you must try to motivate the readers to take action. To acheive your goal, you need to make this part as convenient as you can. The following are some typical motivators:
    激励读者采取行动。最后,您必须设法激励读者采取行动。为了实现目标,您需要尽可能方便地完成这部分工作。以下是一些典型的激励措施:
We are waiting to take your call.
我们随时恭候您的来电。

Buy now and save 30 % 30 % 30%30 \% off the cover price.
现在购买,可从封面价格中节省 30 % 30 % 30%30 \%

Want to learn more? Just return the enclosed card so we can start your subscription immediately.
想要了解更多信息?只需交回随附的卡片,我们就能立即开始为您订阅。

Using the following checklist when constructing workplace correspondence:
在撰写工作场所信函时,请使用以下核对表: 工作场所信函

\square Identify and analyze the audience
\square 确定并分析受众

\square Determine whether the situation calls for a letter,email or memo.
\square 确定在何种情况下需要写信、发邮件或写备忘录。

\square State the purpose or goal clearly in the correspondence.
\square 在通信中明确说明目的或目标。

\square Follow the correct format for the correspondence and contain correct parts.
\square 按照正确的格式书写并包含正确的部分。

\square Include all necessary information.
\square 包括所有必要信息。

\square Make the message complete and accurate.
\square 使信息完整准确.

\square Make sure the main points are clearly stated.
\square 确保要点表述清楚.

\square Take into consideration a good news,bad news or persuasive message.
\square 考虑好消息、坏消息或有说服力的信息。

\square Use the appropriate tone and level of formality.
\square 使用适当的语气和正式程度。

\square Proofread the message for mistakes in spelling,grammar and punctuation.
\square 校对信息中的拼写、语法和标点符号错误。

1.Rewrite the following sentences to make them more positive,cordial and tactful.
1.改写下列句子,使之更积极、亲切、委婉。

a.I am in hopes that you will call soon.
a.我希望你能尽快打来电话。

qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
b.Because you request such an amount of information in your letter,I simply cannot help you without seriously disrupting my work schedule.
b.由于你在信中要求提供如此多的信息,如果不严重影响我的工作安排,我根本无法帮助你。

qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
qquad\qquad
c. If you do not complete and return this advertisement contract by August 20, 2019, we will definitely sell your advertisement space to some other client.
c. 如果您在 2019 年 8 月 20 日之前未完成并返还本广告合同,我们肯定会将您的广告位出售给其他客户。

2. Suppose you are a frequent customer of a store. You find that, recently, it is difficult for you and other customers to find parking spaces. Write a complaint email to the General Manager of the company. You can create the name of the company and other necessary information.
2.假设您是一家商店的常客。您发现最近您和其他顾客很难找到停车位。请给公司总经理写一封投诉邮件。您可以创建公司名称和其他必要信息。

3. Suppose you are the General Manager of the company, who receives a complaint email from a customer. You write a memo to all employees. Revise the following message so that it gets the intended results. Use a memo format and pay close attention to tone.
3.假设你是公司总经理,收到了一封来自客户的投诉邮件。你给所有员工写了一份备忘录。修改以下信息,使其达到预期效果。使用备忘录格式并注意语气。
We notice that many employees are parking in front of the store rather than behind it. As a result, customers have been complaining that they cannot find parking spots if employees don’t park where they are supposed to, we’ll lose customers. Lost customers means lost jobs. As the General Manager of this company, I don’t want to lose it just because employees are too lazy to walk from the back lot. Let’s keep our customers by keeping them happy.
我们注意到,很多员工都把车停在店门口,而不是后面。因此,顾客一直抱怨找不到停车位,如果员工不把车停在应该停的地方,我们就会失去顾客。失去顾客就意味着失去工作。作为公司的总经理,我不想因为员工懒得从后面的停车场走过去而失去工作。让客户满意,我们才能留住客户。

4. Project: Work in small groups. Suppose you are working with a nonprofit organization or local government agency. Your group is responsible for recruiting new members or volunteers. Identify and analyze your target audience, and think about strategies you can use in the message. Choose an appropriate type of correspondence to encourage your target audience to join the organization or the agency.
4.项目:小组合作。假设您与一家非营利组织或地方政府机构合作。你们小组负责招募新成员或志愿者。确定并分析你的目标受众,思考你可以在信息中使用的策略。选择合适的信函类型,鼓励目标受众加入组织或机构。

Chapter 7  第 7 章

Workplace Correspondence (2): Job Application Materials and Reports
工作场所信函 (2):工作申请材料和报告

Contents  目录

CASE … 136  案例 ... 136
GLOSSARY … 136  术语表 ... 136
TASKS … 138  任务 ... 138
Understanding the rhetorical situation of job application … 138
了解求职申请的修辞情境...... 138

Constructing an effective résumé … 142
构建有效的摘要 ... 142

Writing a persuasive cover letter … 143
撰写有说服力的求职信 ... 143

Report … 146  报告 ... 146
LANGUAGE FOCUS … 163
语言重点...... 163

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 165
Résumé checklist … 165
摘要清单 ... 165

Report checklist … 166
报告清单 ... 166

EXERCISES … 167  练习...... 167
Sean Mayer is a senior student majoring in mechanical engineering.He has been accepted to a renowned graduate engineering program.Before he starts life in a new institution,he is planning to take an internship
肖恩-迈尔是一名机械工程专业的大四学生,他被一所著名的工程专业研究生院录取。

to sharpen his professional
提高他的专业水平

skills.But as he starts to look for information,Sean is confused.What is a good place to look for employment information?Is the information on the job ad reliable?What materials should he send to HR?Is his application package good enough?How should he talk to the interviewers?Should he dress nicely in an interview?
但是,当他开始寻找信息时,Sean 感到困惑:什么是寻找就业信息的好地方? 招聘广告上的信息可靠吗? 他应该向人力资源部门发送什么材料? 他的申请材料是否足够好? 他应该如何与面试官交谈? 他在面试时应该穿得漂亮吗?


résumé/'rezjomeI/a brief account of a person's education,qualifications,and previous occupations, typically sent with a job application;sometimes is called CV 个人简历
简历(résumé)/'rezjomeI/个人学历、资历和以往职业的简要介绍,通常与求职申请书一起寄送,有时也称为个人简历。
GPA/dzi-pi-eI/grade point average,referring to the average result of a student's grades and is usually calculated on a 7-point grading scale 绩点
GPA/dzi-pi-eI/grade point average(平均成绩点),指学生成绩的平均值,通常按 7 分制评分标准计算。

work experience/wark// k 'spıriəns/the experience a person gains while working in a specific field or occupation(年轻人的)工作经历
工作经历/wark/ k 'spıriəns/一个人在特定领域或职业(年轻人的)工作经历

leadership/'lidər Ip / Ip / intIp//\int \mathrm{Ip} / the state or position of being a leader 领导,组织相关经历,个人简历的一部分
leadership'lidər Ip / Ip / intIp//\int \mathrm{Ip} / 领导,组织相关经历,个人简历的一部分

honor/'anər/所获荣誉
CV/si-vi/an abbreviation of"Curriculum Vitae"(Latin)个人復历(源自拉丁语)
cover letter/'kavər//'letrr/a written document usually submitted with a job application outlining the applicant's credentials and interest in the position 求职信
求职信/cover letter/kavər/letr/a written document usually submitted with a job application outlining the applicant's credentials and interest in the position 求职信通常与工作申请一起提交,概述申请人的资历和对职位的兴趣。

professionalism/pra' f ε f ε fepsi int\mathrm{f} \varepsilon \int ənə,lızəm/referring to the skill,good judgment,and polite behavior that is expected from a person who is trained to do a job well 专业性,专业精神与态度
professionalism/pra' f ε f ε fepsi int\mathrm{f} \varepsilon \int ənə,lızəm/指技能、良好的判断力和礼貌行为,是受过训练的人在做好某项工作时应具备的 专业性、专业精神与态度

ethics/' ε θ i k s / ε θ i k s / epsitheta_(iks)//\varepsilon \theta_{\mathrm{i} k s} / moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity or an occupation 职业道德
道德/ ε θ i k s / ε θ i k s / epsitheta_(iks)//\varepsilon \theta_{\mathrm{i} k s} / 约束一个人的行为或进行某项活动或职业的道德原则

report/ri'port/an account given of a particular matter,especially in the form of an official document, after thorough investigation by an appointed person or body(正式的)报告
报告/report/由指定的人或机构(正式的)进行彻底调查后,对某一特定事项的说明,特别是以官方文件的形式。

directive/do'rektiv/an official or authoritative instruction(正式的)指令
指令/do'rektiv/正式或权威性的指示(正式的)指令

meeting minutes/'mitın//'minats/instant written notes of a meeting.They typically describe the events of the meeting and may include a list of attendees,a statement of the issues considered by the participants,and related responses or decisions for the issues 会议纪要
会议纪要/'摘要/'笔记/会议的书面记录。它们通常描述会议的事件,可能包括与会者名单,与会者审议的问题的陈述,以及对问题的相关回应或决定。

front matter/frant//'mætrr/the pages,such as the title page and preface,that precede the main text of a book or document(书或文档的)正文开始前的部分,也叫"前题"
front matter/frant/'mætr/一本书或文件(书或文档的)正文开始前的部分,也叫 "前题"。

back matter/bæk//'mætrr/the parts that appear after the main portion of the body text,including the afterword,index and bibliography(书或文梢)正文后面的部分,包括后记,索引,文献列表等等
正文后面的部分,包括后记、索引、文献列表等等

references/'refərənsiz/the sources of information that have been used in the documents 引用文献 work cited/wrrk//'saittd/generally means the same as references;referring to a list of the works that you referenced in the body of your paper 参考引用文献
references/'refərənsiz/引用文献中使用过的信息来源/wrk/'ssaittd/generally 与参考文献意思相同;指论文正文中引用的作品清单 参考引用文献

bibliography/,brbli'agrafi/a list of all of the sources you have used(whether referenced or not)in the process of constructing your document 参考文献(无论是否引用)
书目/,brbli'agrafi/你在撰写文档过程中使用的所有资料来源的清单(无论是否引用)。

appendixes/ə'pendıksız/a section of subsidiary matter at the end of a book or technical document 附录。一般位于书或文档的末尾
附录/əpendıksız/书籍或技术文档末尾的附属部分。 一般位于书或文档的末尾

glossary/'glosari/an alphabetical list of words relating to a specific subject or text,with explanations 词汇表,术语表
词汇表/glosari/与特定主题或文本有关的词汇的字母表,附有解释 词汇表,术语表

index/'indzks/an alphabetical list of names,subjects,etc.with reference to the pages on which they are mentioned,usually in a book or document(书或文档中的)索引表
索引/indzks/按字母顺序排列的人名、主题等的清单,并标明提及这些人名、主题等的页码,通常在书籍或文档中使用。

Understanding the rhetorical situation of job application
了解求职申请的修辞情境

Before writing your application materials,it might be useful to think about the context in which you are writing.The rhetorical situation of a job application includes the author, audience,the purpose of the materials,and the reasons why your audience read them.
在撰写求职材料之前,不妨思考一下写作背景。 求职材料的修辞情境包括作者、受众、材料的目的以及受众阅读材料的原因。

Abstract  摘要

Author Of course you are the author.Nobody knows you better than you do.To create a job application package that serves your long-term career goals,the first step is to carefully evaluate your career goals and your qualifications.In this process,you identify your most important and strongest characteristics so you can develop a concise and convincing message about the value you can bring to the prospective employers.
作者 当然,你才是作者,没有人比你更了解你自己。 要制作一份符合你长期职业目标的求职简历,第一步是仔细评估你的职业目标和资历。在这个过程中,你要找出自己最重要和最突出的特点,这样你就能编写出简明扼要、令人信服的信息,说明你能为潜在雇主带来的价值。

Audience  观众

The audience of your job application package is the prospective employers.They are making a huge investment when they hire you,and they only make this decision when they believe that you will meet their needs.Instead of sending out résumé everywhere,you should conduct a thorough job search and carefully analyze positions that are most compatible with your abilities and expectations.Read the job descriptions critically,identify key attributes the audience are looking for,and tailor your résumé to that expectation.
求职简历的受众是未来的雇主。他们雇用你是一项巨大的投资,只有当他们相信你能满足他们的需求时,他们才会做出这样的决定。与其到处发送简历,你应该进行全面的求职搜索,仔细分析最符合你的能力和期望的职位。 认真阅读职位描述,确定受众寻找的关键属性,并根据这一期望定制你的简历。
Another useful strategy to gain insight about the prospective employers is to contact them. Some job advertisements include contact information.You can contact the representative, express your interest,ask questions,and find out more about the company.In addition,if you know someone who is currently working in the company or worked there,you can get an insider perspective on the company.
此外,如果您认识目前在该公司工作或曾在该公司工作过的人,您还可以了解该公司的内部情况。

Purpose  目的

Depending on the type of position you are applying for, a job application package may contain multiple documents, including a résumé, a cover letter, a portfolio, and a follow-up letter. A résumé and a cover letter, generally speaking, are requested by most recruiters. See Table 1
根据您申请的职位类型,求职材料可能包含多种文件,包括简历、求职信、作品集和后续信函。一般来说,大多数招聘人员都要求提供简历和求职信。见表 1
Table 1 A brief comparison of résumé and cover letter
表 1 简历与求职信的简要比较
Résumé  摘要 Cover letter  求职信
Purpose  目的

通过展示自己的资质获得面试机会
to get an interview through demonstrating
your qualifications
to get an interview through demonstrating your qualifications| to get an interview through demonstrating | | :--- | | your qualifications |

明确说明您的技能和经验为何适合这一职位;争取面试机会
To make an explicit argument for why
your skills and experience fit this position;
to get an interview
To make an explicit argument for why your skills and experience fit this position; to get an interview| To make an explicit argument for why | | :--- | | your skills and experience fit this position; | | to get an interview |
Format  格式

一致、易读、策略性地使用文本对齐、留白和其他文档设计元素
Consistent, easy to read, strategic use of
text alignment, white space, and other
document design elements
Consistent, easy to read, strategic use of text alignment, white space, and other document design elements| Consistent, easy to read, strategic use of | | :--- | | text alignment, white space, and other | | document design elements |
Business letter 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}
商务信函 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}
Structure  结构

通常包含姓名块、教育、技能、工作经验和其他信息(如语言和课外活动)。
Usually contains name block, education,
skills, work experience, and additional
information (such as languages and
extracurriculum activities )
Usually contains name block, education, skills, work experience, and additional information (such as languages and extracurriculum activities )| Usually contains name block, education, | | :--- | | skills, work experience, and additional | | information (such as languages and | | extracurriculum activities ) |
Introduction-Body-Closing
介绍-身体-闭合
Strategy  战略

概述您的经验;列出您与职位相关的最具竞争力的资质
to summarize your experience; to list your
most competitive qualification that relates
to the job position
to summarize your experience; to list your most competitive qualification that relates to the job position| to summarize your experience; to list your | | :--- | | most competitive qualification that relates | | to the job position |

详细说明担任此职位所必需的一两项技能,并提供证据
To elaborate on one or two skills that will
be essential in this position and provide
evidence
To elaborate on one or two skills that will be essential in this position and provide evidence| To elaborate on one or two skills that will | | :--- | | be essential in this position and provide | | evidence |
Résumé Cover letter Purpose "to get an interview through demonstrating your qualifications" "To make an explicit argument for why your skills and experience fit this position; to get an interview" Format "Consistent, easy to read, strategic use of text alignment, white space, and other document design elements" Business letter ^(1) Structure "Usually contains name block, education, skills, work experience, and additional information (such as languages and extracurriculum activities )" Introduction-Body-Closing Strategy "to summarize your experience; to list your most competitive qualification that relates to the job position" "To elaborate on one or two skills that will be essential in this position and provide evidence"| | Résumé | Cover letter | | :---: | :--- | :--- | | Purpose | to get an interview through demonstrating <br> your qualifications | To make an explicit argument for why <br> your skills and experience fit this position; <br> to get an interview | | Format | Consistent, easy to read, strategic use of <br> text alignment, white space, and other <br> document design elements | Business letter ${ }^{1}$ | | Structure | Usually contains name block, education, <br> skills, work experience, and additional <br> information (such as languages and <br> extracurriculum activities ) | Introduction-Body-Closing | | Strategy | to summarize your experience; to list your <br> most competitive qualification that relates <br> to the job position | To elaborate on one or two skills that will <br> be essential in this position and provide <br> evidence |

Professionalism and ethical issue
专业精神和道德问题

Use appropriate email address for your employment correspondence. Your résumé is your identity on the job market. What impression you want to give to your potential employer by using an email address like hellokitty@xxx.com? Is it professional looking? Your email address can be based on your name. For example, Sean’s email could be s.mayer05@student. xyz.edu.
请使用合适的电子邮件地址来发送求职信。您的简历就是您在求职市场上的身份。使用 hellokitty@xxx.com 这样的电子邮件地址会给潜在雇主留下什么印象?它看起来专业吗?您的电子邮件地址可以以您的姓名为基础。例如,肖恩的电子邮件地址可以是 s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu。
Please always keep your material truthful. Many employers use outside agencies to check references and experience; they automatically reject applicants with inaccurate or embellished résumés. Even if you have been hired, your employment might be terminated as well.
请始终保持材料的真实性。许多雇主会利用外部机构来检查推荐信和经验;他们会自动拒绝不准确或美化简历的申请人。即使您已被录用,您的工作也可能被终止。

Should job applicants use an agent or professional writer?
求职者是否应该使用代理或专业撰稿人?

Résumé writing is not an easy task,and sometimes it could be quite stressful.Many job seekers resort to hiring a résumé writing service.Though a professional writer may seem trained in constructing a document,the downsides of using this type of service should be noted:
撰写简历并不是一件容易的事,有时甚至会让人感到压力山大。许多求职者会求助于简历撰写服务,虽然专业撰稿人在撰写简历方面似乎训练有素,但也应注意到使用这类服务的弊端:.............

a.The writer doesn't have the same level of insight into your area of specialty as you do and doesn't fully understand your qualification and competitiveness.
a.撰稿人对您的专业领域不具备与您相同的洞察力,也不完全了解您的资质和竞争力。

b.The writing process is not as easy as you may expect;you will have to fill out an extensive form detailing all the requested information about your background and history;be ready to do lots of back-and-forth collaboration with your writer via email, phone,or Wechat.
b.写作过程并不像您想象的那么简单;您需要填写一份内容详尽的表格,详细说明您的背景和经历;准备好通过电子邮件、电话或微信与您的撰稿人进行大量的来回协作。

c.The writer is not always as qualified as you may think;the current market of professional writing service is quite competitive.You probably will get a writer with a low rate-be careful,this is usually a red flag!More often than not,a low rate means the writer you get is not an experienced one.Are you willing to take the risk of letting someone less experienced and knowledgeable to write your package?
c.撰稿人并不总是像您想象的那样合格;目前的专业写作服务市场竞争相当激烈。 您很可能会找到一位收费低廉的撰稿人--请注意,这通常是一个警示信号!通常情况下,收费低廉意味着您找到的撰稿人不是一位经验丰富的撰稿人。 您是否愿意冒险让一位经验和知识不足的人来撰写您的套餐?

Résumé?CV?

Sometimes a recruiter ask you to send a CV.What is CV?What is the difference between a résumé and a CV?When should you use a résumé,and when is it better to use a CV?
什么是简历?简历和履历有什么区别? 什么情况下应该使用简历,什么情况下使用履历更好?
Résumé is a French word for"summary."In contrast,curriculum vitae(CV)is Latin for "course of life."The major differences between a résumé and a curriculum vitae(CV)are focus,length,and what each is used for.While both are used in job applications,a résumé and a CV are not always interchangeable.
简历(Résumé)在法语中是 "总结 "的意思,而简历(CV)在拉丁语中是 "人生历程 "的意思。简历和履历的主要区别在于重点、长度和各自的用途。虽然两者都用于求职,但简历和履历并不总是可以互换的。
In many European countries,CV is used to describe all job application documents, including a résumé.In the United States and Canada,CV and résumé are sometimes used interchangeably.If you are not sure which kind of document to submit,you may ask the recruiter for clarification.
在许多欧洲国家,CV 用于描述所有求职文件,包括简历。在美国和加拿大,CV 和简历有时可以互换使用。
résumé  摘要 CV
Emphasizes skills  强调技能 Emphasizes academic accomplishments
强调学术成就

在工业、非营利和公共部门任职
For a position in industry, non-profit, and public
sector
For a position in industry, non-profit, and public sector| For a position in industry, non-profit, and public | | :--- | | sector |
For positions in academia, fellowships and grants
学术界职位、研究金和补助金
1-2 pages  1-2 页

篇幅视经验而定,包括完整的出版物、海报和演讲清单
Length depends upon experience and includes
a complete list of publications, posters, and
presentations
Length depends upon experience and includes a complete list of publications, posters, and presentations| Length depends upon experience and includes | | :--- | | a complete list of publications, posters, and | | presentations |

1 年行业经验后,以工作经验开头,根据资历,将教育部分放在最后或接近最后的位置
After 1 year of industry experience, lead with
work experience and place education section at or
near the end, depending upon qualifications
After 1 year of industry experience, lead with work experience and place education section at or near the end, depending upon qualifications| After 1 year of industry experience, lead with | | :--- | | work experience and place education section at or | | near the end, depending upon qualifications |

总是以学历开头,可包括导师姓名和论文题目或摘要(见示例)。也用于绩优/终身教职评审和公休假
Always begins with education and can include
name of advisor and dissertation title or summary
(see examples). Also used for merit/tenure review
and sabbatical leave
Always begins with education and can include name of advisor and dissertation title or summary (see examples). Also used for merit/tenure review and sabbatical leave| Always begins with education and can include | | :--- | | name of advisor and dissertation title or summary | | (see examples). Also used for merit/tenure review | | and sabbatical leave |
résumé CV Emphasizes skills Emphasizes academic accomplishments "For a position in industry, non-profit, and public sector" For positions in academia, fellowships and grants 1-2 pages "Length depends upon experience and includes a complete list of publications, posters, and presentations" "After 1 year of industry experience, lead with work experience and place education section at or near the end, depending upon qualifications" "Always begins with education and can include name of advisor and dissertation title or summary (see examples). Also used for merit/tenure review and sabbatical leave"| résumé | CV | | :--- | :--- | | Emphasizes skills | Emphasizes academic accomplishments | | For a position in industry, non-profit, and public <br> sector | For positions in academia, fellowships and grants | | 1-2 pages | Length depends upon experience and includes <br> a complete list of publications, posters, and <br> presentations | | After 1 year of industry experience, lead with <br> work experience and place education section at or <br> near the end, depending upon qualifications | Always begins with education and can include <br> name of advisor and dissertation title or summary <br> (see examples). Also used for merit/tenure review <br> and sabbatical leave |

Constructing an effective résumé
构建有效的摘要


Sean MAYER s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu(1)412-626-0809
Sean MAYER
s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu(1)412-626-0809
Sean MAYER s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu(1)412-626-0809| Sean MAYER | | :--- | | s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu(1)412-626-0809 |
Education  教育 XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
XYZ 技术学院
Atlanta,GA  亚特兰大,GA
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.744.00
电气与计算机工程理科学士 GPA 3.
May 2020  2020 年 5 月

相关课程:动力与控制系统、通信与数字信号工程、网络与机器人技术 辅修课程:中文研究
Relevant coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal pro engineering,networking,and robotics
Minor:Chinese Studies
Relevant coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal pro engineering,networking,and robotics Minor:Chinese Studies| Relevant coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal pro engineering,networking,and robotics | | :--- | | Minor:Chinese Studies |
cessing,computer  加工,计算机
SKILLS Programming Languages:C/C++,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB Softwares:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu Foreign Languages:Chinese(fluent),Spanish(conversational)
编程语言:C/C++,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB 软件:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence 操作系统:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu 外语:中文(流利),西班牙语(会话)
WORK XYZ institute of technology cylab
XYZ 技术学院 cylab
Atlanta,GA  亚特兰大,GA
EXPERIENCE Summer Research Software Intern
暑期研究软件实习生

-使用热像仪协助人类探测算法 -为无人机之间的远程无线电通信做出贡献
-Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0
-Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera
-Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications
-Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications| -Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 | | :--- | | -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera | | -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications |
May-July 2019  2019 年 5 月至 7 月
m.C.dean Dulles,VA  杜勒斯,弗吉尼亚州
Design Engineer Intern  设计工程师实习生 June-July 2018  2018 年 6 月至 7 月

-在当前的两个项目中,使用 AutoDesk、AutoCAD 和 Revit 设计照明电路,并使用 AGi32 进行计算和分析 -为成本分析进行了 20 多页的估算 -纠正了 30 多页的照明图和电路图
-Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk,AutoCAD and Revit calculations and analysis using AGi32
-Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis
-Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting
-Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk,AutoCAD and Revit calculations and analysis using AGi32 -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting| -Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk,AutoCAD and Revit calculations and analysis using AGi32 | | :--- | | -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis | | -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting |
it;performed lighting  它;进行照明
general dynamics information technology
通用动力信息技术
Fairfax,VA  费尔法克斯,弗吉尼亚州
Technical Summer Intern  暑期技术实习生 May-July 2017  2017 年 5 月至 7 月

-为 2 份政府合同开发桌面虚拟化解决方案 -参与向 3 家美国政府机构推销电子邮件即服务(EaaS) -在联邦领域开展云技术和桌面虚拟化市场分析
-Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts
-Involved in pitching Email as a Service(EaaS)to 3 U.S.government agencies
-Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud Technology and Deskt
-Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts -Involved in pitching Email as a Service(EaaS)to 3 U.S.government agencies -Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud Technology and Deskt| -Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts | | :--- | | -Involved in pitching Email as a Service(EaaS)to 3 U.S.government agencies | | -Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud Technology and Deskt |
p Virtualization  虚拟化
XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
XYZ 技术学院
Atlanta,GA  亚特兰大,GA
Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education
计算机技能课程讲师,计算机教育
Aug 2017-May 2018  2017 年 8 月至 2018 年 5 月

-指导新生必修的计算机技能课程 -与学生合作并对其进行评估,以促进计算机的最大利用率
-Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen
-Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization
-Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization| -Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen | | :--- | | -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization |
Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design
路标识别、数字通信和信号处理系统设计
Atlanta,GA  亚特兰大,GA
-Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP
-在 TI C67 DSP 上设计并实施了路标识别算法
Jan-May 2019  2019 年 1 月至 5 月
-Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits
-在卡内基梅隆大学本科生研究研讨会 "模拟电路设计与分析"、"电子器件与模拟电路 "上展示项目
Atlanta,GA  亚特兰大,GA
-Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits
-参加一系列动手实验室,构建和操作模拟电路
Aug-Dec 2019  2019 年 8 月至 12 月
Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal
获得电路和元件建模、放大器、滤波器和信号处理方面的经验。
detection and processing
检测和处理
LEADERSHIP Office of the Dean of Student Affairs
学生事务主任办公室
Atlanta,GA  亚特兰大,GA
-Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day
-规划委员会,"带孩子们去上班 "日
Aug 2017-present  2017 年 8 月至今
-Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource/Crisis Control Phone Line
-志愿者,Niteline 信息资源/危机控制电话热线
Aug 2018-present  2018 年 8 月至今
xyZ marathon challenge  xyZ 马拉松挑战赛 Atlanta,GA  亚特兰大,GA
Training Program Director
培训计划主任
Jan-May 2018  2018 年 1 月至 5 月
-Developed training program for 25 charity runners.
-为 25 名慈善长跑运动员制定训练计划。
HORNORS \& SCHOLARSHIPS  角逐奖学金
Sony Scholarship, 2018  索尼奖学金,2018
"Sean MAYER s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu(1)412-626-0809" Education XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Atlanta,GA Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.744.00 May 2020 "Relevant coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal pro engineering,networking,and robotics Minor:Chinese Studies" cessing,computer SKILLS Programming Languages:C/C++,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB Softwares:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu Foreign Languages:Chinese(fluent),Spanish(conversational) WORK XYZ institute of technology cylab Atlanta,GA EXPERIENCE Summer Research Software Intern "-Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications" May-July 2019 m.C.dean Dulles,VA Design Engineer Intern June-July 2018 "-Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk,AutoCAD and Revit calculations and analysis using AGi32 -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting" it;performed lighting general dynamics information technology Fairfax,VA Technical Summer Intern May-July 2017 "-Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts -Involved in pitching Email as a Service(EaaS)to 3 U.S.government agencies -Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud Technology and Deskt" p Virtualization XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Atlanta,GA Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education Aug 2017-May 2018 "-Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization" Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design Atlanta,GA -Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP Jan-May 2019 -Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits Atlanta,GA -Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits Aug-Dec 2019 Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal detection and processing LEADERSHIP Office of the Dean of Student Affairs Atlanta,GA -Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day Aug 2017-present -Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource/Crisis Control Phone Line Aug 2018-present xyZ marathon challenge Atlanta,GA Training Program Director Jan-May 2018 -Developed training program for 25 charity runners. HORNORS \& SCHOLARSHIPS Sony Scholarship, 2018 | | Sean MAYER <br> s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu(1)412-626-0809 | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Education | XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY | Atlanta,GA | | | Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering GPA 3.744.00 | May 2020 | | | Relevant coursework:power and control systems,communications and digital signal pro engineering,networking,and robotics <br> Minor:Chinese Studies | cessing,computer | | SKILLS | Programming Languages:C/C++,Java,Python,System Verilog,MATLAB Softwares:Git,MS Office,SolidWorks,Auto-CAD,Revit,AGi32,Cadence Operating Systems:Aolle Macintosh OSX,MS Windows OS,Linux Ubuntu Foreign Languages:Chinese(fluent),Spanish(conversational) | | | WORK | XYZ institute of technology cylab | Atlanta,GA | | EXPERIENCE | Summer Research Software Intern | | | | -Accomplished autonomous flight using GPS Waypoints for A.R.Drone 2.0 <br> -Assisted in human detection algorithms using thermal camera <br> -Contributed to long-range radio drone-to-drone communications | May-July 2019 | | | m.C.dean | Dulles,VA | | | Design Engineer Intern | June-July 2018 | | | -Designed lighting circuits in 2 current projects using AutoDesk,AutoCAD and Revit calculations and analysis using AGi32 <br> -Conducted over 20 pages of takeoffs for cost analysis <br> -Corrected over 30 pages of lighting diagrams and circuiting | it;performed lighting | | | general dynamics information technology | Fairfax,VA | | | Technical Summer Intern | May-July 2017 | | | -Developed desktop virtualization solutions for 2 government contracts <br> -Involved in pitching Email as a Service(EaaS)to 3 U.S.government agencies <br> -Performed a market analysis in the Federal Space for Cloud Technology and Deskt | p Virtualization | | | XYZ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY | Atlanta,GA | | | Computing Skills Course Instructor,Computer Education | Aug 2017-May 2018 | | | -Instructed required computer skills course for incoming freshmen <br> -Worked with and evaluated students to promote maximum computing utilization | | | | Road Sign Recognition,Digital Communication \&Signal Processing System Design | Atlanta,GA | | | -Designed and implemented a road sign recognition algorithm on a TI C67 DSP | Jan-May 2019 | | | -Presented project at the Carnegie Mellon Undergraduate Research Symposium Analog Circuit Design and Analysis,Electronic Devices and Analog Circuits | Atlanta,GA | | | -Participated in a series of hands-on labs to build and operate analog circuits | Aug-Dec 2019 | | | Gained experience in circuit and component modeling,amplifiers,filters and signal | detection and processing | | LEADERSHIP | Office of the Dean of Student Affairs | Atlanta,GA | | | -Planning Committee,Take Our Children to Work Day | Aug 2017-present | | | -Volunteer,Niteline Information Resource/Crisis Control Phone Line | Aug 2018-present | | | xyZ marathon challenge | Atlanta,GA | | | Training Program Director | Jan-May 2018 | | | -Developed training program for 25 charity runners. | | | HORNORS \& SCHOLARSHIPS | | | | | Sony Scholarship, 2018 | |
A chronological résumé  按时间顺序排列的简历

A quick analysis of the sample résumé:
简短分析简历样本:

  1. A simple but well formatted résumé. Readers can rapidly spot key abilities and qualifications.
    简洁但格式规范的简历。读者可以迅速发现关键能力和资历。
  2. Emphasizing accomplishments with action verbs. Also see Language focus.
    用行动动词强调成就。另请参见 "语言重点"。
  3. Quantifying accomplishments. Numbers are strong.
    量化成就。数字是强有力的。
  4. Distinctive and consistent formatting for headings (BOLD CAPS, Left aligned), organizations (BOLD CAPS), positions (bold), and locations and dates (right aligned) make information easy to identify; Good readability.
    标题(大写粗体,左对齐)、机构(大写粗体)、职位(粗体)、地点和日期(右对齐)的格式独特一致,使信息易于识别;可读性好。

Writing a persuasive cover letter
撰写有说服力的求职信

When applying for a position, you are very likely to be requested to submit a cover letter (or an application letter), even if it is a short email, with your résumé. In this case, the cover letter serves as a sales message in which you market your skills, qualifications, and knowledge pertaining to the position.
在申请职位时,您很可能会被要求在提交简历的同时提交一封求职信(或申请信),哪怕只是一封简短的电子邮件。在这种情况下,求职信就像销售信息一样,你要在信中推销自己的技能、资历和与职位相关的知识。

Address  地址

Dear Mr.XYZ/Mrs.XYZ/To whom it may concern:
亲爱的 XYZ 先生/XYZ 女士/致有关人士:

[Opening paragraph]  [开头段]
Provide context and show your enthusiasm
提供背景资料,展现你的热情

1.Indicating how you hear about the position.Are you referred to a company by a current employee, a professor,or someone else?Be sure to mention it before you state your job objective.
1.说明你是通过什么途径了解到这个职位的? 你是通过在职员工、教授还是其他什么人介绍到这家公司的? 请务必在说明你的求职目标之前提到这一点。

2.Stating your job objective and mention the specific job title to avoid confusion.
2.说明你的工作目标,并提及具体的职位名称,以免混淆。

e.g.I am applying for the position of regional representative.
e.g.我申请地区代表职位.

3.Explaining why you are interested in this position,demonstrating your knowledge about the company,and relating your interest to some aspect of the company.
3.解释您对该职位感兴趣的原因,展示您对公司的了解,并将您的兴趣与公司的某些方面联系起来。

e.g.This position interests me because it offers me an opportunity both to fulfill my career goal as a graphic designer and to promote the work of an internationally respected organization.
e.g.我之所以对这个职位感兴趣,是因为它为我提供了一个机会,既能实现我作为一名平面设计师的职业目标,又能促进一个国际知名组织的工作。

[Body paragraphs]  [主体段落]
In the second paragraph(and third,if necessary),demonstrate through examples how you are qualified for this position.
在第二段(和第三段,如有必要)中,通过举例说明你如何胜任这一职位。

For each paragraph,limit it to just one basic point that is clearly stated in the topic sentence.(See sample cover letter.)
每段只写一个基本要点,并在主题句中明确阐述。

[Closing paragraph]  [结尾段]
In the closing paragraph,request an interview.State again your interest in the position.Let your audience know how to reach to you by providing your cellphone number and email address. e.g.I would appreciate an opportunity to interview with you at your earliest convenience.Should you have any questions about my qualification,please feel free to contact at(1)412-626-0809 or email me at s.mayer05@student.xyz.edu.
在最后一段中,请求面试.再次说明你对这个职位的兴趣.提供你的手机号码和电子邮件地址,让你的听众知道如何与你联系.如果您对我的资格有任何疑问,请随时与我联系(1)412-626-0809 或发电子邮件到 s.
Sincerely,  真诚的,
[your signature]  [您的签名]。
Type your full name  输入您的全名
School of Electrical Engineering
电气工程学院

XYZ Institute of Technology
XYZ 技术学院
A template of cover letter
求职信模板
Jason Smith  杰森-史密斯
31 Connally Ave  康纳利大道 31 号
Apartment #307  307 号公寓
Atlanta, GA 30312  佐治亚州亚特兰大 30312
j.smith25@student.xyz.edu
(1)678-868-7572
February 28, 2019  2019 年 2 月 28 日
High Museum of Art  高等艺术博物馆
1280 Peachtree St NE
东北桃树街 1280 号

Atlanta, GA 30309  佐治亚州亚特兰大 30309
Dear Hiring Manager:  亲爱的招聘经理
I am a senior student majoring in graphic design at XYZ University. I have learned from your website that you have an open position for a summer internship for an undergraduate student in your Marketing Department. This position interests me greatly because it offers me an opportunity both to fulfill my career goals and to promote the work of an internationally respected arts institution.
我是 XYZ 大学平面设计专业的大四学生。我从贵公司的网站上得知,贵公司市场营销部有一个本科生暑期实习的空缺职位。我对这个职位非常感兴趣,因为它为我提供了一个机会,既能实现我的职业目标,又能促进一个国际知名艺术机构的工作。

2

I can bring strong up-to-date academic and practical skills in multimedia tools and graphic arts production, as indicated in my enclosed résumé. Further, I have project management experience at a local arts agency, where I was responsible for the development of client brochures, newsletters, and flyers. As the project manager, I coordinated the time lines, budgets, spending, and production with the clients and vendors.
如随附的简历所示,我在多媒体工具和平面艺术制作方面具有很强的最新学术和实践技能。此外,我在当地一家艺术机构有过项目管理经验,负责过客户宣传册、通讯和传单的制作。作为项目经理,我负责与客户和供应商协调时间安排、预算、支出和制作。

3

My experience and contact in the Atlanta area media and entertainment community should help me make use of state-of-the-art design expertise. As you will see in my résumé, I have worked with some of the leading television, studio, and music production companies; that experience should help me develop marketing tools museum visitors and patrons will find attractive. For example, I helped design an upgrade of the CGI logo for ABC Pictures and was formally commented by the Director of Marketing.
我在亚特兰大地区媒体和娱乐界的经验和人脉将有助于我利用最先进的设计专业知识。正如您在我的简历中所看到的,我曾与一些领先的电视、演播室和音乐制作公司合作过;这些经验应能帮助我开发出博物馆游客和赞助人会感到有吸引力的营销工具。例如,我帮助 ABC 电影公司设计了 CGI 标志的升级版,并得到了市场总监的正式批示。
If you would like to contact me to discuss the position and/or my qualifications, please feel free to contact at j.smith25@student.xyz.edu or (1)678-868-7572. Thank you for considering me for the listed position.
如果您想与我联系讨论职位和/或我的资历,请随时通过 j.smith25@student.xyz.edu 或 (1)678-868-7572 与我联系。感谢您考虑让我担任所列职位。
Sincerely,  此致敬礼
Jason Smith  杰森-史密斯
Jason Smith  杰森-史密斯
School of Contemporary Design
当代设计学院

XYZ University  XYZ 大学
Enclosure: Résumé  附文:简历
Portfolio: www.jsmith-atl.com
作品集: www.jsmith-atl.com

A quick analysis of the sample cover letter:
求职信范文简析

1.Opening the letter by referencing the source of information.
1.在信的开头提到信息来源。

2.Continuing with a strong emphasis on recent work experience and accomplishments; adding detailed information to enrich the description of work experience.
2.继续强调近期的工作经历和成就;增加详细信息,丰富工作经历的描述。
3.Demonstrating awareness of the needs of the employer and how his skills match those needs.
3.展示对雇主需求的认识,以及自己的技能如何与这些需求相匹配。
4.Closing the letter with a request for an interview and mentioning contact information.
4.在信的结尾提出采访要求,并提及联系方式。

Report  报告

Although the term report can be used to refer to various types of written communication,it usually is defined as an organized presentation of factual information to a specific audience.
尽管报告一词可用于指各种类型的书面交流,但它通常被定义为向特定受众有条理地陈述事实信息。

The categorization of reports varies,depending on formality,purpose,length,scope, information type,and so on.In this section,several most used categorizations will be introduced:formal vs.informal reports,analytical vs.informational vs recommendation reports.
本节将介绍几种最常用的分类方法:正式报告与非正式报告、分析报告与信息报告、信息报告与建议报告。

Informal vs.Formal Reports
非正式报告与正式报告

Informal reports generally run from a few paragraphs to several pages,and they include essential parts of a report:an introduction,a body,conclusion,and recommendation if applicable.Due to their brevity and small scope,informal reports can be delivered as letters, emails,or memos attached to an email.Formal reports,on the other hand,usually grow out of projects or events that are large in scope and collaborative in nature.
非正式报告的篇幅一般从几段到几页不等,包括报告的基本部分:引言、正文、 结论、建议(如适用)。

A comparison of informal and formal reports
非正式报告与正式报告的比较

Informal reports  非正式报告 Formal reports  正式报告
Audience  观众

- 特定的一小群读者,有时是单个读者--读者很可能熟悉报告的主题,因此您可以决定提供多少背景信息和使用多少技术性语言
- A specifc small group of readers, sometimes a single reader
- Readers very likely are familiar with the subject of the report so you can make a decision on how much background information to provide and how much technical language you may use
- A specifc small group of readers, sometimes a single reader - Readers very likely are familiar with the subject of the report so you can make a decision on how much background information to provide and how much technical language you may use| - A specifc small group of readers, sometimes a single reader | | :--- | | - Readers very likely are familiar with the subject of the report so you can make a decision on how much background information to provide and how much technical language you may use |

- 不止一个受众--受众的地位不同,对主题的了解程度也不同。- 并非每个受众都会阅读整份报告;许多受众会阅读摘要、结论和建议
- More than one audience
- Audiences occupying various positions, having different levels of knowledge about the subject.
- Not every audience will read the entire report; many will read the abstract, conclusion, and recommendation
- More than one audience - Audiences occupying various positions, having different levels of knowledge about the subject. - Not every audience will read the entire report; many will read the abstract, conclusion, and recommendation| - More than one audience | | :--- | | - Audiences occupying various positions, having different levels of knowledge about the subject. | | - Not every audience will read the entire report; many will read the abstract, conclusion, and recommendation |
Purpose  目的

- 内部交流,如描述事件、报告正在进行的项目的进展情况、总结调查结果。
- Internal communication
e.g., describing an incident, reporting the progress of ongoing projects, summarizing the results of an investigation.
- Internal communication e.g., describing an incident, reporting the progress of ongoing projects, summarizing the results of an investigation.| - Internal communication | | :--- | | e.g., describing an incident, reporting the progress of ongoing projects, summarizing the results of an investigation. |

- 内部或外部交流,如研究某一领域的最新发展、讨论新产品或服务的可行性、审查组织的绩效等。
- Internal or external communication,
e.g., researching into latest development in a field, discussion of the feasibility of a new product or service, reviewing an organization's performance, etc.
- Internal or external communication, e.g., researching into latest development in a field, discussion of the feasibility of a new product or service, reviewing an organization's performance, etc.| - Internal or external communication, | | :--- | | e.g., researching into latest development in a field, discussion of the feasibility of a new product or service, reviewing an organization's performance, etc. |
Structure  结构

- 导言 - 正文 - 结论和建议
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusions and recommendations
- Introduction - Body - Conclusions and recommendations| - Introduction | | :--- | | - Body | | - Conclusions and recommendations |

- 正面(扉页、摘要、目录、图、表、前言或序言、缩略语和符号表) - 正文(内容提要、引言、正文、结论、建议、参考文献或引用作品) - 背面(参考书目、附录、术语表)
- Front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, foreword or preface, list of abbreviations and symbols)
- Body (executive summary, introduction, texts the main body, conclusions, recommendations, references or works cited)
- Back matter (bibliography, appendixes, glossary)
- Front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, foreword or preface, list of abbreviations and symbols) - Body (executive summary, introduction, texts the main body, conclusions, recommendations, references or works cited) - Back matter (bibliography, appendixes, glossary)| - Front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, foreword or preface, list of abbreviations and symbols) | | :--- | | - Body (executive summary, introduction, texts the main body, conclusions, recommendations, references or works cited) | | - Back matter (bibliography, appendixes, glossary) |
Subtypes  亚型 directive, field report, progress report, incident report, meeting minutes, etc. (See example below)
指令、现场报告、进度报告、事故报告、会议记录等(见下文示例)
----
Deliverables  交付成果 letters, emails, or memos attached to an email; printed or digital
信件、电子邮件或附在电子邮件中的备忘录;印刷版或数字版
Printed or digital  印刷或数字
Informal reports Formal reports Audience "- A specifc small group of readers, sometimes a single reader - Readers very likely are familiar with the subject of the report so you can make a decision on how much background information to provide and how much technical language you may use" "- More than one audience - Audiences occupying various positions, having different levels of knowledge about the subject. - Not every audience will read the entire report; many will read the abstract, conclusion, and recommendation" Purpose "- Internal communication e.g., describing an incident, reporting the progress of ongoing projects, summarizing the results of an investigation." "- Internal or external communication, e.g., researching into latest development in a field, discussion of the feasibility of a new product or service, reviewing an organization's performance, etc." Structure "- Introduction - Body - Conclusions and recommendations" "- Front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, foreword or preface, list of abbreviations and symbols) - Body (executive summary, introduction, texts the main body, conclusions, recommendations, references or works cited) - Back matter (bibliography, appendixes, glossary)" Subtypes directive, field report, progress report, incident report, meeting minutes, etc. (See example below) ---- Deliverables letters, emails, or memos attached to an email; printed or digital Printed or digital| | Informal reports | Formal reports | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Audience | - A specifc small group of readers, sometimes a single reader <br> - Readers very likely are familiar with the subject of the report so you can make a decision on how much background information to provide and how much technical language you may use | - More than one audience <br> - Audiences occupying various positions, having different levels of knowledge about the subject. <br> - Not every audience will read the entire report; many will read the abstract, conclusion, and recommendation | | Purpose | - Internal communication <br> e.g., describing an incident, reporting the progress of ongoing projects, summarizing the results of an investigation. | - Internal or external communication, <br> e.g., researching into latest development in a field, discussion of the feasibility of a new product or service, reviewing an organization's performance, etc. | | Structure | - Introduction <br> - Body <br> - Conclusions and recommendations | - Front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, foreword or preface, list of abbreviations and symbols) <br> - Body (executive summary, introduction, texts the main body, conclusions, recommendations, references or works cited) <br> - Back matter (bibliography, appendixes, glossary) | | Subtypes | directive, field report, progress report, incident report, meeting minutes, etc. (See example below) | ---- | | Deliverables | letters, emails, or memos attached to an email; printed or digital | Printed or digital |
Several subtypes of informal reports
非正式报告的几个亚类
Date:May 22, 2018  日期:2018 年 5 月 22 日
To:Joanne Miro,Director of IT Maintenance- 1
致:乔安妮-米罗,信息技术维护主任- 1

From Lisa Trang,IT Office
发件人:Lisa Trang,IT 办公室

Subject:Recommendation on communication interface for internal use
主题:关于内部使用的通信接口的建议

The following report compares two software programs and makes recommendations about the suitable product for our company.I have researched software packages on the market by various suppliers and narrowed possible choices to two:DigitalSmart and IntelMediaCorp.The main criteria in selecting software were:cost,usability and user friendliness,and technical support.
我研究了市场上不同供应商的软件包,将可能的选择范围缩小到两个:DigitalSmart 和 IntelMediaCorp。

1.Cost  1.成本

DigitalSmart offers a more competitive price in comparison to other companies,including IntelMediaCorp.The one-time price is $ 28 , 000 $ 28 , 000 $28,000\$ 28,000 ,and an annual user fee is $ 600 $ 600 $600\$ 600 including installation, upgrades,and technical support.IntelMediaCorp's quote is slightly higher,and there is an additional fee for yearly upgrades.However,IntelMediaCorp does not charge an user fee.Please see table below:
与包括 IntelMediaCorp 在内的其他公司相比,DigitalSmart 提供的价格更具竞争力。一次性价格为 $ 28 , 000 $ 28 , 000 $28,000\$ 28,000 ,用户年费为 $ 600 $ 600 $600\$ 600 ,包括安装、升级和技术支持。IntelMediaCorp'的报价略高,而且每年升级需要额外付费。 不过,IntelMediaCorp 不收取用户费。
DigitalSmart  数字智能 IntelMediaCorp  英特尔媒体公司
Price  价格 $ 28 , 000 $ 28 , 000 $28,000\$ 28,000 $ 29 , 200 $ 29 , 200 $29,200\$ 29,200
Annual fee  年费 $ 600 $ 600 $600\$ 600 0
Upgrades  升级 0 $ 480 $ 480 $480\$ 480
DigitalSmart IntelMediaCorp Price $28,000 $29,200 Annual fee $600 0 Upgrades 0 $480| | DigitalSmart | IntelMediaCorp | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Price | $\$ 28,000$ | $\$ 29,200$ | | Annual fee | $\$ 600$ | 0 | | Upgrades | 0 | $\$ 480$ |

2.Usability and user friendliness
2.可用性和用户友好性

Both companies sent me demos of their products.Some staff have tested them for usability and user friendliness,and they found that both products have good interface design and are easy to use.No extensive training is needed.DigitalSmart offers free software training with a three-year contract for their services.IntelMediaCorp provides manuals and training materials free of charge.The DigitalSmart product may require additional upgrading of the hardware in some of our offices.
两家公司都给我寄来了他们产品的演示版。一些员工测试了这两款产品的可用性和用户友好性,他们发现这两款产品都具有良好的界面设计,易于使用。IntelMediaCorp 免费提供使用手册和培训材料。
3.Technical support  3.技术支持
Both companies offer excellent technical support online and by telephone.
两家公司都提供出色的在线和电话技术支持。

Conclusions and Recommendations
结论和建议

The DigitalSmart product is a more cost-effective choice in comparison to the IntelMediaCorp product. It meets our company's requirements and offers more flexibility by offering staff training and upgrades. The annual user fee raises the cost slightly but it seems to be worth it.
与英特尔媒体公司的产品相比,DigitalSmart 产品是一个更具成本效益的选择。 它符合我们公司的要求,并通过提供员工培训和升级提供了更大的灵活性。
An informal report  非正式报告

A quick analysis of the sample informal report:
对非正式报告样本的简要分析:

1.Using memo to deliver the informal report to someone inside the company;
1.使用备忘录向公司内部人员提交非正式报告; 2.

2.An introductory paragraph giving an overview of the document;
2.概述文件的介绍性段落; 3.介绍文件的主要内容。

3.Using a table to clearly present the comparison;easy for scanning,very reader friendly;
3.使用表格清楚地展示比较结果;便于扫描,非常方便读者阅读; 4.使用表格清楚地展示比较结果。

4.Ending with recommendations,serving the purpose of this report.
4.最后提出建议,为本报告的目的服务。
Below we use a WHO report as an example to illustrate how a formal report should be assembled.
下面,我们以世卫组织的一份报告为例,说明应如何编写正式报告。

Contents  目录

Message from the Director-General
总干事致辞

Major and subordinate headings differentiated by typeface and indentations
用字体和缩进区分主要标题和次要标题

each section  每节
x Executive summary  x 执行摘要
Why universal coverage?  为什么要全民参保?
Where are we now?
我们现在在哪里?

How do we fix this?
如何解决这个问题?

Raising sufficient resources for health
为卫生事业筹集充足的资源

Removing financial risks and barriers to access
消除获得服务的金融风险和障碍

Promoting efficiency and eliminating waste
提高效率,杜绝浪费

Inequalities in coverage
覆盖面的不平等

An agenda for action
行动议程

Facilitating and supporting change
促进和支持变革

Practical steps for external partners
外部合作伙伴的实际步骤

A message of hope
希望的信息

Where are we now?  我们现在在哪里?
5 Direct payments  5 直接付款
6 Pooled funds  6 集合基金
Extemal assistance  外部援助
On the path to universal coverage
通往全民医保之路

-Sustaining existing achievements
-保持现有成就

9.Universal coverage the two prongs
9."双管齐下 "的普遍覆盖性

12 Making the right choices
12 作出正确的选择

13 Moving forward  13 向前迈进

More money for health
为卫生事业提供更多资金

21 Raising resources for health
21 筹集卫生资源

22 But what does universal coverage cost?
22 但是,全民医保的成本是多少呢?

23 Ensuring a fair share of total government spending on heath
23 确保政府卫生总支出的公平份额

26 Diversifying domestic sources of revenue
26 使国内收入来源多样化

2: Exploting sources of domestic financing for health
2:开拓国内卫生资金来源

31 External financial assistance
31 外部财政援助

33 Effect of economic downturn on development assistance
33 经济衰退对发展援助的影响

35 Conclusion  35 结论
41 The problems with direct payments
41 直接付款的问题

44 Do exemptions from charges work?
44 免除收费有效吗?

45 The retreat from difect payments
45 退出二元支付

47 Strength in numbers
47 人多力量大

49. Where and how to cover more people?
49.在哪里以及如何覆盖更多人?

4) Focusing on the poor
4) 关注穷人
51 Other barriers to access
51 获得服务的其他障碍

52 Conclusion  52 结论
A preface usually is written by the author to announce the purpose, background,or scope of the report.
序言通常由作者撰写,宣布报告的目的、背景或范围。
I commissioned this world health report in response to a need,expressed by rich and poor countries alike,for practical guidance on ways to finance health care. The objective was to transform the evidence,gathered from studies in a diversity of settings,into a menu of options for raising sufficient resources and removing financial barriers to access,especially for the poor.As indicated by the subtitle,the emphasis is firmly placed on moving towards universal coverage,a goal currently at the centre of debates about health service provision.
我委托编写这份世界卫生报告,是为了满足富国和穷国都提出的需求,即就如何为医疗保健筹资提供实用指导。 目标是将从各种环境下的研究中收集到的证据转化为一系列备选方案,以筹集足够的资源,消除获得医疗保健服务的资金障碍,特别是对穷人而言。 正如副标题所示,重点是坚定不移地实现全民医保,这是目前关于提供医疗服务的辩论的核心目标。
The need for guidance in this area has become all the more pressing at a time characterized by both economic downturn and rising health-care costs,as populations age,chronic diseases increase,and new and more expensive treatments become available.As this report rightly notes,growing public demand for access to high-quality,affordable care further increases the political pressure to make wise policy choices.
随着人口老龄化、慢性病增加、新的和更昂贵的治疗方法的出现,在经济衰退和医疗成本上升的双重背景下,在这一领域提供指导的需求变得更加迫切。 正如本报告所正确指出的,公众对获得高质量、可负担得起的医疗服务的需求不断增长,进一步加大了做出明智政策选择的政治压力。
At a time when money is tight,my advice to countries is this:before looking for places to cut spending on health care,look first for opportunities to improve efficiency. All health systems,everywhere,could make better use of resources,whether through better procurement practices,broader use of generic products,better incentives for providers,or streamlined financing and administrative procedures.
在资金紧张的时候,我给各国的建议是:在寻找削减医疗开支的地方之前,首先要寻找提高效率的机会。 所有的医疗系统,无论是通过更好的采购做法、更广泛地使用非专利产品、更好地激励医疗服务提供者,还是通过简化融资和行政程序,都可以更好地利用资源。
This report estimates that from 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% to 40 % 40 % 40%40 \% of all health spending is currently wasted through inefficiency,and points to 10 specific areas where better policies and practices could increase the impact of expenditures,
本报告估计,目前有 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% 40 % 40 % 40%40 \% 的医疗卫生支出因效率低下而被浪费,并指出了 10 个具体领域,在这些领域中,更好的政策和做法可以提高支出的效果。

sometimes dramatically.Investing these resources more wisely can help countries move much closer to universal coverage without increasing spending.
更明智地投入这些资源可以帮助各国在不增加支出的情况下更接近全民医保。
Concerning the path to universal coverage,the report identifies continued reliance on direct payments,including user fees,as by far the greatest obstacle to progress.Abundant evidence showsthat raising funds through required prepayment is the most efficient and equitable base for increasing population coverage.In effect,
关于实现全民覆盖的途径,报告指出,继续依赖直接支付,包括用户付费,是迄今为止取得进展的最大障碍。 大量证据表明,通过规定的预付费筹集资金,是提高人口覆盖率的最有效和最公平的基础。

such mechanisms mean that the rich subsidize the poor, and the healthy subsidize the sick. Experience shows this approach works best when prepayment comes from a large number of people, with subsequent pooling of funds to cover everyone’s health-care costs.
这种机制意味着富人补贴穷人,健康人补贴病人。经验表明,当许多人预付费用,然后将资金集中起来支付每个人的医疗费用时,这种方法最为有效。
No one in need of health care, whether curative or preventive, should risk financial ruin as a result.
任何需要医疗保健的人,无论是治疗性还是预防性的,都不应该因此而冒经济破产的风险。
As the evidence shows, countries do need stable and sufficient funds for health, but national wealth is not a prerequisite for moving closer to universal coverage. Countries with similar levels of health expenditure achieve strikingly different health outcomes from their investments. Policy decisions help explain much of this difference.
证据表明,各国确实需要稳定而充足的卫生资金,但国家财富并不是实现全民医保的先决条件。卫生支出水平相似的国家,其投资所取得的卫生成果却大相径庭。政策决定有助于解释这种差异。
At the same time, no single mix of policy options will work well in every setting. As the report cautions, any effective strategy for health financing needs to be home-grown. Health systems are complex adaptive systems, and their different components can interact in unexpected ways. By covering failures and setbacks as well as successes, the report helps countries anticipate unwelcome surprises and avoid them. Trade-offs are inevitable, and decisions will need to strike the right balance between the proportion of the population covered, the range of services included, and the costs to be covered.
同时,没有任何一种政策方案组合能够在任何情况下都行之有效。正如报告所提醒的那样,任何有效的卫生筹资战略都必须是本土化的。医疗卫生系统是一个复杂的适应性系统,其不同的组成部分可能会以意想不到的方式相互作用。通过介绍失败和挫折以及成功的经验,报告帮助各国预测并避免不受欢迎的意外情况。权衡利弊在所难免,因此需要在覆盖人口比例、服务范围和覆盖成本之间取得适当的平衡。
Yet despite these and other warnings, the overarching message is one of optimism. All countries, at all stages of development, can take immediate steps to move towards universal coverage and to maintain their achievements. Countries that adopt the right policies can achieve vastly improved service coverage and protection against financial risk for any given level of expenditure. It is my sincere wish that the practical experiences and advice set out in this report will guide policy-makers in the right direction. Striving for universal coverage is an admirable goal, and a feasible one - everywhere.
尽管有这些警告和其他警告,但总的信息是乐观的。处于各个发展阶段的所有国家都可以立即采取措施,逐步实现全民医保并保持已取得的成就。采取正确政策的国家可以大幅提高服务覆盖率,并在任何特定支出水平下防范财务风险。我衷心希望本报告中提出的实际经验和建议能够指导政策制定者朝着正确的方向前进。努力实现全民医保是一个令人钦佩的目标,也是一个可行的目标--在任何地方都是如此。

Inlehan  英莱汉

Dr Margaret Chan  陈冯富珍博士
Director-General World Health Organization
世界卫生组织总干事
Footer provides page number
页脚提供页码


vil  甒钚甒钚甒钚甒钚甒钚甒钚
An executive summary provides a more complete overview of the report than the preface or abstract.
与前言或摘要相比,内容提要提供了更全面的报告概述。

Executive summary  执行摘要

Why universal coverage?  为什么要全民参保?

Promoting and protecting health is essential to human welfare and sustained economic and social development.This was recognized more than 30 years ago by the Alma-Ata Declaration signatories,who noted that Health for All would contribute both to a better quality of life and also to global peace and security.
30 多年前,《阿拉木图宣言》签署国就已认识到这一点,他们指出,"人人享有健康 "既有助于提高生活质量,也有助于全球和平与安全。
Not surprisingly,people also rate health one of their highest priorities,in most countries behind only economic concerns,such as unemployment,low wages and a high cost of living ( 1 , 2 ) ( 1 , 2 ) (1,2)(1,2) .As a result,health frequently becomes a political issue as governments try to meet peoples'expectations.
不足为奇的是,在大多数国家,人们将健康列为最优先考虑的问题之一,仅次于失业、低工资和高生活成本等经济问题 ( 1 , 2 ) ( 1 , 2 ) (1,2)(1,2) .因此,当政府试图满足人们的期望时,健康问题常常成为一个政治问题。
There are many ways to promote and sustain health.Some lie outside the confines of the health sector.The"circumstances in which people grow,live,work,and age" strongly influence how people live and die(3).Education,housing,food and employment all impact on health.Redressing inequalities in these will reduce inequalities in health.
促进和保持健康的方法有很多,有些不属于卫生部门的范畴。"人们的成长、生活、工作和年龄 "对人们的生活和死亡(3)有很大影响。
But timely access to health services 2 2 ^(2){ }^{2}-a mix of promotion,prevention,treatment and rehabilitation-is also critical.This cannot be achieved,except for a small minority of the population,without a well-functioning health financing system.It determines whether people can afford to use health services when they need them.It determines if the services exist.
但是,如果没有一个运作良好的卫生筹资系统,除了少数人之外,及时获得卫生服务 2 2 ^(2){ }^{2} --包括促进、预防、治疗和康复--也是至关重要的。 卫生筹资系统决定了人们在需要卫生服务时能否负担得起。
Recognizing this,Member States of the World Health Organization(WHO) committed in 2005 to develop their health financing systems so that all people have access to services and do not suffer financial hardship paying for them(4).This goal was defined as universal coverage,sometimes called universal health coverage.
认识到这一点,世界卫生组织(WHO)成员国于 2005 年承诺发展其卫生筹资系统,使所有人都能获得服务,并且在支付服务费用时不会遇到财政困难(4)。这一目标被定义为全民医保,有时也被称为全民健康保险。
In striving for this goal,governments face three fundamental questions:
在努力实现这一目标的过程中,各国政府面临着三个基本问题: 1.

1.How is such a health system to be financed?
1.这样一个卫生系统的资金如何筹措?

2.How can they protect people from the financial consequences of ill-health and paying for health services?
2.如何保护人们免受健康状况不佳和支付医疗服务费用所带来的经济后果的影响?

3.How can they encourage the optimum use of available resources?
3.如何鼓励优化利用现有资源?

They must also ensure coverage is equitable and establish reliable means to monitor and evaluate progress.
它们还必须确保覆盖面的公平性,并建立监测和评估进展情况的可靠手段。
In this report,WHO outlines how countries can modify their financing systems to move more quickly towards universal coverage and to sustain those achievements. The report synthesizes new research and lessons learnt from experience into a set of possible actions that countries at all stages of development can consider and adapt to their own needs.It suggests ways the international community can support efforts in low-income countries to achieve universal coverage.
在本报告中,世卫组织概述了各国如何修改其筹资系统,以更快地实现全民医保并保持这些成就。 报告将新的研究成果和经验总结为一系列可能采取的行动,供处于不同发展阶段的国家考虑并根据自身需要加以调整。
Executive summary of a formal report
正式报告的内容提要

Asthe world grapples with economic slowdown, globalization of diseases as well as economies, and growing demands for chronic care that are linked partly to ageing populations, the need for universal health coverage, and a strategy for financing it, has never been greater.
全世界都在努力应对经济放缓、疾病全球化和经济全球化,以及部分与人口老龄化相关的慢性病护理需求日益增长的问题,因此,现在比以往任何时候都更需要全民医保以及为全民医保筹资的战略。

Where are we now?
我们现在在哪里?

The World Health Assembly resolution 58.33 from 2005 says everyone should be able to access health services and not be subject to financial hardship in doing so. On both counts, the world is still a long way from universal coverage.
世界卫生大会 2005 年通过的第 58.33 号决议指出,每个人都应能够获得医疗服务,并且在获得医疗服务时不会遇到经济困难。就这两点而言,世界距离全民医保还有很长的路要走。
On the service coverage side, the proportion of births attended by a skilled health worker can be as low as 10 % 10 % 10%10 \% in some countries, for example, while it is close to 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% for countries with the lowest rates of maternal mortality. Within countries, similar variations exist. Rich women generally obtain similar levels of coverage, wherever they live, but the poor miss out. Women in the richest 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% of the population are up to 20 times more likely to have a birth attended by a skilled health worker than a poor woman.
在服务覆盖面方面,例如,一些国家由熟练保健人员接生的比例可能低至 10 % 10 % 10%10 \% ,而孕产妇死亡率最低的国家则接近 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% 。在国家内部,也存在类似的差异。无论生活在哪里,富裕的妇女一般都能获得相似的覆盖率,但贫穷的妇女则无法获得。最富有的 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% 人口中的妇女由熟练保健人员接生的可能性是贫穷妇女的 20 倍。
Closing this coverage gap between rich and poor in 49 low-income countries would save the lives of more than 700000 women between now and 2015 (5). In the same vein, rich children live longer than poor ones; closing the coverage gap for a range of services for children under the age of five, particularly routine immunization, would save more than 16 million lives.
从现在到 2015 年,缩小 49 个低收入国家的贫富差距将挽救 70 多万妇女的生命(5)。同样,富裕国家的儿童比贫困国家的儿童活得更长;缩小五岁以下儿童的一系列服务覆盖率差距,特别是常规免疫接种,将挽救 1600 多万人的生命。
But income is not the only factor influencing service coverage. In many settings, migrants, ethnic minorities and indigenous people use services less than other population groups, even though their needs may be greater.
但收入并不是影响服务覆盖面的唯一因素。在许多情况下,移民、少数民族和原住民对服务的使用少于其他人口群体,尽管他们的需求可能更大。
The other side of the coin is that when people do use services, they often incur high, sometimes catastrophic costs in paying for their care.
硬币的另一面是,当人们确实使用服务时,他们往往需要支付高昂的护理费用,有时甚至是灾难性的费用。
In some countries, up to 11 % 11 % 11%11 \% of the population suffers this type of severe financial hardship each year, and up to 5 % 5 % 5%5 \% is forced into poverty. Globally, about 150 million people suffer financial catastrophe annually while 100 million are pushed below the poverty line.
在一些国家,每年有多达 11 % 11 % 11%11 \% 的人口遭受这种严重的经济困难,多达 5 % 5 % 5%5 \% 的人口被迫陷入贫困。全球每年约有 1.5 亿人遭受经济灾难,1 亿人生活在贫困线以下。
The other financial penalty imposed on the ill (and often their carers) is lost income. In most countries, relatives can provide some form of financial support, however small, to family members during periods of illness. More formal financial transfers to protect those too ill to work are less common. Only one in five people in the world has broad-based social security protection that also includes cover for lost wages in the event of illness, and more than half the world’s population lacks any type of formal social protection, according to the International Labour Organization (ILO). Only 5-10% of people are covered in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia, while in middle-income countries, coverage rates range from 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% to 60 % 60 % 60%60 \%.
对病人(往往还有他们的照顾者)的另一种经济惩罚是收入损失。在大多数国家,亲属可以在家庭成员生病期间为其提供某种形式的经济支持,无论金额有多小。为保护那些因患病而无法工作的人而提供的更为正式的资金转移则不太常见。根据国际劳工组织(ILO)的数据,世界上只有五分之一的人拥有基础广泛的社会保障,其中还包括生病时的工资损失保障。在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚,只有 5%-10%的人享有社会保障,而在中等收入国家,社会保障的覆盖率从 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% 60 % 60 % 60%60 \% 不等。
Health financing is an important part of broader efforts to ensure social protection in health. As such, WHO is joint lead agency with the ILO in the United Nations initiative to help countries develop a comprehensive Social Protection Floor, which includes the type of financial risk protection discussed in this report and the broader aspects of income replacement and social support in the event of illness (6).
卫生筹资是确保卫生领域社会保护的更广泛努力的重要组成部分。因此,世卫组织与劳工组织是联合国倡议的联合牵头机构,以帮助各国制定全面的社会保护最低标准,其中包括本报告中讨论的财务风险保护类型以及更广泛的疾病情况下的收入替代和社会支持方面(6)。

The accident happened on 7 October 2006.Narin Pintalakarn came off his motorcycle going into a bend.He struck a tree,his unprotected head taking the full force of the impact.Passing motorists found him some time later and took him to a nearby hospital. Doctors diagnosed severe head injury and referred him to the trauma centre, 65 km away,where the diagnosis was confirmed.A scan showed subdural haematoma with subfalcine and uncal herniation.Pintalakarn's skull had fractured in several places.His brain had bulged and shifted,and was still bleeding;the doctors decided to operate.He was wheeled into an emergency department where a surgeon removed part of his skull to relieve pressure.A blood clot was also removed.Five hours later,the patient was put on a respirator and taken to the intensive care unit where he stayed for 21 days.Thirty- nine days after being admitted to hospital,he had recovered sufficiently to be discharged.
事故发生在 2006 年 10 月 7 日。纳林-平塔拉卡恩(Narin Pintalakarn)骑着摩托车在转弯时冲了下来,撞到了一棵树上,没有保护的头部承受了巨大的冲击力。医生诊断他头部严重受伤,并将他转到 65 公里外的创伤中心。他的颅骨多处骨折. 他的大脑鼓起并移位,而且仍在出血;医生决定进行手术. 他被推入急诊室,外科医生切除了他的部分颅骨以减轻压力.五小时后,病人上了呼吸机,被送进重症监护室,在那里住了 21 天。
What is remarkable about this story is not what it says about the power of modern medicine to repair a broken body;it is remarkable because the episode took place not in a country belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),where annual per capita expenditure on health averages close to US\$4000,but in Thailand,a country that spends US\$ 136 per capita,just 3.7 % 3.7 % 3.7%3.7 \% of its gross domestic product(GDP)(1).Nor did the patient belong to the ruling elite,the type of person who-as this report shall show-tends to get good treatment wherever they live.Pintalakarn was a casual labourer,earning only US $ 5 $ 5 $5\$ 5 a day.
这个故事的非凡之处并不在于它说明了现代医学修复残缺身体的力量;它的非凡之处在于,这个事件不是发生在一个属于经济合作与发展组织(OECD)的国家,在这个国家里,每年人均医疗支出平均接近 4000 美元,而是发生在泰国。在泰国,人均医疗支出为 136 美元,仅占其国内生产总值(GDP)的 1%。Pintalakarn 是一名临时工,每天只挣 $ 5 $ 5 $5\$ 5 美元。

"Thai legislation demands that all injured patients be taken care of with standard procedure no matter what their status,"says Dr Witaya Chadbunchachai,the surgeon who carried out the craniotomy on Pintalakarn at the Khon Kaen Regional Hospital in the country's north-eastern province.According to Chadbunchachai,medical staff do not consider who is going to pay for treatment,however expensive it might be,because in Thailand,everyone's health-care costs are covered.
泰国法律规定,所有受伤的病人,无论其身份如何,都必须按照标准程序进行治疗,"泰国东北部孔敬地区医院为平塔拉坎实施开颅手术的外科医生威塔亚-乍本差猜(Witaya Chadbunchachai)说。据乍本乍猜(Chadbunchachai)说,医护人员不会考虑谁来支付治疗费用,无论治疗费用有多昂贵,因为在泰国,所有人的医疗费用都在支付范围之内。
At a time when many countries,including major economic powers such as China and the United States of America,are reviewing the way they meet the health-care needs of their populations,universal health coverage-what is it,how much does it cost and how is it to be paid for?-dominates discussions on health service provision. In this world health report,we examine the issue from the financing perspective, and suggest ways in which all countries,rich and poor,can improve access to good quality health services without people experiencing financial hardship because they must pay for care(Box 1.1).
在许多国家,包括中国和美国这样的经济大国,都在重新审视如何满足本国人民的医疗保健需求的时候,全民医保--它是什么、需要多少成本以及如何支付--成为了关于医疗服务提供的讨论的焦点。在这份世界卫生报告中,我们从筹资的角度研究了这一问题,并提出了一些方法,使所有国家,无论贫富,都能更好地获得高质量的卫生服务,而不会让人们因为必须支付医疗费用而陷入经济困境(方框 1.1)。
The three critical areas of health financing are:
卫生筹资的三个关键领域是
Numbered list makes texts easy to read
编号列表使文本易于阅读
1.raise sufficient money for health;
1.为健康筹集足够的资金;

2.remove financial barriers to access and reduce financial risks of illness; 3.make better use of the available resources(Box 1.1 provides details).
2.消除获得医疗服务的财务障碍,降低疾病的财务风险; 3.更好地利用现有资源(方框 1.1 提供了详细信息)。
The world health report financing for universal coverage
《世界卫生报告》为全民医保筹资

Box 1.1. What a health financing system does: a technical explanation
方框 1.1.卫生筹资系统的作用:技术解释

Health financing is much more than a matter of raising money for health. It is also a matter of who is asked to pay, when they pay, and how the money raised is spent.
卫生筹资不仅仅是一个为卫生事业筹集资金的问题。它还涉及要求谁支付、何时支付以及如何使用所筹资金的问题。

Revenue collection is what most people assoclate with health financing: the way money is ralsed to pay health system costs. Money is typically recelved from households, organizations or companies, and sometimes from contributors outside the country (called “external sources”). Resources can be collected through general or specific taxation; compulsory or voluntary health insurance contributions; direct out-of-pocket payments, such as user fees; and donations.
大多数人都会把创收与卫生筹资联系起来:即用钱支付卫生系统费用的方式。资金通常来自家庭、组织或公司,有时也来自国外的捐助者(称为 "外部来源")。可通过一般或特定税收、强制或自愿医疗保险缴款、直接自付费用(如使用费)以及捐赠等方式筹集资金。
Pooling is the accumulation and management of financial resources to ensure that the financial risk of having to pay for health care is borne by all members of the pool and not by the individuals who fall ill. The main purpose of pooling is to spread the financial risk assoclated with the need to use health services. If funds are to be pooled, they have to be prepaid, before the liness occurs - through taxes and/or insurance, for example. Most health financing systems include an element of pooling funded by prepayment, combined with direct payments from individuals to service providers, sometimes called cost-sharing.
资金池是对财政资源的积累和管理,以确保支付医疗费用的财政风险由资金池的所有成员承担,而不是由生病的个人承担。集中资金的主要目的是分散因需要使用医疗服务而产生的财务风险。如果要汇集资金,就必须在生病之前通过税收和/或保险等方式预付资金。大多数卫生筹资系统都包含一个由预付供资的集合元素,结合个人向服务提供者的直接付款,有时称为费用分担。

Purchasing is the process of paying for health services. There are three main ways to do this. One is for government to provide budgets directly to its own health service providers (integration of purchasing and provision) using general government revenues and, sometimes, insurance contributions. The second is for an institutionally separate purchasing agency (e.g. a health insurance fund or government authority) to purchase services on behalf of a population (a purchaser-provider split). The third is for individuals to pay a provider directly for services. Many countries use a combination.
采购是支付医疗服务费用的过程。主要有三种方式。一是政府利用一般政府收入,有时也利用保险缴款,直接向自己的医疗服务提供者提供预算(采购和提供一体化)。第二种是由机构独立的购买机构(如医疗保险基金或政府当局)代表民众购买服务(购买者与提供者分离)。第三种是个人直接向医疗服务提供者支付服务费用。许多国家同时采用这两种方式。

Within these broad areas, health service providers can be paid in many different ways, discussed more fully in Chapter 4 . Purchasing also includes deciding which services should be financed, including the mix between prevention, promotion, treatment and rehabilitation. This is addressed further in Chapter 2.
在这些广泛的领域内,医疗服务提供者可以通过许多不同的方式获得报酬,第 4 章将对此进行更全面的讨论。购买还包括决定应为哪些服务提供资金,包括预防、宣传、治疗和康复之间的组合。这将在第 2 章中进一步讨论。

Labels can be misleading. Each country makes different choices about how to raise revenues, how to pool them and how to purchase services. The fact that several countries decide to raise part of the revenue for health from compulsory health insurance premiums does not mean that they all pool the funds in the same way. Some countries have a single pool - e.g. a national health insurance fund - whille others have multiple, sometimes competing pools managed by private insurance companies. Even when countries have similar pooling systems, their choices about how to provide or purchase services vary considerably. Two systems based largely on health insurance may operate differently in how they pool funds and use them to ensure that people can access services; the same applies to two systems that are described as tax-based. This is why the traditional categorization of financing systems Into tax-based and social health insurance - or Beveridge versus Bismarck - is no longer useful for policy-making.
标签可能具有误导性。每个国家在如何筹集资金、如何汇集资金以及如何购买服务方面都有不同的选择。一些国家决定从强制医疗保险费中筹集部分医疗收入,但这并不意味着它们都以同样的方式汇集资金。有些国家只有一个资金池(如国家医疗保险基金),而有些国家则有多个资金池,有时甚至是相互竞争的资金池,由私营保险公司管理。即使各国拥有类似的资金池制度,它们在如何提供或购买服务方面的选择也大相径庭。两个主要以医疗保险为基础的系统,在如何汇集资金和使用资金以确保人们获得服务方面可能会有不同的运作方式;这同样适用于两个以税收为基础的系统。这就是为什么传统上将筹资系统分为税收型和社会医疗保险型--或贝弗里奇与俾斯麦--对决策不再有用的原因。

It is much more important to consider the choices to be made at each step along the path, from ralsing revenues, to pooling them, to spending them. These are the choices that determine whether a financing system is going to be effective, efficient and equitable, choices that are described in the subsequent chapters.
更重要的是,要考虑从筹集资金到汇集资金再到使用资金的每一步所要做出的选择。这些选择决定了筹资系统是否有效、高效和公平,下文将对这些选择进行介绍。

People at the centre. In all of this technical work, It is important to remember that people are at the centre. On the one hand, they provide the funds required to pay for services. On the other, the only reason for raising these funds is to improve people’s health and welfare. Health financing is a means to an end, not an end in itself.
以人为本。在所有这些技术工作中,必须牢记以人为本。一方面,他们提供支付服务所需的资金。另一方面,筹集这些资金的唯一目的是改善人们的健康和福利。卫生筹资是达到目的的一种手段,其本身并不是目的。
Health services cost money. One way or another, doctors and nurses, medicines and hospitals have to be paid for. Today, global annual expenditure on health is about US$ 5.3 trillion (1). With the burden of communicable diseases remaining stubbornly high in some parts of the world, and the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases heart disease, cancers and chronic conditionssuch asobesity-increasing everywhere, health costs can only continue to rise. This trend will be exacerbated by the more sophisticated medicines and procedures being developed to treat them.
医疗服务需要花钱。无论如何,医生和护士、药品和医院都需要付费。如今,全球每年的卫生支出约为 5.3 万亿美元(1)。在世界一些地区,传染性疾病的负担仍然很重,而非传染性疾病心脏病、癌症和慢性病(如肥胖)的发病率在各地都在增加,因此医疗费用只会继续上升。而为治疗这些疾病而开发的更先进的药物和程序将加剧这一趋势。
It would seem logical, therefore, that richer countries are better able to provide affordable health services. Indeed, the countries that have come closest to achieving universa! coverage do generally have more to spend on health. OECD countries, for example, represent only 18 % 18 % 18%18 \% of the global population but account for 86 % 86 % 86%86 \% of the world’s health spending; few OECD countries spend less than US $ 2900 $ 2900 $2900\$ 2900 per person each year.
因此,较富裕的国家更有能力提供负担得起的医疗服务似乎是合乎逻辑的。事实上,最接近实现全民医保的国家一般都有更多的医疗支出。例如,经合组织国家只占全球人口的 18 % 18 % 18%18 \% ,但却占全球卫生支出的 86 % 86 % 86%86 \% ;很少有经合组织国家每年的人均卫生支出低于 $ 2900 $ 2900 $2900\$ 2900 美元。
But it is not always the case that lower-income countries have less coverage. Thailand is a striking example of a country that has vastly improved service coverage and protection against the financial risks of ill health despite spending much less on health than higherincome countries. It has done this by changing the way it raises funds for health and moving away from direct payments, such as user fees (Box 1.2). This is perhaps the most crucial element of developing financing systems for universal coverage; many countries still rely too heavily on direct payments from individuals to health service providers to fund their health systems.
但是,低收入国家的覆盖面并不总是较小。泰国就是一个突出的例子,尽管该国的医疗卫生支出远低于高收入国家,但其服务覆盖面和针对疾病财务风险的保护却得到了极大的改善。为此,泰国改变了筹集医疗资金的方式,不再采用直接支付的方式,如用户付费(方框 1.2)。这也许是发展全民医保筹资系统的最关键因素;许多国家仍然过于依赖个人向医疗服务提供者直接付款来为其医疗系统提供资金。

MLA style in-  MLA 文体
text citation  文本引用
Source of information referenced
参考信息来源
Box 1.6.Financial risk protection and income replacement:maternity leave
方框 1.6.财务风险保护和收入替代:产假
The core element of maternity protection,which guarantees women a period of rest when a child is born(along with the means to support herself and her family and a guarantee of being able to resume work afterwards)is the cash benefit that substitutes the regular income of the mother during a defined period of pregnancy and after childbirth.The cash benefits do not usually replace prior income,but are nonetheless an important social protection measure without which pregnancy and childbirth could pose financial hardships for many families.Maternity leave and the income replacement system that comes with it can also have indirect health consequences;without these measures,women may feel compelled to return to work too quickly after childbirth, before it is medically advisable to do so.
孕产妇保护的核心内容是现金补助,它替代了孕产妇在规定的孕期和产后的正常收 入。 现金补助通常不能替代先前的收入,但却是一项重要的社会保护措施。产假和随之而来的收入替代制度也会对健康产生间接的影响;如果没有这些措施,妇女在产后可能会感到被迫过早重返工作岗位,而此时医学上还不建议这样做。

Most industrialized countries allocate considerable resources for maternity leave.In 2007, Norway spent more than any other,allocating US\$ 31000 per baby,per year,for a total US $ 1.8 $ 1.8 $1.8\$ 1.8 billion.In contrast mostlow-and middle-Income countries reportzero spending on maternal leave,despite the fact that several have enacted legislation guaranteeing it. This may be due to laws going unenforced but may also be explained by the fact that in some countries,maternity leave does not come with any income replacement element.
大多数工业化国家为产假划拨了大量资源。2007 年,挪威为每个婴儿每年划拨 31000 美元,总额达 10 亿美元。这可能是由于法律没有得到执行,但也可能是由于在一些国家,产假没有任何收入替代因素。
Source:International Labour Organization.
资料来源:国际劳工组织。
The world health report  世界卫生报告
financing for universal coverage
为全民医保筹资
Header provides report title
标题提供报告标题

in this report and the broader aspects of income replacement and social support in the event of illness (64).
在本报告中,我们还讨论了疾病情况下的收入替代和社会支持等更广泛的问题(64)。

Making the right choices
做出正确的选择

Subheading signals shift in topic
小标题预示着主题的转移

There is no single way to develop a financing system to achieve universal coverage. All countries must make choices and trade-offs, particularly in the way that pooled funds are used. It is a constant challenge to balance priorities: funds often remain scarce, yet people demand more and the technologies for improving health are constantly expanding. Such conflicts force policy-makers to make trade-offs in three core areas (Fig. 1.2) the proportion of the population to be covered; the range of services to be made available; and the proportion of the total costs to be met.
要建立一个实现全民医保的筹资系统,没有单一的方法。所有国家都必须做出选择和权衡,特别是在使用集合资金的方式上。平衡优先事项是一项持续的挑战:资金往往仍然稀缺,但人们的需求却更多,改善健康的技术也在不断扩展。这种矛盾迫使决策者在三个核心领域(图 1.2)做出取舍:覆盖人口的比例;提供服务的范围;以及总费用的比例。
The box here labelled “current pooled funds” depicts the situation in a hypothetical country where about half the population is covered for about half the possible services, but where less than half of the cost of these services is met from pooled funds. To get closer to universal coverage, the country would need to extend coverage to more people, offer more services and/or pay a greater part of the cost from pooled funds.
此处标有 "目前的集合基金 "的方框描述了一个假设国家的情况,即大约一半的人口可以享受大约一半的可能服务,但这些服务的费用只有不到一半由集合基金支付。为了接近全民医保,该国需要将医保范围扩大到更多的人,提供更多的服务和/或由集合基金支付更多的费用。
In European countries with long-established social health protection, this “current pooled funds” box fills almost the entire space. But in none of the high-income countries that are commonly said to have achieved universal coverage is 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% of the population covered for 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% of the services that could be made available and for 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% of the cost, with no waiting lists. Each country fills the box in its own way, trading off services and the costs met from pooled funds. Waiting times for services may vary greatly from one country to another, some expensive services might not be provided and citizens may contribute a different proportion of the costs in the form of direct payments.
在拥有长期社会医疗保障的欧洲国家,这个 "当前集合基金 "框几乎填满了整个空间。但是,在通常所说的已经实现全民医保的高收入国家中,没有一个国家的 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% 人口是在 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% 可提供的服务和 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% 费用的情况下,得到 100 % 100 % 100%100 \% 的覆盖,而且没有等待者。每个国家都以自己的方式填补空白,在服务和由集合资金支付的费用之间进行权衡。各国服务的等待时间可能大不相同,一些昂贵的服务可能不提供,公民可能以直接支付的形式承担不同比例的费用。
Nevertheless, everyone in these countries has access to a set of services (prevention, promotion, treatment and rehabilitation) and nearly everyone is protected from severe financial risks thanks to prepayment and pooling of funds. The fundamentalsare the sameeven if the specifics differ, shaped by the expectations of the population and the health providers, the political environment and the availability of funds.
尽管如此,这些国家的每个人都能享受到一整套服务(预防、宣传、治疗和康复),而且 由于预付费和集中资金,几乎每个人都能避免严重的财务风险。尽管具体情况不同,但基本原理是相同的,这是由民众和医疗服务提供者的期望、政治环境和资金供应情况决定的。
Countries will travel different paths towards universal coverage, depending on where and how they start, and make different choices along the three axes outlined in Fig. 1.2. For example, in settings where all but the elite are currently
各国实现全民医保的道路各不相同,这取决于它们从哪里开始以及如何开始,并沿着图 1.2 所列的三条轴线做出不同的选择。例如,在目前除精英阶层外,其他所有人都
Cross-reference precedes figure
图前交叉引用
Figure numbered and set off by white space above and below
图表编号,上下留白


performance-based budget support over a period of six years.Not everyone likes this kind of commitment because it ties up future aid budgets. That said,in the Accra Agenda for Action of 2008,OECD development assistance committee donors committed to providing recipient countries with information on their"rolling three-to five-year expenditure and/ or implementation plans"-the beginning perhaps of longer-term commitments(59).
尽管如此,在 2008 年的《阿克拉行动议程》中,经合组织发展援助委员会的捐 助国承诺向受援国提供有关其 "三至五年滚动支出和/或实施计划 "的信息--这 或许是长期承诺的开端(59)。

Heading  标题

Conclusion  结论

Countries need to adapt their financing systems continually to raise sufficient funds for their health systems.Many high-income countries are facing a decline in the proportion of their working-age population and having to consider alternatives to traditional sources of revenue in the form of income taxes and health insurance contributions from workers and their employers. In many lower-income countries,more people work in the informal than the formal sector,making it difficult to collect income taxes and wage-based health insurance contributions.
许多高收入国家正面临劳动适龄人口比例下降的问题,不得不考虑以所得税和工人及其雇主缴纳的医疗保险费的形式替代传统的收入来源。 在许多低收入国家,更多的人在非正规部门工作,而不是在正规部门工作,因此很难征收所得税和以工资为基础的医疗保险费。
There are several options for raising additional funds for health,a list of which is provided in Table 2.1.Not all will apply to all countries,and the income-generating potential and political feasibility of those that do will vary by country.In some cases,however,the additional income to be derived from any one or more of these options could be substantial,possibly much more than current aid inflows.These innovative and additional mechanisms are not,however,the only option.Many governments,in rich and poor countries,still give a relatively low priority to health when allocating funds.It is important,therefore,to better equip the ministries of health to negotiate with ministries of finance and planning,as well as with international financial institutions.But the message of this chapter is that every country could do more domestically to raise additional funds for health.
表 2 列出了为卫生事业筹集额外资金的几种方案 1 。并非所有方案都适用于所有国 家,而且各国的创收潜力和政治可行性也各不相同。但是,本章所要传达的信息是,每个国家都可以在国内做更多的工作,为卫生事业筹集更多的资金。
Innovative financing should not be seen,however,as a substitute for ODA flows from donor nations.Calls for recipient countries to use external funds more transparently and efficiently are understandable.But such concerns should not stop richer countries keeping the promises they have made in Paris and Accra.Collective action that has led to the International Financing Facility for Immunization and to the Millennium Foundation has been invaluable in financing global public goods for health,but there is no need for countries to wait for more global collaboration before acting. If the governments of donor countries kept their current international aid promises,allocating funds in ways that supported country-led national health plans,the international community would already be well advanced towards meeting the 2015 MDGs.If,in addition,each donor country adopted just one of the innovative options described here and used the revenue to supplement ODA,they would be laying the foundations for sustained movement towards universal health coverage and improved health into the future.
然而,创新性筹资不应被视为捐助国官方发展援助的替代品。呼吁受援国更透明、更有效地使用外部资金是可以理解的。如果捐助国政府信守当前的国际援助承诺,以支持国家主导的国家卫生计划的方式分配资金,那么国际社会在实现 2015 年千年发展目标方面就会取得长足进步。 此外,如果每个捐助国都采用本文所述的创新方案中的一种,并将收入用于补充官方发展援助,那么它们将为未来持续实现全民医保和改善健康状况奠定基础。

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    Gordon R, LiW.发展中国家的税收结构:诸多困惑和可能的解释.公共经济学杂志,2009,93:855-866.DOL:10.1016/J.jpubeco.2009.04.001
  17. Brondolo J et al. Tax administration reform and fiscal adjustment: the case of Indonesia (2001-07). Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund, 2008 (IMF Working Paper WP/08/129; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ wp/2008/wp08129.pdf, accessed 09 July, 2010).
    Brondolo J 等人,《税收征管改革与财政调整:印度尼西亚案例(2001-07 年)》。华盛顿特区,国际货币基金组织,2008 年(国际货币基金组织工作文件 WP/08/129; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ wp/2008/wp08129.pdf,2010 年 7 月 9 日访问)。
  18. Promoting transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/45/43757434.pdf, accessed 7 July 2010).
    《促进税务透明和信息交流》。巴黎,经济合作与发展组织,2010 年 ( http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/45/43757434.pdf,2010 年 7 月 7 日访问)。
  19. Cummings RG et al. Tax morale affects tax compliance: evidence from surveys and an artefactual field experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2009,70:447-457. doi:10.1016/J.jebo.2008.02.010
    Cummings RG et al. Tax morale affects tax compliance: evidence from surveys and an artefactual field experiment.Doi:10.1016/J.jebo.2008.02.010.
  20. Tsounta E. Universal health care 101: lessons for the Eastern Caribbean and beyond. Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund, 2009 (IMF Working Paper WP/09/61;http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2009/wp0961.pdf, accessed 5 July 2010).
    Tsounta E. Universal health care 101: lessons for the Eastern Caribbean and beyond.华盛顿特区,国际货币基金组织,2009 年(国际货币基金组织工作文件 WP/09/61; http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2009/wp0961.pdf,2010 年 7 月 5 日访问)。
MLA citation style  MLA 引用方式

[INDEX]  [索引]

An index is an alphabetical list of all the major topics and subtopics found in the report.It lists all the pages where a topic can be found and helps readers locate information quickly and easily. Compile an index when the final manuscript is completed.
索引是一份按字母顺序排列的清单,列出报告中的所有主要专题和副专题。 它列出了可以找到该专题的所有页面,帮助读者快速、轻松地查找信息。 在最终稿完成后编制索引。

[A]  [A]

Abuia Declaration(2001)xii, 25
《阿布亚宣言》(2001 年)xii、25。

Access to health services,financial 9-11
获得保健服务,财务 9-11

barriers to × , 41 42 , 45 , 51 52 × , 41 42 , 45 , 51 52 xx,41-42,45,51-52\times, 41-42,45,51-52   × , 41 42 , 45 , 51 52 × , 41 42 , 45 , 51 52 xx,41-42,45,51-52\times, 41-42,45,51-52 的障碍
removing barriers xiv-xvi,44-51,52,53,87-88 situation analysis 92-93
消除障碍 XIV-XVI,44-51,52,53,87-88 形势分析 92-93

see also Coverage,health care
另见覆盖范围,医疗保健

Accommodation costs 51-52, 88
住宿费 51-52, 88

Accra Agenda for Action(2008)xxi,7, 35
阿克拉行动议程(2008)xxi,7, 35

Africa,sub-Saharan xil-xiil, 26 , 46 , 66 , 68 26 , 46 , 66 , 68 26,46,66,6826,46,66,68
非洲,撒哈拉以南 xil-xiil, 26 , 46 , 66 , 68 26 , 46 , 66 , 68 26,46,66,6826,46,66,68

Ageing,population 23, 27
老龄化,人口 23, 27

Aid,international see Development assistance
援助,国际 见 发展援助

Air-ticket levy 27, 28
机票税 27, 28

Airport departure tax 29
机场离境税 29

Alcohol  酒精
control 71  控制 71
excise taxes xiii,29,30-31
消费税 XIII,29,30-31

Alma Ata Declaration ix, 13
《阿拉木图宣言》 ix, 13

Antibiotics 62.65  抗生素 62.65
Artesunate 64  青蒿琥酯 64
Australia 29,30,71, 79  澳大利亚 29,30,71, 79

[B]  [B]

Bamako Initiative(1987) 44
《巴马科倡议》(1987 年) 44.

Bangladesh 48,94  孟加拉国
Bank account transaction tax 29
银行账户交易税 29

Bankruptcy,personal 9  破产,个人 9
Birth attendants,skilled x , 10 , 61 , 62 , 78 79 x , 10 , 61 , 62 , 78 79 x,10,61,62,78-79x, 10,61,62,78-79
助产士,熟练 x , 10 , 61 , 62 , 78 79 x , 10 , 61 , 62 , 78 79 x,10,61,62,78-79x, 10,61,62,78-79

Bonds,financial  债券,金融
diaspora xiii, 29  侨民 xiii, 29
guaranteed by donor countries 28,100
由捐助国担保

Bonus incentive schemes 75
奖金奖励计划 75

Botswana 27  博茨瓦纳 27
Branded medicines 62-64  品牌药品 62-64
Brazil 29, 67  巴西 29, 67
Burundi 41, 44  布隆迪 41, 44

[C]  [C]

Caesarean section 73, 74  剖腹产 73, 74.
Cambodia xi,44-45  柬埔寨 xi、44-45。
Capitation xvii, 74  Capitation xvii, 74.
Case-based payments xvii,74-75
按病例付费 xvii,74-75

Catastrophic health spending x , 5 , 9 , 41 42 , 43 , 46 x , 5 , 9 , 41 42 , 43 , 46 x,5,9,41-42,43,46x, 5,9,41-42,43,46
灾难性医疗支出 x , 5 , 9 , 41 42 , 43 , 46 x , 5 , 9 , 41 42 , 43 , 46 x,5,9,41-42,43,46x, 5,9,41-42,43,46

Cervical cancer 71  宫颈癌 71
Checklists 68  核对表 68
Child health care 44,75-76
儿童保健 44,75-76

Chile 24, 27  智利 24, 27
China 7, 101  中国 7, 101
Ciprofloxacin 62,64  环丙沙星 62,64
Co-payments 5,44, 74  共付额 5,44, 74
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health 22
宏观经济与健康委员会 22

Commission on Social Determinants of Health 13,79
健康的社会决定因素委员会 13,79
Complex adaptive systems 13
复杂适应系统 13

Computed tomography(CT)scanners 65
计算机断层扫描(CT)扫描仪 65

Conditional cash transfers(CCTs)xvi,52, 88
有条件的现金转移(CCTs)xvi,52, 88

Constraint assessment 94-95
制约因素评估 94-95

Corporations,large 26,29, 30
公司,大型 26,29, 30

Corruption 61,63, 69
Cost-containment 44, 62  成本控制 44, 62
Cost-effectiveness 69-70,71, 75
Cost-sharing xiv,4,5, 74
费用分摊 xiv,4,5, 74

Counterfeit medicines 63,64
假药 63,64

Coverage,health care  覆盖范围,医疗保健
inequalities x , xviii , 9 10 , 11 xviii , 9 10 , 11 xviii,9-10,11\mathrm{xviii}, 9-10,11
不等式 x , xviii , 9 10 , 11 xviii , 9 10 , 11 xviii,9-10,11\mathrm{xviii}, 9-10,11

monitoring 98,99  监测 98,99
specific population sectors 49
特定人口群体 49

three dimensions in expanding xv-xvi, 12
三维扩展 xv- xvi, 12

universal see Universal coverage
普遍性 见 "普遍覆盖

Cutrency transaction levy xiil,28,29
非货币交易税,28,29

Czech Republic 49  捷克共和国 49

[D]

Deductibles 5  免赔额 5
Democratic Republic of the Congo 43
刚果民主共和国 43

Development assistance(international aid)xiii,xxi,31-35 donors see Donors,international
发展援助(国际援助)xiii,xxi,31-35 捐赠者 见捐赠者,国际

fragmented delivery 78,101
分散交付

predictability 34-35, 100
see also External assistance
另见外部援助

Diagnostic-related groups(DRGs)xvii-xviii,74-75
诊断相关组(DRGs)xvii-xviii,74-75

Diaspora bonds xiii, 29
Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine(DPT3)10,78-79
Direct payments(out-of-pocket payments)xi,4,5,52-53
直接付款(自付)xi,4,5,52-53

abolishing/reducing xiv,7-8,45-47,53, 87
additional health-care costs 51-52
额外的医疗费用 51-52

alternative resources xiv,46-47
替代资源 xiv,46-47

as cost-containment measure 44
作为控制成本的措施 44

exemptions from 44-45  豁免 44-45
financial hardship due to × , 5 , 9 , 41 42 × , 5 , 9 , 41 42 xx,5,9,41-42\times, 5,9,41-42
由于 × , 5 , 9 , 41 42 × , 5 , 9 , 41 42 xx,5,9,41-42\times, 5,9,41-42 造成的经济困难

over-servicing risk 73-75, 90
过度服务风险 73-75, 90

percent of health expenditure 42 , 43 , 53 42 , 43 , 53 42,43,5342,43,53
占卫生支出的百分比 42 , 43 , 53 42 , 43 , 53 42,43,5342,43,53

prevalence 41,42  流行 41,42
problems with 5,41-44  问题 5,41-44
unofficial(informal)42,45, 46
Donors,international 6-7,25-26
捐助者,国际 6-7,25-26

agenda for xxi,99-101  议程 XXI,99-101
failure to meet commitments xiii,31-32,33, 100
未能履行承诺 XIII,31-32,33, 100

guaranteed bonds 28,100  担保债券
inefficiencies created by 66,101
66,101

Drug-abuse programmes 78
药物滥用方案 78

[E]

Economic downturn/recession 33,43-44
经济下滑/衰退 33,43-44

Efficiency xi,xvi-xviii,61-80,96, 97
效率 xi,xvi-xviii,61-80,96, 97

LANGUAGE FOCUS  语言重点

Action verbs  动作动词

Action verbs are words that express an action. Compared with weak and passive verbs, action verbs can highlight your skills, experience, and accomplishments. They are specific, clarify your contributions and bring a confident tone to your résumé, and hopefully increase your chances of capturing the attention of an employer and move forward to the next step in the hiring process.
行动动词是表达行动的词语。与弱动词和被动动词相比,行动动词可以突出你的技能、经验和成就。它们很具体,能阐明您的贡献,为您的简历带来自信的基调,并有望增加您吸引雇主注意的机会,进入招聘流程的下一步。
Here are action verbs that you can use in your résumé.
以下是您可以在简历中使用的行动动词。

LEADERSHIP  领导力

Accomplished  已完成 Achieved  已实现 Administered  已管理 Analyzed  分析 Assigned  已分配 Attained  已达到 Chaired  主持 Consolidated  综合
Contracted  签约 Coordinated  协调 Delegated  授权 Developed  已开发 Directed  指导 Earned  已赚取 Evaluated  已评估 Executed  已执行
Handled  已处理 Headed  标题 Impacted  受影响 Improved  改进 Increased  增加 Led  牵头 Mastered  母版 Orchestrated  管弦乐队
Organized  有组织 Oversaw  监督 Planned  计划 Predicted  预测 Prioritized  优先事项 Produced  制作 Proved  已证实 Recommended  推荐
Regulated  受监管 Reorganized  重组 Reviewed  已审查 Scheduled  计划 Spearheaded  带头 Strengthened  加强 Supervised  监督 Surpassed  超过
Accomplished Achieved Administered Analyzed Assigned Attained Chaired Consolidated Contracted Coordinated Delegated Developed Directed Earned Evaluated Executed Handled Headed Impacted Improved Increased Led Mastered Orchestrated Organized Oversaw Planned Predicted Prioritized Produced Proved Recommended Regulated Reorganized Reviewed Scheduled Spearheaded Strengthened Supervised Surpassed| Accomplished | Achieved | Administered | Analyzed | Assigned | Attained | Chaired | Consolidated | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Contracted | Coordinated | Delegated | Developed | Directed | Earned | Evaluated | Executed | | Handled | Headed | Impacted | Improved | Increased | Led | Mastered | Orchestrated | | Organized | Oversaw | Planned | Predicted | Prioritized | Produced | Proved | Recommended | | Regulated | Reorganized | Reviewed | Scheduled | Spearheaded | Strengthened | Supervised | Surpassed |

COMMUNICATION  沟通

Addressed  地址 Arbitrated  仲裁 Arranged  已安排 Authored  作者 Collaborated  合作 Convinced  确信 Corresponded  对应 Delivered  已交付
Developed  已开发 Directed  指导 Documented  记录在案 Drafted  已起草 Edited  编辑 Energized  充满活力 Enlisted  入伍 Formulated  配方
Influenced  影响 Interpreted  口译 Lectured  演讲 Liaised  联络 Mediated  调解 Moderated  主持 Negotiated  协商 Persuaded  说服
Presented  介绍 Promoted  已晋升 Publicized  已公布 Reconciled  对账 Recruited  已招募 Reported  已报告 Rewrote  重写 Spoke  辐条
Suggested  建议 Synthesized  合成 Translated  已翻译 Verbalized  口头 Wrote  写道
Addressed Arbitrated Arranged Authored Collaborated Convinced Corresponded Delivered Developed Directed Documented Drafted Edited Energized Enlisted Formulated Influenced Interpreted Lectured Liaised Mediated Moderated Negotiated Persuaded Presented Promoted Publicized Reconciled Recruited Reported Rewrote Spoke Suggested Synthesized Translated Verbalized Wrote | Addressed | Arbitrated | Arranged | Authored | Collaborated | Convinced | Corresponded | Delivered | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Developed | Directed | Documented | Drafted | Edited | Energized | Enlisted | Formulated | | Influenced | Interpreted | Lectured | Liaised | Mediated | Moderated | Negotiated | Persuaded | | Presented | Promoted | Publicized | Reconciled | Recruited | Reported | Rewrote | Spoke | | Suggested | Synthesized | Translated | Verbalized | Wrote | | | |
RESEARCH
Clarified  已澄清 Collected  收藏 Concluded  结束 Conducted  进行 Constructed  建造 Critiqued  评论 Derived  衍生 Determined  已确定
Diagnosed  确诊 Discovered  发现 Evaluated  已评估 Examined  审查 Extracted  已提取 Formed  已组建 Identified  已确定 Inspected  已检查
Interpreted  口译 Interviewed  接受采访 Investigated  已调查 Modeled  模型 Organized  有组织 Resolved  已解决 Reviewed  已审查 Summarized  综述
Surveyed  已调查 Systematized  系统化 Tested  已测试
RESEARCH Clarified Collected Concluded Conducted Constructed Critiqued Derived Determined Diagnosed Discovered Evaluated Examined Extracted Formed Identified Inspected Interpreted Interviewed Investigated Modeled Organized Resolved Reviewed Summarized Surveyed Systematized Tested | RESEARCH | | | | | | | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Clarified | Collected | Concluded | Conducted | Constructed | Critiqued | Derived | Determined | | Diagnosed | Discovered | Evaluated | Examined | Extracted | Formed | Identified | Inspected | | Interpreted | Interviewed | Investigated | Modeled | Organized | Resolved | Reviewed | Summarized | | Surveyed | Systematized | Tested | | | | | |

TECHNICAL  技术

Assembled  已组装 Built  已建 Calculated  计算 Computed  计算 Designed  设计 Devised  设计 Engineered  工程设计 Fabricated  制作
Installed  已安装 Maintained  维持 Operated  已运行 Optimized  优化 Overhauled  大修 Programmed  编程 Remodeled  改建 Repaired  已修复
Solved  已解决 Standardized  标准化 Streamlined  精简 Upgraded  已升级
Assembled Built Calculated Computed Designed Devised Engineered Fabricated Installed Maintained Operated Optimized Overhauled Programmed Remodeled Repaired Solved Standardized Streamlined Upgraded | Assembled | Built | Calculated | Computed | Designed | Devised | Engineered | Fabricated | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Installed | Maintained | Operated | Optimized | Overhauled | Programmed | Remodeled | Repaired | | Solved | Standardized | Streamlined | Upgraded | | | | |

TEACHING  教学

Adapted  改编 Advised  建议 Clarified  已澄清 Coached  教练 Communicated  已传达 Coordinated  协调 Demystified  解密 Developed  已开发
Enabled  已启用 Encouraged  鼓励 Evaluated  已评估 Explained  解释 Facilitated  协助 Guided  导游 Informed  知情 Instructed  受训
Persuaded  说服 Set Goals  设定目标 Stimulated  刺激 Studied  已学习 Taught  授课 Trained  受过培训
Adapted Advised Clarified Coached Communicated Coordinated Demystified Developed Enabled Encouraged Evaluated Explained Facilitated Guided Informed Instructed Persuaded Set Goals Stimulated Studied Taught Trained | Adapted | Advised | Clarified | Coached | Communicated | Coordinated | Demystified | Developed | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Enabled | Encouraged | Evaluated | Explained | Facilitated | Guided | Informed | Instructed | | Persuaded | Set Goals | Stimulated | Studied | Taught | Trained | | |
QUANTITATIVE  量化
Administered  已管理 Allocated  已分配 Analyzed  分析 Appraised  已评估 Audited  已审计 Balanced  平衡 Budgeted  已编入预算
Computed  计算 Developed  已开发 Forecasted  预测 Managed  托管 Marketed  市场化 Maximized  最大化
Minimized  最小化
Minimized| Minimized | | :--- |
Planned  计划
Planned| Planned | | :--- |
Projected  预计 Researched  研究
CREATIVE
Acted  演员 Composed  组成 Conceived  构思 Conceptualized  概念化 Created  创建 Customized  定制 Designed  设计 Developed  已开发
Directed  指导 Established  成立 Fashioned  时尚 Founded  成立 Illustrated  图文并茂 Initiated  启动 Instituted  设立 Integrated  综合
Introduced  介绍 Invented  发明 Originated  起源 Performed  已执行 Planned  计划 Published  已出版 Redesigned  重新设计 Revised  修订版
Revitalized  振兴 Shaped  形状 Visualized  可视化
Administered Allocated Analyzed Appraised Audited Balanced Budgeted Computed Developed Forecasted Managed Marketed Maximized "Minimized" "Planned" Projected Researched CREATIVE Acted Composed Conceived Conceptualized Created Customized Designed Developed Directed Established Fashioned Founded Illustrated Initiated Instituted Integrated Introduced Invented Originated Performed Planned Published Redesigned Revised Revitalized Shaped Visualized | Administered | Allocated | Analyzed | Appraised | Audited | Balanced | Budgeted | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Computed | Developed | Forecasted | Managed | Marketed | Maximized | Minimized | Planned | | Projected | Researched | | | | | | | | CREATIVE | | | | | | | | | Acted | Composed | Conceived | Conceptualized | Created | Customized | Designed | Developed | | Directed | Established | Fashioned | Founded | Illustrated | Initiated | Instituted | Integrated | | Introduced | Invented | Originated | Performed | Planned | Published | Redesigned | Revised | | Revitalized | Shaped | Visualized | | | | | |

HELPING  帮助

Assessed  已评估 Assisted  辅助 Clarified  已澄清 Coached  教练 Counseled  咨询 Demonstrated  演示 Diagnosed  确诊 Educated  受过教育
Enhanced  增强型 Expedited  加急 Facilitated  协助 Familiarized  熟悉 Guided  导游 Motivated  有动力 Participated  参加 Proposed  建议
Provided  已提供 Referred  转介 Rehabilitated  修复 Represented  代表 Served  已服务 Supported  支持
Assessed Assisted Clarified Coached Counseled Demonstrated Diagnosed Educated Enhanced Expedited Facilitated Familiarized Guided Motivated Participated Proposed Provided Referred Rehabilitated Represented Served Supported | Assessed | Assisted | Clarified | Coached | Counseled | Demonstrated | Diagnosed | Educated | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Enhanced | Expedited | Facilitated | Familiarized | Guided | Motivated | Participated | Proposed | | Provided | Referred | Rehabilitated | Represented | Served | Supported | | |
ORGANIZATIONAL  组织
Approved  批准 Accelerated  加速 Added  已添加 Arranged  已安排 Broadened  扩大 Cataloged  编目 Centralized  集中式 Changed  已更改
Classified  分类 Collected  收藏 Compiled  汇编 Completed  已完成 Controlled  受控 Defined  定义 Dispatched  已派遣 Executed  已执行
Expanded  已扩展 Gained  获得 Gathered  收集 Generated  生成 Implemented  已实施 Inspected  已检查 Launched  已启动 Monitored  监测
Operated  已运行 Organized  有组织 Prepared  准备 Processed  已处理 Purchased  已购买 Recorded  录制 Reduced  减少 Reinforced  强化
Retrieved  已检索 Screened  屏蔽 Selected  精选 Simplified  简化版 Sold  已售 Specified  指定 Steered  转向 Structured  结构化
Systematized  系统化 Tabulated  列表 Unified  统一 Updated  已更新 Utilized  已使用 Validated  已验证 Verified  已验证
Approved Accelerated Added Arranged Broadened Cataloged Centralized Changed Classified Collected Compiled Completed Controlled Defined Dispatched Executed Expanded Gained Gathered Generated Implemented Inspected Launched Monitored Operated Organized Prepared Processed Purchased Recorded Reduced Reinforced Retrieved Screened Selected Simplified Sold Specified Steered Structured Systematized Tabulated Unified Updated Utilized Validated Verified | Approved | Accelerated | Added | Arranged | Broadened | Cataloged | Centralized | Changed | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Classified | Collected | Compiled | Completed | Controlled | Defined | Dispatched | Executed | | Expanded | Gained | Gathered | Generated | Implemented | Inspected | Launched | Monitored | | Operated | Organized | Prepared | Processed | Purchased | Recorded | Reduced | Reinforced | | Retrieved | Screened | Selected | Simplified | Sold | Specified | Steered | Structured | | Systematized | Tabulated | Unified | Updated | Utilized | Validated | Verified | |

How to say"thank you"in a different way?
如何换一种方式说 "谢谢"?

If your goal is simply to bring a touch of warmth into your message,a"thank you"may suffice,but if you really want to express your thanks,"thank you"probably won't be enough.
如果您的目的仅仅是在信息中加入一丝温情,"谢谢 "可能就足够了,但如果您真的想表达您的谢意,"谢谢 "可能就不够了。

"Thank you very much"has been a long-time go-to for expressing thanks,but with its formal tone it's not always the best choice for conveying feelings in a personal way."Thank you so much"has become a popular phrase for email sign-offs and to express gratitude.It's colloquial,personal,and sincere.
Thank you very much"(非常感谢)一直是表达谢意的常用语,但在表达个人情感时,"Thank you so much"(非常感谢)并不总是最好的选择。
While your go-to may always be"thank you so much"or"thank you very much,"if you're looking to branch out and explore other meaningful ways of saying"thank you"in your writing,we have some suggestions to get you started:
虽然您的常用语可能总是 "非常感谢 "或 "非常感谢",但如果您想在写作中拓展并探索其他有意义的表达 "感谢 "的方式,我们有一些建议供您参考: 1.

-Thank you for all your hard work on this.
-感谢你们为此付出的辛勤劳动.

-Thanks again!We couldn't have pulled this off without you
-再次感谢!没有你们,我们无法完成这次任务

-I'm so thankful for everything you bring to the table.
-我非常感谢你为我带来的一切。

-Thanks a million/a bunch/a ton.(Use this fun phrase with peers you have a close relationship with)
  • Many thanks!  非常感谢!
  • I truly appreciate your hard work.
    我真心感谢你们的辛勤工作。
  • Please accept my deepest thanks.
    请接受我最诚挚的谢意。
  • I can’t thank you enough.
    我真是感激不尽。
  • (I’m) Grateful for your support.
    (我)感谢你们的支持。

Résumé checklist  清单摘要

Contact Information  联系信息

\square address, current and permanent (if necessary)
\square 地址,当前地址和永久地址(如有必要)

\square telephone number(s) where you can be reached 9-5
\square 您可以在 9-5 时拨打的电话号码

Education and Training  教育与培训

\square highest level of attainment is listed first; work from most current degree; include type of degree
\square 最高学历列在前面;从目前的学位算起;包括学位类型

\square name of university, location of university, date of graduation or anticipated date list other degrees, relevant higher education coursework, continuing professional education or training courses, and study abroad
\square 大学名称、大学所在地、毕业日期或预计日期,列出其他学位、相关高等教育课程、继续专业教育或培训课程以及出国留学情况

major, minor, or areas of concentration
主修、辅修或专业领域

omit high school if you have completed more than two years of college unless referencing impressive honors or relevant extracurricular activities \square relevant courses, papers, and projects; include paper or project titles
如果您已完成两年以上的大学学业,除非提及令人印象深刻的荣誉或相关课外活动,否则请省略高中学业 \square 相关课程、论文和项目;包括论文或项目名称
GPA, honors, awards, scholarships
平均绩点、荣誉、奖项、奖学金

Skills  技能

  • computer skills: software applications, languages, hardware, operating systems language skills: specific level of fluency and ability to read and write, e.g., “basic,” “intermediate,” or “advanced”
    计算机技能:应用软件、语言、硬件、操作系统 语言技能:读写流利和能力的具体水平,如 "基础"、"中级 "或 "高级 "水平

Employment Experience  就业经历

\square Include all paid,volunteer,intern,or cooperative education experiences relevant to your objective.Start with most recent experience if using chronological format. \square title held,the name of the organization,city,state/province,or country(if abroad) \square dates position held;indicate transferable skills and abilities used on the job \square accomplishments on your job;what problems did you face?solutions found? \square contributions to the organization,i.e.,ways your work helped increase profit, membership publicity,funding,motivation,efficiency,productivity,quality;saved time or money;improved programs,management,communication,information flow,etc.
\square 包括与你的目标相关的所有带薪、志愿者、实习或合作教育经历。 如果使用时间顺序格式,请从最近的经历开始。 \square 所担任的职务、组织名称、国家、州/省、或国家(如果在国外)。 \square 担任职位的日期;说明在工作中使用的可转移的技能和能力 \square 在工作中取得的成绩;你遇到了哪些问题? 找到了哪些解决办法? \square 对组织的贡献,例如.你的工作帮助提高了利润,增加了会员数量,节省了时间或金钱,改善了计划、管理、沟通、信息流等。

\square quantitative or qualitative indicators that describe the results of your contributions or accomplishments,i.e.,"increased sales by $ 80 , 000 $ 80 , 000 $80,000\$ 80,000";"reduced staff turnover by 20 % 20 % 20%20 \%"; learning or training that took place on the job that is relevant to your job objective \square describe accomplishments in jargon of the field
\square 描述你的贡献或成就的定量或定性指标,i.e."销售额增加 $ 80 , 000 $ 80 , 000 $80,000\$ 80,000 ";"员工流动率降低 20 % 20 % 20%20 \% ";在工作中进行的与你的工作目标相关的学习或培训 \square 用该领域的行话描述成就

Report Checklist  报告清单

\square Is the title concise,descriptive,and original?
\square 标题是否简洁、具有描述性和原创性?

\square Is the abstract short,including key results?
\square 摘要是否简短,包括关键结果?

\square Is the report separated into the appropriate subsections?
\square 报告是否分为适当的小节?

\square Does the abstract concisely highlight the report's major points?
\square 摘要是否简明扼要地突出了报告的要点?

\square Does the executive summary describe the purpose,major findings,conclusion, recommendations,and methodology used to reach the findings?Can it be read independently of the report?
\square 内容提要是否描述了目的、主要发现、结论、建议以及得出这些发现所使用的方法? 是否可以与报告分开阅读?

\square Does the introduction state the purpose,the scope of the document?How you plan to present and discuss findings,and how the topic will be organized?
\square 引言是否说明了目的、文件的范围? 你打算如何介绍和讨论研究结果,以及如何组织主题?

\square Are these subsections clear and appropriately labelled?
\square 这些分节是否清晰,标注是否恰当?

\square Do all figures and tables have captions and labels?Are all the figures clear?
\square 所有图表都有标题和标签吗? 所有图表都清晰吗?

\square Does the body of the report enable the primary audience to understand your findings, conclusions,and recommendations?
\square 报告正文是否能让主要受众理解你的调查结果、结论和建议?

\square Do the conclusions and recommendations generate logically from the report's findings?
\square 结论和建议是否从报告的调查结果中合乎逻辑地产生?

\square Does the report contain a large amount of technical terms?Are all the technical terms defined clearly in the glossary section?
\square 报告是否包含大量专业术语? 术语表部分是否对所有专业术语都有明确定义?

\square Are the indexed terms cover key topics in the report? Are the indexed items alphabetically arranged?
\square 索引术语是否涵盖报告中的关键主题?索引项是否按字母顺序排列?

EXERCISES  练习

  1. Pay a visit to your school’s career development office or browse their web page. Obtain a sample résumé from the office. Annotate and write a critical analysis of the résumé. Point out its strong points and how it can be improved in content, organization, and visual design.
    访问学校的职业发展办公室或浏览其网页。从办公室获取一份简历样本。对简历进行批注并撰写批判性分析。指出简历的优点,以及如何在内容、组织和视觉设计方面加以改进。
  2. Following the instruction in this chapter, please construct a résumé in response to an advertisement of a summer internship position. Send your résumé as an email attachment to your instructor.
    请根据本章的指导,针对暑期实习职位广告撰写一份简历。请将简历作为电子邮件附件发送给指导老师。
  3. P.A. Fitness is planning to open a new location in the college town. They hire a business consulting agency to research the feasibility of their business plan. Suppose you are on the consulting team and are in charge of writing the final report.
    P.A. Fitness 计划在大学城开设一家新店。他们聘请了一家商业咨询机构来研究其商业计划的可行性。假设你是咨询团队的一员,负责撰写最终报告。

    a. Prepare an informal report that defines the scope of the final report, covering benefits, risks, and costs of establishing a new location in college town. Send this informal report to your supervisor via email.
    a. 准备一份非正式报告,确定最终报告的范围,包括在大学城设立新地点的好处、风 险和成本。将此非正式报告通过电子邮件发送给你的主管。

    b. Considering your audience and purpose, what elements you would need to include in the final report?
    b. 考虑到受众和目的,您需要在最终报告中包含哪些内容?

Chapter 8  第 8 章

Workplace Correspondence (3): Proposals
工作场所信函 (3):建议书

Contents  目录

CASE … 170  案例 ... 170
GLOSSARY … 170  术语表 ... 170
TASKS … 171  任务 ... 171
What proposals do? … 171
提案有什么作用?... 171

Proposal structure … 172
Format of proposals … 173
Types of proposals … 174
提案的类型 ... 174

LANGUAGE FOCUS … 187
语言重点...... 187

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 188
EXERCISES … 189  练习...... 189
Abbey works full time at a charitable organization,and her main job is to write proposals to win financial support.
Abbey 在一家慈善机构做全职工作,她的主要工作是撰写提案,以赢得资金支持。
While some of her organization's
虽然她的一些组织

financial support comes from private donors,most of it is generated from grants.She mainly writes for requesting grant for funding for their proposed activities.As each proposal must compete with proposals from similar institutions,she has to work hard to make her proposal competitive.
财务支持来自私人捐助者,大部分来自赠款。 她主要撰写申请赠款的文章,为其提议的活动提供资金。 由于每份提案都必须与同类机构的提案竞争,她必须努力使自己的提案具有竞争力。


proposal/pro'pozzal/a formal suggestion or plan;the act of making a suggestion 提议;建议;动议 format/'for,mæt/the general arrangement,plan,design,etc.of something 总体安排;计划;设计 grant/grænt/a sum of money that is given by the government or by another organization to be used for a particular purpose(政府,机构的)拨款
提案/pro'pozzal/正式的建议或计划;提出建议的行为;建议;动议格式/'for,mæt/一般安排,plan,design,etc.总体安排;计划;设计/grænt/由政府或其他组织提供的用于特定目的(政府,机构的)拨款。

literature/'Itərafor/pieces of writing or printed information on a particular subject(某学科的)文献,著作,资料
literature/Itərafor/pieces of writing or printed information on a particular subject(某学科的)文献,著作,资料

qualification/kwaləfə'keI int\int ən/an exam that you have passed or a course of study that you have successfully completed(通过考试或学习课程取得的)资格
qualification/kwaləfə'keI int\int ən/通过考试或学习课程取得的资格

academic/educational/professional qualifications 学术/教育/专业/职业资历
学术/教育/专业/职业资历

internal/In'tsrnəl/connected with the inside of something 内部的;里面的
internal/Intsrnəl/connected with the inside of something 内部的;里面的

internal proposal/ın't3rnal//prə'pozzəl/内部提案
内部提案 / ın't3rnal / prə'pozzəl / internal proposal

external proposal//k'st3rnəl//prə'poひzəl/外部提案
solicit/s'lisit/to ask somebody for something,such as support,money and information;to try to get something or persuade somebody to do something 索求,请求……给予(援助,钱或信息) solicited proposal/sə'lisitıd//prə'pozzəl/招标提案 unsolicited proposal/,Ansə'lisitid//prə'pouzal/非招标提案
solicit/s'lisit/ to ask somebody for something,such as support,money and information;to try to get something or persuade somebody to do something 索求,请求...... 给予(援助,钱或信息)。solicited proposal/sə'lisitıd//prə'pozzəl/招标提案 unsolicited proposal/,Ansə'lisitid//prə'pouzal/非招标提案

deliverable/di'livərabal/(usually pl.)a product that a company promises to have ready for a customer应交付的产品
deliverable/di'livərabal/(usually pl.)公司承诺为客户准备好的应交付的产品。

panel/'pænal/a group of specialists who give their advice or opinion about something;a group of people who discuss topics of interest on television or radio 专家咨询组;(广播,电视上的)讨论小组 a panel of experts 专家组 a panel discussion 专家小组讨论
小组/pænal/对某事提出建议或意见的专家小组;在电视或广播中讨论感兴趣的话题的一群人。电视或广播 专家咨询组;(广播,电视上的)讨论小组 a panel of experts 专家组 a panel discussion 专家小组讨论

roundtable/'raznd,terbal/(of discussions,meetings,etc.讨论,会议等)at which everyone is equal and has the same rights 圆桌的;参与者权利均等的:
圆桌会议/'raznd,terterbal/(of discussions,meetetings,etc.讨论,会议等)at which everyone is equal and has the same rights 圆桌的参与者权利均等的:......

roundtable talks 圆桌会谈  圆桌会谈
For someone like Abbey who needs to write proposals but has no background or formal training in proposal writing,this chapter will be of some help.You will learn structure and format of proposal and how to make your proposal more persuasive.And you will learn some major types of proposals.
对于像 Abbey 这样需要撰写建议书,但又没有建议书撰写背景或正规培训的人来说,本章将有所帮助。 您将学习建议书的结构和格式,以及如何使您的建议书更具说服力。

What proposals do?  提案是什么?

A proposal is a written document to persuade the readers to approve,fund,or grant permission to do the proposed project.If you are a student working for your degree,you might write a
建议书是一份书面文件,旨在说服读者批准、资助或允许开展建议的项目。

proposal to your supervisor for permission to conduct a study.If you are the director of human resources,you might write a proposal to the firm's vice president to request funding for a training program for employees.If you are an independent consultant,you might write to a firm for providing a project.
如果你是人力资源总监,你可能会向公司副总裁提交一份建议书,请求为员工培训项目提供资金。 如果你是一名独立顾问,你可能会写信给公司请求提供一个项目。
Whatever project you propose,you need to make the proposal persuasive to make reviewers believe that your plan is worthwhile,or the service or product you provide is useful. Then,how?Before accepting a particular proposal,reviewers look for persuasive answers to these basic questions:
无论您提出什么项目,您都需要使提案具有说服力,让评审人员相信您的计划是值得的,或者您提供的服务或产品是有用的。 那么,如何?在接受某项提案之前,评审人员会就以下基本问题寻找有说服力的答案: 1.

-What is the problem?
-有什么问题?

-Why should we spend time,money,and effort to solve it?
-我们为什么要花时间、金钱和精力来解决这个问题?

-What is your plan to solve it?
-你有什么解决计划?

-What benefits can you offer?
-你们能提供什么好处?

-Can you deliver what you promise?
-你能兑现你的承诺吗?

-When will you complete the work?
-什么时候完成工作?

-How much will it cost?
-费用是多少?

To make your proposal a winning one,you are suggested to:
为使您的建议获得成功,我们建议您:

-Study your audience and the situation.
-研究你的听众和情况.

Getting to know the need of your audience and the current situation allows you to write a more convincing proposal.
了解受众的需求和现状,可以让你写出更有说服力的建议书。

-Collect as many resources as you can to support your proposed plan.
-收集尽可能多的资源,以支持你提出的计划。

If you can find appropriate literature,do not hesitate to cite it.
如果您能找到合适的文献,请毫不犹豫地加以引用。

-Be accurate in any data you provided.
-提供的数据要准确无误。

If your reader discovers a mistake,you lose credibility.
如果读者发现错误,你就失去了可信度。

-Be realistic in your planning.
-规划要切合实际。

Do not propose to complete a task in one week to make a sale when you honestly believe that it will take a month.
当你真诚地认为完成一项任务需要一个月的时间时,不要提议在一周内完成任务,以实现销售。

Proposal structure  提案结构

Here is the basic structure for proposals,though you may alter the structure to meet the needs of your proposal's subject,purpose,readers and context of use.
以下是建议书的基本结构,但您可以根据建议书的主题、目的、读者和使用环境的需要修改结构。
The basic structure includes Front Part, Middle Part and Back Part. Front Part may include Cover Letter and Title Page. Middle part includes Introduction, Main Body and Conclusion. Main Body presents Current Situation, Project Plan, Qualifications, and Costs and Benefits. Back Part may include References and Appendix. Graphics, such as pictures, tables, and graphs, can be used throughout the body of the proposal.
基本结构包括前部、中部和后部。前部可能包括封面信和扉页。中间部分包括引言、主体和结论。主体部分介绍现状、项目计划、资格以及成本和效益。后部可包括参考文献和附录。建议书正文中可使用图片、表格和图表等图表。

Format of proposals  建议书的格式

Some proposals require a standard format, whereas others are more flexible. Proposals vary substantially in length and format. They range from a page or two to several hundred pages. Often the scope of the proposal determines its format. A request for a small amount of fund might be proposed by e-mail or a brief memo. A request for a large amount, however, is likely to be proposed in a formal document such as a report.
有些提案要求采用标准格式,而有些提案则更为灵活。建议书的长度和格式差别很大。从一两页到几百页不等。通常,建议书的范围决定其格式。申请少量资金可以通过电子邮件或简短的备忘录提出。而大额申请则可能以报告等正式文件的形式提出。

Types of proposals  提案类型

Internal proposals  内部提案

In this section,we will be discussing features of internal and external proposals,and solicited and unsolicited proposals.Proposals are written by proposal writers to proposal readers. Depending on the relationship between writers and readers,proposals can be categorized to internal ones and externals ones.Internal proposals are documents written for readers who are within the same organization as the writer.External proposals are written for readers who are working in another organization or entity.
在本节中,我们将讨论内部建议书和外部建议书的特点,以及邀约建议书和非邀约建议书的特点。 建议书是由建议书作者写给建议书读者的。 根据作者和读者之间的关系,建议书可分为内部建议书和外部建议书。内部建议书是写给与作者在同一组织内的读者的文件,外部建议书是写给在另一个组织或实体工作的读者的文件。
Please take a quick look at this proposal.Is it an internal or external proposal?Judging from the heads that this proposal is written by a team leader to the vice president of operations in the same company,it is easy to conclude that the sample is an internal proposals.While external proposal often sell products or services,internal proposals usually offer ideas or plans.For example,a manager of Human Resources write to Vice President for requesting funding for the training program of the new employees.Here,Sarah is proposing a good idea for cutting costs.
请快速浏览一下这份建议书,它是内部建议书还是外部建议书? 从这份建议书是由一位团队领导写给同一家公司的运营副总裁来看,我们很容易得出结论:这是一份内部建议书。例如,人力资源部经理写信给副总裁,请求为新员工的培训计划提供资金。 在这里,Sarah 提出了一个削减成本的好主意。

The sample proposal is written in memo format.Internal proposal is often written in informal forms,such as memo and letter.From the background information stated at the beginning,we know that this proposal is a solicited one:each project team is asked to come up with one good idea for cutting costs.A solicited proposal is written in response to a request from the perspective reader,or requirements for proposal(RFP).An unsolicited proposal, however,is written with no RFP,and you need to make sure that the prospective customer has a need for ideas.
从开头的背景信息中,我们知道该建议书是一个征求建议书:要求每个项目小组提出一个 削减成本的好主意。征求建议书是根据读者的要求或建议书要求(RFP)而写的。 但是,非征求建议书是在没有 RFP 的情况下写的,你需要确保潜在客户需要创意。
Then current situation is clearly described,and a project plan for the readers'consideration is offered and described step by step.After that,the proposal concludes by discussing costs and benefits of the plan.
然后清楚地描述了当前的形势,并提出了一个供读者考虑的项目计划。

JumperCom  跳线通信

Date: April 11, 2014  日期日期: 2014 年 4 月 11 日
To: Jim Trujillo, VP of Operations
致吉姆-特鲁希略,运营副总裁

From: Sarah Voss, Lambda Engineering Team Leader
来自 Sarah Voss,Lambda 工程组组长

Subject: Cutting Costs  主题削减成本
At our meeting on April 4th, you asked each project team to come up with one good idea for cutting costs. Our team met on April 7th to kick around some ideas. At this meeting we decided that the best way to cut costs is to expand and enhance the company’s website.
在 4 月 4 日的会议上,您要求每个项目团队提出一个削减成本的好主意。我们团队于 4 月 7 日开会讨论了一些想法。在这次会议上,我们决定削减成本的最佳方法是扩展和改进公司网站。

Our Current Website  我们当前的网站

When we developed the current website in Spring 2008, it served our company’s purposes quite well. For its time, the website was attractive and interactive.
2008 年春,我们开发了现在的网站,它很好地实现了公司的目标。在当时,该网站具有吸引力和互动性。
Six years later, our website is no longer cutting edge-it’s obsolete. The website
六年后的今天,我们的网站已经不再先进,而是过时了。网站
  • looks antiquated, making our company seem out of touch
    显得过时,使我们的公司显得与时代脱节
  • does not address our customers’ questions about current products
    没有解决客户对当前产品的问题
  • does not address our customers’ needs for product documentation
    无法满足客户对产品文档的需求
  • is not a tool that our salespeople can use to provide answers and documentation to the customers
    不是我们的销售人员可以用来向客户提供答案和文件的工具
  • does not answer frequently asked questions, forcing clients to call our toll-free customer service lines for answers to simple questions.
    不回答常见问题,客户不得不拨打我们的免费客户服务电话来寻求简单问题的答案。
As a result, our outdated website is causing a few important problems. First, we are likely losing sales because our customers don’t see us as cutting edge. Second, we are wasting hundreds of thousands of dollars on printed documents that the customers throw away after a glance. And, third, we are unnecessarily spending many more thousands of dollars on customer service representatives and tollfree phone lines. A conservative estimate suggests that our outdated website could be costing us around $ 400 , 000 $ 400 , 000 $400,000\$ 400,000 each year.
因此,我们过时的网站造成了几个重要问题。首先,我们的销售额可能会下降,因为客户认为我们的产品不够先进。其次,我们浪费了数十万美元印刷文件,而客户看了一眼就扔掉了。第三,我们在客户服务代表和免费电话线上又浪费了数千美元。据保守估计,我们过时的网站每年可能会给我们造成大约 $ 400 , 000 $ 400 , 000 $400,000\$ 400,000 的损失。

Renovating the website  翻新网站

We believe a good way to cut costs and improve customer relations is to renovate the website. We envision a fully interactive site that customers can use to find answers to their questions, check on prices, and communicate with our service personnel. Meanwhile, our sales staff can use the website to discuss our products with clients. Instead of lugging around printed documents, our salespeople would use their tablet computers to show products or make presentations.
我们相信,翻新网站是降低成本和改善客户关系的好方法。我们设想建立一个完全互动的网站,客户可以在网站上找到问题的答案,查询价格,并与我们的服务人员沟通。同时,我们的销售人员可以利用网站与客户讨论我们的产品。我们的销售人员将不再随身携带印刷文件,而是使用平板电脑展示产品或进行演示。
Renovating the site will require four major steps:
翻新场地需要四个主要步骤:

Step One: Study the Potential Uses of Our Website
第一步:研究我们网站的潜在用途

With a consultant, we should study how our website might be better used by customers and salespeople. The consultant would survey our clients and salespeople to determine what kind of website would be most useful to them. The consultant would then develop a design for the website.
有了顾问,我们就应该研究如何让客户和销售人员更好地使用我们的网站。顾问会对我们的客户和销售人员进行调查,以确定什么样的网站对他们最有用。然后,顾问会为网站进行设计。

Step Two:Hire a Professional Web Designer to Renovate the Site
第二步:聘请专业网页设计师改造网站

We should hire a professional web designer to implement our design,because modern websites are rather complex.A professional would provide us with an efficient,well-organized website that would include all the functions we are seeking.
我们应该聘请专业的网页设计师来实现我们的设计,因为现代网站相当复杂。

Step Three:Train One of Our Employees to Be a Webmaster
第三步:培训一名员工成为网站管理员

-We should hire or retrain one of our employees to be the webmaster of the site.We need someone who is working on the site daily and making regular updates.Being the webmaster for the site should be this employee's job description.
-我们需要一个每天都对网站进行工作并定期更新的人。

Step Four:User-Test the New Website with Our Customers and Salespeople
第四步:与客户和销售人员一起测试新网站

Once we have created a new version of the website,we should user-test it with our customers and salespeople.Perhaps we could pay some of our customers to try out the site and show us where it could be improved.Our salespeople will certainly give us plenty of feedback.
一旦我们创建了新版本的网站,就应该让客户和销售人员进行用户测试。

At the end of this process,we would have a fully functioning website that would save us money almost immediately.
在这个过程结束时,我们将拥有一个功能齐全的网站,几乎可以立即为我们节省资金。

Costs and Benefits of Our Idea
我们想法的成本与收益

Renovating the website would have many advantages:
翻新网站有很多好处: 1.

-The new website will save us printing costs.We estimate that the printing costs at our company could be sliced in half-perhaps more-because our customers would be able to download our documents directly from the website,rather than ask us to send these documents to them.That's a potential saving of $ 300 , 000 $ 300 , 000 $300,000\$ 300,000
-新网站将节省我们的印刷成本。我们估计,我们公司的印刷成本可以减少一半,甚至更多,因为我们的客户可以直接从网站上下载我们的文件,而不是要求我们将这些文件寄给他们。这可能会节省 $ 300 , 000 $ 300 , 000 $300,000\$ 300,000

-The new website will provide better service to our customers.Currently,our customers go to the website first when they have questions.By providing more information in an interactive format,we can cut down dramatically on calls to our customer service center.We could save up to $ 120 , 000 $ 120 , 000 $120,000\$ 120,000 in personnel costs and long-distance charges.
-新网站将为我们的客户提供更好的服务.目前,我们的客户在遇到问题时会首先访问网站.通过以互动的形式提供更多信息,我们可以大大减少客户服务中心的电话数量.我们可以节省多达 $ 120 , 000 $ 120 , 000 $120,000\$ 120,000 的人员成本和长途费用.

-Our sales staff will find the new website a useful tool when they have questions.When products change,salespeople will immediately see those changes reflected on the website.As a result,more sales might be generated because product information will be immediately available online.
-当产品发生变化时,销售人员会立即在网站上看到这些变化。因此,由于可以在网上立即获得产品信息,可能会产生更多的销售额。
A quick estimate shows that a website renovation would cost us about $ 40 , 000 $ 40 , 000 $40,000\$ 40,000 .We would also need to shift the current webmaster's responsibilities from part time to full time,costing us about $ 20 , 000 $ 20 , 000 $20,000\$ 20,000 per year more.The savings,though,are obvious.For an initial investment of $ 60 , 000 $ 60 , 000 $60,000\$ 60,000 and a yearly investment of $ 20 , 000 $ 20 , 000 $20,000\$ 20,000 thereafter,we will minimally save about $ 400 , 000 $ 400 , 000 $400,000\$ 400,000 a year.
简单估算一下,网站翻新大约需要花费 $ 40 , 000 $ 40 , 000 $40,000\$ 40,000 .我们还需要将现任网站管理员的职责从兼职转为全职,每年大约需要多花费 $ 20 , 000 $ 20 , 000 $20,000\$ 20,000 .<尽管如此,节省的费用是显而易见的。如果最初投资 $ 60 , 000 $ 60 , 000 $60,000\$ 60,000 ,以后每年投资 $ 20 , 000 $ 20 , 000 $20,000\$ 20,000 ,我们每年至少可以节省 $ 400 , 000 $ 400 , 000 $400,000\$ 400,000
Thank you for giving us this opportunity to present our ideas.If you would like to talk with us about this proposal,please call me at 555-1204,or e-mail me at sarahv@jumpercom.net.
感谢您给我们这个机会来介绍我们的想法。如果您想与我们讨论这个提案,请致电 555-1204,或发电子邮件至 sarahv@jumpercom.net。

[Source:Pearson Technical Communication Today(5 th th  ^("th "){ }^{\text {th }} edition)]
[来源:Pearson Technical Communication Today(5 th th  ^("th "){ }^{\text {th }} 版)]

Business proposals  业务提案

Business proposals are documents used to offer specific goods or services at a defined cost. They are typically used by supportive enterprises that offer things other businesses need to operate and grow. In most cases, business proposals are external ones.
商业建议书是用于以确定的成本提供特定商品或服务的文件。通常由提供其他企业运营和发展所需物品的支持性企业使用。在大多数情况下,商业提案都是对外的。
The proposal is submitted by Shania Baker, the owner of Baker Consulting, to propose conducting a guest satisfaction analysis for the Prestigio Hotel & Resort. Shania knew that the Prestigio marketing team relies on a third party to conduct customer satisfaction research annually for the neutral and objective results. This proposal is still a solicited one.
贝克咨询公司的老板莎妮娅-贝克提交了一份建议书,提议为普雷斯蒂吉奥酒店及度假村进行一次顾客满意度分析。Shania 知道 Prestigio 营销团队每年都要依靠第三方进行顾客满意度调查,以获得中立客观的结果。这项建议仍然是一项征集建议。
Then when we take a close look at this proposal, we can see there is an executive summary at the front, which suggests a formal proposal. The executive summary provides the most essential points from the proposal. Then the Current Situation describes the basic challenges that need to be addressed and solved. The Specific Objectives provides clear statements about outcomes of the proposed work. The Deliverables describes the items and services that will be provided. The Timeline clearly states when key activities will occur and when deliverables are due. The Pricing and Payment Plan states the pricing for products or services and expectations for payment.
然后,当我们仔细观察这份建议书时,就会发现前面有一个执行摘要,这表明这是一份正式的建议书。执行摘要提供了提案中最基本的要点。然后,现状描述了需要应对和解决的基本挑战。具体目标明确说明建议工作的成果。可交付成果描述了将提供的项目和服务。时间安排 "清楚地说明了关键活动的开展时间和交付成果的到期时间。定价和付款计划 "说明产品或服务的定价以及付款预期。

Proposal to Conduct Guest Satisfaction Survey
关于开展宾客满意度调查的建议

for the Prestigio Hotel and Resort
普雷斯蒂吉奥酒店及度假村
Submitted by Shania Baker, Baker Consulting
由贝克咨询公司 Shania Baker 提交
October 1, 2016  2016 年 10 月 1 日

Executive Summary  执行摘要

Baker Consulting proposes conducting a guest satisfaction analysis for the Prestigio Hotel and Resort. Baker Consulting will provide the following: (1) design and administration of a guest satisfaction survey; (2) a written guest satisfaction report; and (3) a guest satisfaction briefing to the marketing team. Prior to conducting the survey, the Prestigio Hotel and Resort will provide an email list of recent conference attendees and other requested information. The proposed price is $ 5 , 000 $ 5 , 000 $5,000\$ 5,000, which includes a $ 2 , 000 $ 2 , 000 $2,000\$ 2,000 upfront fee prior to conducting the guest satisfaction survey and a $ 3 , 000 $ 3 , 000 $3,000\$ 3,000 final payment once the final guest satisfaction report is completed and delivered.
贝克咨询公司建议对 Prestigio 酒店及度假村进行宾客满意度分析。贝克咨询公司将提供以下服务(1) 设计和实施宾客满意度调查;(2) 书面宾客满意度报告;(3) 向营销团队介绍宾客满意度情况。在进行调查之前,Prestigio 酒店和度假村将提供一份近期会议与会者的电子邮件名单和其他所需的信息。建议价格为 $ 5 , 000 $ 5 , 000 $5,000\$ 5,000 ,其中包括进行宾客满意度调查之前的 $ 2 , 000 $ 2 , 000 $2,000\$ 2,000 预付费和完成并交付最终宾客满意度报告之后的 $ 3 , 000 $ 3 , 000 $3,000\$ 3,000 尾款。

Current Situation  现状

Guest satisfaction has always been the foundation for repeat business at the Prestigio. With so many online reviews of hotels readily available to meeting planners, achieving high guest satisfaction ratings is more important now than ever. Since 2010, the Prestigio has evaluated guest satisfaction and future
宾客满意度一直是普雷斯蒂基奥酒店回头客的基础。由于会议策划者可以随时在网上获得大量酒店评论,因此获得较高的宾客满意度比以往任何时候都更为重要。自 2010 年以来,普雷斯蒂基奥酒店一直在评估宾客满意度和未来发展。

intentions among conference attendees with an annual survey to help determine priorities in improving guest satisfaction.In the past four years,the Prestigio has evaluated conference attendees'views in the following areas:overall satisfaction,intent to return,intent to recommend,conference meals,meeting rooms,and staff and service.
在过去的四年中,Prestigio 在以下方面对与会者进行了评估:总体满意度、再次光临的意愿、推荐意愿、会议餐饮、会议室、员工和服务。
Past surveys of guest satisfaction have not addressed several areas of interest to the Prestigio:(1)guests' views of Internet pricing and the business center and(2)guests'actual use of conference services and amenities. Also,prior analysis of guest satisfaction has not differentiated guest satisfaction by gender and income.
以往的宾客满意度调查没有涉及 Prestigio 感兴趣的几个方面:(1)宾客对互联网价格和商务中心的看法;(2)宾客对会议服务和设施的实际使用情况。 此外,以往的宾客满意度分析没有按性别和收入对宾客满意度进行区分。

Specific Objectives  具体目标

1.Conduct a survey of conference attendees in the following areas:
1.对与会者进行以下方面的调查: 1.

A.Satisfaction with conference services and amenities
A.对会议服务和设施的满意度

B.Actual use of services and amenities by conference guests
B.会议客人对服务和设施的实际使用情况

C.Repeat business indicators:overall satisfaction,intent to return,and intent to recommend
C.重复业务指标:总体满意度、返回意向和推荐意向
2.Complete a guest satisfaction report:
2.完成客人满意度报告

A.Provide complete analysis of each survey area
A.对每个调查区域进行全面分析

B.Analyze based on income level and gender
B.根据收入水平和性别进行分析

C.Provide realistic recommendations
C. 提出切合实际的建议
3.Provide a guest satisfaction briefing to the marketing team
3. 向营销团队提供客人满意度简报

Deliverables overview  交付成果概览

Baker Consulting will provide the following deliverables:
贝克咨询公司将提供以下交付成果

1.A guest satisfaction briefing and discussion.Baker Consulting will provide a written report,a 2-hour presentation and discussion,and a digital Tile with raw data from completed surveys.
贝克咨询公司将提供一份书面报告、一次 2 小时的演示和讨论,以及一份包含已完成调查的原始数据的数字瓷砖。

2.A written guest satisfaction analysis.The report will include all survey findings.The report will be roughly ten pages.
2.一份书面的客人满意度分析报告。 报告将包括所有调查结果。

3.Raw data from the online survey.Baker Consulting will provide a spreadsheet with all original survey responses.
3.来自在线调查的原始数据.贝克咨询公司将提供包含所有原始调查回复的电子表格.
The Prestigio Hotel and Resort will provide the following:
普雷斯蒂吉欧酒店及度假村将提供以下服务

1.Two meetings between Baker Consulting and Prestigio Hotel and Resort to provide needed information for the research
1. 贝克咨询公司与普雷斯蒂吉奥酒店和度假村举行两次会议,为研究提供所需信息

2.Email addresses to conference attendees during 2016
2.2016 年期间会议与会者的电子邮件地址

Timeline  时间表

Date to Complete  完成日期 Activity  活动
November 15  11 月 15 日

在贝克咨询公司办公室与 Prestigio 营销团队举行启动会议(估计: 1 1 / 2 1 1 / 2 1-1//21-1 / 2 小时)
Kick-off meeting at Baker Consulting office with the Prestigio marketing
team(estimate: 1 1 / 2 1 1 / 2 1-1//21-1 / 2 hours)
Kick-off meeting at Baker Consulting office with the Prestigio marketing team(estimate: 1-1//2 hours)| Kick-off meeting at Baker Consulting office with the Prestigio marketing | | :--- | | team(estimate: $1-1 / 2$ hours) |
December 15  12 月 15 日

讨论调查设计的后续会议(估计: 1 小时)1 月 15 日 2 月 1 日 2 月 15 日
Follow-up meeting to discuss survey design(estimate: 1 hour)
January 15
February 1
February 15
Follow-up meeting to discuss survey design(estimate: 1 hour) January 15 February 1 February 15| Follow-up meeting to discuss survey design(estimate: 1 hour) | | :--- | | January 15 | | February 1 | | February 15 |

Prestigio 将向 Prestigio 营销团队提供会议宾客满意度报告的所有可用电子邮件地址以及向 Prestigio 宾客满意度简报会提供的原始数据
The Prestigio will provide all available email addresses of conference
Guest satisfaction report and raw data provided to the Prestigio
Guest satisfaction briefing to the Prestigio marketing team
The Prestigio will provide all available email addresses of conference Guest satisfaction report and raw data provided to the Prestigio Guest satisfaction briefing to the Prestigio marketing team| The Prestigio will provide all available email addresses of conference | | :--- | | Guest satisfaction report and raw data provided to the Prestigio | | Guest satisfaction briefing to the Prestigio marketing team |
Date to Complete Activity November 15 "Kick-off meeting at Baker Consulting office with the Prestigio marketing team(estimate: 1-1//2 hours)" December 15 "Follow-up meeting to discuss survey design(estimate: 1 hour) January 15 February 1 February 15" "The Prestigio will provide all available email addresses of conference Guest satisfaction report and raw data provided to the Prestigio Guest satisfaction briefing to the Prestigio marketing team" | Date to Complete | Activity | | :--- | :--- | | November 15 | Kick-off meeting at Baker Consulting office with the Prestigio marketing <br> team(estimate: $1-1 / 2$ hours) | | December 15 | Follow-up meeting to discuss survey design(estimate: 1 hour) <br> January 15 <br> February 1 <br> February 15 | | The Prestigio will provide all available email addresses of conference <br> Guest satisfaction report and raw data provided to the Prestigio <br> Guest satisfaction briefing to the Prestigio marketing team | |

Pricing and Payment Plan
定价和付款计划

The following table summarizes the price for this project based on my standard rates for soliciting survey responses and completing customer satisfaction reports.
下表概括了根据我征集调查回复和完成客户满意度报告的标准费率计算的该项目的价格。
Activity  活动 Rate  费率 Total  总计
Survey design and administration
调查设计和管理
Standard rate for 10 -item survey
10 个调查项目的标准费率
$ 2000 $ 2000 $2000\$ 2000
Data analysis  数据分析 $ 150 $ 150 $150\$ 150 per hour (10 hours)
$ 150 $ 150 $150\$ 150 每小时(10 小时)
$ 1 , 500 $ 1 , 500 $1,500\$ 1,500
Guest satisfaction report
宾客满意度报告
$ 150 $ 150 $150\$ 150 per hour (10 hours)
$ 150 $ 150 $150\$ 150 每小时(10 小时)
$ 1 , 500 $ 1 , 500 $1,500\$ 1,500
$ 5 , 000 $ 5 , 000 $5,000\$ 5,000
Activity Rate Total Survey design and administration Standard rate for 10 -item survey $2000 Data analysis $150 per hour (10 hours) $1,500 Guest satisfaction report $150 per hour (10 hours) $1,500 $5,000| Activity | Rate | Total | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Survey design and administration | Standard rate for 10 -item survey | $\$ 2000$ | | Data analysis | $\$ 150$ per hour (10 hours) | $\$ 1,500$ | | Guest satisfaction report | $\$ 150$ per hour (10 hours) | $\$ 1,500$ | | | | $\$ 5,000$ |
The total pricing for conducting the guest satisfaction research and creating a guest satisfaction report is $ 5000 $ 5000 $5000\$ 5000. This includes two payments: an up-front fee of $ 2 , 000 $ 2 , 000 $2,000\$ 2,000 and a final payment of $ 3 , 000 $ 3 , 000 $3,000\$ 3,000 when the guest satisfaction report is delivered.
进行宾客满意度调查和创建宾客满意度报告的总定价为 $ 5000 $ 5000 $5000\$ 5000 。其中包括两笔付款:预付款 $ 2 , 000 $ 2 , 000 $2,000\$ 2,000 和交付客人满意度报告时的尾款 $ 3 , 000 $ 3 , 000 $3,000\$ 3,000

[Source: Business Communication (3 rd rd  ^("rd "){ }^{\text {rd }} edition)]
[来源:《商务交流》(3 rd rd  ^("rd "){ }^{\text {rd }} 版)]

Research and development proposals
研发建议

The research and development proposals ask for approval and funding to begin a study or an investigation. For instance, an environmentalist at a university might address a research proposal to request funds to study the effect of acid rain on a particular region. Research and development proposals are often solicited by institutions, including the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Medicine and so on. In other cases, research proposals might be submitted by students to ask for approval or fund for conducting an independent study or a thesis project.
研究与开发提案要求获得批准和资金,以开始一项研究或调查。例如,一所大学的环境学家可能会提交一份研究提案,要求提供资金,以研究酸雨对某一特定地区的影响。研究与开发提案通常由国家科学基金会、国家医学院等机构征集。在其他情况下,研究提案可能由学生提交,要求批准或资助开展独立研究或论文项目。
Please take a quick look at this proposal. It is written by Tom Dewoody to his instructor for requesting approval to conducting a feasibility research for marketing dead western white pine. It is an internal proposal and is cast in as a memo.
请快速浏览一下这份提案。它是汤姆-杜伍迪写给他的导师的,请求批准对销售枯死的西部白松进行可行性研究。这是一份内部提案,以备忘录的形式提交。
This proposal opens with current situation and clear description of the problem. Then the possible solution is described with the scope of the proposed study and how the study will be done. Then the writer’s qualifications for the study is given by citing a major reference. In the conclusion section, the writer asks for approval to begin the research.
本建议书以现状开篇,对问题进行了清晰的描述。然后描述了可能的解决方案、拟议研究的范围以及如何进行研究。然后,通过引用主要参考文献来说明作者的研究资格。在结论部分,作者请求批准开始研究。

To:Dr.John Lannon  致:约翰-兰农博士

From:Tom Sorrells Dewoody
发件人:Tom Sorrells Dewoody

Date:March 16,20XX  日期:20XX 年 3 月 16 日
Subject:Proposal for Determining the Feasibility of Marketing Dead Western White Pine
主题:关于确定销售西部白松枯枝可行性的提案

Introduction  导言

Over the past four decades,huge losses of western white pine have occurred in the northern Rockies, primarily attributable to white pine blister rust and the attack of the mountain pine beetle.Estimated annual mortality is 318 million board feet.Because of the low natural resistance of white pine to blister rust,this high mortality rate is expected to continue indefinitely.
在过去的四十年中,落基山脉北部的西部白松遭受了巨大损失,主要原因是白松水泡锈病和山松甲虫的侵袭。由于白松对水泡锈病的天然抵抗力较低,预计这种高死亡率将无限期地持续下去。
If white pine is not harvested while the tree is dying or soon after death,the wood begins to dry and check(warp and crack).The sapwood is discolored by blue stain,a fungus carried by the mountain pine beetle.If the white pine continues to stand after death,heart cracks develop.These factors work together to cause degradation of the lumber and consequent loss in value.
如果在白松死亡时或死亡后不久不对其进行采伐,木材就会开始干枯和干裂(翘曲和开裂)。 边材会因蓝斑而褪色,蓝斑是山松甲虫携带的一种真菌。如果白松在死亡后继续生长,就会出现心裂。 这些因素共同作用,导致木材退化,从而失去价值。

Statement of Problem  问题陈述

White pine mortality reduces the value of white pine stumpage because the commercial lumber market will not accept dead wood.The major implications of this problem are two:first,in the face of rising demand for wood,vast amounts of timber lie unused;second,dead trees are left to accumulate in the woods,where they are rapidly becoming a major fire hazard here in northern Idaho and elsewhere.
白松的死亡降低了白松立木的价值,因为商业木材市场不接受枯死的木材。 这个问题的主要影响有两个:第一,在木材需求不断增长的情况下,大量木材被闲置;第二,枯死的树木在树林中堆积,迅速成为爱达荷州北部和其他地方的主要火灾隐患。

Proposed Solution  建议的解决方案

One possible solution to the problem of white pine mortality and waste is to search for markets other than the conventional lumber market.The last few years have seen a burst of popularity and growing demand for weathered barn boards and wormy pine for interior paneling.Some firms around the country are marketing defective wood as specialty products.(These firms call the wood from which their products come"distressed,"a term I will use hereafter to refer to dead and defective white pine.)Distressed white pine quite possibly will find a place in such a market.
解决白松死亡和浪费问题的一个可行办法是寻找传统木材市场以外的市场。全国各地的一些公司正在将有缺陷的木材作为特殊产品进行销售.(这些公司将其产品所使用的木材称为 "受潮木材","我在下文中将用这个词来指死亡和有缺陷的白松.

Scope  范围

To assess the feasibility of developing a market for distressed white pine,I plan to pursue six areas of inquiry:
为了评估开发不良白皮松市场的可行性,我计划从以下六个方面进行调查: 1.

1.What products presently are being produced from dead wood,and what are the approximate costs of production?
1.目前用枯木生产什么产品,生产成本大约是多少?

2.How large is the demand for distressed-wood products?
2.不良木材产品的需求量有多大?

3.Can distressed white pine as well as other species meet this demand?
3.仿旧白松和其他树种能否满足这一需求?

4.Does the market contain room for distressed white pine?
4.市场上是否存在不良白松?

5.What are the costs of retrieving and milling distressed white pine?
5.回收和碾磨不良白松的成本是多少?

6 .What prices of the products can the market bear?
6 .市场能承受什么样的产品价格?

Methods  方法

My primary data sources will include consultations with Dr.James Hill,Professor of Wood Utilization,
我的主要数据来源将包括与木材利用教授詹姆斯-希尔博士的咨询。

and Dr. Sven Bergman, Forest Economist—both members of the College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Range. I will also inspect decks of dead white pine at several locations and visit a processing mill to evaluate it as a possible base of operations. I will round out my primary research with a letter and telephone survey of processors and wholesalers of distressed material.
和森林经济学家斯文-伯格曼(Sven Bergman)博士--他们都是林业、野生动物和牧场学院的成员。我还将检查几个地方的白皮松枯死层,并参观一家加工厂,以评估其作为运营基地的可能性。我还将通过信件和电话对不良木材的加工商和批发商进行调查,以完成我的主要研究工作。
Secondary sources will include publications on the uses of dead timber and a review of a study by Dr. Hill on the uses of dead white pine.
二手资料来源包括有关枯死木材用途的出版物以及希尔博士对枯死白松用途研究的评论。

My Qualifications  我的资质

I have been following Dr. Hill’s study on dead white pine for two years. In June of this year I will receive my B.S. in forest management. I am familiar with wood milling processes and have firsthand experience at logging. My association with Dr. Hill and Dr. Bergman gives me the opportunity for an in-depth feasibility study.
两年来,我一直在关注希尔博士关于白皮松枯死的研究。今年 6 月,我将获得森林管理学士学位。我熟悉木材加工流程,并拥有伐木的第一手经验。我与希尔博士和伯格曼博士的合作使我有机会进行深入的可行性研究。

Conclusion  结论

Clearly, action is needed to reduce the vast accumulations of dead white pine in our forests-among the most productive forests in northern Idaho. By addressing the six areas of inquiry mentioned earlier, I can determine the feasibility of directing capital and labor to the production of distressed white pine products. With your approval I will begin research at once.
显然,我们需要采取行动,减少我们的森林--爱达荷州北部最富饶的森林--中大量积存的枯死白松。通过解决前面提到的六个方面的问题,我可以确定将资本和劳动力用于生产枯死白松产品的可行性。如果您同意,我将立即开始研究。

[Source: Technical Communication ( 14 th 14 th  14^("th ")14^{\text {th }} edition)]
[来源:《技术交流》( 14 th 14 th  14^("th ")14^{\text {th }} 版)]

Conference proposal  会议提案

A conference proposal is a stand-alone written document that proposes your presentation for a conference. Usually a conference proposal serves as a request to share scholarship, and it is independent from your written paper. The primary audience of a conference proposal is the reviewers and/or conference organizers. The secondary audience is conference attendees as the proposal-sometimes the abstract - will be listed in conference programs. The purpose of a conference proposal is to create a “research space” for the author(s) and to appeal to the primary audience so it will be accepted.
会议建议书是一份独立的书面文件,建议您在会议上发言。通常情况下,会议建议书是分享学术成果的请求,它独立于您的书面论文。会议建议书的主要受众是评审人员和/或会议组织者。其次是会议与会者,因为提案(有时是摘要)会被列入会议日程。会议建议书的目的是为作者创造一个 "研究空间",并吸引主要受众,从而被接受。
A typical medium-to-large academic conference usually has a program packed full of various forms of academic interactions, namely individual presentations, panel presentations, roundtables, workshops, and posters. As each type of presentation requires different level of information, be sure your proposal caters to the chosen type.
典型的大中型学术会议通常会安排各种形式的学术互动,即个人演讲、小组演讲、圆桌会议、研讨会和海报。由于每种类型的演讲需要不同程度的信息,因此请确保您的提案符合所选类型的要求。
Type  类型 Requirements/Conditions  要求/条件
Presentations  演讲

如果您单独提交建议书,您将被安排在这里进行大约 15-20 分钟的演讲。
If you submit your proposal alone you will be placed here to deliver a presentation in
about 15-20 minutes in length.
If you submit your proposal alone you will be placed here to deliver a presentation in about 15-20 minutes in length.| If you submit your proposal alone you will be placed here to deliver a presentation in | | :--- | | about 15-20 minutes in length. |
Panels  面板

如果您的团队中有 3-4 名成员围绕一个中心主题协调发言,则发言将放在这里,每个发言的长度约为 15-20 分钟。
If 3-4 of your team members coordinate presentations around a central theme,the
presentations will be placed here with each in about 15-20 minutes in length.
If 3-4 of your team members coordinate presentations around a central theme,the presentations will be placed here with each in about 15-20 minutes in length.| If 3-4 of your team members coordinate presentations around a central theme,the | | :--- | | presentations will be placed here with each in about 15-20 minutes in length. |
Roundtables  圆桌会议

这里的讲座由几位演讲者从不同角度就一个中心问题进行演讲,演讲者和听众在会后互动频繁。
Talks here are addressed by several speakers on a central question from a variety of
angles,and there is high interaction between the talkers and audience after the talks.
Talks here are addressed by several speakers on a central question from a variety of angles,and there is high interaction between the talkers and audience after the talks.| Talks here are addressed by several speakers on a central question from a variety of | | :--- | | angles,and there is high interaction between the talkers and audience after the talks. |
Workshops  工作坊

工作坊与听众充分互动,有助于听众获得有关特定主题的知识和经验。
Workshops are fully interactive with the audience and facilitate the audience in
gaining knowledge and experience around the given topic.
Workshops are fully interactive with the audience and facilitate the audience in gaining knowledge and experience around the given topic.| Workshops are fully interactive with the audience and facilitate the audience in | | :--- | | gaining knowledge and experience around the given topic. |
Posters  海报

海报可在会议期间随时观看。还将为海报作者提供专门的时间和空间,让他们就自己的主题与参会者进行互动。
Posters are designed to be viewed at anytime during the conference.There will also
be dedicated time and space for the authors of the poster to interact with conference
goers about their topic.
Posters are designed to be viewed at anytime during the conference.There will also be dedicated time and space for the authors of the poster to interact with conference goers about their topic.| Posters are designed to be viewed at anytime during the conference.There will also | | :--- | | be dedicated time and space for the authors of the poster to interact with conference | | goers about their topic. |
Type Requirements/Conditions Presentations "If you submit your proposal alone you will be placed here to deliver a presentation in about 15-20 minutes in length." Panels "If 3-4 of your team members coordinate presentations around a central theme,the presentations will be placed here with each in about 15-20 minutes in length." Roundtables "Talks here are addressed by several speakers on a central question from a variety of angles,and there is high interaction between the talkers and audience after the talks." Workshops "Workshops are fully interactive with the audience and facilitate the audience in gaining knowledge and experience around the given topic." Posters "Posters are designed to be viewed at anytime during the conference.There will also be dedicated time and space for the authors of the poster to interact with conference goers about their topic."| Type | Requirements/Conditions | | :--- | :--- | | Presentations | If you submit your proposal alone you will be placed here to deliver a presentation in <br> about 15-20 minutes in length. | | Panels | If 3-4 of your team members coordinate presentations around a central theme,the <br> presentations will be placed here with each in about 15-20 minutes in length. | | Roundtables | Talks here are addressed by several speakers on a central question from a variety of <br> angles,and there is high interaction between the talkers and audience after the talks. | | Workshops | Workshops are fully interactive with the audience and facilitate the audience in <br> gaining knowledge and experience around the given topic. | | Posters | Posters are designed to be viewed at anytime during the conference.There will also <br> be dedicated time and space for the authors of the poster to interact with conference <br> goers about their topic. |
To make your conference proposal be selected,you should:
要使您的会议提案入选,您应该

-Make sure to read the call for papers carefully to orient your topic to the theme listed in the call.You should take special note of the deadline and submit prior to the date.
-请务必仔细阅读征稿启事,使您的主题与征稿启事中列出的主题保持一致。 请特别注意截止日期,并在截止日期之前提交。

-Make the topic you are proposing the one that you can cover easily within the required word limit of the conference call and within the limited time of conference presentation.
-在电话会议规定的字数限制和会议发言的有限时间内,你所提出的主题要容易涵盖。

-Explain why your thesis is original and innovative as well as important to the development of the specific areas of your research.
-解释为什么您的论文具有独创性和创新性,并且对您研究的特定领域的发展具有重要意义。

Grant proposal  拨款建议

The grant proposals seek money from governments,public corporations and private foundations for a specified project.The money is called a grant for it requires no repayment as long as it is used to fund a project such as developing an online learning program for disabled children.Grants can be given to non-profit companies,charitable organizations,or educational facilities.In order to receive a grant,the proposal writer needs to carefully study the requirements or guidelines of proposal.
赠款建议书向政府、公共公司和私人基金会寻求资金,用于特定的项目。 这些资金被称为赠款,因为只要用于资助某个项目(如为残疾儿童开发在线学习程序),就无需偿还。
The sample listed here is a proposal by the Orchard Middle School in Orchard,VT to seek a grant to expand Read to Succeed!Program aimed to help at risk students increase their reading skills.In the Project Abstract,we can get a brief description of the project and its objects,as well as how the project will be evaluated to measure the success of it,that is, improve students'reading skills by one or two grade levels in this proposal.
在 "项目摘要"(Project Abstract)中,我们可以了解到项目及其目标的简要描述,以及如何评估项目以衡量其成功与否,即在本提案中将学生的阅读能力提高一到两个年级。
The Statement of Need section should describe the problem that the project will attempt to address. Then the proposed project should be described to provide information on how it will be implemented. This section should also include information on any new assistive technology that will be used. Here, Kurzweil 3000 Assistive Reading Technology is introduced. Then, the goals or objectives of the project should be described in measurable to address the needs of the beneficiaries. Here the beneficiaries are the at risk students. Timeline is used to clearly show each involved activity and its deadline. In Budget, all expenses for the project should be included in a brief narrative of expenses along with a table of individual cost components. Evaluation section provides information that will be used to decide the effectiveness of the project. Staff and Organizational Information provides the staff qualifications, certifications and skills, and organization’s capacity to implement and sustain the project.
需求说明 "部分应描述项目试图解决的问题。然后,应说明拟议的项目,提供有关如何实施该项目的信息。这一部分还应包括将使用的任何新辅助技术的信息。在此介绍 Kurzweil 3000 辅助阅读技术。然后,应以可衡量的方式描述项目的目标或目的,以满足受益人的需求。这里的受益人是高危学生。时间轴用于清楚地显示每项活动及其截止日期。在预算中,项目的所有开支都应包括在开支简述中,并附有单项成本构成表。评估部分提供用于确定项目成效的信息。员工和组织信息提供员工的资格、认证和技能,以及组织实施和维持项目的能力。

Read to Succeed! Improving Reading Performance for At Risk Students
阅读成功!提高高危学生的阅读能力

Project Abstract  项目摘要

The Orchard Middle School, in Orchard, VT is seeking a grant to expand our Read to Succeed! program with the objective of helping all of our at risk students increase their reading skills and read at grade level using the same classroom textbooks and materials as their peers. The objective is that by the end of the year the students will at least have doubled their reading speed and will have improved their reading skills by one to two grade levels. The Read to Succeed! program is based on the latest research on effective reading instruction. Funding in the amount of $ 16 , 504 $ 16 , 504 $16,504\$ 16,504 is requested for staff training and to purchase the required software and hardware for the school’s resource room.
位于弗吉尼亚州奥查德的奥查德中学正在申请一笔资助,用于扩大我们的 "阅读成功!"计划,目的是帮助我们所有的高危学生提高阅读技能,并使用与同龄人相同的课本和材料进行年级水平的阅读。我们的目标是,到今年年底,学生的阅读速度至少翻一番,阅读能力至少提高一到两个年级。阅读成功!"计划以最新的有效阅读教学研究为基础。请求提供 $ 16 , 504 $ 16 , 504 $16,504\$ 16,504 资金,用于员工培训和购买学校资源室所需的软件和硬件。

Statement of Need  需求说明

Orchard Middle School has 276 students, of which 59 have been determined to be at risk in their reading performance for a variety of reasons including learning disabilities, such as attention deficit disorder (ADD) and dyslexia, or other economic and language-based difficulties. Orchard Middle School is eligible for Title 1 funds, and if these students are not given an opportunity to improve their reading skills, they are, as studies show, more likely to be truant and drop out of school.
果园中学有 276 名学生,其中 59 名学生由于各种原因,包括学习障碍(如注意力 缺陷障碍 (ADD)、阅读障碍)或其他经济和语言方面的困难,被确定为阅读能力有问题 的学生。果园中学有资格获得 Title 1 基金的资助,如果这些学生没有机会提高他们的阅读能力,那么,正如研究表明的那样,他们更有可能逃学和辍学。

Program Description  计划说明

The Orchard Read to Succeed! project will enable at risk students to improve their reading skills through utilization of five computers equipped with scanners and assistive reading software. Students using this innovative reading system will be able to utilize all their classroom materials, including textbooks providing them access to the general curriculum. The students will increase their reading speed and comprehension, which will help them obtain classroom subject proficiency. Included in the Read to Succeed! project will be a day of training for the reading specialist and classroom teachers on the features
果园阅读成功!"项目将通过利用五台配备扫描仪和辅助阅读软件的计算机,帮助高危学生提高阅读技能。使用这一创新阅读系统的学生将能够使用包括教科书在内的所有课堂材料,使他们能够学习普通课程。学生们将提高阅读速度和理解能力,这将有助于他们熟练掌握课堂科目。阅读成功!"项目将包括对阅读专家和任课教师进行为期一天的培训,内容涉及以下功能

and use of the Kurzweil 3000 software.
并使用 Kurzweil 3000 软件.

Kurzweil 3000 Assistive Reading Technology
库兹韦尔 3000 辅助阅读技术

Kurzweil 3000 software,from Kurzweil Educational Systems,uses a multi-sensory approach to help students with learning and reading difficulties.The Kurzweil 3000 was developed for people with reading difficulties caused by learning disabilities,such as dyslexia,attention deficit disorder(ADD)and other language-based difficulties.The Kurzweil 3000 is research-based assistive reading software developed with guidance from leading reading experts.It enables all children to access state and national curricula and conforms to today's research focused funding requirements.
Kurzweil 3000 软件由 Kurzweil Educational Systems 公司开发,采用多感官方法帮助有学习和阅读困难的学生。Kurzweil 3000 是一款以研究为基础的辅助阅读软件,由顶尖阅读专家指导开发。
With the Kurzweil 3000 ,a student with reading difficulties has access to textbooks and classroom materials displayed as an exact image on the computer screen.The text is then read aloud using the highest quality,most human sounding synthetic speech while highlighting words and sentences visually on screen.
有了 Kurzweil 3000,有阅读困难的学生可以在电脑屏幕上看到以精确图像显示的教科书和课堂材料,然后使用最高质量、最人性化的合成语音朗读文本,同时在屏幕上直观地突出显示单词和句子。
One of the benefits of using assistive reading technology,such as the Kurzweil 3000,is that students are able to access classroom textbooks for increased access to general curriculum materials.This means they can use the same materials used in the classroom and the students are able to continue learning in the least restrictive environment.In addition to reading tools,Kurzweil 3000 includes audible tools to assist word decoding(syllabification and spelling),tools to assist with writing(spell-checking and word- prediction),and a tool that speaks and highlights pages from the Internet,opening up a whole world of knowledge.The Kurzweil 3000 can also be used for classroom and standardized test-taking,offering more independence for both the student and teacher.
使用辅助阅读技术(如 Kurzweil 3000)的好处之一是,学生能够使用课堂教科书,从而有更多机会学习普通课程材料。 这意味着他们可以使用课堂上使用的相同材料,学生能够在限制最少的环境中继续学习。 除了阅读工具外,Kurzweil 3000 还包括 Kurzweil 3000 还可用于课堂和标准化考试,为学生和教师提供更多的独立性。
Assistive reading technology has been shown(e.g.,Heckler,L.,Burns,L.,Katz,L.,Elkind,J.,and Elkind,K. 2002 ;Elkind 1998)to help poor readers increase reading speed and comprehension,as well as increase attention.
辅助阅读技术已经显示(e.g.,Heckler,L.,Burns,L.,Katz,L.,Elkind,J.Elkind,K. 2002 ;Elkind,1998)以帮助差生提高阅读速度和理解能力,并增强注意力。

References  参考资料

Heckler,L.,Burns,L.,Katz,L.,Elkind,J.,and Elkind,K.2002.Benefits of Assistive Reading Software for Students with Attention Disorders.Annals of Dyslexia,To Appear December 2002 Volume 52
Elkind,J.1998.A Study of the Efficacy of the Kurzweil 3000 Reading Machine in Enhancing Poor Reading Performance.Portola Valley,CA:Lexia Institute
Elkind,J.1998.Kurzweil 3000 阅读机对提高阅读能力差的效果的研究.Portola Valley,CA:Lexia Institute
Wise,B.and Olson,R. 1995 Computer-based Phonological Awareness and Reading Instruction.Annals of Dyslexia 45:99-122
Wise,B.and Olson,R. 1995 Computer-based Phonological Awareness and Reading Instruction.Annals of Dyslexia 45:99-122
Elkind,J.,Cohen K.,and Murray,C.1993.Using Computer-based Readers to Improve Reading Comprehension of Students with Dyslexia.Annals of Dyslexia,46:159-186
Elkind,J.,Cohen K.,and Murray,C.1993.Using Computer-based Readers to Improve Reading Comprehension of Students with Dyslexia.Annals of Dyslexia,46:159-186
Olson,R.and Wise,B.1992.Reading on the Computer with Orthographic and Speech Feedback. Reading and Writing 4:107-44
Olson,R.and Wise,B.1992.Reading on Computer with Orthographic and Speech Feedback. Reading and Writing 4:107-44
Olson R.,Foltz G.,and Wise,B.1987.Reading Instruction and Remediation with the Aid of Computer Speech.In D.Reinking(ed.)Computers and Reading:Issues for Theory and Practice,New York: Teachers College Press,Columbia University.
Olson R.,Foltz G.,and Wise,B.1987.Reading Instruction and Remediation with the Aid of Computer Speech.D.Reinking(ed.)《Computers and Reading:Issues for Theory and Practice》,New York:Teachers College Press,Columbia University.

Goals & Objectives  目标与目的

The goal of the Read to Succeed! Project is to enable at risk students and students with learning and reading disabilities to improve their reading skills to the point where they can succeed in school and develop the reading skills that will prepare them for high school and post secondary education.
阅读成功!项目的目标是帮助有学习和阅读障碍的高危学生和学生提高阅读技能,使他们能够在学校取得成功,并培养阅读技能,为高中和中学后教育做好准备。
Studies have shown that poor readers, who are reading at a grade level or more behind, are more likely to be disruptive in the classroom, truant from school, and at risk of dropping out of high school.
研究表明,阅读能力差的学生,即阅读水平落后一个年级或更多的学生,更有可能在课堂上捣乱、逃学,并有可能从高中辍学。
The main objectives include:
主要目标包括
  1. Providing a measurable increase in reading speed, comprehension, and reading attention span. The objective is that the students will double their reading speed and increase their reading skills by one to two grade levels by the end of the school year.
    显著提高阅读速度、理解能力和阅读注意力。目标是到学年结束时,学生的阅读速度翻一番,阅读能力提高一至两个年级。
  2. Enabling poor readers to access the general curriculum through the use of assistive reading technology to scan and read their textbooks and other classroom materials.
    通过使用辅助阅读技术扫描和阅读教科书及其他课堂材料,使贫困读者也能学习普通课程。
  3. Providing learning disabled students with a multi-sensory reading alternative that will help them increase their reading speed to the point they can read on their own.
    为有学习障碍的学生提供多感官阅读替代方案,帮助他们提高阅读速度,达到能够独立阅读的程度。
  4. Helping learning and reading disabled students stay in their regular classroom with their peers, so they can continue learning in a least restrictive environment.
    帮助有学习和阅读障碍的学生与同龄人一起留在普通教室,让他们在限制最少的环境中继续学习。

Timeline  时间表

Activities  活动 Deadlines  截止日期
Submit Grant Proposal  提交拨款建议 October, 2002  2002 年 10 月
Expected Grant Notification
预期拨款通知
December, 2002  2002 年 12 月
Obtain Hardware and Software
获取硬件和软件
January, 2002  2002 年 1 月
Set up Kurzweil 3000
设置 Kurzweil 3000
January, 2003  2003 年 1 月
Training Session for Teachers
教师培训课程
February, 2003  2003 年 2 月
Student Introduction  学生介绍 February, 2003  2003 年 2 月
Test Initial Reading Speed
测试初始阅读速度
February, 2003  2003 年 2 月
Begin First 12-week Phase
开始为期 12 周的第一阶段
March, 2003-May, 2003  2003 年 3 月至 2003 年 5 月
Test Reading Improvement
提高测试阅读能力
June, 2003  2003 年 6 月
Prepare Results Report  编写成果报告 June, 2003  2003 年 6 月
Activities Deadlines Submit Grant Proposal October, 2002 Expected Grant Notification December, 2002 Obtain Hardware and Software January, 2002 Set up Kurzweil 3000 January, 2003 Training Session for Teachers February, 2003 Student Introduction February, 2003 Test Initial Reading Speed February, 2003 Begin First 12-week Phase March, 2003-May, 2003 Test Reading Improvement June, 2003 Prepare Results Report June, 2003| Activities | Deadlines | | :--- | :--- | | Submit Grant Proposal | October, 2002 | | Expected Grant Notification | December, 2002 | | Obtain Hardware and Software | January, 2002 | | Set up Kurzweil 3000 | January, 2003 | | Training Session for Teachers | February, 2003 | | Student Introduction | February, 2003 | | Test Initial Reading Speed | February, 2003 | | Begin First 12-week Phase | March, 2003-May, 2003 | | Test Reading Improvement | June, 2003 | | Prepare Results Report | June, 2003 |

Budget  预算

The budget includes funds for a Lab Pack containing five copies of Kurzweil Educational System’s Scan/Read Color software, along with five computers and scanners. This will provide five independent assistive reading workstations. This will give students the greatest flexibility in using their textbooks and other classroom materials.
预算包括一个实验室包的资金,该实验室包包含五份 Kurzweil Educational System 的扫描/阅读彩色软件,以及五台电脑和扫描仪。这将提供五个独立的辅助阅读工作站。这将为学生使用教科书和其他课堂材料提供最大的灵活性。
Price  价格 Quantity  数量 Total  总计

Kurzweil 扫描/读取实验室套装(彩色)5 件套
Kurzweil Scan/Read Lab
Pack (Color) 5-Pack
Kurzweil Scan/Read Lab Pack (Color) 5-Pack| Kurzweil Scan/Read Lab | | :--- | | Pack (Color) 5-Pack |
$ 7 , 095 $ 7 , 095 $7,095\$ 7,095 1 (5-pack)  1(5 包) $ 7 , 095 $ 7 , 095 $7,095\$ 7,095
Price Quantity Total "Kurzweil Scan/Read Lab Pack (Color) 5-Pack" $7,095 1 (5-pack) $7,095| | Price | Quantity | Total | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Kurzweil Scan/Read Lab <br> Pack (Color) 5-Pack | $\$ 7,095$ | 1 (5-pack) | $\$ 7,095$ |
Software Maintenance
Agreement(SMA)
Software Maintenance Agreement(SMA)| Software Maintenance | | :--- | | Agreement(SMA) |
$ 709 $ 709 $709\$ 709 1 (5-pack)  1 (5 包) $ 709 $ 709 $709\$ 709
Epson 300 Scanner  爱普生 300 型扫描仪 $ 300 $ 300 $300\$ 300 5 $ 1 , 500 $ 1 , 500 $1,500\$ 1,500
Dell PC with Monitor
带显示器的戴尔个人电脑
$ 1200 $ 1200 $1200\$ 1200 5 $ 6 , 000 $ 6 , 000 $6,000\$ 6,000
Training  培训 $ 1200 $ 1200 $1200\$ 1200 1 Day  1 天 $ 1 , 200 $ 1 , 200 $1,200\$ 1,200
Total: $ 16 , 504 $ 16 , 504 $16,504\$ 16,504
"Software Maintenance Agreement(SMA)" $709 1 (5-pack) $709 Epson 300 Scanner $300 5 $1,500 Dell PC with Monitor $1200 5 $6,000 Training $1200 1 Day $1,200 Total:$16,504 | Software Maintenance <br> Agreement(SMA) | $\$ 709$ | 1 (5-pack) | $\$ 709$ | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Epson 300 Scanner | $\$ 300$ | 5 | $\$ 1,500$ | | Dell PC with Monitor | $\$ 1200$ | 5 | $\$ 6,000$ | | Training | $\$ 1200$ | 1 Day | $\$ 1,200$ | | Total:$\$ 16,504$ | | | |
*Note:Sample pricing is provided for demonstration purposes only.Please obtain current pricing from Kurzweil Educational Systems or your local representative.
注:样本价格仅供演示之用,请向库兹韦尔教育系统公司或当地代表处索取最新价格。

Evaluation  评估

Standardized reading tests will be conducted at the start of the Read to Succeed!program and again at the end of the school year to determine increases in reading speed and comprehension.Additionally,those students with ADD will be tested to determine increased reading attention rates.
在 "成功阅读 "计划开始时将进行标准化阅读测试,并在学年结束时再次进行测试,以确定阅读速度和理解能力的提高情况。 此外,还将对患有注意力缺失症的学生进行测试,以确定阅读注意力的提高情况。

Staff and Organizational Information
工作人员和组织信息

Jennifer Hazelton,Special Education Coordinator,holds a Bachelor's Degree in Special Education from Lesley College.Jennifer Hazelton has extensive experience working with students with severe reading difficulties and was responsible for implementing the successful pilot test program in 2001.She is proficient with learning technology,including computer hardware and software.
詹妮弗-哈泽尔顿(Jennifer Hazelton),特殊教育协调员,拥有莱斯利学院特殊教育学士学位。詹妮弗-哈泽尔顿在帮助有严重阅读困难的学生方面拥有丰富的经验,并负责在 2001 年成功实施了试点测试计划。她精通学习技术,包括计算机硬件和软件。
Sue Amberson,Speech and Language Pathologist,holds a Bachelor's degree from the University of Vermont and a Master's degree from Boston University.Sue Amberson is working with the students with severe learning disabilities and will be responsible for coordinating participation with classroom teachers. Joan Freeman,Principal,holds a Master's degree in Education from Colby College.Joan Freeman is providing support for this program and has taken responsibility for parental and community involvement.
Sue Amberson,言语和语言病理学家,拥有佛蒙特大学学士学位和波士顿大学硕士学位。琼-弗里曼(Joan Freeman),校长,拥有科尔比学院教育学硕士学位。

Appendix  附录

-Letter of Support  -支持函
-Assistive Reading Software Efficacy Study
-辅助阅读软件功效研究

-Annual Report  -年度报告
-Manufacturer's Brochure
-制造商手册

(Source:https://www.kurzweiledu.com/files/proof_resources_grant1.pdf)
(资源://www.kurzweiledu.com/files/proof_resources_grant1.pdf)。

LANGUAGE FOCUS  语言重点

Focus  聚焦
  • How to talk about current situations?
    如何谈论当前形势?
Example 1: In the past four years, the Prestigio has evaluated conference attendees’ views in the following areas: overall satisfaction, intent to return, intent to recommend, conference meals, meeting rooms, and staff and service.
例 1:在过去四年中,Prestigio 在以下方面对会议与会者的意见进行了评估:总体满意度、再次参会意向、推荐意向、会议餐饮、会议室以及工作人员和服务。
Example 2: Currently, Academic Technologies, which oversees all the computing functions in CMSU classrooms, has three sets of 100 clickers from Turning Technologies and two sets of 100 clickers from eInstruction.
例 2:目前,负责管理 CMSU 教室中所有计算机功能的学术技术部拥有三套来自 Turning Technologies 的 100 点击器和两套来自 eInstruction 的 100 点击器。
  • How to talk about objectives?
    如何谈论目标?
Example 1: The objective of this business proposal is to demonstrate how Acme Restaurant Group can resolve the problem of high event costs and inconsistent guest experiences for Acme Financial Planners by creating a partnership where we host all their dinner presentations in major markets where we have locations and they have events.
示例 1:本商业提案的目的是展示 Acme 餐饮集团如何通过建立合作伙伴关系,在我 们设有分店而他们也有活动的主要市场,由我们来承办他们的所有晚宴演示,从而 解决 Acme 财务规划师活动成本高和客人体验不一致的问题。
Example 2: The purpose of our proposal is to request authorization to study the baseline requirements, including faculty and student attitudes and lecture-hall infrastructure, for adopting clickers at CMSU.
例 2:我们的提案旨在请求授权研究在 CMSU 采用点击式教学的基本要求,包括师生 的态度和讲堂基础设施。
  • How to talk about project plan?
    如何谈论项目计划?
Example 1: Based on the needs identified above, the overall University master building plan, city and state codes and guidelines, and the timeline you have outlined, we propose to install a handicap-accessible elevator, starting at the underground parking garage level and terminating on the 4 th 4 th  4^("th ")4^{\text {th }} floor, with the following conditions …
例 1:根据上述需求、大学总体建筑规划、城市和州的法规和指导方针以及您列出的时间表,我们建议安装一部残疾人无障碍电梯,从地下车库层开始,到 4 th 4 th  4^("th ")4^{\text {th }} 层结束,并满足以下条件......
Example 2: One possible solution to the problem of white pine mortality and waste is to search for markets other than the conventional lumber market.
例 2:解决白松死亡和浪费问题的一个可行办法是寻找传统木材市场以外的市场。

-How to talk about qualifications?
-如何谈论资历?

Example 1:We are academically successful students who are qualified to perform this research and present our findings and recommendation
示例 1:我们是学业有成的学生,有资格进行这项研究并提出我们的研究结果和建议
Example 2:I am familiar with wood milling processes and have firsthand experience at logging.
例 2:我熟悉木材加工过程,有伐木的第一手经验。

-How to talk about costs and benefits?
-如何谈论成本和效益?

Example 1:The budget includes funds for a Lab Pack containing five copies of Kurzweil Educational System's Scan/Read Color software,along with five computers and scanners.
例 1:预算包括一个实验室包的资金,该实验室包包含五份 Kurzweil Educational System's Scan/Read Color 软件,以及五台计算机和扫描仪。
Example 2:This job should take 12 to 15 hours,unless we encounter subsurface ledge formations.My fee is $ 200 $ 200 $200\$ 200 per hour.
例 2:这项工作需要 12 到 15 个小时,除非遇到地下岩层。

1.Do you completely understand the audience's needs or problems?
1.你是否完全了解受众的需求或问题?

2.Do you know how to satisfy the needs or solve the problems?
2.你知道如何满足需求或解决问题吗?

3.Do you offer a suitable plan or program that will reach the desired goal?
3.你们是否提供了合适的计划或方案来实现预期目标?

4.Have you pointed out the benefits that the plan or program can offer?
4.您是否指出了计划或方案所能带来的好处?

5.Have you addressed anticipated objections to your plan or program?
5.您是否解决了对计划或方案的预期反对意见?

6.Are you well qualified for in terms of experience and resources for carrying out the proposed plan or program?
6.就经验和资源而言,你是否有足够的资格实施所建议的计划或方案?

7 7 ◻7\square 7 .Do you credit all information sources and contributors?
7 7 ◻7\square 7 . 您是否注明了所有信息来源和贡献者?

8.Has your organization completed other similar projects in a timely and satisfactory way?
8.贵组织是否及时和令人满意地完成了其他类似项目?

9 9 ◻9\square 9 .What makes your organization superior to the others who are also bidding?
9 9 ◻9\square 9 . 贵组织与其他竞标者相比有何优势?

10 10 ◻10\square 10 .From a presentation perspective,is this proposal attractive and professional looking?
10 10 ◻10\square 10 . 从演示的角度看,这份建议书是否具有吸引力,看起来是否专业?

  1. Discussion:  讨论:
Imagine that you have a good idea for having a new facility in your office and you write up a document explaining how it works and what are the benefits, and then end by urging management to purchase it. Is that a proposal? Please briefly explain.
想象一下,你有一个在办公室安装新设备的好主意,然后你写了一份文件,解释它的工作原理和好处,最后敦促管理层购买它。这算是提案吗?请简要说明。

2. Proposal writing  2.撰写建议书
Assume your university has recently developed a grant program for student organizations.
假设贵校最近为学生组织制定了一项资助计划。

The goal of the program is to support academic research. A grant of RMB 3,000 would be awarded to the selected activities.
该计划旨在支持学术研究。入选活动将获得 3000 元人民币的资助。
As the leader of your organization, you are writing a proposal to apply for the award. Your proposal is required to describe the current situation, the specific project plan that the grant money would support, your qualifications, timeline, and costs and benefits.
作为贵组织的领导者,您正在撰写一份申请该奖项的建议书。您的建议书需要描述当前的情况、资助金将支持的具体项目计划、您的资质、时间表以及成本和收益。

Chapter 9  第 9 章

Workplace Correspondence (4): Instructions
工作场所信函 (4):说明

Contents  目录

CASE … 192  案例 ... 192
GLOSSARY … 192  术语表 ... 192
TASKS … 193  任务 ... 193
Preliminaries … 193  序言...... 193
Common sections in instructions … 196
说明中的常见部分 ... 196

Visuals in instructions … 201
说明中的可视化...... 201

LANGUAGE FOCUS … 205
语言重点...... 205

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 207
EXERCISES … 208  练习 ... 208
Nathan,who is working for an IT consulting firm,is responsible for writing instructions of a digital system for customers'scheduled maintenance activities that describe how to perform the work and the timing for each action.Nathan's reader might be someone who doesn't know how to use the system,or someone who wants to use it more effectively.To meet the needs of customers,Nathan has to be very careful about the format of instructions,the amount of information provided,the use of graphics and technical jargon,readability and usability,etc.
在一家 IT 咨询公司工作的内森负责为客户编写一个数字系统的 "定期维护活动 "说明,描述 如何执行工作以及每个操作的时间安排。 内森的读者可能是不知道如何使用系统的人,也可能是希望更有效地使用系统的人。为了满足客户的需求,内森必须非常注意说明的格式、提供的信息量、图形和技术术语的使用、可读性和可用性等。


jargon/'djargən/the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group 专用术语
行话/'djargən/一种特殊活动或群体的技术术语或特色习语 专用术语

usability/juza'biltti/the quality or state of being usable 可用性
可用性/juza'biltti/可用的质量或状态 可用性

preliminary/pri'limə neri/something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows 准备工作
preliminary/pri'limə neri/作为前一件事或介绍下文的东西 准备工作

specification/spesiff'kerfən/a detailed precise presentation of something or of a plan or proposal for something,usually used in plural 技术规格;详细说明
specification/spesiff'kerfən/某物或某物的计划或建议的详细精确介绍,通常用于复数技术规格;详细说明

troubleshooting/'trablju:tig/discovering why something does not work effectively and making suggestions about how to improve it 故障排除;检修
troubleshooting/'trablju:tig/发现某些东西不能有效工作的原因,并就如何改进提出建议 故障排除;检修

gerund/'dzerand/a word ending in"-ing"that is made from a verb and used like a noun 动名词 visual/'vizəwal/photographs,slides,films,charts,or other visual materials,especially as used for illustration or promotion,usually used in plural 视觉元素
动名词 visual/'vizəwal/photographs,slides,films,charts,or 其他视觉材料,尤其是用于插图或宣传的视觉材料,通常使用复数。

icon/'arkan/a graphic symbol on a computer display screen that represents an app,an object,or a function 图标
图标/'arkan/计算机显示屏上表示应用程序、对象或功能的图形符号。

illustration/,Ilə'strer int\int on/a picture in a book,magazine,etc.,or the process of illustrating something 插图;图解,图示
call-out/kal/-/avt/a letter,number,or other device for identifying or calling attention to a particular part of an illustration 插图的编号
call-out/kal/-/avt/一个字母、数字或其他装置,用于识别或提请注意插图的编号

concurrent/kən'k3rənt/operating or occurring at the same time 同时发生的
concurrent/kən'k3rənt/operating or occurring at the same time/ 同时发生的

retrospective/,retro'spektiv/directed to the past;contemplative of past situations,events,etc.回顾的
retrospective/,retro'spektiv/指向过去;contemplative of past situations,events,etc.回顾的

One of the most common uses of technical writing is instructions-those step-by-step explanations of how to complete tasks.Seemingly so easy,but writing technical instructions that are clear and easy to follow is not an easy task.The instructions must be interpreted the same way by every reader.They must be understandable,and the intent must be clear.In this chapter,you will learn how to write effective instructions.
技术写作中最常见的用途之一是说明--那些逐步解释如何完成任务的说明。看似简单,但要写出清晰易懂的技术说明并非易事。

Preliminaries  序言

Considering the audience and situation
考虑受众和情况

First,define the audience of the instruction you are going to write.Defining your audience means defining its level of familiarity with the products and tasks,thus gaining a thorough grasp of your readers and their needs.
首先,确定您要撰写的说明的受众。确定受众意味着确定其对产品和任务的熟悉程度,从而全面了解读者及其需求。
Then consider the situations in which the instructions might be used.Remember to put yourself in your readers'shoes when writing instructions.If the readers are at risk for injury or an accident,you are ethically obligated to warn your readers about the possible danger and tell them how to avoid it.
如果读者有受伤或发生意外的危险,你就有道德义务警告读者可能发生的危险,并告诉他们如何避免危险。
A good way to start is to answer the following questions:
回答以下问题是一个好的开始: 1.

-Who might read the instructions?
-谁会阅读说明?

-Why are the instructions needed?
-为什么需要说明?

-Where will the instructions be used?
-指示将用于何处?

-When will the instructions be used?
-何时使用指示?

-What materials and equipment will be needed?
-需要哪些材料和设备?

-What could go wrong?
-会出什么问题?

-What can be done to avoid the problem?
-如何避免问题?

Understanding the product and the tasks
了解产品和任务

At the beginning of a project,it's important to determine the characteristics of the particular product and understand the procedure about which you are writing.In technical instructions, your understanding of the product and the procedure will make you better able to explain it to your readers.
在项目开始时,重要的是确定特定产品的特性,并了解要编写的程序。
Use the following suggestions to understand the product and procedure better:
为了更好地了解产品和操作步骤,请参考以下建议: 1.

-Give yourself time to use the product or follow the procedure.
-给自己一点时间来使用产品或按照程序操作。

-Examine the procedure you are describing to determine the tasks.
-检查你所描述的程序,以确定任务.

-Watch a member of your target readers performing the task for the first time and take notes.
-观看目标读者首次执行任务的情况,并做笔记。

-Interview those who have completed the procedure and ask for suggestions.
-采访已完成程序的人,征求他们的建议。

Recognizing formats for instructions
识别指令格式

Instructions take various formats.The following are some of the most common ones:
指令的格式多种多样,以下是最常见的几种格式: 1.

-Manuals are the most comprehensive form of instructions,often containing instructions for using the product, descriptions,specifications, warnings,troubleshooting advice,etc.A manual likely includes some sections not found in other formats of instruction,such as a title
-手册是最全面的说明形式,通常包含产品使用说明、描述、规格说明、警告、故障排除建议等。 手册可能包含其他形式的说明中没有的部分,如标题、说明、规格说明、警告、故障排除建议等。


(Source:https://dl.djicdn.com/downloads/DJI\%200M\%204/DJI_ OM_4_User_Manual_v1.2_en1.pdf) page.A manual has a more elaborate front matter(e.g.,Overview of the Contents and Conventions)and a back matter(e.g.,Copyright Page,Index,and Glossaries).
(来源:https://dl.djicdn.com/downloads/DJI/%200M/%204/DJI_OM_4_User_Manual_v1.2_en1.pdf)。一本手册有较详细的封面(e.g.,目录和惯例概览)和封底(e.g.,版权页,索引和词汇表)。

- Quick reference materials
- 快速参考资料

typically fit on a single page or a small card, focusing on basic steps for readers who only need enough information to perform the task.
一般只需一页纸或一张小卡片,重点介绍基本步骤,读者只需要足够的信息就能完成任务。

  • Assembly guides are a common form of instructions found with consumer products that describe how to assemble parts into a final product. These guides can be one page or several pages long and usually rely heavily on visuals.
    组装指南是消费品中常见的一种说明形式,描述如何将零部件组装成最终产品。这些指南可能只有一页,也可能有好几页,通常非常依赖视觉效果。


    (Source: IKEA, https://www.ikea.cn/cn/zh/p/ raskog-la-si-ke-shou-tui-che-bai-se-70376721/ )
    (资料来源:宜家家居宜家,https://www.ikea.cn/cn/zh/p/ raskog-la-si-ke-shou-tui-che-bai-se-70376721/ )

    -Web-based instructions  -基于网络的说明

    (Source:https://support.hp.com/us-en/drivers/selfservice/HP- LaserJet-1000-Printer-series/439423/model/3329726)
    (来源:https://support.hp.com/us-en/drivers/selfservice/HP- LaserJet-1000-Printer-series/439423/model/3329726)。
Think about how readers will be using the instructions when deciding on the format. Analyzing your readers will help you decide whether you should write a one-page set of instructions folded inside the package of the product,or a Web-based document that allows readers to link to the information they need.As always in technical communication,imagining how readers will use what you write will help you plan your document.
在决定说明的格式时,请考虑读者将如何使用说明。分析读者将帮助您决定,您是应该撰写折叠在产品包装内的一页说明,还是应该撰写可让读者链接到所需信息的基于网络的文档。

Common sections in instructions
说明中的常见部分

Instructions can be brief or extensive.All instructions include steps of procedures and appropriate explanations to clarify the procedure.Most sets of instructions contain four elements:a title,a general introduction,step-by-step instructions,and a conclusion.But instructions often contain other parts as well,such as table of contents,definitions,a list of materials,graphics,cautions,and warnings.Whether to include these parts depends on the readers and the purpose of the instructions.
所有的说明都包括操作步骤和适当的解释,以阐明操作步骤。 大多数说明包含四个要素:标题、一般介绍、步骤说明和结论。但说明书通常还包含其他部分,如目录、定义、材料清单、图形、注意事项和警告。 是否包含这些部分取决于读者和说明书的目的。

INSTRUCTIONS  说明

Graphics and safety information appear throughout the document where needed.
在需要的地方,文件中还配有图表和安全信息。

Title: A good title for instructions should be concise. Avoid noun strings like “K120 Solar Water Heater System Installation Instructions”. Instead, use the following two forms:
标题:好的说明标题应简明扼要。避免使用 "K120 太阳能热水器系统安装说明 "这样的名词性字符串。取而代之的是使用以下两种形式:
  • “How to”, such as “How to Install K120 Solar Water Heater System”.
    "如何",如 "如何安装 K120 太阳能热水器系统"。
  • Gerund (-ing word phrase), such as “Installing K120 Solar Water Heater System”.
    动名词(-ing 词组),如 "安装 K120 太阳能热水器系统"。
Introduction: The general introduction provides the preliminary information that readers will need to follow the instructions safely and easily. The following points may be applied to your instructions:
导言:一般介绍为读者提供了安全、方便地遵循说明所需的初步信息。以下几点可适用于您的说明:
  • Indicate what the readers need in terms of knowledge and background to understand the instructions. Sometimes the age of the target readers needs to be specified.
    说明读者理解说明所需的知识和背景。有时需要说明目标读者的年龄。
  • Give a general idea of the procedure and what it accomplishes. If the task is complex and the instructions are lengthy, state how much time may be necessary to complete the task.
    大致介绍一下程序及其完成的任务。如果任务复杂、说明冗长,请说明完成任务可能需要多少时间。
  • Indicate the conditions when these instructions should and/or should not be used. If the task involves risks and dangers, safety measures or other concerns must be stated clearly.
    说明在什么情况下应该和/或不应该使用这些说明。如果任务涉及风险和危险,必须明确说明安全措施或其他注意事项。

    -State what items the readers will need for accomplishing the task.List necessary tools, materials and equipment so that the readers will not have to interrupt their work to look for something they need.Sometimes,drawings of these items are provided next to the names in order to help readers identify the items easily.
    -列出必要的工具、材料和设备,这样读者就不必中断工作去寻找他们需要的东西. 有时,在名称旁边提供这些物品的图画,以帮助读者容易地识别这些物品.

    -Give an overview of the contents of the instructions.
    -概述说明的内容.

    The following is a typical introduction on"How to replace a worn faucet washer".
    下面是 "如何更换磨损的水龙头垫圈 "的典型介绍。

Step-by-step instructions:The body section of a set of instructions is the step-by-step information.A step is the action that a reader performs.Steps have a consistent and unique structure.Use the following guidelines for writing steps:
分步说明:一套说明的正文部分是分步信息。 一个步骤是读者执行的动作。

-Number the steps.Make sure steps proceed forward in time.Give each step and substep in order.
-给步骤编号.确保步骤在时间上向前推进.按顺序给出每个步骤和子步骤.

-Present the right amount of information in each step.Place any necessary explanations
-在每个步骤中提供适量的信息。

after the step, such as measurements, sizes, locations, time, and restatement in more familiar language, to show your readers exactly what to do.
在步骤之后,如测量值、尺寸、地点、时间,并用更熟悉的语言重述,向读者准确地说明该怎么做。
  • Write only one instruction/action for each step. Each step should define a single task.
    每个步骤只写一条指令/操作。每个步骤应定义一个任务。
  • Make sure each step is truly a step, or an action. Do not confuse step and description. A description implies action, but it does not direct the reader to do something.
    确保每个步骤都是真正的步骤或行动。不要混淆步骤和描述。描述意味着行动,但并不指示读者去做什么。
Action: Grasp the rope when it comes back to you.
行动:当绳子回到你身边时,抓住它。

Description: The rope will come back to you.
说明绳子会回到你身边
  • Include graphics. When appropriate, add a photograph or a drawing to show the reader what to do.
    包括图形。在适当的时候,添加照片或图画,向读者展示如何操作。
The following is a well-designed page, containing an appropriate amount of information. Each step is clearly numbered and accompanied a drawing, expressing one action. The effective use of white space and the horizontal rules separating the steps make them easier to follow.
下面的页面设计合理,包含适量的信息。每个步骤都有清晰的编号,并配有一幅图画,表达了一个动作。留白的有效利用和分隔步骤的横向规则使步骤更容易理解。


(Source: https://dl.djicdn.com/downloads/Mavic_2/20190124/
(来源:https://dl.djicdn.com/downloads/Mavic_2/20190124/

Mavic_2_Pro_Zoom_User_Manual_v1.8_.pdf )
Conclusion:Instructions often conclude by stating that the reader has now completed the task or by describing what the reader should do next.Some conclusions end with maintenance tips or a troubleshooting guide.Usually,the conclusion of a set of instructions has the following functions:
结论:说明书的结论通常是说明读者现在已经完成了任务,或者描述读者下一步应该做什么。有些结论以维护提示或故障排除指南结尾。 通常,一套说明书的结论具有以下功能:

-Summarize the major steps to help readers review their performance.
-总结主要步骤,帮助读者回顾自己的表现.

-Describe the results of the procedure.
-描述程序的结果.

-Offer follow-up advice about what could be done next or refer the reader to further sources of documentation.
-就下一步该怎么做提出后续建议,或向读者介绍更多的文献来源。

-Give tips on maintenance or advice about troubleshooting if anything goes wrong.
-如果出现任何问题,提供维护提示或故障排除建议。

The following is an excerpt from a Troubleshooting Guide.Troubleshooting guides are often provided in a table format with three columns:problems,causes and solutions/ corrections.Usually,the positive and constructive tone is used in the Guide.
以下是《故障排除指南》的摘录。《故障排除指南》通常以表格的形式提供,分为三栏:问题、原因和解决方法/纠正措施。
RY10 Troubleshooting Guide
RY10 故障排除指南
Below we have provided a common problems and solutions table.Be sure to consult this table should you experience any technical problems.
如果您遇到任何技术问题,请务必查阅此表。
Description of Problem  问题描述 Possible Causes  可能的原因 Known Solutions  已知解决方案
The torch will not ignite or the torch will not stay lit
火炬无法点燃或无法持续点燃
1)The fuel level could be too low 2) The propane cylinder valve could be partially or fully closed,which can restrict fuel flow 3)The pressure regulator valve may be in the off position or may not be providing sufficient fuel flow
1)燃料液位可能过低 2)丙烷气瓶阀门可能部分或完全关闭,这可能会限制燃料流量 3)压力调节阀可能处于关闭位置,或者可能无法提供足够的燃料流量丙烷气瓶阀门可能部分或完全关闭,这可能会限制燃料流量 3)压力调节阀可能处于关闭位置或没有提供足够的燃料流量
1)Check and refill your fuel tank 2) Ensure your fuet valve is fully open. You can do this by turning the knob fully counter-clockwise 3)You may increase the pressure from the regulator by turning the knob clockwise
1)检查并重新加满燃料箱 2)确保燃料阀完全打开。逆时针旋转旋钮 3)顺时针旋转旋钮,增加调节器的压力。
Crack filler is hot,but will not come out of the flow valve
裂缝填料是热的,但不会从流量阀中流出

1)熔化器内残留有上次作业留下的裂缝填料。 这些裂缝填料已在流量阀内凝固,虽然熔化釜内的材料已熔化,但传输管和流量阀中的材料可能尚未熔化。传输管或流量阀中的材料堵塞,导致裂缝填充剂无法流动,堵塞原因可能是反应釜内的污垢或碎屑,也可能是旧的裂缝密封剂因加热次数过多而失去熔化能力。
1)Crack filler was left inside the melter from a previous job.This crack filler has solidified inside the flow valve and although the material in the kettle is melted,the material in the transfer tube and flow valve may not be.
2)There is a material blockage in the transfer tube or flow valve preventing crack filler from flowing which can be caused by dirt or debris inside the kettle or by old crack sealant which has lost its ability to melt from being reheated too many times
1)Crack filler was left inside the melter from a previous job.This crack filler has solidified inside the flow valve and although the material in the kettle is melted,the material in the transfer tube and flow valve may not be. 2)There is a material blockage in the transfer tube or flow valve preventing crack filler from flowing which can be caused by dirt or debris inside the kettle or by old crack sealant which has lost its ability to melt from being reheated too many times| 1)Crack filler was left inside the melter from a previous job.This crack filler has solidified inside the flow valve and although the material in the kettle is melted,the material in the transfer tube and flow valve may not be. | | :--- | | 2)There is a material blockage in the transfer tube or flow valve preventing crack filler from flowing which can be caused by dirt or debris inside the kettle or by old crack sealant which has lost its ability to melt from being reheated too many times |

1)让喷灯有更多的时间来加热流量阀,直到内部的裂缝填充物开始熔化为止。确保熔化器足够凉爽,可以戴手套触摸,小心地卸下阀门控制臂。使用钻头和长钢丝轮,小心清洁流量阀和传送管内侧的所有积垢,同时注意不要损坏原来的钢表面。 清洁后,可以重新装配控制阀和控制臂。
1)Allow the torch more time to heat up the flow valve until the crack filler inside begins to melt.Alternatively, you may heat up the valive using a propane torch assembly.
2)This is routine maintenance as described in the maintenance guide. Make sure your melter is cool enough to touch with gloves,carefully remove the valve control arm.Rotate the control valve forward(clockwise) about a % % %\% turn and pull out of the transfer tube(this may require some force if the material is cold).Using a drill and a long 1 1 1^('')1^{\prime \prime} wire wheel, carefuily clean all build up on the inside of the flow valve and transfer tube while being careful not to damage the original steel surface. Once clean you may put re-assemble the control valve and control arm.
1)Allow the torch more time to heat up the flow valve until the crack filler inside begins to melt.Alternatively, you may heat up the valive using a propane torch assembly. 2)This is routine maintenance as described in the maintenance guide. Make sure your melter is cool enough to touch with gloves,carefully remove the valve control arm.Rotate the control valve forward(clockwise) about a % turn and pull out of the transfer tube(this may require some force if the material is cold).Using a drill and a long 1^('') wire wheel, carefuily clean all build up on the inside of the flow valve and transfer tube while being careful not to damage the original steel surface. Once clean you may put re-assemble the control valve and control arm.| 1)Allow the torch more time to heat up the flow valve until the crack filler inside begins to melt.Alternatively, you may heat up the valive using a propane torch assembly. | | :--- | | 2)This is routine maintenance as described in the maintenance guide. Make sure your melter is cool enough to touch with gloves,carefully remove the valve control arm.Rotate the control valve forward(clockwise) about a $\%$ turn and pull out of the transfer tube(this may require some force if the material is cold).Using a drill and a long $1^{\prime \prime}$ wire wheel, carefuily clean all build up on the inside of the flow valve and transfer tube while being careful not to damage the original steel surface. Once clean you may put re-assemble the control valve and control arm. |
Torch will not stay lit
手电筒无法持续点亮

1)燃料液面可能太低 2)燃料箱阀门或喷灯阀门可能没有完全打开,因此限制了燃料流量,或者调节器可能没有提供足够的压力 3)风可能吹熄了火焰。
1)The fuel level may be too low
2)The fuel tank valve or torch valve may not be fully open and therefore restricting fuel flow,or your regulator may not be providing enough pressure
3)The wind may be blowing out the flame.
1)The fuel level may be too low 2)The fuel tank valve or torch valve may not be fully open and therefore restricting fuel flow,or your regulator may not be providing enough pressure 3)The wind may be blowing out the flame.| 1)The fuel level may be too low | | :--- | | 2)The fuel tank valve or torch valve may not be fully open and therefore restricting fuel flow,or your regulator may not be providing enough pressure | | 3)The wind may be blowing out the flame. |

1)重新加满燃料箱 2)确保燃料箱阀门和割炬阀门完全打开,并使用调节器增加或减少火焰强度 3)将设备移到风力较小的地方,或尝试转动设备,使割炬不对着风口
1)Refill your fuel tank
2)Ensure your fuel tank valve and torch valves are fully open and use your regulator to increase or decrease flame strength
3)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not facing the wind
1)Refill your fuel tank 2)Ensure your fuel tank valve and torch valves are fully open and use your regulator to increase or decrease flame strength 3)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not facing the wind| 1)Refill your fuel tank | | :--- | | 2)Ensure your fuel tank valve and torch valves are fully open and use your regulator to increase or decrease flame strength | | 3)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not facing the wind |
Crack filler is melting really slowiy
裂缝填充物融化得很慢

1)使用的裂缝密封胶不正确 2)电锯没有提供足够的热量来熔化裂缝密封胶 3)室外温度比正常温度低,减缓了熔化过程 4)风不断吹灭火焰,使机器无法迅速产生热量
1)incorrect crack sealant being used
2)Torch is not providing enough heat to melt the crack sealant
3)The temperature outside is cooler than normal slowing down the melting process
4)The wind is continuously blowing out your flame,not allowing your machine to build heat quickly
1)incorrect crack sealant being used 2)Torch is not providing enough heat to melt the crack sealant 3)The temperature outside is cooler than normal slowing down the melting process 4)The wind is continuously blowing out your flame,not allowing your machine to build heat quickly| 1)incorrect crack sealant being used | | :--- | | 2)Torch is not providing enough heat to melt the crack sealant | | 3)The temperature outside is cooler than normal slowing down the melting process | | 4)The wind is continuously blowing out your flame,not allowing your machine to build heat quickly |

1)仔细检查您使用的裂缝密封胶是否经批准可用于直燃式熔化器 2)增加焊枪的燃料 3)没有解决方案,在较冷的天气熔化时间较长 4)将设备移到风力较小的地方,或尝试转动设备,使焊枪不暴露在风中
1)Double check that your using an approved crack sealant for use in direct-fire melters
2)Increase the fuel to your torch
3)No solutions,melting takes longer on cooler days
4)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not exposed to the wind
1)Double check that your using an approved crack sealant for use in direct-fire melters 2)Increase the fuel to your torch 3)No solutions,melting takes longer on cooler days 4)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not exposed to the wind| 1)Double check that your using an approved crack sealant for use in direct-fire melters | | :--- | | 2)Increase the fuel to your torch | | 3)No solutions,melting takes longer on cooler days | | 4)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not exposed to the wind |
RY10 Troubleshooting Guide Below we have provided a common problems and solutions table.Be sure to consult this table should you experience any technical problems. Description of Problem Possible Causes Known Solutions The torch will not ignite or the torch will not stay lit 1)The fuel level could be too low 2) The propane cylinder valve could be partially or fully closed,which can restrict fuel flow 3)The pressure regulator valve may be in the off position or may not be providing sufficient fuel flow 1)Check and refill your fuel tank 2) Ensure your fuet valve is fully open. You can do this by turning the knob fully counter-clockwise 3)You may increase the pressure from the regulator by turning the knob clockwise Crack filler is hot,but will not come out of the flow valve "1)Crack filler was left inside the melter from a previous job.This crack filler has solidified inside the flow valve and although the material in the kettle is melted,the material in the transfer tube and flow valve may not be. 2)There is a material blockage in the transfer tube or flow valve preventing crack filler from flowing which can be caused by dirt or debris inside the kettle or by old crack sealant which has lost its ability to melt from being reheated too many times" "1)Allow the torch more time to heat up the flow valve until the crack filler inside begins to melt.Alternatively, you may heat up the valive using a propane torch assembly. 2)This is routine maintenance as described in the maintenance guide. Make sure your melter is cool enough to touch with gloves,carefully remove the valve control arm.Rotate the control valve forward(clockwise) about a % turn and pull out of the transfer tube(this may require some force if the material is cold).Using a drill and a long 1^('') wire wheel, carefuily clean all build up on the inside of the flow valve and transfer tube while being careful not to damage the original steel surface. Once clean you may put re-assemble the control valve and control arm." Torch will not stay lit "1)The fuel level may be too low 2)The fuel tank valve or torch valve may not be fully open and therefore restricting fuel flow,or your regulator may not be providing enough pressure 3)The wind may be blowing out the flame." "1)Refill your fuel tank 2)Ensure your fuel tank valve and torch valves are fully open and use your regulator to increase or decrease flame strength 3)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not facing the wind" Crack filler is melting really slowiy "1)incorrect crack sealant being used 2)Torch is not providing enough heat to melt the crack sealant 3)The temperature outside is cooler than normal slowing down the melting process 4)The wind is continuously blowing out your flame,not allowing your machine to build heat quickly" "1)Double check that your using an approved crack sealant for use in direct-fire melters 2)Increase the fuel to your torch 3)No solutions,melting takes longer on cooler days 4)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not exposed to the wind"| RY10 Troubleshooting Guide | | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Below we have provided a common problems and solutions table.Be sure to consult this table should you experience any technical problems. | | | | Description of Problem | Possible Causes | Known Solutions | | The torch will not ignite or the torch will not stay lit | 1)The fuel level could be too low 2) The propane cylinder valve could be partially or fully closed,which can restrict fuel flow 3)The pressure regulator valve may be in the off position or may not be providing sufficient fuel flow | 1)Check and refill your fuel tank 2) Ensure your fuet valve is fully open. You can do this by turning the knob fully counter-clockwise 3)You may increase the pressure from the regulator by turning the knob clockwise | | Crack filler is hot,but will not come out of the flow valve | 1)Crack filler was left inside the melter from a previous job.This crack filler has solidified inside the flow valve and although the material in the kettle is melted,the material in the transfer tube and flow valve may not be. <br> 2)There is a material blockage in the transfer tube or flow valve preventing crack filler from flowing which can be caused by dirt or debris inside the kettle or by old crack sealant which has lost its ability to melt from being reheated too many times | 1)Allow the torch more time to heat up the flow valve until the crack filler inside begins to melt.Alternatively, you may heat up the valive using a propane torch assembly. <br> 2)This is routine maintenance as described in the maintenance guide. Make sure your melter is cool enough to touch with gloves,carefully remove the valve control arm.Rotate the control valve forward(clockwise) about a $\%$ turn and pull out of the transfer tube(this may require some force if the material is cold).Using a drill and a long $1^{\prime \prime}$ wire wheel, carefuily clean all build up on the inside of the flow valve and transfer tube while being careful not to damage the original steel surface. Once clean you may put re-assemble the control valve and control arm. | | Torch will not stay lit | 1)The fuel level may be too low <br> 2)The fuel tank valve or torch valve may not be fully open and therefore restricting fuel flow,or your regulator may not be providing enough pressure <br> 3)The wind may be blowing out the flame. | 1)Refill your fuel tank <br> 2)Ensure your fuel tank valve and torch valves are fully open and use your regulator to increase or decrease flame strength <br> 3)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not facing the wind | | Crack filler is melting really slowiy | 1)incorrect crack sealant being used <br> 2)Torch is not providing enough heat to melt the crack sealant <br> 3)The temperature outside is cooler than normal slowing down the melting process <br> 4)The wind is continuously blowing out your flame,not allowing your machine to build heat quickly | 1)Double check that your using an approved crack sealant for use in direct-fire melters <br> 2)Increase the fuel to your torch <br> 3)No solutions,melting takes longer on cooler days <br> 4)Move equipment to a less windy area or try turning equipment so that the torch is not exposed to the wind |
(Source:https://www.asphaltkingdom.com/amfile/file/download/file/78/product/11/)
(来源:https://www.asphaltkingdom.com/amfile/file/download/file/78/product/11/)

Visuals in instructions  说明中的视觉效果

Visuals are crucial to instructions. They can not only show readers what to do, but also attract the readers’ attention and help keep words to a minimum. Sometimes words simply cannot explain the steps clearly. Visuals are often critical to readers’ ability to visualize what they are supposed to do.
视觉效果对说明至关重要。它们不仅能向读者展示该怎么做,还能吸引读者的注意力,并有助于尽量减少文字。有时,文字根本无法清楚地解释步骤。视觉效果往往对读者能否直观地理解他们应该做什么至关重要。
Types of visuals especially suited to instructions include icons, illustrations, diagrams, flowcharts, photographs, and prose tables. To use visuals effectively, consider these suggestions:
图标、插图、示意图、流程图、照片和散文表格等都是特别适用于说明的视觉效果类型。要有效使用视觉效果,请考虑以下建议:
  • Illustrate any step that might be hard for readers to visualize. The less specialized your readers are, the more visuals they are likely to need.
    说明读者可能难以直观理解的任何步骤。读者的专业水平越低,他们需要的视觉效果就可能越多。
  • Place the visuals in close proximity to the steps they illustrate and refer readers to the accompanying visuals. A simple statement like “See Figure 2” will notify readers that a graphic is available for this step. Don’t make your readers flip pages to see the accompanying graphic.
    将直观图放在其所说明的步骤附近,并让读者参考所附的直观图。如 "参见图 2 "这样的简单说明就能让读者知道该步骤有相应的图表。不要让读者翻页去看附图。
  • Parallel the reader’s angle of vision in performing the activity or operating the equipment. Name the angle (e.g., side view, top view) if you think readers will have trouble figuring it out for themselves.
    并列读者在进行活动或操作设备时的视角。如果您认为读者在自行理解时会遇到困难,请指明角度(如侧视图、俯视图)。
  • Avoid illustrating any action simple enough for readers to visualize on their own, such as “PRESS RETURN” for anyone familiar with a keyboard.
    避免对任何简单到读者自己就能直观理解的动作进行说明,例如对任何熟悉键盘的人来说,"按回车键"(PRESS RETURN)。
Visuals can be used without words, too, especially for international audiences. Often called wordless instructions, these diagrams use clear, simple line drawings, arrows, and call-outs to let readers see how to perform the activity.
直观图也可以不用文字,尤其是针对国际读者。这些图解通常被称为无字说明,使用简单明了的线条图、箭头和提示,让读者了解如何进行活动。
The first set of instructions contains both texts and visuals. The second one is a sample of wordless instructions.
第一套说明包含文字和图片。第二套是无文字说明样本。

Safety information  安全信息

Instructions often must alert readers to the possibility of hurting themselves,ruining their equipment,and screwing up the procedure.So safety information should be placed early in the documentation and in places where the readers will be completing difficult or dangerous steps.Inadequate notices of warning,caution,or danger are a common cause of lawsuits. Each hazard notice is legally required to(1)describe the specific hazard,(2)spell out the consequences of ignoring the hazard,and(3)offer instructions for avoiding the hazard. Usually,safety information should appear in two places:
说明通常必须提醒读者有可能伤害到自己、毁坏设备和搞砸程序。因此,安全信息应尽早放在文件中,并放在读者将完成困难或危险步骤的地方。警告、注意或危险的告示不充分是引起诉讼的常见原因。 法律要求每份危险告示(1)描述具体的危险,(2)说明忽视危险的后果,以及(3)提供避免危险的说明。 通常,安全信息应出现在两个地方:(1)说明具体的危险,(2)说明忽视危险的后果,以及(3)提供避免危险的说明。

-If a hazard is present throughout the procedure,place the safety information between the introduction and the steps to make sure that readers are warned before they begin following the steps.
-如果整个过程中都存在危险,则将安全信息放在介绍和步骤之间,确保读者在开始执行步骤之前就得到警告。

-If a hazard relates to a specific step,place the hazard statement prominently before the step so that readers can avoid damage or injury.
-如果危险与特定步骤有关,则将危险说明放在该步骤之前的显著位置,以便读者避免损害或伤害。
A common convention in technical writing is to use a three-level rating for safety information and warnings: Danger, Warning, and Caution.
技术写作中的一个常见惯例是将安全信息和警告分为三级:危险、警告和注意。
  • Danger signals that readers may be at risk
    读者可能面临风险的危险信号

    for severe bodily harm or even death. This is the highest level of warning, and it should be used only when the situation involves real danger to the readers.
    严重身体伤害甚至死亡。这是最高级别的警告,只有在读者面临真正危险的情况下才可使用。
  • Warning signals that the reader may be injured or the product may be damaged severely if the step is not done properly. To help readers avoid such risks, warnings are used frequently.
    警告提示读者如果操作不当,可能会受伤或严重损坏产品。为了帮助读者避免此类风险,警告被频繁使用。
  • Caution alerts readers that mistakes may cause damage to the product or equipment. Cautions should be used to raise readers’ awareness of difficult steps and possible risks.
    注意事项提醒读者,错误可能导致产品或设备损坏。应使用注意事项来提高读者对困难步骤和可能风险的认识。
Because even the most emphatic verbal notice might be overlooked by readers, visual signals, such as symbols and icons, are used to direct readers’ attention and highlight safety information. Don’t be afraid to repeat yourself. A reasonable amount of repetition is effective. But don’t repeat the same piece of advice in all steps because readers will stop paying attention to it.
因为即使是最强调的口头通知也可能被读者忽略,所以要使用视觉信号,如符号和图标,来引导读者的注意力并突出安全信息。不要害怕重复。合理的重复是有效的。但不要在所有步骤中都重复同一条建议,因为读者会停止关注它。

Field Tests  实地测试

When you have finished drafting your instructions,field-test the accuracy and clarity of your instructions.Ask someone who is not familiar with the task to follow your directions.Test participants typically are members of the target readers for your instructions.They can provide you with valuable feedback by noting wording that is not clear,steps that are out of sequence, or steps that have been left out altogether.If they come across problems with the instructions, it is likely that actual users will experience similar issues.
当您完成指令的起草工作后,请让一位不熟悉任务的人按照您的指令进行实地测试,以确定指令的准确性和清晰度。如果他们在使用说明时遇到问题,实际用户很可能也会遇到类似的问题。
To administer a field test,which is also called a usability test,you need to select a test method.Concurrent testing and retrospective testing are two methods that evaluate how users can perform your instructions.
要进行现场测试,也称为可用性测试,您需要选择一种测试方法。并行测试和回顾测试是评估用户如何执行指令的两种方法。

-Concurrent testing:You observe the participants reading and performing your instructions.You measure such things as accuracy,speed,recall,and attitude.As you observe them,note any steps that seem especially confusing and revise accordingly.
-同步测试:观察学员阅读和执行指令的情况,测量其准确性、速度、记忆力和态度。

-Retrospective testing:You ask participants to complete a questionnaire or to answer questions about a task after they have performed it following your instructions.This method can help you evaluate readers'comprehension and attitudes and the clarity of the documents.A survey can include different types of questions.The following table shows survey questions for a retrospective field test.
-回顾性测试:你要求参与者在按照你的指示完成一项任务后,完成一份问卷或回答有关任务的问题。这种方法可以帮助你评估读者的理解和态度以及文件的清晰度。
Retrospective Test Questions
回顾性测试问题
Question types  问题类型 Questions  问题
Multiple choice  多选题 Was the instruction useful?A.Yes.B.No.
说明有用吗?A.是.B.否.

填写完申请人的姓名、地址、ID 号和联系方式(第 1~4 步)后,下一步是 A.输入客户的年龄 B.上传已签名的表格 C.选择送货日期。
After filing in the applicant's name,address,ID number,and contact information
(Step 1~4),the next step was to
A.Enter the age of the client.
B.Upload a signed form.
C.Select a delivery date.
After filing in the applicant's name,address,ID number,and contact information (Step 1~4),the next step was to A.Enter the age of the client. B.Upload a signed form. C.Select a delivery date.| After filing in the applicant's name,address,ID number,and contact information | | :--- | | (Step 1~4),the next step was to | | A.Enter the age of the client. | | B.Upload a signed form. | | C.Select a delivery date. |
Likert scale rating  李克特量表评分

o 非常同意. o 同意. o 既不同意也不反对. o 不同意. o 非常不同意.
I found the document unnecessarily complex.
o Strongly agree.
o Agree.
o Neither agree nor disagree.
o Disagree.
o Strongly disagree.
I found the document unnecessarily complex. o Strongly agree. o Agree. o Neither agree nor disagree. o Disagree. o Strongly disagree.| I found the document unnecessarily complex. | | :--- | | o Strongly agree. | | o Agree. | | o Neither agree nor disagree. | | o Disagree. | | o Strongly disagree. |
Open-ended question  开放式问题 What was the most difficult section?Why?
最难的部分是什么? 为什么?
Retrospective Test Questions Question types Questions Multiple choice Was the instruction useful?A.Yes.B.No. "After filing in the applicant's name,address,ID number,and contact information (Step 1~4),the next step was to A.Enter the age of the client. B.Upload a signed form. C.Select a delivery date." Likert scale rating "I found the document unnecessarily complex. o Strongly agree. o Agree. o Neither agree nor disagree. o Disagree. o Strongly disagree." Open-ended question What was the most difficult section?Why?| Retrospective Test Questions | | | :--- | :--- | | Question types | Questions | | Multiple choice | Was the instruction useful?A.Yes.B.No. | | | After filing in the applicant's name,address,ID number,and contact information <br> (Step 1~4),the next step was to <br> A.Enter the age of the client. <br> B.Upload a signed form. <br> C.Select a delivery date. | | Likert scale rating | I found the document unnecessarily complex. <br> o Strongly agree. <br> o Agree. <br> o Neither agree nor disagree. <br> o Disagree. <br> o Strongly disagree. | | Open-ended question | What was the most difficult section?Why? |
Usually, a field test can use a concurrent test along with a retrospective test. These tests would strengthen the usability of your instructions, help you detect usability issues, and determine whether the purposes of the writing have been met. Based on the results of the field test, you should compile your data, list problems, and devise solutions.
通常,现场测试可以使用并行测试和回顾测试。这些测试将加强说明的可用性,帮助你发现可用性问题,并确定是否达到了编写说明的目的。根据实地测试的结果,你应该整理数据,列出问题,并制定解决方案。
Language  语言

LANGUAGE FOCUS  语言重点

Focus  聚焦
Writing instructions is different from, sometimes seemingly contradictory to, writing other documents. To write clear and easy-to-follow instructions, take the following tips:
撰写说明与撰写其他文件不同,有时似乎相互矛盾。要写出清晰易懂的说明,请参考以下提示:

Using the imperative mood
使用祈使语气

Begin each step with an action verb in the imperative mood. Instructions are written often as commands in the imperative mood and (whenever possible) present tense. As a technical writer, you need to get in your readers’ face and get their full attention, which can be achieved by using the imperative mood. For example:
每个步骤的开头都要用谓语动词。指令通常以命令的形式写成,使用祈使语气和(尽可能使用)现在时。作为一名技术写作者,你需要直面读者,吸引他们的全部注意力,这可以通过使用祈使语气来实现。例如
Press the Pause button to stop the display temporarily.
按 "暂停 "按钮可暂时停止显示。

Avoiding using the passive voice in instructions
避免在指令中使用被动语态

Read the following instruction:
请阅读以下说明:

The Pause button should be depressed in order to stop the display temporarily.
按下 "暂停 "按钮可暂时停止显示。

You may find the word depress in the passive voice seems weird in this sentence. And readers may wonder who is supposed to depress the Pause button. Without clearly stating the agent, the readers may think it is simply a reference to some existing state, or may wonder “Are they talking to me?”
您可能会觉得在这个句子中,被动语态中的 "按下 "一词显得很奇怪。读者可能会想,谁应该按下 "暂停 "按钮呢?如果不明确指出代理人,读者可能会认为这只是指某种现有的状态,或者会想 "他们是在跟我说话吗?"

Keeping the natural articles a a aa, an, and the
保留自然段 a a aa 、an 和 the

Although conciseness is important in instructions, clarity is essential. Leaving out some articles ( a a aa, an, the), some pronouns (you, this, these), and some verbs can make your sentences short, but such sentences may result in telegraphic style and become harder for readers to
虽然简洁在说明中很重要,但清晰也必不可少。省略一些冠词( a a aa 、an、the)、代词(you、this、these)和动词可以使句子简短,但这样的句子可能会造成电报式的风格,使读者难以理解。

understand.
For example,the first version of the following instruction,omitting all articles,is confusing.
例如,以下指令的第一个版本,即 "提交所有文章",令人困惑。
Version 1:Place document in tray with printed side facing opposite.
版本 1:将文档放入托盘,打印面朝向对面。

Version 2:Place the document in the document tray with the printed side facing away from you.
版本 2:将文档放入文档托盘,打印面朝向远离您的一面。

Using numbers to indicate the sequence
用数字表示顺序

One good way to make instructions easy to follow is to divide them into short,simple steps in a proper sequence.Numbers can indicate the sequence of the steps clearly.Consider using the numbered-or bulleted-list feature of your word processing software to create sequenced steps. For example:
使说明易于理解的一个好方法是将说明分成简短的步骤,并按适当的顺序排列。数字可以清楚地表明步骤的顺序。
1.Connect each black cable wire to a brass terminal.
1.将每根黑色电缆线连接到黄铜端子上。

2.Attach one 4-inch green jumper wire to the back.
2.将一根 4 英寸的绿色跳线连接到背面。

3.Connect the jumper wire to the bare cable wire.
3.将跳线连接到电缆裸线上。

Using short and logically shaped sentences
使用符合逻辑的短句

Use one short sentence for each step so that readers can perform one step at a time.If a single step covers two related actions,describe these actions in their required sequence.Compare the following two versions,and you can find Version 2 is more logical.
如果一个步骤包含两个相关的操作,请按要求的顺序描述这些操作。比较以下两个版本,你会发现版本 2 更符合逻辑。
Version 1:Before switching on the computer,insert the DVD in the drive.
版本 1:打开计算机前,将 DVD 插入驱动器。

Version 2:Insert the DVD in the drive;then switch on the computer.
版本 2:将 DVD 插入驱动器;然后打开计算机。

Another strategy is to simplify explanations by using a familiar-to-unfamiliar sequence.
另一种策略是使用从熟悉到不熟悉的顺序来简化解释。

Put the step that is familiar to the readers first;thus your readers feel the step is not so hard. For example,Version 2 seems somewhat easier because most readers are familiar with"store information on a blank CD".
把读者熟悉的步骤放在前面,这样读者就会觉得这个步骤并不难。 例如,第 2 版似乎容易一些,因为大多数读者都熟悉 "将信息存储在空白 CD 上"。
Version 1:You must initialize a blank CD before you can store information on it.
版本 1:您必须先初始化空白 CD,然后才能在其中存储信息。

Version 2:Before you can store information on a blank CD,you must initialize the CD.
版本 2:在空白 CD 上存储信息之前,必须初始化 CD。

Parallel phrasing  平行措辞

Parallelism is especially important in instructions. By repeating grammatical forms, you can emphasize the step-by-step organization. Parallelism can also increase readability and continuity. All the steps should be written in identical grammatical form.
在说明文中,并列关系尤为重要。通过重复语法形式,可以强调循序渐进的组织结构。并列还可以增加可读性和连续性。所有步骤都应以相同的语法形式书写。
Not parallel  不平行 Parallel  平行
1. In your house, you need to find a good place for
1.在您的家中,您需要为
1. Find the right location. The first step is figuring
1.找到合适的地点。第一步是确定
your projector.  您的投影仪
out where you're going to put the thing.
你要把它放在哪里?
out where you're going to put the thing.| out where you're going to put the thing. | | :--- |

2.位置确定后,安装屏幕。2.设置屏幕(可选)。3.对齐图像是一个很好的工具,可以帮助您 3.调整您的项目。找到一个。4.调整投影图像。4.投射图像;调整机器。5.选择正确的图像模式。5.选择正确的图像模式。
2. When the location is decided, install the screen. 2. Set up the screen (optional).
3. Alignment image is a good tool to help you 3. Project an alignment image.
adjust your project. Find one. 4. Adjust the projected image.
4. Projecting the image; adjusting your machine. 5. Select the right picture mode.
5. Selecting the right picture mode.
2. When the location is decided, install the screen. 2. Set up the screen (optional). 3. Alignment image is a good tool to help you 3. Project an alignment image. adjust your project. Find one. 4. Adjust the projected image. 4. Projecting the image; adjusting your machine. 5. Select the right picture mode. 5. Selecting the right picture mode. | 2. When the location is decided, install the screen. | 2. Set up the screen (optional). | | :--- | :--- | | 3. Alignment image is a good tool to help you | 3. Project an alignment image. | | adjust your project. Find one. | 4. Adjust the projected image. | | 4. Projecting the image; adjusting your machine. | 5. Select the right picture mode. | | 5. Selecting the right picture mode. | |
Not parallel Parallel 1. In your house, you need to find a good place for 1. Find the right location. The first step is figuring your projector. "out where you're going to put the thing." "2. When the location is decided, install the screen. 2. Set up the screen (optional). 3. Alignment image is a good tool to help you 3. Project an alignment image. adjust your project. Find one. 4. Adjust the projected image. 4. Projecting the image; adjusting your machine. 5. Select the right picture mode. 5. Selecting the right picture mode. " | Not parallel | Parallel | | :--- | :--- | | 1. In your house, you need to find a good place for | 1. Find the right location. The first step is figuring | | your projector. | out where you're going to put the thing. | | 2. When the location is decided, install the screen. 2. Set up the screen (optional). <br> 3. Alignment image is a good tool to help you 3. Project an alignment image. <br> adjust your project. Find one. 4. Adjust the projected image. <br> 4. Projecting the image; adjusting your machine. 5. Select the right picture mode. <br> 5. Selecting the right picture mode. | |

Phrasing instructions affirmatively
用肯定的措辞表达指令

Readers respond more quickly and efficiently to instructions that are phrased affirmatively rather than negatively. Read the following two versions, and you can see that Version 2 is more direct and easily understood.
对于肯定而非否定的指示,读者的反应会更快更有效。阅读下面两个版本,你会发现版本 2 更直接,也更容易理解。
Version 1: Verify that the lens is not contaminated with dust.
版本 1: 检查镜头是否被灰尘污染。

Version 2: Examine the lens for dust.
版本 2: 检查镜头是否有灰尘。

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS
指南或清单

\square Define your readers and their purposes of reading your instructions.
\square 明确读者及其阅读说明的目的。

\square Understand thoroughly the product and the tasks.
\square 全面了解产品和任务。

\square Identify where the instructions will be used and decide on the appropriate format for your instructions.
\square 确定使用说明的位置,并决定说明的适当格式。

\square Make sure you provide real instructions.
\square 确保提供真实的说明。

\square Write steps in short chronological sentences and number all the steps.
\square 按时间顺序用短句写出步骤,并给所有步骤编号。

\square Use active voice and imperative mood.
\square 使用主动语态和祈使语气.

\square Include only one action per step.
\square 每个步骤只包含一个操作。

\square Provide additional supplementary explanation of the steps as necessary.
\square 必要时对步骤进行补充说明。

\square Use effective visuals to illustrate any key actions or objects,and make certain they are located right beside or beneath the step they illustrate and properly labeled.
\square 使用有效的直观图来说明任何关键的操作或对象,并确保它们位于所说明步骤的旁边或下面,并正确标注。

\square Include appropriate warnings and cautions.
\square 包括适当的警告和注意事项.

\square Eliminate any ambiguity.
\square 消除歧义.

\square Field-test your instructions.
\square 实地测试你的说明.

EXERCISES  练习

1.Rewrite the following steps so that each begins with a verb in active voice and imperative mood.
1.重写下面的步骤,使每个步骤都以主动语态和祈使语气的动词开头.

a.If you want to prevent colors from running,you need to separate dark clothes from light clothes.
a.如果你想防止跑色,你需要把深色衣服和浅色衣服分开.

b.It is required that readers should read the passage and locate all nouns,which need to be underlined with a single line.
b.要求读者阅读文段,找出所有名词,并用单线划出。

c.The user should press the AUTO DEFROST button if he wants to begin the defrosting process.
c.如果用户想开始除霜过程,应按下自动除霜按钮。

2. Improve readability of the following instructions by revising the style and design of the instruction.
2.通过修改说明的样式和设计,提高以下说明的可读性。

What can you do before jacking up you car?
在顶起汽车之前,您能做些什么?

Whenever a flat tire occurs, some basic procedures should be followed before the car is jacked up. If possible, your car should be positioned on as firm and level a surface as is available. The engine must be turned off. The parking brake should be set. The automatic transmission shift lever should be placed in “park” or the manual transmission lever in “reverse”. The wheel opposite the one to be removed should have a piece of wood placed beneath it in order to prevent the wheel from rolling. The spare wheel, jack, and lug wrench should be removed from the luggage compartment.
无论何时发生爆胎,在将汽车顶起之前都应遵循一些基本程序。如果可能,应将汽车放置在尽可能坚固和平坦的地面上。必须关闭发动机。驻车制动器应设定。自动变速箱换挡杆应置于 "驻车 "位置,手动变速箱换挡杆应置于 "倒车 "位置。与要拆下的车轮相对的车轮下方应放置一块木板,以防止车轮滚动。备胎、千斤顶和扳手应从行李箱中取出。

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of the following instructions and suggest improvements. Fill in the following table with your comments, problems you detect, and your suggestions.
3.评估以下说明的有效性并提出改进建议。在下表中填写你的意见、发现的问题和建议。

Your comments:  您的意见
Problems with the instructions:
说明书有问题:
Your suggestions:  您的建议
Your comments: Problems with the instructions: Your suggestions:| Your comments: | | :--- | | Problems with the instructions: | | | | Your suggestions: |
  1. Project: Work in small groups. Write instructions for any of the following processes (or other process with which you are familiar). Analyze your readers, follow the guidelines and strategies you’ve learned from this chapter. Conduct a field test before you submit your instructions to your teacher.
    项目:小组合作。为以下任一流程(或你熟悉的其他流程)编写说明。分析你的读者,遵循你在本章中学到的指导原则和策略。在向老师提交说明之前,进行一次现场测试。
Suggested topics:  建议主题
  • Using an app  使用应用程序
  • Editing pictures in Photoshop
    用 Photoshop 编辑图片
  • Creating a web page
    创建网页
  • Cooking a dish  烹饪菜肴
  • Creating artwork  创作艺术品
  • Registering for classes  注册课程
  • Tuning a piano (or a chosen musical instrument)
    为钢琴(或所选乐器)调音

Chapter 10
Structured Writing
第 10 章 结构化写作

Contents  目录

CASE … 212  案例 ... 212
GLOSSARY … 212  术语表 ... 212
TASKS … 213  任务 ... 213
A brief introduction to structured writing … 213
结构化写作简介 ... 213

An example of structured writing … 217
结构化写作范例 ... 217

Structured writing in DITA … 219
DITA 中的结构化写作 ... 219

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 226
EXERCISES … 227  练习...... 227
Kim is the leader of a documentation team in a medical equipment manufacturer.As her company's export grows,she finds herself overwhelmed by questions and requests about the technical documents they provide.Some clients keep calling her,asking for the up- to-date manuals once the software has been updated.Some clients are not happy with the quality of translation.Facing more and more pressure from both the clients and the manager,Kim starts to look for solution that can streamline her team's content creation process to meet the ever growing needs of customers in the oversea market.
Kim 是一家医疗设备制造商的文档组组长。随着公司出口的增长,她发现自己被有关他们提供的技术文档的问题和要求压得喘不过气来。面对来自客户和经理越来越大的压力,Kim 开始寻找能够简化团队内容创建流程的解决方案,以满足海外市场客户不断增长的需求。


structured writing/'straktərd//'raitıy/a form of technical writing that uses and creates structured documents 结构化写作
结构化写作/'straíktərd/'raitıy/a 使用和创建结构化文档的技术写作形式 结构化写作
DITA/'ditz/an acronym for Darwin Information Typing Architecture(DITA);a specification defines a set of document types for authoring and organizing topic-oriented information,as well as a set of mechanisms for combining,extending,and constraining document types 一种结构化写作的方法
DITA/'ditz/是达尔文信息类型体系结构(Darwin Information Typing Architecture,DITA)的缩写;该规范定义了一套用于撰写和组织面向主题信息的文档类型,以及一套用于组合、扩展和约束文档类型的机制。该规范定义了一套文档类型,用于撰写和组织面向主题的信息,以及一套机制,用于组合、扩展和约束文档类型 一种结构化写作的方法

task/ta:sk/intended for a procedure that describes how to accomplish a task 任务,(DITA 中的)一种信息类型
task/ta:sk/意为描述如何完成任务的程序,(DITA 中的)一种信息类型

concept/'kansept/a type of topic in DITA,usually more objective,containing definitions,rules,and guidelines 概念,(DITA 中的)一种信息类型
概念/术语/DITA 中的一种主题类型,通常较为客观,包含定义、规则和指南 概念,(DITA 中的)一种信息类型

reference/'refərəns/referring to DITA topics that describe command syntax,programming instructions, and other reference material 参考信息,(DITA 中的)一种信息类型
reference'refərəns/referring to DITA topics that describe command syntax,programming instructions,and other reference material 参考信息,(DITA 中的)一种信息类型
DITA map/'ditə//mæp/a"route"for topics used to transform a collection of content into a publication; usually gives the topics'sequence and structure DITA 信息地图(或保留英文说法 DITA map)
DITA 地图/'ditə//mæp/用于将内容集合转化为出版物的主题 "路径";通常给出主题的顺序和结构 DITA 信息地图(或保留英文说法 DITA map)。
XML/ ε ks ε m ε l / ε ks ε m ε l / epsiks-epsim-epsil//\varepsilon \mathrm{ks}-\varepsilon \mathrm{m}-\varepsilon \mathrm{l} / stands for eXtensible Markup Language;it's a markup language designed to store and transport data XML 语言
XML/ ε ks ε m ε l / ε ks ε m ε l / epsiks-epsim-epsil//\varepsilon \mathrm{ks}-\varepsilon \mathrm{m}-\varepsilon \mathrm{l} / 是可扩展标记语言(eXtensible Markup Language)的缩写;它是一种标记语言,旨在存储和传输数据 XML 语言

single-sourcing/'singal/-/'sorsin/also known as single-sourcing publishing,is a content management method which allows the same source content to be used across different forms of media and more than one time 同源发布或同源开发
单一来源/'singal/-/'sorsin/also known as single-sourcing publishing,是一种内容管理方法,它允许在不同形式的媒体和不止一次的同源发布或同源开发中使用相同的源内容。

data reuse/'dett2//ri'juz/using the same data more than one time in the process of document development;also called"content reuse"内容复用,数据的重复使用
数据的重复使用/'dett2//ri'juz/在文档开发过程中多次使用相同的数据;又称 "内容复用",数据的重复使用

information product/infər'mesfən//'pradəkt/a digital document where data and information are structured in a specific format to instruct,educate,or guide the consumer in order to meet a predefined purpose 信息产品,多为专门开发的旨在帮助或指导消费者和客户的文档
信息产品/infər'mesfən//'pradəkt/一种数字文档,其中的数据和信息以特定的格式结构化,以便指导、教育或引导消费者,以达到预定的目的 信息产品,多为专门开发的旨在帮助或指导消费者和客户的文档

A brief introduction to structured writing
结构化写作简介

Structure and structuring
结构和构造

What is structure?  什么是结构?
Structure is the arrangement, combination,or
结构是指排列、组合,或

organization of  组织
elements in a system,as well as the relationship
系统中的元素,以及它们之间的关系

between the  之间
elements.  元素.
Structures are everywhere,and they exist in both material and abstract forms.
结构无处不在,以物质和抽象的形式存在。

An architectural structure is a material one,referring to the elements such as beams, slabs,and columns and spatial system that can bear loads.Architectural structures can be further categorized.For example,given the material used,architectural structures can
建筑结构是一种物质结构,指梁、板、柱等构件和可承受荷载的空间体系。

be divided into concrete structure,masonry structure,steel structure,light steel structure, wood structure,composite structure,etc.As regard to the exterior look,architectural structures can be divided into high-rise structure,multi-layer structure,single-layer structure,etc.
从外观上看,建筑结构可分为高层建筑结构、多层建筑结构、单层建筑结构等。
In biology,structures exist at all levels of organization:atomic,molecular,cellular, tissue,organ,organismic,population,and ecosystem level.Arguably the most recognized biological structure is the double helix structure in a molecule of DNA.The two strands of double-stranded DNA store the same biological information.
在生物学中,结构存在于组织的各个层次:原子、分子、细胞、组织、有机体、结构、生态系统。
Musical structure,sometimes also coined as music forms,is the structure of musical composition.Elements such as pitch,timber,and duration can be combined into higher level elements like motifs,phrases,and sentences,which subsequently can be formed into larger structures.On top of that,single-movement exists.For example,in classical music, the sonata form is"the most important principle of musical form,or formal type,from the Classical period well into the 20th century." 11 11 ^(11){ }^{11}
音乐结构,有时也被称为音乐形式,是指音乐作品的结构。音高、音色、时长等要素可以组合成动机、乐句、句子等更高层次的要素,这些要素随后又可以组成更大的结构。例如,在古典音乐中,奏鸣曲式是 "从古典时期到 20 世纪最重要的音乐形式原则或形式类型"。
In computer science,the famous formula,"algorithm+data structure=program", was proposed by Niklaus Wirth,winner of the Turing Award and father of Pascal.In this formula,the(data)structure refers to the relationship between data elements.
在计算机科学中,著名的公式 "算法+数据结构=程序 "是由 "图灵奖 "得主、"帕斯卡之父 "尼克劳斯-维斯提出的,在这个公式中,结构指的是数据元素之间的关系。
The so-called structuring refers to a series of processes of classifying and sorting out a bunch of messy things.Structure makes our world clear and tidy,and classification is a way for humans to understand the world.Humans are naturally inclined to classifying things. When facing with a large amount of information,our brain will automatically start to put things in different categories.A large amount of unclassified information overwhelms people, but a structured design helps people look beneath the surface.Many of us are troubled by organizing things at home.Don't panic when you step into a messy room.Try to organize stuff into categories:shirts-coats-underwear,spring/fall-winter-summer,and so forth.Thus,you are turning your everyday housework into a scientific process,which exactly is the essence of structuring.
所谓结构化,是指对一堆杂乱无章的事物进行分类整理的一系列过程。结构化使我们的世界变得清晰整齐,而分类是人类认识世界的一种方式。很多人都为整理家里的东西而烦恼。当你走进一个凌乱的房间时,不要惊慌。这样,你就把日常家务劳动变成了一个科学的过程,这正是结构化的精髓所在。

Structured writing  结构化写作

Before we start talking about structured writing, we firstly should clarify one thing: in structured writing, we “structure” the content, not the form of writing. Structured writing itself does not necessarily involve in the use of writing tools designed to implement this type of writing. In essence, it is about principles and methodology of content creation with a purpose of creating well-structured content.
在开始谈论结构化写作之前,我们首先要澄清一点:在结构化写作中,我们 "结构化 "的是写作内容,而不是写作形式。结构化写作本身并不一定涉及使用为实现这种写作而设计的写作工具。从本质上讲,它涉及的是内容创作的原则和方法,目的是创作出结构合理的内容。
The structure of the content refers to the level and order of the modules of the content in a publication, such as books and training materials. Interestingly, your content always has a certain structure regardless your intention to structure it, though a structure that has not been carefully organized might showcase some loose and chaotic in organization. For example, a book contains basic structure elements, such as a cover, chapters, and back matter. Some elements, such as a cover and back matter, only appear once; some elements, such as chapters, subsections, and paragraphs, appear repeatedly.
内容结构是指书籍和培训材料等出版物中内容模块的层次和顺序。有趣的是,不管你是否有意对内容进行结构化处理,你的内容总是有一定的结构,不过,未经精心组织的结构可能会在组织上表现出一些松散和混乱。例如,一本书包含基本的结构元素,如封面、章节和封底。有些元素,如封面和封底,只出现一次;有些元素,如章节、小节和段落,会重复出现。
By removing the main content of an article, we will have the structure left. Let’s take a recipe book for example. A recipe book contains many dishes and recipes. Though each dish has its own cooking method(s) and ingredients, the structure of the recipes remains the same. A recipe book is a product of technical writing; therefore, we consider it a technical document. Likewise, in other technical documents, a definitive purpose and detailed and strict rules about content also prevail. Through structuring the content, different parts of a technical document can be integrated. In fact, other fields of writing also implement structured writing in content creation, for example, narrative writing. The difference is that narrative writing has a more flexible and loose structure, hence it is more literary. Well, we won’t be covering this topic in our textbook.
去掉文章的主要内容,我们就剩下了结构。以食谱为例。食谱书包含许多菜肴和食谱。虽然每道菜都有自己的烹饪方法和配料,但菜谱的结构是不变的。食谱书是技术写作的产物,因此我们将其视为技术文档。同样,在其他技术文档中,也有明确的目的和详细严格的内容规定。通过对内容进行结构化处理,可以将技术文档的不同部分融为一体。事实上,其他写作领域也在内容创作中采用结构化写作,例如叙事性写作。不同的是,记叙文的结构更加灵活、松散,因此更具有文学性。好了,我们的课本不会涉及这个话题。
As we have discussed in the previous section, structuring the content is a process of sorting things. It helps you answer the questions of what - the definition, how-the organization, and where-sorting and arrangement. Like organizing your house, structured writing is a process of arranging your content: defining, organizing, sorting, and collating.
正如我们在上一节中所讨论的,内容结构化是一个对事物进行分类的过程。它可以帮助你回答 "是什么"--定义,"怎么做"--组织,以及 "在哪里"--分类和安排。就像整理房屋一样,结构化写作也是一个安排内容的过程:定义、组织、分类和整理。
Structured writing applies strict regulations on all aspects of content. For example, you are writing an annual report at the request of your boss, and you will be asked to include specific information in the report. Another example is syllabus writing. While your instructor is writing the course syllabus for the upcoming new semester, key information, such as logistics,
结构化写作对内容的各个方面都有严格的规定。例如,你要应老板的要求撰写一份年度报告,老板会要求你在报告中包含特定的信息。另一个例子是撰写教学大纲。当您的老师正在为即将到来的新学期撰写课程大纲时,关键信息,如后勤、

required textbooks,calendar,assessment,and homework policy,are indispensable.
必修课本、日历、评估和作业政策,缺一不可。

The primary stage of structured writing is usually carried out on"templates"that have been carefully structured and defined to complete the task.A scattered and disorganized template surely does not serve structured writing.
结构化写作的初级阶段通常是在 "模板 "上进行的,"模板 "经过了精心的结构化和定义,以完成任务.
The next stage is cutting and reorganizing content,which can be called structuring content. Put it another way,structured writing requires modularizing,semanticizing,associating,and standardizing a large amount of content.It is a standardized content creation methodology. The larger the amount of content,the more effective the structuring can be.The essence of structured writing design is logic and common sense-through embedding scattered information,data,content,etc.into a framework and designing content modules that can be understood by users.
下一阶段是对内容进行剪裁和重组,这可以称为内容结构化。 换一种说法,结构化写作需要将大量内容模块化、语义化、关联化和标准化,这是一种标准化的内容创作方法。结构化写作设计的本质是逻辑和常识--通过将零散的信息、数据、内容等嵌入一个框架,设计出用户能够理解的内容模块。
In general,structured writing usually has the following characteristics:
一般来说,结构化写作通常具有以下特点: 1.

-Meeting the needs of specific user and always taking the user's perspective.
-满足特定用户的需求,始终从用户的角度出发。

-Effort being spent in the early stage of structural planning,and the writing process is like blank filling.
-在结构规划的早期阶段花费精力,写作过程就像填空。

-Standardized writing.  -标准化书写.
-Writing content module,not the entire document
-编写内容模块,而不是整个文件

-Applying strict rules and regulations on writers with regards to content creation, definition,structures,and attributes.
-在内容创作、定义、结构和属性方面对作家实行严格的规章制度。
In a structured technical writing project,technical documentation engineers or content architects are requested to participate in the early stage,and they should also develop a good understanding of user's needs and product's functions so they can propose feasible plans to develop designs and information matrix between content modules and product/project. Later,content update should also proceed in accordance with their plans.We need to note that designing content structure can be done only once;the subsequent updates of products/ documents can take a bottom-up approach as information architects need to update only the new information.If the new information is constructed in modules,then simply replacing the old modules will suffice.
在一个结构化的技术写作项目中,技术文档工程师或内容架构师需要在项目初期就参与其中,并对用户的需求和产品的功能有充分的了解,以便提出可行的方案,在内容模块和产品/项目之间建立设计和信息矩阵。我们需要注意的是,内容结构的设计只能进行一次,产品/文档的后续更新可以采取自下而上的方法,因为信息架构师只需要更新新的信息。 如果新的信息是以模块的形式构建的,那么只需要替换旧的模块即可。
For technical writers who are seeking advancement in their career, we suggest mastering the following abilities:
对于寻求职业发展的技术撰稿人,我们建议他们掌握以下能力:
  • Carrying out structured thinking.
    进行有条理的思考。
  • Proficiency in user analysis and research capabilities.
    熟练掌握用户分析和研究能力。
  • Competency in formulating content strategy according to the company’s business goals, user/group characteristics, and in-depth understanding of products and domain knowledge.
    能够根据公司的业务目标、用户/群体特征以及对产品和领域知识的深入了解,制定内容战略。
  • Understanding of industry trends and advanced technologies; studying content management, information design methodology, industry best practices, etc.
    了解行业趋势和先进技术;研究内容管理、信息设计方法、行业最佳实践等。
  • Competency in leading content planning, design and deployment at the company-level, and planning of the overall release channel for technical content.
    有能力领导公司层面的内容规划、设计和部署,并规划技术内容的整体发布渠道。
  • Leading construction of content system and process optimization at the company-level.
    主导公司层面的内容体系建设和流程优化。
  • Providing a consistent strategy for translation and localization.
    为翻译和本地化提供一致的策略。

An example of structured writing
结构化写作范例

The following content is retrieved from the AJE Author Resource Center, which mainly introduces Nature’s requirements on the structure of abstracts.
以下内容摘自 AJE 作者资源中心,主要介绍《自然》对摘要结构的要求。
Original title: Make a Great First Impression: 6 Tips for Writing a Strong Abstract
原标题:给人留下美好的第一印象:撰写强有力摘要的 6 个技巧

Author: Sarah Conte  作者:莎拉-康特萨拉-康特
In some ways, an abstract is the most important part of your paper.
从某些方面来说,摘要是论文中最重要的部分。

Firstly, when journal editors make decision on whether to accept your paper for reviewing, abstract is the first thing they read. Similarly, when your work is finally published, abstract is the first part that the readers read. Many databases only include abstracts and apply restrictions on the access to the full paper. In this case, abstract is the only part ordinary readers can access.
首先,当期刊编辑决定是否接受您的论文进行审稿时,摘要是他们首先阅读的内容。同样,当您的作品最终发表时,摘要也是读者阅读的第一部分。许多数据库只收录摘要,并对全文的访问加以限制。在这种情况下,摘要是普通读者可以访问的唯一部分。
Therefore, every author should carefully consider the writing of abstracts. How to succinctly convey your research? How to highlight the most important points? How to attract and persuade journal editors, reviewers, and readers? Here are our suggestions:
因此,每位作者都应认真考虑摘要的撰写。如何简明扼要地表达自己的研究成果?如何突出最重要的观点?如何吸引和说服期刊编辑、审稿人和读者?以下是我们的建议:
  • Provide an introduction to background information that leads to your statement of
    提供背景信息介绍,从而引出您的以下陈述

    research goals/objectives
    研究目标/目的

    The first three sentences in your abstract must let the reader know why you are doing this study.
    摘要的前三句话必须让读者知道你为什么要做这项研究。

    -Briefly describe your approach.
    -简述你的方法。

    Your abstract should summarize research methods;excessive details are not necessary.
    您的摘要应概述研究方法;无需过多细节。

    -Clearly describe the most important findings of the research.
    -明确描述最重要的研究成果.

    People read your abstract to understand your findings.Therefore,the result should be the longest and most elaborated part of the abstract;provide as much detail as possible.
    人们阅读你的摘要是为了了解你的研究结果.因此,结果应该是摘要中最长、最详细的部分;提供尽可能多的细节.

    -State the conclusion concisely and avoid exaggeration.
    -简明扼要地陈述结论,避免夸张。

    The last two sentences of the abstract should be used to summarize the key information of the research:your conclusion.State your main findings as concisely as possible.If you have other interesting secondary findings to share,you can also mention them.Finally,consider writing a statement about the theoretical or practical significance of your work,and/or how your work promotes the development of the entire field.This will help readers understand more clearly the importance of your findings.
    摘要的最后两句话应该用来概括研究的关键信息:您的结论。 尽可能简明扼要地陈述您的主要发现。最后,考虑写一段话,说明你的工作的理论或实践意义,以及/或你的工作如何促进了整个领域的发展。

    -Things to avoid in the abstract
    -摘要中应避免的事项

    The abstract should be the summary of your research,so it usually has a strict word limit. It is not easy to summarize all the important aspects of the work you have done in a paragraph of 250 words or less.However,knowing what issues should be avoided when writing an abstract can make this job a little easier.The abstract should NOT include:
    摘要应是您研究工作的总结,因此通常有严格的字数限制。 要在 250 字或更少的段落中概括您所做工作的所有重要方面,并非易事。不过,知道在撰写摘要时应避免哪些问题,会让这项工作变得简单一些。

    -Lengthy background information
    -冗长的背景资料

    -Reference  -参考资料
    -Details of routine lab procedures
    -常规实验室程序的细节

    -Details of statistical methods or software used(unless this is the focus of your research)
    -所用统计方法或软件的细节(除非这是研究的重点)

    -Undefined abbreviations or acronyms
    -未定义的缩写或首字母缩略词

    -Results or discussions that will not be covered in the paper
    -论文中不会涉及的结果或讨论
Publisthed 05 May 2005
2005 年 5 月 05 日发布

Ctuistoph & Schthidt
Vature 435 114-118,2005) Cite thes anticle
Vature 435 114-118,2005) 引用文章

Abstract  摘要

During cell division, mitotic spindles are assembled by microtubule-based motor proteins 12 12 ^(12){ }^{12}. The bipolar organization of spindles is essential for proper segregation of chromosomes, and requires plus end directed homotetrameric motor proteins of the widely conserved kinesin-5 (BimC) family. Hypotheses for bipolar spindle formation include the push-pull mitotic muscle model, in which kinesin-5 and opposing motor proteins act between overlapping microtubules 245 245 ^(245){ }^{245}. However, the precise roles of kinesin- 5 during this process are unknown. Here we show that the vertebrate kinesin-5 Eg5 drives the sliding of microtubules depending on their relative orientation. We found in controlled in citro assays that Eg5 has the remarkable capability of simultaneously moving at 20 nms 4 20 nms 4 -20nms^(4)-20 \mathrm{nms}^{4} towards the plus-ends of each of the two microtubules it crosslinks. For anti-parallel microtubules, this results in relative sliding at 40 nm s 1 40 nm s 1 -40nms^(-1)-40 \mathrm{~nm} \mathrm{~s}^{-1} comparable to spindle pole separation rates in vivo 6 6 ^(6){ }^{6}. Furthermore, we found that Eg5 can tether microtubule plus-ends suggesting an additional microtubule-binding mode for Eg5. Our results demonstrate how members of the kinesin-5 family are likely to function in mitosis, pushing apart interpolar microtubules as well as recruiting microtubules into bundles that are subsequently polarized by relative sliding.
在细胞分裂过程中,有丝分裂纺锤体由基于微管的马达蛋白 12 12 ^(12){ }^{12} 组装而成。纺锤体的双极组织对染色体的正确分离至关重要,需要广泛保守的驱动蛋白-5(BimC)家族的加端定向同源四聚体运动蛋白。关于双极纺锤体形成的假说包括有丝分裂肌肉推拉模型,其中驱动蛋白-5 和对立的运动蛋白在重叠的微管之间起作用 245 245 ^(245){ }^{245} 。 然而,驱动蛋白-5 在这一过程中的确切作用尚不清楚。在这里,我们发现脊椎动物的驱动蛋白-5 Eg5 根据微管的相对方向驱动微管的滑动。我们在受控的柠檬酸实验中发现,Eg5 具有同时以 20 nms 4 20 nms 4 -20nms^(4)-20 \mathrm{nms}^{4} 的速度向其交联的两条微管的正端移动的显著能力。对于反平行微管,这会导致 40 nm s 1 40 nm s 1 -40nms^(-1)-40 \mathrm{~nm} \mathrm{~s}^{-1} 的相对滑动,其速度与体内 6 6 ^(6){ }^{6} 的纺锤极分离速度相当。此外,我们发现 Eg5 可以拴住微管的加端,这表明 Eg5 还有一种微管结合模式。我们的研究结果证明了驱动蛋白-5 家族的成员在有丝分裂过程中的功能,它们可以推开极间微管,并将微管募集到束中,然后通过相对滑动实现极化。

shed 05 May 2005
2005 年 5 月 05 日

The bipolar mitotic kinesin Eg5 moves on both microtubules that it crosslinks
双极有丝分裂驱动蛋白 Eg5 在其交联的两条微管上运动

Abstract  摘要
During cell division. mitotic spindles are assembled by microtubule-based motor proteins 12 12 ^(12){ }^{12}. The bipolat organization of spindles is essential for proper segregation of chromonomes, and requires plus-end-directed homotetrameric motor proteins of the widely conserved kinesin-5 (BimC) family ^(){ }^{\text { }}. Hypotheses for bipolar spindle formation include the ‘push pull mitotic muscle’ model. in which kmesim-5 and oppesine motor protens act between overlapping mierotubnleshd. However hie precise roles of kinesm-5 durug thu prosess arc unkioun. Here we show that the vertebrate kinesin- 5 E g 5 5 E g 5 5Eg55 \mathrm{E} g 5 drives the sliding of microtubules depending on their relative orientation. We found in controlled in vtro assays that Eg t tas the remarkable capability of simultaneousty moring at ~ 20 muns’ tewards the plus-ends of each of the two miervotubules it cresslimks. For anti-paralle! microtubules, this results in relative shding at 40 nm s 40 nm s ∼40nms\sim 40 \mathrm{~nm} \mathrm{~s} ', souparable to spmile pole separation ates in wof Furthemsore, we found that EgS can tether nucrontule plus-ends. suggesting an adidional microtubule-bimding mode for E 2 E 2 E_(2) <=E_{2} \leqslant Our results demonstrate how mexnbers of the kinesin5 family are likely to finction in mitosis. pushing apart interpolar microtubules as well as recruiting microtubules into bundles that are subsequently polanized by relative stidmg. We anticipate our assay to be a stating point for more wophisticated in vitro models of mitatic spindles. For example. the individual and combined action of multyple mitotic motors could be tested. including mimus-end-directed motors opposing Eg 5 motility. Furthermore. Eg 5 inhibition is a major target of anticancer drug development, and a well-defined and quantitative assay for motor function will be relevant for such developments
在细胞分裂过程中,有丝分裂纺锤体由基于微管的马达蛋白 12 12 ^(12){ }^{12} 组装而成。有丝分裂纺锤体的双极组织对于染色体的正确分离至关重要,并且需要广泛保守的驱动蛋白-5(BimC)家族的加端定向同源四聚体马达蛋白 ^(){ }^{\text { }} 。 双极纺锤体形成的假说包括 "推拉有丝分裂肌 "模型,其中驱动蛋白-5 和有丝分裂肌马达原体在重叠的微管之间起作用。然而,驱动蛋白-5 在纺锤体形成过程中的确切作用尚不清楚。在这里,我们发现脊椎动物驱动蛋白- 5 E g 5 5 E g 5 5Eg55 \mathrm{E} g 5 驱动微管的滑动取决于它们的相对方向。我们在受控的 vtro 试验中发现,Eg t 具有同时向它所抑制的两个微管的正端滑动约 20 muns' 的非凡能力。对于反平行微管来说,这导致了 40 nm s 40 nm s ∼40nms\sim 40 \mathrm{~nm} \mathrm{~s} '处的相对平移,可与 spmile 极的分离相媲美。 此外,我们还发现,EgS 可以拴住核管的加端。我们的研究结果证明了驱动蛋白 5 家族中的驱动蛋白在有丝分裂过程中的作用。我们希望我们的实验能成为有丝分裂纺锤体体外模型的起点。例如,我们可以测试多个有丝分裂马达的单独和联合作用,包括与 Eg 5 运动相反的雌蕊内定向马达。此外。Eg 5 抑制是抗癌药物开发的一个主要目标,而对运动功能进行定义明确的定量检测将与此类开发相关

[Source: Kapitein, L., Peterman, E., Kwok, B. et al. (2005) The bipolar mitotic kinesin Eg5 moves on both microtubules that it crosslinks. Nature 435, 114-118.]
[来源 Kapitein, L., Peterman, E., Kwok, B. 等 (2005) 双极有丝分裂驱动蛋白 Eg5 在其交联的两条微管上移动。自然》第 435 卷第 114-118 页]。

Structured writing in DITA
DITA 中的结构化写作

What is DITA?  什么是 DITA?

DITA is the abbreviation of “Darwin Information Typing Architecture,” which is an open standard for the community supported by OASIS. It is proposed by IBM. DITA is an XMLbased system, and it is a tool-independent development method for creating, organizing, and managing content. Using DITA can solve the problem of single-sourcing and data reuse in development.
DITA 是 "达尔文信息类型架构 "的缩写,是由 OASIS 支持的社区开放标准。它由 IBM 提出。DITA 是一个基于 XML 的系统,是一种独立于工具的创建、组织和管理内容的开发方法。使用 DITA 可以解决开发过程中的单一来源和数据重用问题。

Basic concepts in DITA
DITA 的基本概念

The core concept of DITA is structured writing based on topics, and each topic is an independent dita file. The topic here refers to a specific unit of information used to describe a single task, concept, or reference information. By “specific” we mean that the granularity of the topic division can solve a single actual problem or illustrate an independent theme.
DITA 的核心概念是基于主题的结构化写作,每个主题都是一个独立的 dita 文件。这里的主题是指用于描述单一任务、概念或参考信息的特定信息单位。所谓 "特定",是指主题划分的粒度可以解决一个实际问题或说明一个独立的主题。
Topic-based structured writing is a method of content creation. It enables content to be built around the same topic. The created topics can be combined or grouped according to certain rules and can also be referenced in different documents. The rationale behind topicbased writing is typical structured thinking, completely different from the linear structure of
基于主题的结构化写作是一种内容创作方法。它可以围绕同一主题创建内容。创建的主题可以按照一定的规则进行组合或分组,也可以在不同的文档中引用。主题式写作的基本原理是典型的结构化思维,完全不同于传统的线性结构。

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING

writing we have seen in a book or narrative.DITA treats a topic as an independent content module that contains specific content and has a clear purpose.A topic only deals with one single concept,or completing one task,or referencing one source.The topic is self-contained, requiring readers to understand its meaning even without context.
DITA 将主题视为一个独立的内容模块,包含特定的内容,有明确的目的。主题只涉及一个单一的概念,或完成一个任务,或引用一个来源。
DITA has three basic types of topic:concept,task,and reference.Each information unit in DITA serves as an independent reusable topic and is stored in the topic repository without context.
DITA 有三种基本主题类型:概念、任务和参考。 DITA 中的每个信息单元都是一个独立的可重用主题,存储在主题库中,不带上下文。
A concept answers the question of"what,"introducing background and other general information about the product or service and providing users with much-needed information before using it.
概念回答 "是什么 "的问题,介绍产品或服务的背景和其他一般信息,为用户提供使用产品或服务前急需的信息。
Here is an example of concept programed in XML 1 XML 1 XML^(1)\mathrm{XML}^{1}
下面是一个用 XML 1 XML 1 XML^(1)\mathrm{XML}^{1} 编程的概念示例
<concept id="concept">
    <title>Bird Songs</title>
<shortdesc>Bird songs are complex vocalizations used to attract mates or defend territories.
<简述>鸟鸣是一种复杂的发声方式,用于吸引配偶或保卫领地。
<conbody>
< p > < p > < p ><\mathbf{p}> Bird songs vary widely among species,from simple songs that are genetically imprinted to complex songs that are learned over a lifetime.</p>
< p > < p > < p ><\mathbf{p}> 鸟类的歌声在物种间差异很大,有基因遗传的简单歌声,也有终生学习的复杂歌声</p>。

<example>  <实例>
> > >> FFlycatchers know their songs from birth:</p>
<b0> Flycatchers know their songs from birth:</p> <b0> Flycatchers know their songs from birth

<ul>
<li>Flycatcher songs are simple sequences of notes.</li>
<li>捕蝇者的歌声是简单的音符序列.

<li>Flycatcher songs never vary but are unique to each member of the Flycatcher
<li>捕蝇草鸟的歌声从未改变,而是每个捕蝇草鸟成员独有的。

family.</li>  family.
</ul> </example> </conbody> </concept>  </ul>   </example>   </conbody>   </concept>  {:[" </ul> "],[" </example> "],[" </conbody> "],[" </concept> "]:}\begin{gathered} \text { </ul> } \\ \text { </example> } \\ \text { </conbody> } \\ \text { </concept> } \end{gathered}
A task answers the question of “how to,” using a clearly defined structure to describe the methods and steps required to accomplish a specific goal. Tasks include context, preconditions, steps, expected results, examples, next steps, etc.
任务回答的是 "如何做 "的问题,使用明确界定的结构来描述完成特定目标所需的方法和步骤。任务包括背景、前提条件、步骤、预期结果、示例、下一步等。
Here is an example of task programed in XML 1 XML 1 XML^(1)\mathrm{XML}^{1}
下面是一个用 XML 1 XML 1 XML^(1)\mathrm{XML}^{1} 编程的任务示例
<task id="sqlj">
    <title>Creating an SQLJ file</title>
<taskbody>
    <context>Once you have set up SQLJ, you need to create a new SQLJ file.
    </context>
    <steps>
            <step><cmd>Open...</cmd></step>
        </steps>
    </taskbody>
</task>
A reference provides tips on related facts. In the case of technical information, references are often used for command prompts in programming languages.
参考资料提供相关事实的提示。在技术信息方面,参考资料通常用于编程语言的命令提示。
Here is an example of reference programed in XML 2 XML 2 XML^(2)\mathrm{XML}^{2}
下面是一个用 XML 2 XML 2 XML^(2)\mathrm{XML}^{2} 编程的参考示例
<reference id="refexample">
    <title>A reference topic</title>
    <refbody>
        <refsyn>Describe command or api syntax here, possibly
using synph or syntax elements markup for explicit
definition of syntax or prototype construction.</refsyn>
    <section><title>Some section title</title></section>
    <properties>
    <property>
<proptype>type</proptype>
<propvalue>value</propvalue>
<propdesc>description</propdesc>
</property>
</properties>
</refbody>
</reference>
This classification of three types of topics is very useful because it covers the objects in technical writing.Technical writers can categorize the content they are working on,and all the structured content later can be easily managed as single reusable units through content management system.Writer can select and combine multiple topics in different contexts,and the arrangement and processing of topics can generate a variety of documents.The newly generated documents can take various forms:it could be a topic that needs to be updated and reviewed,a collection of information that should be embedded in the user help application,or a single chapter in a booklet.
这种三类主题的分类非常有用,因为它涵盖了技术写作的对象。新生成的文档可以有多种形式:可以是需要更新和审核的主题,可以是需要嵌入用户帮助应用程序的信息集合,也可以是小册子中的一个章节。
In addition to the three main types,DITA also defines other topics(including general, troubleshooting,glossary,and other topics)to cover content that the main topics cannot do. For more detailed DITA subject specifications,please refer to the online DITA specification document at https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/index.html.
除三大类型外,DITA 还定义了其他主题(包括一般、故障排除、术语表和其他主题),以涵盖主要主题无法涵盖的内容。有关更详细的 DITA 主题规范,请参阅 https 上的在线 DITA 规范文档://www.
Here is an example of a general topic programed in XML 1 XML 1 XML^(1)\mathrm{XML}^{1}
下面是一个用 XML 1 XML 1 XML^(1)\mathrm{XML}^{1} 编程的一般主题示例
<topic id="topic">
<title>Some little topic</title>
<body>
    <p>Here's a little topic.</p>
    <ul>
    <li>Some item</li>
    <li>Another item</li>
</body>
</topic>
</ul>
The value of DITA is not only reflected in its ability to help readers better read technical documents, but also in that it can also provide great convenience for the editors and creators of technical documents. For information users, the carefully created, subject-based content can greatly improve the searchability, navigability, and usability of documents. For the document development team, the topic-based creation method can also support reusing and rapid reorganization of information, as well as convenient file management and more flexible links.
DITA 的价值不仅体现在能够帮助读者更好地阅读技术文档,而且还能为技术文档的编辑和创建者提供极大的便利。对于信息用户来说,精心创建的基于主题的内容可以大大提高文档的可搜索性、可浏览性和可用性。对于文档开发团队来说,基于主题的创建方法还可以支持信息的重复使用和快速重组,以及方便的文件管理和更灵活的链接。
In addition, DITA, just like other structured writing methods, can enhance content consistency. In DITA, once a topic is completed, it must be reviewed and approved by subject experts. By reusing topics from the same source, DITA guarantees the consistency of topics. No matter how many times the content is published, one review is enough, which reduces workload of subject experts. Moreover, DITA automates the delivery of topics, which also effectively saves time and costs of publishing. In addition, the combination of DITA topics is very flexible: it can be a part of a large-scale information product, or it can be released separately, such as a section in a software help system. You can not only use DITA to publish task-based content, but also publish related content such as help information embedded in the software. A single topic can also be sent to translators for translation before the entire content piece is completed, which shortens the time for translation and thus reduces the time for publishing to global customers. Since the content is pure text, no typesetting is needed and it saves money.
此外,DITA 和其他结构化写作方法一样,可以提高内容的一致性。在 DITA 中,一个主题一旦完成,就必须经过主题专家的审核和批准。通过重复使用同一来源的主题,DITA 保证了主题的一致性。无论内容发布多少次,一次审核就足够了,从而减少了主题专家的工作量。此外,DITA 实现了主题交付的自动化,也有效节省了发布时间和成本。此外,DITA 主题的组合非常灵活:它可以是大型信息产品的一部分,也可以单独发布,如软件帮助系统中的一个部分。您不仅可以使用 DITA 发布基于任务的内容,还可以发布相关内容,如软件中嵌入的帮助信息。还可以在整个内容完成之前,将单个主题发送给翻译人员进行翻译,这样可以缩短翻译时间,从而缩短向全球客户发布内容的时间。由于内容是纯文本,因此无需排版,从而节省了成本。

Development process in DITA
DITA 的开发流程

The process of a professional document team using DITA for document development roughly follows the following steps:
专业文档团队使用 DITA 开发文档的过程大致遵循以下步骤:
  1. The information architect designs the document outline and creates the DITA map file and topic file according to the outline;
    信息架构师设计文档大纲,并根据大纲创建 DITA 地图文件和主题文件;
  2. The writer is responsible for writing content of each topic;
    撰稿人负责撰写每个主题的内容;
  3. Publish content by using DITA map and topics
    使用 DITA 地图和主题发布内容

An example of DITA map
DITA 地图示例
DITA map refers to an XML-like file that organizes DITA topics and other content resources in a certain structure,with ditamap as the file name suffix.A DITA map can be regarded as a catalog file linking specific topics.It describes the levels and relationships between topics and defines the content structure of the published products.
DITA 地图是指以 ditamap 为文件名后缀,将 DITA 主题和其他内容资源按一定结构组织起来的 XML 样式文件。
Here is an example of a DITA map file in XML 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}
下面是一个 XML 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} 格式的 DITA 地图文件示例
<map id="mybats">
    <title>Bats</title>
    <topicref href="bats.dita" type="topic">
        <topicref href="batcaring.dita" type="task"></topicref>
        <topicref href="batfeeding.dita" type="task"></topicref>
        <topicref href="batsonar.dita" type="concept"></topicref>
        <topicref href="batguano.dita" type="reference"></topicref>
        <topicref href="bathistory.dita" type="reference"></topicref>
    </topicref>
</map>

Lightweight DITA  轻量级 DITA

Lightweight DITA, abbreviated as LwDITA, is a lightweight DITA standard. Compared with DITA 1.3, LwDITA has the following characteristics:
轻量级 DITA,缩写为 LwDITA,是一种轻量级 DITA 标准。与 DITA 1.3 相比,LwDITA 具有以下特点:
  • Fewer element types  更少的元素类型
  • Fewer attribute values of elements
    减少元素的属性值
  • The content model is stricter
    内容模式更加严格
  • Fewer features  功能更少
  • New multimedia element types
    新的多媒体元素类型
In addition, one of the biggest features of LwDITA compared to DITA 1.3 is that it can establish mappings between XML, HTML5, and Markdown files. That is, LwDITA supports the creation of content mappings composed of topic files written in three different markup languages. In short, using LwDITA, you:
此外,与 DITA 1.3 相比,LwDITA 的最大特点之一是可以在 XML、HTML5 和 Markdown 文件之间建立映射。也就是说,LwDITA 支持创建由三种不同标记语言编写的主题文件组成的内容映射。简而言之,使用 LwDITA,您可以
  • can experience a more concise and lightweight DITA;
    可以体验到更简洁、更轻量级的 DITA;
  • do not have to worry about the “forcible consistency” of the file format if you are working with technical writers with different format preferences;
    如果您要与具有不同格式偏好的技术撰稿人合作,则不必担心文件格式的 "强制一致性 "问题;
  • easily convert and publish source files written in different markup languages
    轻松转换和发布以不同标记语言编写的源文件

A brief comparison of DITA and DocBook
DITA 和 DocBook 的简要比较

DITA and DocBook are two common standards in the field of digital publishing. Both solve the problems encountered in the process of document delivery by defining standardized document description rules. For different types of delivery publications, DITA and DocBook each have their own strengths, but they also have their own limitations in practical applications.
DITA 和 DocBook 是数字出版领域的两个通用标准。两者都通过定义标准化的文档描述规则来解决文档交付过程中遇到的问题。对于不同类型的交付出版物,DITA 和 DocBook 各有优势,但在实际应用中也有各自的局限性。
DITA solves the problem of structured description and content reorganization of publications, supports production of multilingual versions, and is suitable for technical manual publications with strict restrictions on format. However, DITA cannot achieve perfect style rendering, and for complex publications with integrated content and format, it is difficult for DITA to define and divide topics, definitions and divisions. Therefore, DITA is not a good option for book publishing as the cost and difficulty are relatively high.
DITA 解决了出版物的结构化描述和内容重组问题,支持多语言版本的制作,适用于对格式有严格限制的技术手册出版物。但是,DITA 无法实现完美的样式呈现,对于内容和格式一体化的复杂出版物,DITA 很难定义和划分主题、定义和划分。因此,由于成本和难度相对较高,DITA 并不是图书出版的好选择。
In comparison, DocBook is suitable for general publications, and documents are easy to organize and typeset. However, DocBook content is organized in sectional paragraphs and due
相比之下,DocBook 适用于一般出版物,文档易于组织和排版。不过,DocBook 的内容是按章节段落组织的,由于

to the lack of content mapping mechanism of DITA,DocBook cannot achieve content division and reorganization with a granularity as refined as DITA topics.For documents whose content needs frequent modification,Docbook is also inadequate.
由于缺乏 DITA 的内容映射机制,DocBook 无法实现像 DITA 主题那样精细的内容划分和重组。 对于内容需要经常修改的文档,DocBook 也是不够的。
DITA and DocBook focus on delivering technical information,but DITA focuses on delivering topics while DocBook focuses on delivering books.DITA provides information classification based on topic-level granularity,allowing authors to organize and describe specific areas of information.In the process of generating information reuse in multiple document formats,a high degree of consistency in content can be maintained.In terms of the output format of the final deliverables,DITA can generate most of the publishing delivery types,such as PDF,CHM,and HTML.As for DocBook,the commonly used delivery formats are PDF and HTML,and additional function plug-ins are needed if other output formats are requested.
DITA 和 DocBook 都侧重于提供技术信息,但 DITA 侧重于提供主题,而 DocBook 侧重于提供书籍。 DITA 提供基于主题级粒度的信息分类,允许作者组织和描述特定领域的信息。在最终交付物的输出格式方面,DITA 可以生成大多数出版交付类型,如 PDF、CHM 和 HTML。

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS
指南或清单

Before your company looking for a DITA tool,it's important to understand DITA itself and find out if it's right for you.Here is a quick guideline for you to start:
在您的公司寻找 DITA 工具之前,了解 DITA 本身并确定它是否适合您非常重要。

\square Does my organization reuse content?(e.g.,do we reuse content between products or different types of publications like training manuals and marketing materials)?
\square 我的组织是否重复使用内容?(例如,我们是否在产品或不同类型的出版物(如培训手册和营销材料)之间重复使用内容?

\square Do we deliver content in multiple languages?
\square 我们是否以多种语言提供内容?

\square Do we publish to different types of audiences and users?
\square 我们是否向不同类型的受众和用户发布信息?

\square Do we struggle to maintain consistency(e.g.,terminologies and writing styles)between documents?
\square 我们是否在努力保持文件之间的一致性(例如,术语和写作风格)?

\square Do we have difficulty keeping documents up to date?
\square 我们是否难以及时更新文件?

\square Do we have problems keeping documents in a shared location(e.g.,a single source or a cloud storage place)?
\square 将文档保存在共享位置(例如,单一来源或云存储位置)会有问题吗?

\square Do we deliver content in multiple formats(print,PDF,help,web,mobile,etc.)from a single source?
\square 我们是否从单一来源提供多种格式的内容(印刷、PDF、帮助文件、网络、移动等)?
If you have more than one “yes,” DITA might be the solution for your organization. The more “yeses” you get, the stronger your case for DITA.
如果有一个以上的 "是",那么 DITA 可能就是贵组织的解决方案。得到的 "是 "越多,DITA 就越有说服力。

  1. Can you think of a document you have created that is structured writing? How did you write it? Will you construct it in a different way after reading this chapter?
    你能想到自己创作的结构化写作文档吗?你是怎么写的?读完本章后,你会以不同的方式来构建它吗?
  2. Your university has renovated a few “smart classrooms” and equipped them with advanced technologies. However, many instructors are struggling with the use of new technologies in these smart classrooms. You are considering creating a quick guide for the projectors. Please use DITA framework to write one concept, one task, and one reference.
    贵校翻新了几间 "智能教室",并为其配备了先进技术。然而,许多教师对在这些智能教室中使用新技术感到吃力。您正在考虑为投影仪制作一份快速指南。请使用 DITA 框架编写一个概念、一个任务和一个参考资料。

Chapter 11   第 11 章

Methods in Technical Document Development and Assessment 1: User Research

Contents  目录

CASE … 230  案例 ... 230
GLOSSARY … 231  术语表 ... 231
TASKS … 238  任务 ... 238
Product-centered vs user-centered research … 238
以产品为中心的研究与以用户为中心的研究 ... 238

User research defined … 239
用户研究的定义 ... 239

How to do user research … 240
如何进行用户研究 ... 240

LANGUAGE FOCUS … 253
语言重点...... 253

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 254
EXERCISES … 256  练习 ... 256
You are a technical writer at a company that primarily communicates with its customers electronically because they live in many different places and your company provides its services via internet applications.Thus everything you write is digital. 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} There are,however, some local users who may prove useful for user research purposes.
1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} 你是一家公司的技术撰稿人,该公司主要通过电子方式与客户沟通,因为客户居住在许多不同的地方,而你的公司通过互联网应用程序提供服务。 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} 因此,你所写的一切都是数字化的。
You have been asked to build a digital company store.It would be a small part of the application your company sells,but selling merchandise with the company logo on it appeals to your boss.When you were told about the project,you asked,"What items should we sell?"and were told,"t-shirts,water bottles,you know,branded merchandise."You admire and respect your boss.But her directive is vague.Moreover,she has assumed that a digital company store is a good idea. 2 2 ^(2){ }^{2} Why?Does she think it will make money?Is that the goal? Does she think it will get the brand out into the world where people who do not use the application will see it and be intrigued,thus increasing sales of the application itself?Is that the goal?Does she think it will increase user engagement with the application?Is that the goal?What would success look like to her and how would you measure it?
你被要求建立一个数字公司商店,这只是你的公司销售的应用程序的一小部分,但销售带有公司标志的商品对你的老板很有吸引力。当你得知这个项目时,你问:"我们应该卖什么商品?"他们告诉你:"T 恤衫、水瓶,你知道的,品牌商品。 2 2 ^(2){ }^{2} 为什么? 她认为这能赚钱吗? 这就是目的吗? 她认为这能让品牌走向世界吗?她是否认为这将使品牌走向世界,让那些不使用应用程序的人看到它并产生兴趣,从而增加应用程序本身的销售额? 她是否认为这将增加用户对应用程序的参与度? 她认为成功是什么样的,您将如何衡量?
At this point you might want to interview your boss,to find out what her goal is so you have a better chance of meeting it.
这时,你可能想采访一下你的老板,了解她的目标是什么,这样你就更有可能实现目标。
If she wants the company store to make money,then you need to know what to sell and how to sell it.If she wants to increase user engagement,rather than selling merchandise, perhaps you should offer it as a reward for spending more time on the app or maybe using more features of it or both?If she wants to get the logo out into the real world where people who do not yet use the application see it,become intrigued,talk to the person who has the water bottle or whatever,and thus become a customer,then new sales of the main app is the
如果她想让公司商店赚钱,那么你就需要知道该卖什么以及如何卖。 如果她想提高用户参与度,而不是卖商品,那么也许你应该把它作为一种奖励,奖励 用户在应用程序上花费更多的时间,或者使用更多的功能,或者两者兼而有之。如果她想把徽标推广到现实世界中,让那些还没有使用应用程序的人看到徽标,产生兴趣,与拥有水瓶或其他东西的人交谈,从而成为客户,那么主应用程序的新销售额就是她的目标。
goal and the purpose of the"store"is to create influencers who will promote the product for the cost of a branded water bottle or tea infuser or t-shirt or whatever.Each of those goals is measurable,so in each case you could report the success of the effort.
这些目标中的每一个都是可以衡量的,因此在每种情况下,你都可以报告努力的成功与否。
But she just handed you a directive and walked away.So you need to research how to design and implement a digital company store,keeping in mind that the research results may send you back to your boss with disappointing or perhaps just pivotal news.Where do you start?Should you start with the stock?With the shopping cart?Or with your company's users?
因此,您需要研究如何设计和实施公司的数字商店,同时牢记研究结果可能会让您的老板失望,或者只是一个关键性的消息。

A/B testing/el///bi//'testıy/
Randomly providing different information products to users to discover which one works best. Websites often test landing screens this way.Some potential users see one screen while others see a different one and the design that gets the most people to click through to the inside is the one chosen. Any information product the success of which can be readily measured is a good candidate for A / B A / B A//BA / B testing.You may offer more than two alternatives, A / B / C A / B / C A//B//C\mathrm{A} / \mathrm{B} / \mathrm{C} testing and so on. A / B A / B A//B\mathrm{A} / \mathrm{B} 测试 branching question/'bræntfin//'kwestfon/
随机地向用户提供不同的信息产品,以发现哪种产品最有效。网站经常用这种方法测试登陆屏幕。一些潜在用户看到一个屏幕,而另一些用户看到另一个屏幕,然后选择能让最多的人点击进入内部的设计。 A / B A / B A//BA / B 测试适用于任何可随时衡量成功与否的信息产品。你可以提供两个以上的备选方案, A / B / C A / B / C A//B//C\mathrm{A} / \mathrm{B} / \mathrm{C} 测试,以此类推.
Often the answer to one question suggests others.If a person says he does not buy logo-branded merchandise,you need to stop asking questions of that person.If he says he does,then you would branch to ask what kinds and of those who say which kind there might be subsequent questions to follow up with.Branching questions save respondents'time.You do not want frustrated or fidgety súbjects.分支问题
如果一个人说他不买徽标品牌的商品,你就不能再问他问题了。分支问题可以节省受访者的时间.你不希望受访者沮丧或焦躁.

confidence level/'kanfədəns//'levəl/
置信度/kanfədəns/levəl/

How certain you are that your results are accurate when you administer a survey or questionnaire?A reliable survey will have a confidence level of 95 % 95 % 95%95 \% or better.If you know who your potential population is and you know that you have gathered information from more than half of them,then you have greater confidence than if you do not know who the potential population is and so have no idea what percentage your informants represent.置信水平(统计学术语)
当你实施一项调查或问卷时,你对结果的准确性有多大把握? 一项可靠的调查的置信水平为 95 % 95 % 95%95 \% 或更高。如果你知道谁是你的潜在调查对象,而且你知道你已经从其中一半以上的人那里收集到了信息,那么你的置信度就会比你不知道谁是你的潜在调查对象,因而也就不知道你的信息提供者代表了多大比例的人的置信度要高。

convenience sample/kən'vinjəns//'sæmpəl/
方便样本/kən'vinjəns/sæmpəl/

A population composed entirely of people who just happen to be available.Psychology experiments in America,for example,almost always have study participants drawn from university psychology
例如,美国的心理学实验几乎总是从大学心理学系的学生中挑选实验对象。

英文技术写作
TECHNICAL WRITING

classes because the people performing the experiments teach hundreds of students a semester.To make getting subjects easier,there is often a participation requirement,institutionalizing the practice of having subjects between the ages of 18 and 22,from relatively affluent backgrounds,often from the same part of the country,undergraduates from X X XX university,in other words.The problem with a convenience sample is that they are not randomly chosen and they may not be representative of a wider population.便利抽样的群体
为了更容易获得实验对象,通常会有一个参与要求,使实验对象的年龄在 18 到 22 岁之间的做法制度化。便利抽样的问题在于他们不是随机选择的,可能无法代表更广泛的人群.

ethnography / ε θ / ε θ //epsi theta/ \varepsilon \theta'nogrofi/
人种学 / ε θ / ε θ //epsi theta/ \varepsilon \theta 'nogrofi/

A branch of Anthropology where the researcher goes to live for an extended period of time among the research subjects in order to discover how those people experience their world.While prolonged immersion is impractical in a business setting,the goals of ethnography are consistent with user research in general,in particular the goal of understanding the other person as they understand themselves and not as they seem to an outsider.It doesn't matter what you think of your product.What they think based on what they do with it is what matters.人种志(一种研究方法,多用于用户研究,人类学,社会学研究)
人种学是人类学的一个分支,研究人员要在研究对象中生活很长一段时间,以了解这些人是如何体验他们的世界的。特别是理解他人的目标,因为他们理解的是自己,而不是外人眼中的自己。人种志(一种研究方法,多用于用户研究,人类学,社会学研究)。

focus group/'forkəs//grup/
焦点小组/forkəs//grup/

A group of people invited to the same space at the same time to discuss something.Typically such a group would represent the same user type,but you could have a wider array of representatives.The idea is to brainstorm ideas or get quick feedback on some ideas with an immediate follow up opportunity. Focus groups can be an efficient way to gather information but group-think can provide compelling evidence for what turns out to be a bad idea.Also if one person in the group is inclined to lead,the others may follow and thus your data will be skewed in the dominant's direction.Since people like to be agreeable,it's possible the first idea floated will get positive attention and so inadvertently keep other ideas from surfacing.If you are leading a focus group,you need to start broad and inclusively and narrow the focus slowly.焦点组,一种用户研究方法
焦点小组是一种收集信息的有效方法,但群体思维可以为最终的坏主意提供令人信服的证据。另外,如果小组中的一个人倾向于领导,其他人可能会跟随,这样你的数据就会向主导者的方向倾斜。如果你要领导一个焦点小组,你需要从广泛和包容的角度入手,慢慢缩小焦点组的范围。

heuristic analysis/hjə'rıstık//ə'næləsəs/
启发式分析/hjə'rıstık//ə'næləs/

A design method based on what expert users say about how a product should be designed.They may be industry experts or they may simply be experts for that particular product.The benefit of the heuristic method is that it is fast and efficient.The risk is that the experts'assumptions and beliefs may not coincide directly with the target users'。启发式分析法
启发式分析法的优点是快速、高效。启发式分析法的优点是快速、高效。风险是专家的假设和信念可能与目标用户的假设和信念并不完全一致。

interview/'intor,vju/  采访/'intor,vju/
Face-to-face question-driven conversation where the interviewer records the answers for further analysis later.Recordings should be transcribed,for coding purposes,so you can identify themes and ideas repeated by many users in a particular user group.Often it is best to have two people doing the interview,one to ask the questions and engage naturally with the interviewee and one to record the conversation.You can't listen and fiddle with your equipment simultaneously.Watching closely and listening carefully at the same time is also challenging.The questions should be scripted in advance
面对面的以问题为导向的谈话,访谈者记录答案,以便日后进一步分析。录音应转录,以便进行编码,这样你就可以找出特定用户群中许多用户重复出现的主题和想法。你不能一边听一边摆弄你的设备。

and while you need to let the conversation happen like an organic conversation,you also need to make sure each participant gets asked the same questions phrased in the same way because how you phrase a question can influence how it gets answered.The order matters as well.For example,if you ask a series of questions the answer to which is always going to be"No",you might be putting your subject in a negative frame of mind.If you ask them to talk about what you know is a positive experience,you are cheering them up and so likely to get a more optimistic answer to the next question.You do not want to bias your data,even inadvertently.访谈法
虽然你需要让对话像有机对话一样进行,但你也需要确保每个参与者都能以同样的方式被问到同样的问题,因为你如何措辞一个问题会影响到问题的答案。如果你让他们谈论你知道是积极的经历,你就会让他们振作起来,从而有可能在下一个问题中得到更乐观的回答。 你不想让你的数据产生偏差,即使是在无意中。
Likert scale/'lik.art//skerl/
李克特量表/'lik.

A method for measuring subjective impressions on a scale from zero to full or low to high.Typically people use an even number of graduations on the scale so that people can't choose a non-committal middle score.If,for example,you offer 5 graduations,your respondents will tend toward 3.If you offer 4 or 6 ,then people have to pick a side.
通常情况下,人们在量表上使用偶数个刻度,这样人们就不能选择一个不确定的中间分值.如果,例如,你提供 5 个刻度,你的受访者就会倾向于 3 个刻度.如果你提供 4 或 6 个刻度,那么人们就必须选择一边.
Example:On a scale of from 1 to 4 where 1 is not helpful and 4 is very helpful,how to do you rate this section of this book?
示例:从 1 到 4,1 表示没有帮助,4 表示非常有帮助,您如何评价本书的这一部分?

To get truly insightful information from this method of subjective measurement,you need to label each option: 1 = 1 = 1=1= not helpful, 2 = 2 = 2=2= somewhat helpful, 3 = 3 = 3=3= helpful, 4 = 4 = 4=4= very helpful.You also need to know precisely what differentiates"somewhat"from"not very".Thus Likert scales are often a good place to start,but a bad place to stop.You almost always need to follow up with a questionnaire to find out what didn't work for them that led them to say somewhat helpful,what worked and what didn't. The only time a Likert scale is useful on its own is when the options are unambiguously different.A classic example is the(:)()you might see at the exit of a bathroom in an airport.Different cultures and different people within the same culture have different ideas of cleanliness,but there's enough overlap to make a simple yes or no useful,especially if you have more than just a few data points.里克特量表 (一种非常常用的心理测量量表)
要从这种主观测量方法中获得真正有洞察力的信息,您需要给每个选项贴上标签: 1 = 1 = 1=1= 没有帮助, 2 = 2 = 2=2= 有点帮助, 3 = 3 = 3=3= 有帮助, 4 = 4 = 4=4= 非常有帮助。因此,李克特量表通常是一个很好的起点,但却不是一个很好的终点。 你几乎总是需要通过问卷调查来了解是什么原因导致他们说 "有点帮助",是什么原因起了作用,是什么原因没有起作用。李克特量表本身唯一有用的时候是当选项明确不同的时候。一个典型的例子是()(你可能会在机场卫生间的出口处看到)。不同的文化和同一文化中的不同人有不同的清洁观念,但有足够多的重合之处,使简单的 "是 "或 "否 "变得有用。里克特量表(一种非常常用的心理测量量表)。

leading questions/'lidin//'kwesffonz/
引导性问题/lidin//'kwesffonz/

A statement disguised as a question.For example,asking"You found the recent changes to module C helpful,right?"is leading."Were the changes in module C helpful?"is not leading.However,even the improved version needs some work.Which changes specifically?If there were several changes the question didn't differentiate and so you do not know precisely.If you ask someone,"How has the canteen food improved?"You are assuming that they think or are willing to accept that it has. Assumptions can create leading questions,so inspect the assumptions.Also keep in mind that an innocent question can turn another innocent question into a leading question.The order matters.
例如,问 "你认为模块 C 最近的变化对你有帮助,对吗?"是引导性的."模块 C 的变化对你有帮助吗?"不是引导性的. 如果有几处变化,问题没有区分,你就不能准确地知道.如果你问某人,"食堂的伙食有什么改善?"你就假设他们认为或愿意接受食堂的伙食有改善。 假设会产生引导性问题,所以要检查假设。还要记住,一个无辜的问题可能会把另一个无辜的问题变成引导性问题。
You can get"data"supporting any kind of nonsense just by asking the right people the right questions in the right order.You can,but of course you shouldn’t.引导性问题,暗示性问题
只需按照正确的顺序向正确的人提出正确的问题,你就可以得到支持任何无稽之谈的 "数据"。 你可以,但你当然不应该这样做.引导性问题,暗示性问题

margin of error/'mardzən//əv//' ε ε epsi\varepsilon rər/
误差幅度/'mardzən/əv/' ε ε epsi\varepsilon rər/

The range the survey results will fall between if your confidence level is accurate.If you've seen fifty frowny faces show up on your dashboard in the last fifteen minutes,how confident are you that the bathroom needs cleaning?And what are the chances the bathroom will not actually need cleaning when you go to clean it?误差范围
如果您的信心水平是准确的,那么调查结果的范围将介于两者之间。如果您在过去十五分钟内看到仪表盘上出现了五十个皱眉头的脸,那么您有多大信心认为浴室需要打扫呢?

mental model/'mentəl//'madəl/
心理模型/mentəl/'madəl/
Assumptions a person has about how something works and therefore how to use it.If a person sees an American or Canadian light switch,they will know to flick it up for on and down for off.What if the switch is mounted sideways?Well,if it still looks like a switch,they will know to flick it right for on and left for off.If it's reversed,feedback will instantly explain.If the switch doesn't look like a switch at all but is where one will tend to find a switch,then a person will assume it is one and try to figure out how it works by trial and error.If you have traveled internationally,you will know that switches vary almost as much as shower attachments do.If you design things,you need to know how people expect them to work and accommodate those expectations in some way.As a researcher,your goal is to discover users' mental models and to use that knowledge to design and test the usability of your information products. A classic example is feedback.When a user interacts with an information product,pushes a"button", for example,they expect it to behave like an actual button would.If they upload something,they expect confirmation of receipt.If you do not provide feedback,a user will suspect something is wrong and likely repeat the action,which clutters your data and frustrates the user.心智模式
如果一个人看到一个美国或加拿大的电灯开关,他就会知道向上按是开,向下按是关。如果开关看起来根本不像开关,但却在人们容易找到开关的地方,那么人们就会认为它是开关,并试着通过试验和错误来弄清它是如何工作的。 如果你在世界各地旅行过,你就会知道开关的变化几乎和淋浴附件的变化一样大。作为一名研究人员,你的目标是发现用户的心智模式,并利用这些知识来设计和测试信息产品的可用性。 一个典型的例子是反馈。如果你不提供反馈,用户就会怀疑出了问题,很可能会重复这一操作,从而使你的数据变得混乱,用户也会感到沮丧。

N value/en//'vælju/  N 值/en/'vælju/

The number of people who actually responded to a survey or questionnaire as contrasted with the number of surveys or questionnaires you sent out.The higher the N ,the more representative your sample. N 值,指提供有效作答的被试数量
N 值越高,样本的代表性越强。 N 值,指提供有效作答的被试数量。

observational research/abzər'veıfən(ə)1//ri's3rtg/
观察研究/abzər'veıfən(ə)1//ri's3rtg/

A form of research where the researcher goes to the subject's personal space,their natural habitat, as it were,and unobtrusively watches them do what they do.While you can record screen-based tasks remotely,ideally you are co-present with at least some of your subject so you can get a three dimensional feel for what their work life is like.You want to know what it's like to be them while they are using your product,to the extent such a perspective is possible.Observational research can be expensive,and it is invasive and time consuming.But it can yield important insights.If,for example, you were researching users of your logoware shopping cart and you went to a user's dorm room and saw not one logoware product,you might figure the problem that user represents has nothing to do with the shopping cart or the product descriptions.It looks as though they dislike products with logos on them.观察研究
一种研究形式,研究人员进入研究对象的个人空间,即他们的自然栖息地,不露痕迹地观察他们的一举一动。 虽然你可以远程记录基于屏幕的任务,但通常情况下,你至少要与部分研究对象共同在场,这样你才能立体地感受到他们的工作生活。你想知道他们在使用你的产品时是什么样子的,只要这种视角是可能的。观察研究的成本可能很高,而且具有侵入性,耗费时间。你可能会认为该用户所代表的问题与购物车或产品描述无关。

personas/pər'soənəz/  persons/pər'soənəz/
A persona is a research-based representation of a segment of your users,depicted as a real person. The research upon which a persona is based is typically done through client feedback,questionnaires, surveys,focus groups,and interviews.The information gathered should make it possible to predict behavior.A persona is not a stereotype.It is not a character,and even less a caricature.A persona is a concrete generalization that accurately represents the data derived from an audience segment. Businesses use personae to make sure that everyone writing for the company-or designing for the company-has a clear sense of who they are writing to and working for.Persona descriptions tend to be attached to a photograph of an actual person.I've seen life-size cardboard cutouts with note cards taped to the wall around them.More common,though,are photos.The goal is to get a real sense of actual people with specific problems and attitudes so that as you write you do not just write for some abstract, disembodied,and undifferentiated"user".(人物,群体的)再像
角色是基于研究的用户群体的代表,它被描绘成一个真实的人。 角色所基于的研究通常是通过客户反馈、问卷、调查、焦点小组和访谈来完成的。角色不是刻板印象,不是人物,更不是漫画。 角色是一种具体的概括,它准确地代表了从受众群体中获得的数据。角色描述往往附在真人照片上。我见过真人大小的纸板剪影,周围墙上贴着便条卡。我们的目标是真正了解有具体问题和态度的真实人物,这样在写作时就不会只是为某个抽象的、无实体的、无差别的 "用户 "而写。

prototype/'prootə,taip/
A mock up or model of a product or service.A prototype might be high fidelity,looking and feeling almost like the real thing,or low fidelity,like a drawing or even a simple sketch.The idea is to make something that another person can interact with sufficiently for you to test whether or not it makes sense to someone else and they understand how they would use it.A prototype should be easy,quick, and cheap.If you are planning to sneak a bit of a sales pitch into the research or if the product you are developing is very complex,you will want to go with a high fidelity prototype.If the setting is casual,if you know the representative user pretty well,you might just sketch out what you have in mind.(产品的)原型
原型是产品或服务的模拟或模型。原型可能是高保真的,看起来和感觉上几乎与实物无异,也可能是低保真的,像一幅图画,甚至是简单的草图。原型应该简单、快捷、廉价。 如果你打算在研究中加入一些推销内容,或者如果你正在开发的产品非常复杂,你就需要如果环境很随意,如果你很了解代表性用户,你可能只需在头脑中勾勒出你所拥有的(产品的)原型。

qualitative research/'kwalə,tertiv//ri'ssrtg/
定性研究/'kwalə,tertiv//ri'ssrtg/

Research that produces data in the form of narratives which provide insight into how an individual thinks about something or feels about something.If you have many narratives and you can find common themes,then you can generalize to a larger population with a bit of confidence,but if you have only one respondent,or no discernable themes among many respondents,then all you have is anecdotal evidence, not generalizable at all.定性研究
如果你有许多叙述,并能找到共同的主题,那么你就可以有把握地将其推广到更大的人群中,但如果你只有一个受访者,或者在许多受访者中没有可辨别的主题,那么你所拥有的只是传闻证据,根本无法推广。

quantitative research/'kwanti,teitiv//ri'sarty/
定量研究/'kwanti,teitiv//ri'sarty/

Research that produces numerical data,statistics typically.Quantitative data is precise if the questions that produced it and the range of possible answers offered are precise.That precision can be powerful,especially if the number of respondents(the N )is relatively large.定量研究 questionnaire/kwestfo'ner/
如果产生定量数据的问题和可能提供的答案范围是精确的,那么定量数据就是精确的。
The questions you ask of people whom the survey identified as relevant for further research.You use the survey to identify potential users and,if possible,also to group users into general types.Then you use the questionnaire to look more closely at each user group and to locate people who will let you observe and interview them.调查问卷
您向调查确定为与进一步研究相关的人提出的问题。 您利用调查确定潜在用户,如有可能,还将用户分为一般类型。然后,您利用调查问卷更仔细地研究每个用户群,并找到愿意让您观察和采访他们的人。

representative sample/,repra'zentativ//'sæmpal/
代表样本/,repra'zentativ//'sæmpal/

An unbiased cross section of a total population.It is foolish to assume that all users of an app are alike.But how many significant variations are there?How many users would you need to survey to feel confident that you have identified all of the salient variations?代表性样本
假设一个应用程序的所有用户都一样是愚蠢的,但到底有多少显著的差异? 你需要调查多少用户才能确信你已经找出了所有显著的差异?

sample size/'sæmpal//saiz/
样本量/sæmpal/saiz/

The total population is the number of people who can respond to a survey or questionnaire.If you have 1000 customers,your total population is 1000 .The sample size is the least number of people you need to survey or question in order to know you have understood the population as a whole.If you are working in a digital environment,you can send a survey to all users inexpensively and so you do not necessarily need a sample size.However,even electronically you can’t interview everyone.So you need to settle on a representative sample size before you start interviewing.The questionnaire should help with that.样本量
总人口是指能够回答调查或问卷的人数。如果您有 1000 名客户,您的总人口就是 1000 人。 样本量是指您需要调查或询问的最少人数,以便了解整个人口的情况。如果您在数字环境中工作,您可以廉价地向所有用户发送调查问卷,因此您不一定需要样本量.然而,即使是电子方式,您也不可能采访到所有人.因此,在开始采访之前,您需要确定一个具有代表性的样本量. 问卷应该有助于实现这一点.

survey/'ssr,vel/
A survey is a research instrument used to acquire general demographic and other kinds of statistical information(age,gender,location,profession,experience,etc.)and to discover what further questions need answers.In the context of user research for information products,you use a survey to identify as many relevant users as possible,so you have a large pool of users to send your questionnaire to.You may also be able to use the questionnaire to locate user groups,although you may need a questionnaire for that.In a digital environment,an initial survey may be unnecessary as the user data might identify the groups and the individuals you can follow up with.In our extended example of the logoware shopping cart,you could tell from the passively collected data who used the shopping cart,who didn't and who tried to but didn't complete the transaction.Given those three populations,you could then send each a different follow-up questionnaire to gain specific insights into the different user types.调查,调查研究法
调查是一种研究工具,用于获取一般人口统计和其他类型的统计信息(年龄、性别、地点、专业、经验等),并发现还需要回答哪些问题。在信息产品的用户研究中,你使用调查表来确定尽可能多的相关用户,这样你就有了一大批用户,可以向他们发送你的调查表。 你也可以使用调查表来确定用户群,尽管你可能需要一个调查表来做这件事。在数字环境中,最初的调查可能是不必要的,因为用户数据可能会确定您可以跟进的群体和个人。针对这三种人群,您可以向他们分别发送不同的后续调查问卷,以了解不同用户类型的具体情况。

task analysis/tæsk//a'nælasəs/
任务分析/tæsk//a'nælasəs/

Any research designed to describe a job as a step by step process.Task analysis should be done by both having informants describe what they do and by watching them do it.People are generally not very good at self-reporting,and so watching can verify,but watching is also important because some important things may only be visible to an outsider.In an electronic environment,you could think of a link path as a task analysis,first they click this,then this,then this.But watching someone actually click the links,as opposed to just seeing the evidence that they had,might tell you something the link trail alone can't.Also,if you are there to see them click on links,you can ask them questions or ask them to think out loud as they click.任务分析
任务分析应该通过让信息提供者描述他们所做的事情和观察他们所做的事情来进行。 人们通常不善于自我报告,因此观察可以验证,但是观察也很重要,因为有些重要的事情可能只有局外人才能看到。在电子环境中,你可以把链接路径看作是任务分析,他们先点击这个,然后点击这个,再点击这个。但是,观察某人实际点击链接,而不是仅仅看到他们所拥有的证据,可能会告诉你一些仅靠链接路径无法告诉你的东西。

testable hypothesis/'testrbl//har pa日əsas/
可检验的假设/'testrbl//har pa 日əsas/

A statement that research can prove either true or false,either absolutely or with a great enough
研究可以证明真假的陈述,要么绝对正确,要么有足够大的可信度。

probability that further money might be spent on further research or no money wasted.可检验的假设 think aloud protocol / θ m nk / / a / θ m nk / / a //thetamnk////a^(')/ \theta \mathrm{m} \mathrm{nk} / / \mathrm{a}^{\prime} laud//'provtə ,kal/
可能会在进一步研究上花费更多资金或不浪费资金的概率. 可检验的假设 think aloud protocol / θ m nk / / a / θ m nk / / a //thetamnk////a^(')/ \theta \mathrm{m} \mathrm{nk} / / \mathrm{a}^{\prime} laud//'provtə ,kal/
Asking a person to say what they are thinking as they do something can give you insight that observation of behavior alone can't provide.Since speaking while doing something can alter the way a person does the task,and can interfere with doing it correctly,a plausible alternative is to video the subject performing the task and then ask them what they were thinking at each stage as you watch the replay together.出声思维报告,有声思考法
让一个人说出他们在做某件事情时的想法,可以让你获得仅靠观察行为所无法获得的洞察力。由于边做边说话会改变一个人完成任务的方式,并且会干扰他正确完成任务,因此一个可行的替代方法是录下受试者完成任务的过程,然后在观看回放时询问他们在每个阶段都在想些什么。

user research/'juzər//ri's3rty/
用户研究/juzər/ri's3rty/

Any process designed to collect and analyze data to understand how information products can help an intended user do what they are trying to do(or in our case what you want them to do-buy branded things in a company store).You need to know:what the job is,who does it,how they do it,in what situations(does the documentation need to be water proof?Do you need different kinds for different kinds of users,etc.),under what emotional load?You also need to know how to measure the information product's success,which requires defining"success"in a measurable way.用户研究
任何旨在收集和分析数据以了解信息产品如何帮助目标用户完成他们想做的事情(或者在我们的案例中,你想让他们做什么--在公司商店购买品牌商品)的过程。 你需要知道:工作是什么、谁来做、他们如何做、在什么情况下做(文档是否需要防水?你还需要知道如何衡量信息产品是否成功,这就需要用一种可衡量的方式来定义 "成功"。

user-centered design/'juzar/-/'sentərd//di'zain/
Building a product from the users'perspectives rather than from the engineers'or the accountants'or the marketing teams'perspectives.以用户为中心的设计
从用户的角度而不是从工程师、会计师或营销团队的角度打造产品。

user-experience research/'juzər/-/ık'spıriəns//ri's3rtg/
用户体验研究/'juzər/-/ık'spıriəns//'ri's3rtg/

An ethnographic research method using surveys,questionnaires,interviews,task/observational analysis,prototyping,and usability testing to find out how people feel about a product or service while using it.The goal is to discover how a user experiences a product in order to find ways to improve the product.This process is often referred to as UX,and the expression"UX"is often used for all kinds of user research and sometimes for usability as well.用户体验研究
一种人种学研究方法,使用调查、问卷、访谈、任务/观察分析、原型设计和可用性测试来了解人们在使用产品或服务时的感受。这一过程通常被称为用户体验(UX),"UX "一词通常用于各种用户研究,有时也用于可用性研究。用户体验研究

usability research(also usability testing and sometimes just usability)/.juzo'biliti//ri'sarty/
可用性研究(也称可用性测试,有时也称可用性)/.

Any research method that shows you how easy it is to make a product do what it is supposed to do,a way to avoid user errors in advance and user frustrations and phone calls down the road.The difference between usability research and user-experience research is that the former cares only about whether or not any given user can make the product do what it is supposed to do while the latter is focused on understanding what the user feels and perceives while using the product,recognizing that not all users are alike.Usability is a sub-set of user-experience research.可用性研究
可用性研究和用户体验研究的区别在于,前者只关心用户是否能让产品完成它应该做的事情,而后者只关注用户在使用产品时的感受和感知。可用性研究是用户体验研究的一个子集。

Product-centered vs user-centered research
以产品为中心的研究与以用户为中心的研究

A well-designed product(or information product)has no learning curve.Just looking at it tells you how to use it.Using it is effortless.You can forget about it and concentrate entirely on the work it is specifically designed to facilitate.Well-designed products leave you feeling good about yourself because they help you do your job well.And that makes you feel good about the product in return,if you stop to think about it.
设计精良的产品(或信息产品)没有学习曲线,只要看一眼就知道如何使用。精心设计的产品会让你感觉良好,因为它们能帮助你出色地完成工作。
Well-designed products are rare because not everyone does everything in the same way and the people who make products do not always understand how the people who need them use them or in some cases even who those people are.The carpenter's hammer is a good example.If you look for a hammer made in America in the 1970s,you will find they are all the same,partially because they were mass produced on single-purpose equipment but also because it was assumed that the only people who needed to hammer nails were carpenters and all carpenters were men with average-sized hands.
设计精良的产品并不多见,因为并不是每个人都以同样的方式做每一件事,而且制造产品的人并不总是了解需要这些产品的人是如何使用它们的,在某些情况下甚至不了解这些人是谁。如果你寻找一把 20 世纪 70 年代美国制造的锤子,你会发现它们都是一样的,部分原因是它们是在单一用途的设备上批量生产的,另一部分原因是人们认为只有木匠才需要敲钉子,而所有木匠都是手掌大小一般的男人。
In the not so distant past,products were designed and created by engineers who had a particular job in mind,a specific sense of how to do that job,and assumptions about who would be doing that job.Once the product worked to the engineers'satisfaction,it was assumed others who needed to do the same job would find the product similarly useful and so it was sold as is.A product designed from the designer's point of view will work only if everyone who needs it uses it the way the designer intended.This was why technical writers in the past wrote documentation to accommodate the user to the product.In user- centered industries,technical writers engage in research prior to production so the product accommodates the intended users,their perspectives on the work and their ways of doing it.
在不太遥远的过去,产品是由工程师设计和创造的,他们心中有一项特定的工作,对如何完成这项工作有具体的认识,并假定谁会去完成这项工作。一旦产品的工作令工程师满意,他们就会假定需要完成同样工作的其他人也会发现产品同样有用,于是产品就会原封不动地出售。在以用户为中心的行业中,技术撰稿人在生产之前要进行研究,以便产品能够适应预期用户,他们对工作的看法和工作方式。
Nowadays, carpenters’ hammers come in different weights and lengths, partially because digital manufacturing techniques are more flexible but also because the differences within the hammer-buying population are better
如今,木匠锤有不同的重量和长度,部分原因是数字制造技术更加灵活,另一部分原因是购买锤子的人群中存在更大的差异。

understood. Such understanding comes from user research.
理解。这种理解来自用户研究。

User research defined  用户研究的定义

User research is the process of discovering how a product will be used by the people who will use it. Ideally that research is done before the product goes into production. The goal is to know who the intended users are and how they work and how they think, or at least what relevant assumptions they have about how the product is supposed to work (known as a mental model, so the product can be designed specifically to facilitate the work those people do in the ways they do it).
用户研究是发现产品的使用者如何使用产品的过程。理想情况下,这种研究是在产品投入生产之前进行的。其目的是了解目标用户是谁,他们是如何工作和思考的,或者至少了解他们对产品应该如何工作有哪些相关假设(称为心智模型,这样就可以专门设计产品,以方便这些人以他们的方式开展工作)。
If we took a product-centered approach to our digital company store, we would find an on demand printing company, send it our logo and stock our virtual store with images of all the different merchandise that could have our logo printed on it. Then we would create or buy a shopping cart and check-out process. And then we would sit around hoping stuff sells. Perhaps when the first quarter sales reports came in we would see that only some items sold and so we might mass produce those to reduce costs. Or we might discover that sales are non-existent and the enterprise was a waste of time.
如果我们的数字公司商店以产品为中心,我们就会找到一家按需印刷公司,向其发送我们的徽标,并在我们的虚拟商店里放上所有可以印上我们徽标的不同商品的图片。然后,我们会创建或购买一个购物车和结账流程。然后,我们就坐在那里,希望东西能卖出去。也许当第一季度的销售报告出来时,我们会发现只有一些商品卖出去了,因此我们可能会大量生产这些商品以降低成本。或者,我们可能会发现销售根本不存在,企业只是在浪费时间。
But we are not product-centered; we are user-centered. We do not want to start with the store. We want to start with the users. Research isn’t cheap, but it is cheaper than producing and attempting to sell a failed product.
但我们不是以产品为中心,而是以用户为中心。我们不想从商店开始。我们要从用户入手。研究并不便宜,但它比生产和销售失败的产品要便宜。

How to do user research
如何进行用户研究

User research can be expressed as a linear process,but it may be non-linear in practice.Some steps may be unnecessary in some cases.In some cases you might need to repeat a step several times to get enough information to successfully perform the next step.And given a digital world,where continuous refinement based on continuous learning from user behavior and experience is the norm,user research tends to be more loop than line.
用户研究可以表述为一个线性过程,但在实践中可能是非线性的。在某些情况下,某些步骤可能是不必要的。在某些情况下,你可能需要多次重复一个步骤,以获得足够的信息,从而成功地执行下一个步骤。在数字世界中,基于对用户行为和体验的不断学习而进行的持续改进是一种常态,用户研究往往是循环的,而不是直线的。
If you have the time and resources for a full-on research initiative,your user-research paradigm might look like this:
如果您有时间和资源开展全面研究,您的用户研究范式可能是这样的: 如果您有时间和资源开展全面研究,您的用户研究范式可能是这样的: 如果您有时间和资源开展全面研究,您的用户研究范式可能是这样的
1.Identify the problem(or goal)-you might need to interview users or observe them using an existing product
1.确定问题(或目标)--您可能需要采访用户或观察他们使用现有产品的情况
2.Discover potential solutions(or ways to achieve the goal)-look at what other companies are doing,consult your own experience(see heuristics in the Glossary),and then focus directly on your company's users
2.发现潜在的解决方案(或实现目标的方法)--看看其他公司在做什么,参考自己的经验(参见术语表中的启发式方法),然后直接关注自己公司的用户。
3.Survey all possible users(all is only possible if you are selling an app.If you are selling a physical product,you need a representative sample.See the Glossary)
3.调查所有可能的用户(只有在销售应用程序时才有可能调查所有用户。)

4.Create and distribute a questionnaire based on the survey results
4. 根据调查结果制作并分发调查问卷

5.Observe different kinds of users experiencing the problem perhaps in different ways
5.观察不同类型的用户可能以不同方式遇到的问题

6.Analyze what each kind of user does,do a step by step(task)analysis
6.分析各类用户的操作,逐步进行(任务)分析

7.Interview a representative of each different kind of user to verify what you think you observed and what they reported
7.采访每种不同类型用户的代表,以核实您认为您观察到的情况和他们报告的情况
8.Create a prototype solution
8.创建解决方案原型

9.Test it with each of the different user groups
9.在每个不同的用户组中进行测试

10.Refine the prototype(and refine your understanding of each group if observing each in action told you something)
10.完善原型(如果观察每个小组的行动能给你一些启发,就完善你对每个小组的理解)。

11.Repeat if necessary  11.必要时重复
12.Report the results and recommendations to those who will produce the product
12.向产品生产者报告结果和建议

What is the problem or the goal and what are the different ways it might be solved or achieved?Survey the prospective users to see which approach will work best and segment the potential population into user groups,since not all users need the same features or think about the work in the same way nor even do the same work in some cases.Design a questionnaire
问题或目标是什么,有哪些不同的方法可以解决或实现? 调查潜在用户,看看哪种方法最有效,并将潜在用户划分为不同的用户群,因为并非所有用户都需要相同的功能,或以相同的方式思考工作,甚至在某些情况下做相同的工作。 设计一份调查问卷

the answers to which will provide insight into how each user group works and how they think while also identifying those willing to let you observe them do what they do. Design a prototype. Ask the representative of each user group to test the prototype while you watch. Ask them to identify things they like and do not like while you observe their experience of the prototype. Then redesign and retest if necessary. Finally, report the research results and make recommendations to those who will put the product into production (or cancel the project if that’s what the evidence indicates should be done. Research entails risk. You do not always find what you were hoping to find).
这些问题的答案将有助于深入了解每个用户群体的工作方式和思维方式,同时还能确定那些愿意让你观察他们工作的用户群体。设计原型。请每个用户组的代表在你观察时测试原型。在你观察他们对原型的体验时,请他们找出喜欢和不喜欢的地方。然后重新设计,必要时重新测试。最后,报告研究结果,并向将产品投入生产的人员提出建议(或者取消项目,如果证据表明应该这样做的话)。研究是有风险的。你并不总能找到你希望找到的东西)。
The full user-research process assumes you have direct control throughout. However, in most work settings you will not. You will need to take the research results generated by each step to your boss and convince her to let you take the next step. User research is relatively new, and not all companies are willing to engage in it deeply or pay for it fully. So you will probably need to work fast and cheap and anticipate resistance. Regardless of how your company values research, you will also need to tailor the process for the circumstances.
完整的用户研究流程假定您可以全程直接控制。然而,在大多数工作环境中,你并不能做到这一点。你需要把每一步产生的研究成果交给你的老板,说服她让你进行下一步。用户研究是一项相对较新的工作,并非所有公司都愿意深入开展这项工作,也并非所有公司都愿意为此支付全部费用。因此,你可能需要快速、低成本地开展工作,并预料到会遇到阻力。无论你的公司如何重视调研,你都需要根据具体情况调整调研过程。
If you need to ship a product quickly, for example, you might use a paradigm like this:
例如,如果您需要快速发货,您可能会使用这样的范例:
  1. Survey to identify the problem
    通过调查发现问题
  2. Questionnaire to identify possible solutions
    确定可能解决方案的调查问卷
  3. Prototype for testing purposes
    用于测试的原型
  4. Test to see how well prototype works for the intended users
    测试原型对目标用户的适用程度
  5. Refine if necessary  必要时进行改进
  6. Report to get proposed solution into production
    将建议的解决方案投入生产的报告
In other words, find out what people think they need. Verify that is what they need. Build a prototype and test it to make sure it does what’s needed and is as easy to use as it might be and then get the solution approved for production.
换句话说,找出人们认为他们需要的东西。确认他们需要什么。制作一个原型并进行测试,以确保它能满足需求,并且易于使用,然后将解决方案批准投入生产。
If you were asked to build an app to help people perform a set of tasks for which there was as yet no product, you might use this user-research paradigm:
如果有人要求你开发一款应用程序来帮助人们完成一系列任务,而目前还没有相关的产品,那么你可能会使用这种用户研究范式:
  1. Task Analysis-find out how people do what they need to do and each of the different ways it can be done
    任务分析--找出人们如何完成他们需要完成的任务,以及完成任务的每种不同方式
  2. Prototype  原型
  3. Test  测试
  4. Refine prototype  完善原型

5.Report  5.报告

What you do and the order you do it in are almost always determined by where you start. If the product is already in production,you need to find out how people are using it.There are successful,unsuccessful and unintended uses.There are also usability errors and user errors, and knowing the difference is critical to refining user experience.You also want to know how users feel about using the product.Then based on what you learned you would recommend changes to the product.
如果产品已经投入生产,你需要了解人们是如何使用它的.你还想知道用户在使用产品时的感受。
If the product is just an idea aimed at helping people do something you know they are already doing,then you need to start by observing people doing that thing to make sure you know all of the steps involved and how each step is or can be performed.You also need to discover all of the different ways people might do the same thing.You would then verify your task analysis by interviewing potential customers,to make sure that what you saw was what they were actually doing and to discover their expectations about how the product should work,as well as their frustrations and wishes for enhancements.Enhancements are dangerous territory.Just because people want something doesn't mean you should make it happen. People often do not really know what they want,and sometimes giving it to them will actually diminish their experience of the existing product.More isn't always better.In the next section we will use the company store example to illustrate each of the elements of user research relevant to our current case.
如果产品只是一个想法,旨在帮助人们做一些你知道他们已经在做的事情,那么你就需要从观察人们做这件事情开始,以确保你知道所涉及的所有步骤,以及每个步骤是如何进行或可以如何进行的。人们通常并不真正知道他们想要什么,有时给他们想要的东西反而会减少他们的需求。在下一节中,我们将以公司商店为例,说明与当前案例相关的用户研究的各个要素。

Identify the problem  确定问题

You were told to build a virtual company store.That's the goal.You are not sure why your boss wants a company store,but you've not had the opportunity to get clarity from your boss so you've designed a research process that will test the viability of the goal while gathering information that can be used if the goal proves viable or suggest an alternative if the results indicate an alternative is necessary.
你被告知要建立一个虚拟的公司商店,这就是你的目标。你不确定为什么你的老板要建立一个公司商店,但是你还没有机会从你的老板那里得到明确的答案,所以你设计了一个研究过程,这个过程将测试目标的可行性,同时收集信息,如果目标被证明是可行的,这些信息就可以被使用,如果结果表明有必要采取替代方案,则建议采取替代方案。
Survey:Identify the potential population.Your potential population is all existing users, but they are busy doing what your product helps them do.They may resist participating,so you want to make participating as quick and easy and as attractive as possible.You want to interrupt your users as little as possible and still learn what you need to know about who they are and how they think.
调查:确定潜在用户群体.你的潜在用户群体是所有现有用户,但他们正忙着做你的产品能帮助他们做的事情.他们可能会抗拒参与,因此你要让参与尽可能快速、简单和有吸引力.你要尽可能少地打扰你的用户,但仍要了解你需要知道的关于他们是谁以及他们如何思考的信息.
You might ask, “Would you buy a company-branded hat from us?” But that’s a hypothetical question rather than a real one, and so the responses you get will not be entirely useful because people do not answer hypotheticals as they do real questions. That question is also a complex question, two questions that look like one. 1) Would you buy anything with our logo on it? 2) Would you buy a hat with our logo on it? Because we asked a complex question, we do not know how to interpret a no response. Does “no” mean nothing with our logo on it or just “no” to a hat with our logo on it? A more effective question would branch. “Would you buy merchandise with our logo on it?” If no, end. If yes, “Would you buy a hat with our logo on it?”
你可能会问:"你会购买我们公司品牌的帽子吗?但这是一个假设性的问题,而不是一个真实的问题,因此你得到的回答不会完全有用,因为人们不会像回答真实问题那样回答假设性问题。这个问题也是一个复杂的问题,两个问题看起来像一个问题。1) 你会购买印有我们商标的东西吗?2) 您会购买印有我们商标的帽子吗?因为我们问了一个复杂的问题,所以我们不知道如何解释 "不 "的回答。"不 "是指不买印有我们徽标的任何东西,还是仅仅 "不 "买印有我们徽标的帽子?一个更有效的问题是"您会购买印有我们徽标的商品吗?"如果不会,就结束。如果是,"您会购买印有我们徽标的帽子吗?
Even asking “Would you buy merchandise with our logo on it?” isn’t perfect because the answer is only relevant to the company store research. If you are going to interrupt all of your users, you need to get the most broadly useful information possible.
即使问 "您会购买印有我们公司标志的商品吗?"也不完美,因为答案只与公司商店的研究相关。如果要干扰所有用户,就需要尽可能获取最广泛的有用信息。
So it is better to start with a general-population filter: "Rate our product on a scale from 1 to 10 " (see Likert scale in the Glossary). The ratings will sort users into 10 groups and you can then ask follow-up questions specifically designed for each group, questions that will help understand what distinguishes an 8 from a 10. If that kind of precision is impossible, the characteristics typical of those in the range from 8 to 10 might still be useful.
因此,最好从一般人群过滤器开始:"在 1 到 10 的范围内给我们的产品打分"(见术语表中的李克特量表)。评分将把用户分为 10 组,然后您可以针对每组用户提出后续问题,这些问题将有助于了解 8 分和 10 分的区别。如果无法做到这种精确度,那么 8 分到 10 分之间用户的典型特征可能仍然有用。
You hypothesize that users who give a rating of 8 or better are the users most likely to buy something from your company store because they are the most satisfied with your product and it seems plausible that the more satisfied a person is with a product, the more closely they identify with it and therefore the more likely they are to buy something with the company’s logo on it. If that proves the case, you can focus your further research on the 8 s , 9 s 8 s , 9 s 8s,9s8 \mathrm{~s}, 9 \mathrm{~s}, and 10 s , keeping the rest as potential sources of information for other research projects. 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} However, an untested hypothesis is just an assumption. You need to verify your assumptions.
您假设给出 8 分或更高评分的用户是最有可能从贵公司商店购买商品的用户,因为他们对贵公司产品的满意度最高,而一个人对产品的满意度越高,他们对产品的认同感就越强,因此就越有可能购买带有公司徽标的商品。如果情况属实,您可以将进一步研究的重点放在 8 s , 9 s 8 s , 9 s 8s,9s8 \mathrm{~s}, 9 \mathrm{~s} 和 10 s 上,将其余的作为其他研究项目的潜在信息来源。 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} 然而,未经验证的假设只是一种假设。您需要验证您的假设。
It’s important to realize that because your company sells digital products, its server logs contain a great deal of user information and so it might be possible to segment your users without surveying them. You might be able to learn, for example, that the 9 s and the 10 s
重要的是要认识到,由于贵公司销售的是数字产品,其服务器日志中包含了大量的用户信息,因此可以在不对用户进行调查的情况下对用户进行细分。例如,您也许可以了解到 9 s 和 10 s
1 The users who rate your product a 7 or an 8 might be struggling to use it or it might lack features they want. Knowing those user needs would enable product improvements. At the moment you are focused on testing the company store idea. But the more general usability information may be very helpful to others in your company or to you later on.
1 给您的产品打 7 分或 8 分的用户可能在使用过程中遇到困难,或者产品缺少他们想要的功能。了解这些用户需求有助于改进产品。目前,您的工作重点是测试公司商店的创意。但是,更普遍的可用性信息可能会对你公司的其他人或你以后的工作很有帮助。

spend more time on the app than the 8 s and the 7 s who spend more time than the 6 s and 5 s . What can you infer from that and how might you test the inference?You might learn the opposite,that the higher the rating the lower the time on app.What does that tell you?The app is more of a tool than an experience.People like it because it helps them get a job done;its value is instrumental.Is that consistent with the company's perception of its product?If not, can subsequent research suggest an alternative approach?
你能从中推断出什么,以及如何检验这一推断? 你可能会得出相反的结论,即评分越高,使用应用程序的时间越短。人们喜欢它是因为它能帮助他们完成工作;它的价值是工具性的。 这是否与公司对其产品的看法一致? 如果不一致,后续研究是否能提出另一种方法?

Questionnaire:Once you know how each 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} of your users(your potential population) feels about your product,you can group them according to their ratings and then ask different questions of each group.You can use a questionnaire to test your hypothesis that 9 s and 10 s will purchase products whereas the others will not.
问卷调查:一旦你知道了每个 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} 用户(你的潜在用户)对你的产品的感受,你就可以根据他们的评价对他们进行分组,然后向每组用户提出不同的问题。你可以用问卷来验证你的假设:9 分和 10 分的用户会购买产品,而其他用户不会。
You can also use the questionnaire to ask if they are willing and able 2 2 ^(2){ }^{2} to work with you to develop your product,which sounds nicer than,"be a research subject,"although that's what they would be.You need to locate your next level respondents.
您还可以利用问卷询问他们是否愿意并能够 2 2 ^(2){ }^{2} 与您合作开发您的产品,这听起来比 "成为研究对象 "要好,虽然他们也会成为研究对象。 您需要找到下一级受访者。
Unless your company is willing to pay for the costs of your business trips, you may have to select your subjects from the users who live where you work (see “convenience sample” in the Glossary). Video conferencing and screen capture offer only a facsimile of what you can learn through on-site observation because you can only see what the lens focuses on. You see the object separated from its context, the flower instead of the garden.
除非您的公司愿意支付您出差的费用,否则您可能不得不从您工作所在地的用户中选择观察对象(参见术语表中的 "便利样本")。视频会议和屏幕捕捉只能提供通过现场观察所能学到的东西的一个摹本,因为你只能看到镜头聚焦的东西。你看到的是脱离背景的物体,看到的是花朵而不是花园。
So, what questions might you ask of each user group to discover if your company store will be viable? You could just ask, “Would you buy a product?” but that is hypothetical. What could you do that might get your users to do something from which you could infer their potential interest in your company store? Keeping in mind the fact that users are not crazy about filling out questionnaires, you might want to do some more passive data gathering, to better understand the situation and to identify those who might be willing to answer some questions directly. Maybe we need more data before we start asking targeted questions.
那么,你可以向每个用户群提出哪些问题,以了解你的公司商店是否可行?你可以只问:"你会购买产品吗?"但这只是假设。你可以做些什么,让你的用户做一些事情,从而推断出他们对你的公司商店的潜在兴趣?考虑到用户并不热衷于填写问卷,你可能需要做一些更被动的数据收集工作,以便更好地了解情况,并找出那些可能愿意直接回答一些问题的用户。也许在开始提出有针对性的问题之前,我们需要更多的数据。
Prototype / Usability analysis: When writing happened on paper we called this part of the writing process a rough draft. You wrote down your thoughts and shared them with a trusted and informed colleague who could show you where the gaps were, where you made unwarranted assumptions, where you needed more details, where fewer, and so on. In the digital world, we need a prototype for this same purpose of refining an information product because information products are not just words. They have buttons and menus and images and more. A prototype can be a simple sketch or an almost working model, depending on time, resources, and the situation. 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}
原型/可用性分析:当写作发生在纸上时,我们把写作过程的这一部分称为粗稿。你写下自己的想法,然后与一位值得信赖的知情同事分享,他可以告诉你哪里有漏洞,哪里做了不必要的假设,哪里需要更多细节,哪里需要更少细节,等等。在数字世界中,我们同样需要一个原型来完善信息产品,因为信息产品不仅仅是文字。它们有按钮、菜单和图像等等。原型可以是一个简单的草图,也可以是一个几乎可以工作的模型,这取决于时间、资源和具体情况。 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}
Because you are communicating digitally, your prototype can gather passive data, data acquired without a user’s direct awareness.
由于是数字通信,您的原型可以收集被动数据,即在用户没有直接意识到的情况下获取的数据。
You could create a handful of inserts for the regular app, say an image of a hat with a logo on it and another of a water bottle and one of a tea infuser. Then you could have each insert appear randomly among all users, from the 1 s to the 10 s to see if a specific group is more inclined to click through. You anticipate the 9 s and 10 s will be prevalent, but you might be wrong and the inserts may tell you.
您可以为常规应用程序制作一些插入图片,例如印有徽标的帽子图片、水瓶图片和茶壶图片。然后,您可以让每个插页在所有用户中随机出现,从 1 秒到 10 秒,看看特定群体是否更倾向于点击。您预计 9 秒和 10 秒的用户会更多,但您可能错了,插页可能会告诉您。
If 7 s and 8 s click through as often as the 9 s and 10 s , you have a wider set of users to consider. If the 3 s click through more often than any other group, you need to learn more about 1 Not that you have any spare time, but if you did you should teach yourself how to use some prototyping software or a graphics package you can use to create screen images.
如果 7 秒和 8 秒的点击率与 9 秒和 10 秒的点击率一样高,你就需要考虑更多的用户。如果 3 秒用户的点击率高于其他用户,那么你就需要更多地了解 1 秒用户的情况,这并不是说你有业余时间,但如果你有的话,你应该自学使用一些原型设计软件或图形软件包来创建屏幕图像。

the 3 s ,and probably revise the whole"love of product=buy logo-branded merchandise" assumption.
3S,并可能修改整个 "热爱产品=购买商标品牌商品 "的假设。
So,users see an image of some kind of merchandise with your company logo on it.What should they see if they click through?An offer to buy?If you decide to go that way then of course you have to have the merchandise and the purchasing process in place.And that in turn would suggest an avenue of further research.You could sell them the product,keep track of the number of sales,and decide based on that whether they store is viable.If they clicked on a product,saw an invitation to buy and declined,you might want to ask those people why they declined or perhaps offer them a different product the next time.If you noticed from the logs that some of the people put an item in the cart but failed to check out,then you might want to see what kept them from completing the task.
因此,如果用户看到带有贵公司徽标的某种商品的图片,如果他们点击进入,他们会看到什么? 购买邀请? 如果您决定采用这种方式,那么您当然必须准备好商品和购买流程。如果他们点击了某个产品,看到了购买邀请,但拒绝了,你可能想问问他们为什么拒绝,或者下次给他们提供不同的产品。 如果你从日志中注意到,有些人把产品放进了购物车,但没有结账,那么你可能想看看是什么让他们没有完成任务。
Another option might be to offer that product for"free"in return for helping with the company store research.This would simply be an invitation to participate in a further questionnaire or perhaps a focus group(see focus group in the Glossary)or perhaps a phone interview.
另一种方法是 "免费 "提供该产品,以换取对公司商店调查的帮助。 这只是邀请你参加进一步的问卷调查,或者是焦点小组(见术语表中的焦点小组),或者是电话访谈。
Or you could offer a challenge to increase their use of the app in return for the merchandise if they meet the challenge?It might make sense to offer different users different options and see what attracts the most interest(see A/B testing in the Glossary).You need,in other words, to develop a research method for finding out more from those users who were sufficiently motivated,for whatever reason,to click through.'
或者,您可以提出一项挑战,要求用户提高应用程序的使用率,以换取商品,如果他们完成了挑战的话? 向不同的用户提供不同的选项,看看哪种选项最能吸引他们的兴趣(参见术语表中的 A/B 测试)。换句话说,您需要开发一种研究方法,以便从那些有足够动力(无论出于什么原因)点击 "通过 "的用户那里了解更多信息。
You accepted your boss's directive to build the company store without questioning the goal,but your user-research process has given you the opportunity to test your boss's goal while also figuring out how to achieve it if it proves viable.If you discover that a large number of users who click through are more interested in accepting a challenge than in buying merchandise outright,you might want to go to your boss and suggest that as an alternative to the store.The goal would become increasing engagement using merchandise as a lure.Maybe if you increase engagement you will create more 9 s and 10 s and then be ready for a store.If nearly no users said they wanted to buy something,then you need to go to your boss with that data.Successful research can produce undesirable data.
你接受了老板的指示,建立了公司商店,但没有对目标提出质疑,但你的用户研究过程给了你机会去检验老板的目标,同时也让你知道如果目标被证明是可行的,该如何去实现它。 如果你发现大量点击进入的用户对接受挑战比直接购买商品更感兴趣,你可能想去向老板建议,作为商店的替代方案。如果几乎没有用户说他们想买东西,那么你就需要带着这些数据去见你的老板。
Observational analysis: Self-reporting (answers to surveys and questionnaires) alone is unreliable; you need to observe at least one representative from each user group to verify what was reported in the questionnaire. You might be able to use the user logs to verify what respondents said on the questionnaire, but direct observation provides the opportunity to discover unreported activities that might provide further insights. For example, if a person isn’t very good at their job, they may blame the tool and you wouldn’t know unless you saw them doing their job badly. 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} Or there might be considerable lag between initiating a process and completing it for some users, suggesting something wrong with the product, but when you watch them using the product you realize they are constantly being distracted by their children because unlike the other users who are also parents, these people are working from home. Could you redesign the application so using it takes less continuous effort? That’s a question for a different research project. While you are being careful to stay focused on the primary question being researched, also keep in mind that while you are looking at each subject as a representative of a group, there might be idiosyncrasies and you need to identify them as such so they do not distort your design plans.
观察分析:仅靠自我报告(对调查和问卷的回答)是不可靠的;您需要观察每个用户组的至少一名代表,以核实问卷中报告的内容。您或许可以使用用户日志来验证受访者在问卷中的回答,但直接观察可以发现未报告的活动,从而提供进一步的见解。例如,如果一个人的工作能力不强,他们可能会责怪工具,除非您看到他们的工作做得很糟糕,否则您是不会知道的。 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1} 或者,对于某些用户来说,启动流程和完成流程之间可能存在相当大的滞后,这表明产品出了问题,但当您观察他们使用产品时,您会发现他们经常被孩子分心,因为与其他同样为人父母的用户不同,这些人是在家工作的。你能否重新设计应用程序,使其使用起来更省力?这是另一个研究项目的问题。在关注研究的主要问题的同时,也要记住,在把每个研究对象作为一个群体的代表来看待的同时,可能会有一些特异性,你需要识别这些特异性,以免它们扭曲你的设计计划。
A secondary benefit of direct observation is that you may discover that your users use your product in unexpected ways. The people who designed the first email programs, for example, were focused on sending messages. But over time they learned from their own use and from talking with other users that people use their email client as an archive, and thus an email client that had robust search functions and archiving capabilities would be greatly preferred. Unintentional functions may be opportunities for product enhancement. Not everyone who is shopping is ready to buy. Window shopping is as much a thing in the digital world as it is in a world with actual windows. That insight led companies to design wish lists as an extension of the original shopping cart experience. Not only could potential buyers quickly relocate something that had interested them but the company could use the lists to target advertising and perhaps offer discounts.
直接观察的另一个好处是,你可能会发现用户以意想不到的方式使用你的产品。例如,设计第一批电子邮件程序的人只专注于发送信息。但随着时间的推移,他们从自己的使用中以及与其他用户的交流中了解到,人们将电子邮件客户端用作存档,因此,具有强大搜索功能和存档功能的电子邮件客户端将大受欢迎。无意中的功能可能是改进产品的机会。并非每个购物者都准备购买。在数字世界中,橱窗购物和在有橱窗的世界中一样重要。这种洞察力促使公司设计了愿望清单,作为原始购物车体验的延伸。潜在买家不仅可以快速找到他们感兴趣的商品,公司还可以利用这些清单进行有针对性的广告宣传,或许还可以提供折扣。
At the same time,direct observation can distort a user's experience because normally they do not use your product with you watching them.You need to make your subjects comfortable and confident,and you need to make the experience the same
同时,直接观察可能会扭曲用户的体验,因为用户通常不会在你的注视下使用产品。

for each.  对于每个.
Observational analysis is invasive.You are going into someone's personal space and watching them.Obviously you need his permission,you need to coordinate time and place,and you need to make sure he knows exactly what will happen and what is expected.You need to get permission for everything you want to do while there,like filming,recording,and taking still images.All of these parameters take careful planning and consistent follow through.Each observation should be identical in process,where the only differences are attributable to the different individuals being observed.This too is difficult to accomplish and takes careful planning and precise execution.
观察分析具有侵犯性。你要进入某人的私人空间并观察他。很明显,你需要得到他的同意,你需要协调时间和地点,你需要确保他清楚地知道将会发生什么以及预期会发生什么。每一次观察的过程都应该是完全相同的,唯一的不同是由于被观察的个体不同而造成的。
What about the company store?If our early prototype of images with products on them leading to an invitation to buy showed the most promise,then we would want to know they could complete the buying process and if they weren't,we might want to ask a few users to let us watch.Or we could just ask them what went wrong,but then we would only have self- report to go on.When would that be enough and when would you want to follow up?What kind of observations might be relevant?
那么公司商店呢?如果我们早期的产品图片原型显示出了最大的前景,那么我们就想知道他们是否能完成购买过程,如果他们不能,我们可能想让几个用户让我们观察一下。或者我们可以直接问他们哪里出了问题,但这样我们就只有自我报告了。
Task analysis:Because technical writing was born out of the need to explain to a diverse audience with a range of abilities and experiences of how to do something,technical writers have in the past been focused on writing instructions and procedures,what used to be manuals and then became help files and then videos that let new users watch the experienced users do what the product does.If you watch enough people do something,you can identify the steps
任务分析:由于技术写作的诞生是为了向不同能力和经验的受众解释如何做某事,技术写作者过去一直专注于编写说明和程序,过去是手册,后来变成帮助文件,再后来变成视频,让新用户观看有经验的用户如何操作产品。

they always take and the order they take them in. That information can tell you a great deal about how to layout a screen or otherwise design information, what to tell them and when to tell them as well as how to hide the esoteric information from novices until they are ready to use it. And so on.
以及他们的顺序。这些信息可以告诉你很多关于如何布局屏幕或以其他方式设计信息、告诉他们什么、什么时候告诉他们,以及如何向新手隐藏深奥的信息,直到他们准备好使用这些信息。等等。
You do not necessarily need observational analysis to perform task analysis. You can simply ask people to report what they do, but people are notoriously bad at self-reporting. They forget steps. They imagine non-existent steps. They say things they think you want to hear. They say things to make themselves look good or to save face. And they do not always know what they are doing even as they are doing it. They may also use different words to name the same actions. All of these problems can be addressed by observing people using your app.
进行任务分析并不一定需要观察分析。您可以简单地要求人们报告他们所做的事情,但人们的自我报告能力是出了名的差。他们会忘记步骤。他们会想象不存在的步骤。他们会说一些他们认为你想听的话。他们会说一些让自己看起来不错的话,或者为了保住面子。他们甚至在做的时候也不一定知道自己在做什么。他们还可能用不同的词来称呼同样的行为。所有这些问题都可以通过观察人们使用您的应用程序来解决。
Consider for example that you work for a company making digitally enhanced electric kettles. There are two thoughts about how to design the temperature control panel. One way is to let users choose a temperature. The other is to let them select the kind of tea they want to drink. Which is better, assuming
例如,你在一家生产数字增强型电热水壶的公司工作。关于如何设计温度控制面板,有两种想法。一种是让用户选择温度。另一种是让用户选择他们想喝的茶。假设

you can only have one method? If you could make a working prototype of each, you could place them in the break room and have someone sitting in the room watching to see which one gets used more. Or you could survey potential buyers. What would you ask them? Which do you prefer? Well, that is not a great question because you will not know what they mean by “prefer.” A better approach might be to ask if they know what temperature is best for different types of tea. Is water for green tea better at 70 degrees Celsius or 80 ?
只能有一种方法?如果你能制作出每种方法的工作原型,你就可以把它们放在休息室里,让人坐在房间里观察哪种方法使用得更多。或者,你可以对潜在买家进行调查。你会问他们什么?你更喜欢哪个?这个问题不太好回答,因为你不知道他们说的 "更喜欢 "是什么意思。更好的办法可能是问他们是否知道什么温度最适合不同类型的茶。泡绿茶的水是 70 摄氏度好还是 80 摄氏度好?
What about pu'er And jin jun mei?If most of your potential users have no idea how to answer these questions,then they do not know how to select the best temperature for the kind of tea they prefer and so may over or under heat the water.Does that matter to your company?Should you guide them to the best decision by designing the control panel to have types of tea instead of numeric controls?Or should you leave the temperature control numeric and include a paper chart of optimal temperature per type of tea?Ultimately, of course,this decision may be a technical or perhaps a purely business decision:which method is more practical?
那么普洱和金骏眉呢? 如果您的大多数潜在用户不知道如何回答这些问题,那么他们就不知道如何为他们喜欢的茶叶选择最佳温度,因此可能会过度加热或加热不足。您是否应该在控制面板上设计茶叶类型,而不是数字控制? 还是应该保留数字温度控制,并在纸上列出每种茶叶的最佳温度? 当然,归根结底,这个决定可能是一个技术决定,也可能是一个纯粹的商业决定:哪种方法更实用?
Interview:Interviews provide an opportunity to gain insight into how people think and,if they happen on site,how they live.Even if the interview happens over the phone,your goal is to engage that person in a conversation and gain insight into how they think and how they feel about the product you are researching.
访谈:访谈提供了一个机会,可以深入了解人们的想法,如果访谈是在现场进行的,还可以了解他们的生活方式。 即使访谈是通过电话进行的,你的目标也是让对方参与对话,深入了解他们的想法以及他们对你正在研究的产品的感受。
When you interview users,you need to ask each participant the same questions in the same order and yet you need to make the interview seem natural,seem like a conversation rather than an interrogation or even an interview really-you do not want them on their best behavior,you want them as themselves.
当你采访用户时,你需要以相同的顺序向每个参与者提出相同的问题,但你需要让采访显得自然,看起来像一次谈话,而不是一次审问,甚至不是一次真正的采访--你不希望他们表现出最好的状态,你希望他们是他们自己。
Would you do the interview over the phone or via video chat?Would you set up in place, observation enabled interviews?What do you need to know and what is the most efficient way to know it?Keep in mind that you need to use the same process and ask the same questions for every interview you do.If you do some onsite interviews,phone calls and video chats,you need to represent the data as three different sets of data.
您会通过电话或视频聊天进行访谈吗? 您会就地设置启用观察功能的访谈吗? 您需要了解哪些信息,以及了解这些信息的最有效方式是什么? 请记住,您需要在每次访谈中使用相同的流程和提出相同的问题。
The interview for the company store might be something like:We see that you are interested in the water bottle with the company logo on it.Can you tell us why?A bot could initiate this exchange and either complete it or hand it off to a technical writer for completion. If it's a bot,then you will need to write out all the interchange scenarios you can anticipate. That,of course,is its own technical writing process.
对公司商店的采访可能是这样的:我们看到您对印有公司标志的水瓶感兴趣,您能告诉我们原因吗?如果是机器人,那么您就需要写出您可以预见的所有交换场景。
During an interview it is a good idea to ask a simple question and then just sit there quietly waiting for an answer.Do not elaborate or refine the question before the user has a chance to answer.You need to resist the urge to lead them to a specific answer.You can think of lots of
在面试过程中,最好提出一个简单的问题,然后静静地坐在那里等待用户回答。 在用户回答之前,不要详细阐述或细化问题。

reasons why they might want that bottle but you only care about what their reason is.
但你只关心他们的理由是什么。

The Research Report: In the most general terms, there are two kinds of user-research reports: internal and external. The internal report immediately applies what has been learned to a further investigation and may be something as brief as a number from a survey or it might be what was learned from watching a few people fumble in the same way with a prototype. Internal research reports are instantly persuasive because the audience, the researchers, are directly engaged in the information gathering and have authorization to respond immediately.
研究报告:一般来说,用户研究报告分为两种:内部报告和外部报告。内部报告会立即将所学到的知识应用到进一步的调查中,可能是调查中的一个简单数字,也可能是观察几个人以同样的方式摸索原型时学到的知识。内部研究报告具有即时说服力,因为受众即研究人员直接参与了信息收集工作,并有权立即做出回应。
External user-research reports need to be persuasive because they are asking others within the company to accept the results and change the product accordingly. Change can be a very big ask. Even if the product is entirely digital, a redesign may not be trivial and there will almost always be some people who prefer the old way, for whatever reasons.
外部用户研究报告需要具有说服力,因为它们要求公司内部其他人接受研究结果,并相应地改变产品。改变可能是一个很大的要求。即使产品完全是数字化的,重新设计也不是一件小事,而且不管出于什么原因,几乎总是会有一些人喜欢旧的方式。
What an external report looks like also depends on what stage in the design process the researcher enters. If the product still only exists as a prototype, then a report might include personas as a way of clearly explaining how different user groups will use different features or even the same features in different ways. Personas give everyone working on a project a concrete sense of audience, of who they are serving.
外部报告的内容也取决于研究者在设计过程中所处的阶段。如果产品还只是一个原型,那么报告中就可能包括 "角色",以清楚地解释不同的用户群将如何使用不同的功能,甚至以不同的方式使用相同的功能。角色给项目的每一个参与者一个具体的受众感,知道他们在为谁服务。
If the product is already in production, then the report might focus on how user information is being gathered as preparation for the next iteration of the product, so that the relevant people are ready to hear the results when the time for the next iteration comes.
如果产品已经投入生产,那么报告的重点可能是如何收集用户信息,为产品的下一次迭代做准备,以便在下一次迭代时,相关人员能够听到结果。

Summary  摘要

User research seeks to discover what users do, how they think about what they are doing, where they struggle, where they excel, and what they want. The research findings are then used to design (or redesign) a product that will delight as well as serve its intended users.
用户研究旨在发现用户在做什么,他们如何思考正在做的事情,他们在哪些方面有困难,在哪些方面表现出色,以及他们想要什么。然后利用研究成果来设计(或重新设计)一种产品,使其既能取悦于用户,又能服务于用户。
Keep in mind that user research is relatively new to most companies and the cost of the process can keep companies from fully endorsing (paying for) it. You may need to figure out how to do small bits and pieces, maybe ask fewer questions, maybe be content addressing a couple of different answers. Because most digital products are undergoing constant development, user researchers often keep a list of participants who are willing to regularly engage in the research. This saves time but can lead to skewed results. The most willing are
请记住,对大多数公司来说,用户研究都是相对较新的工作,而且这项工作的成本会让公司无法完全认可(支付)它。你可能需要想办法做一些零碎的工作,也许可以少提一些问题,也许可以满足于解决几个不同的答案。由于大多数数字产品都在不断开发中,用户研究人员通常会保留一份愿意定期参与研究的参与者名单。这样做可以节省时间,但可能导致结果偏差。最愿意参与的人是

not necessarily the best.
不一定是最好的

Things to consider are cost,intrusion on your users'privacy and work space,time,and what you will be able to do with the information you get back.
需要考虑的因素包括成本、对用户的干扰、隐私和工作空间、时间,以及如何处理所获得的信息。
User profiling or user persona?In the most general terms,user research consists of the following steps:
用户分析或用户角色? 通俗地说,用户研究包括以下步骤:
1)What do you need to know in order to do what you want to do?Create a testable hypothesis.Or go fishing for possibilities before narrowing your research topic to something testable.
1)为了做你想做的事情,你需要知道什么? 创建一个可检验的假设,或者在将你的研究课题缩小到可检验的范围之前,去寻找各种可能性。
2)Create a survey that you could send to all potential users that would tell you how to segment the general population into user groups so you can ask more targeted questions:if this,then that.
2)制作一份调查表,发给所有潜在用户,告诉您如何将一般人群划分为不同的用户群,以便提出更有针对性的问题:如果是这样,那么是那样。
3)Name and describe the groups that the survey identified.
3)说出并描述调查所确定的群体.

4)Design a questionnaire to provide group specific insights into group attitudes and behaviors and to identify users who could be useful and willing subjects. 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}
4)设计一份调查问卷,以便深入了解特定群体的态度和行为,并确定哪些用户可以成为有用且愿意接受调查的对象.
5)Create an observation protocol,the procedures and practices you will follow for each observation.Remember each should be performed in the same way.Also remember that observation is invasive and you need to set your subjects at ease.
5)制定观察方案,即每次观察都要遵循的程序和做法。记住每次观察都要以相同的方式进行。还要记住观察是有创的,你需要让观察对象放松。
6)Write the interview questions you would ask each subject after each observation.
6)在每次观察后,写出你要向每个观察对象提出的访谈问题。

7)Observe the subjects.  7)观察实验对象.
8)Interview the subjects.
8)采访受试者.

9)Organize and visualize the data you have gathered throughout the research process into a report with recommendations for product changes.
9)将你在整个研究过程中收集到的数据整理并可视化为一份报告,并提出产品变更建议。

Writing open-ended questions
编写开放式问题

A close-ended question is one that has an absolute answer, a yes or no answer or a number. Is pu’er best infused at 70 degrees: yes or no?
封闭式问题是一个有绝对答案的问题,是或不是,或者是一个数字。普洱最好在 70 度下浸泡:是还是不是?
On a scale of 1 to 5, how important is having a water bottle with you at all times during the day?
如果用 1 到 5 分来衡量,一天中随时带着水壶有多重要?
An open-ended question asks the interviewees to provide their own words.
开放式问题要求受访者提供自己的话。

(closed) Do you always carry a water bottle?
(关闭)你总是随身携带水壶吗?

(closed) If yes, have you ever left home without one?
(关闭)如果回答为 "是",那么您是否离开家时没有带?

(open) If yes, how did that make you feel?
(开放)如果是,你有什么感觉?

Writing clear, unambiguous questions
编写清晰明确的问题

Whatever questions you ask, you need to make sure they are unambiguous and unbiased, otherwise the data they yield will be useless.
无论问什么问题,都要确保问题明确无误,不带偏见,否则所获得的数据将毫无用处。
Ambiguous question: Do you prefer pu’er or Jin Jun Mei?
模棱两可的问题:你喜欢普洱还是金骏眉?

Unambiguous question: Because you said you prefer darker teas, do you prefer dark tea like pu er or black tea like jin jun mei?
明确的问题:您说您喜欢黑茶,那么您是喜欢普洱这样的黑茶,还是喜欢金骏眉这样的红茶?

Writing unbiased questions
编写不带偏见的问题

Biased question: what problems did you have with our competitor’s product?
有偏见的问题:您在使用我们竞争对手的产品时遇到过什么问题?

This question both assumes the respondent has had experiences with the competitor’s product and that they were negative. This question encourages respondents to think negatively about your competitors and assumes they have knowledge of them. Both assumptions are biases.
这个问题既假定受访者曾经使用过竞争对手的产品,而且是负面的。这个问题鼓励受访者对您的竞争对手进行负面思考,并假定他们对竞争对手有所了解。这两种假设都是偏见。

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS
指南或清单

When creating a survey  创建调查表时
Many words have multiple meanings and many common words can mean different things to different people.Avoid ambiguity.Just because you know what you mean by a word or expression doesn't mean everyone thinks it means the same thing.If you asked, "Did you have a positive experience?"and 40 % 40 % 40%40 \% said yes and 60 % 60 % 60%60 \% said no,you do not know why the yeses said yes or the nos said no.Worse,there may be different reasons for saying yes.Define positive and define negative.You could do a check-all-that-apply response as a way of getting more precise information.Sometimes the meaning will be unambiguous but how a respondent represents that meaning might differ.Consider a question like"When were you born?".If you gave 5 people a blank space to answer that question,you might get 5 different representations of date,month and year.You could get:April 12, 2000 ; 4 / 12 / 2000 ; 12 / 04 / 2000 ; 18 2000 ; 4 / 12 / 2000 ; 12 / 04 / 2000 ; 18 2000;4//12//2000;12//04//2000;182000 ; 4 / 12 / 2000 ; 12 / 04 / 2000 ; 18 years ago today.To make sense of all of those variations you would have to rationalize the data,translate each answer into the same format.That would be time consuming and error prone by hand.A computer program could do the translation quickly,if you have the code,but it's simpler to restrict how an answer can be formatted.
许多单词有多种含义,许多常用单词对不同的人有不同的含义。如果你问,"你有积极的体验吗?" 40 % 40 % 40%40 \% 说 "是", 60 % 60 % 60%60 \% 说 "不是",你不知道为什么说 "是 "的人说 "是",说 "不是 "的人说 "不是"。更糟糕的是,回答 "是 "或 "否 "的原因可能不同。考虑一个类似 "你是什么时候出生的?"的问题。如果你给 5 个人空白来回答这个问题,你可能会得到 5 种不同的日期、月份和年份的表述。 你可能会得到:4 月 12 日、 2000 ; 4 / 12 / 2000 ; 12 / 04 / 2000 ; 18 2000 ; 4 / 12 / 2000 ; 12 / 04 / 2000 ; 18 2000;4//12//2000;12//04//2000;182000 ; 4 / 12 / 2000 ; 12 / 04 / 2000 ; 18 几年前的今天。要使所有这些变化有意义,你必须使数据合理化,将每个答案翻译成相同的格式。这将耗费时间,而且手工操作容易出错。
Do not ask open-ended questions unless your entire population is quite small.If you ask 1000 people what they think about something,you will need to read and codify 1000 different prose passages.It is much better to ask close-ended questions.You will get numbers instead of words.
如果你问 1000 个人他们对某件事情的看法,你需要阅读和整理 1000 篇不同的散文。
Before you send the survey out
发送调查问卷前

Have you got a big enough recipient list to ensure that you will get a useful number of respondents.If the potential number of all users is 1000 ,and you know this because that's how many users you currently have for your newest app,then that is certainly big enough,but how many of those users will fill out the survey?Is there any way you might improve participation without turning participation into compliance?What's the least number of respondents you need to get a representative sample?
如果所有用户的潜在数量是 1000 人,而您知道这个数字是因为您的最新应用目前有 1000 名用户,那么这个数字肯定足够大,但是有多少用户会填写调查问卷?有什么方法可以提高参与度,而又不把参与变成服从? 要获得有代表性的样本,最少需要多少受访者?
Once the survey data come back, design the questionnaire
获得调查数据后,设计调查问卷

What user types did the survey identify and what questions might you ask that will help you refine those types? The questionnaire also needs to identify who is willing to be a subject and who among the willing are your best candidates.
调查确定了哪些用户类型,你可以提出哪些问题来帮助你完善这些类型?问卷还需要确定哪些人愿意成为调查对象,以及愿意成为调查对象的人中哪些是最佳人选。
Does your questionnaire have any leading questions?
您的问卷中是否有引导性问题?

Any ambiguous questions?
有任何含糊不清的问题吗?

Do you have the right mix of open-ended and close-ended questions?
开放式问题和封闭式问题是否搭配得当?

Remember that the more open-ended questions you ask, the richer your data potentially is and the more time you will need to spend coding the answers and seeking commonalities. You will also have less certain numbers. If you ask a yes or no question, you have certain numbers. If you ask why, you will have to discover the numbers in the words.
请记住,您提出的开放式问题越多,您的潜在数据就越丰富,您就需要花更多的时间对答案进行编码并寻找共性。同时,确定的数字也会减少。如果你问的是 "是 "或 "否",你就会有确定的数字。如果您问的是 "为什么",您就必须从字里行间发现数字。
Once the questionnaire data is in
一旦问卷数据

Identify who among your users of each type you can observe as they use your product. Write a description of the company you represent, the product you are researching, the goal of the research, exactly what the subject can expect of the observation, how long it will take, where it will take place, what will be done with the data acquired and what protections and rights the user has. Remember that you are entering someone’s personal space. He needs to feel confident that he should let you in.
在每种类型的用户中确定哪些人可以在使用产品时对其进行观察。写明你所代表的公司、你正在研究的产品、研究的目标、观察对象对观察的确切期望、观察需要多长时间、观察将在哪里进行、将如何处理所获得的数据以及用户享有哪些保护和权利。请记住,您正在进入他人的个人空间。他需要有信心让你进入。
Do you have the necessary recording equipment?
您有必要的录音设备吗?

Do you know which questions from the questionnaire you want to illuminate?
您知道您想说明问卷中的哪些问题吗?

Bring a colleague to look after the recording and provide a second perspective.
带一位同事来照看录音,提供第二视角。

Once the observational analysis is done
观察分析完成后

Modify the prototype to address what the research identified as places for improvement and test again.
修改原型,解决研究发现的需要改进的地方,并再次进行测试。

There are two different approaches to practicing what this chapter taught,depending on how much class time was given to this chapter.The first assumes that this chapter is very significant to the course.The second set of exercises is for classes that have spent a relatively brief amount of time on this chapter.
练习本章内容有两种不同的方法,取决于本章所占课时的多少。第一种方法假定本章对课程非常重要。
1.SET 1 (if this chapter is significant to your course and you have spent a considerable amount of time learning it)
1.SET 1 (如果本章对你的课程很重要,而且你已经花了相当多的时间来学习)。

a.Where you start a user research project depends on what you know already.If you know the potential population,then start by surveying them to identify segments.If you have the segments,perhaps by looking through the server logs or from previous research projects,then go straight to the questionnaire to identify users you can observe and interview.For the observation phase you need something to observe,so you will need a mock-up of a company store.This could be as simple as a photograph and a description of several different products that you ask your subjects to look at and read and say what they think about what you have offered.Or you might mock up a more elaborate experience with an actual shopping cart and ask the subject to select the item that appeals to them most and go through the process of buying it.Then you would interview them to find out why they chose the item and what they were thinking as they went through the whole process and what their general impressions were.Then revise the app.
a.用户研究项目从哪里开始,取决于你已经知道了什么。 如果你知道了潜在用户,那么就从调查他们开始,找出细分用户。在观察阶段,你需要观察一些东西,因此你需要一个公司商店的模型。或者,你可以用一个实际的购物车来模拟更复杂的体验,让受试者选择最吸引他们的商品,并完成购买过程。 然后,你可以采访他们,了解他们为什么选择这个商品,在整个过程中他们在想什么,以及他们的总体印象是什么。

b.Alternatively,since this is a hypothetical situation,you could begin by describing your application and the kind of store you've been asked to create and then design a survey that you would send out to the imagined general population of users.Then you would design a couple of follow up questionnaires based on the responses you imagine might come back.Then you would ask fellow students for volunteers to role play users and have them look at a mock-up and talk about what they think as they use it.
b.另外,由于这是一种假设情况,你可以首先描述你的应用程序和你被要求创建的商店类型,然后设计一份调查问卷,发给你想象中的普通用户。然后,你可以向同学们征集志愿者,让他们扮演用户,并让他们观看模型,谈谈他们在使用过程中的想法。

2. SET 2 (if you just spent a relatively brief amount of time on this chapter)
2.第 2 组(如果您只花了较短的时间学习本章)

a. Consider your classmates as friends. You want to organize a party sometime during the semester. Your total population is all class members. Design a questionnaire to find out what the party theme should be, what should be served, what day and time, and whatever else you think you would need to know in order to please the greatest number of classmates. Represent that data you get back in a chart that clearly indicates your findings. Then tell the class when the party will be held and what the theme is and ask how many plan to attend. The more say yes, the better you did.
a. 把同学当作朋友。你们想在本学期的某个时候组织一次聚会。你们的总人数是全班同学。设计一份调查问卷,以了解聚会的主题、菜肴、日期和时间,以及其他任何你认为需要了解的信息,以便取悦最大多数的同学。把你得到的数据用图表的形式表现出来,清楚地说明你的发现。然后告诉全班同学聚会的时间和主题,并询问有多少人打算参加。答应的人越多,说明你做得越好。

b. Look at five or six different apps or websites that sell company related products (t-shirts, water bottles, etc.) Write a report that generalizes what you saw and recommends what you think your company store should look like. Use whatever graphics program you are familiar with, create a mock-up of the screens that users would see if they were buying something from your store.
b. 浏览五六个销售公司相关产品(T 恤衫、水瓶等)的不同应用程序或网站,写一份报告,归纳你所看到的内容,并推荐你认为你的公司商店应该是什么样的。使用你熟悉的图形程序,创建用户在你的商店购买商品时会看到的模拟屏幕。

c. Design a Likert scale questionnaire that would provide the authors of this textbook with information that would help them revise it for the next edition.
c. 设计一份李克特量表问卷,为教科书作者提供信息,帮助他们修订下一版教科书。

Chapter 12  第 12 章

Methods in Technical Document Development and assessment 2: User Personas and User Profiling
技术文档开发和评估方法 2:用户角色和用户分析

Contents  目录

CASE … 260  案例 ... 260
GLOSSARY … 262  术语表 ... 262
TASKS … 266  任务 ... 266
Overview … 266  概述 ... 266
A persona template … 268
角色模板 ... 268

A closer look at our case … 269
仔细研究我们的案例...... 269

LANGUAGE FOCUS … 273
语言重点...... 273

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS … 273
EXERCISES … 274  练习 ... 274
You have been hired as a technical writer by Beimei Best Apartment,a small company that is now four years old.The founder has written an apartment locator application specifically for Chinese people planning to study at an American university.A user indicates what university he or she plans to attend and then fills out a questionnaire designed to identify his or her requirements and provide enough personal information for the app to identify the best apartments.For an additional fee,a broker will arrange a lease.Testing over the past four years proves people really want the service the app can provide,but many users have been unhappy with the experience of using it.Worse yet,many users were disappointed by the apartments it selected.
北美最佳公寓是一家成立四年的小公司,其创始人专门为计划到美国大学留学的中国人编写了一款公寓定位应用程序。过去四年的测试表明,人们确实需要该应用程序提供的服务,但许多用户对使用该应用程序的体验并不满意。
User experience research(UX)and user profiling have indicated that the questionnaire is too long and complicated and also problematic because some students do not know enough about where they are going to know how to answer some of the most important questions. "Do you want to live close to public transit?",for example,was commonly answered with "yes."But public transit in many American cities is almost useless unless you live in exactly the right places.So the only accurate answer to"Do you want to live near public transit?"is a very unhelpful"it depends."As a result of the questionnaire's imperfections,your company's call center is too busy and the brokers who help clients get a lease are having to deal with frustrated and sometimes even angry clients.You need to improve the questionnaire's accuracy while reducing the number of questions it asks.
用户体验研究(UX)和用户分析表明,该问卷过于冗长和复杂,而且还存在问题,因为有些学生对他们要去的地方了解不够,不知道如何回答一些最重要的问题。"你想住在公共交通附近吗?"例如,通常的回答是 "是的"。因此,"你想住在公共交通附近吗?"唯一准确的答案是 "看情况而定",这是非常无益的。你们需要提高问卷的准确性,同时减少问题的数量。
There are three people on your team:the UX researcher,the User Profiler,and you,the Technical Writer.Your job is to synthesize the research your colleagues give you into a set of personas,data-based simulated users that everyone can understand and empathize with, so they have a sense of working for actual people rather than just an undifferentiated mass of anonymous users.
团队中有三个人:用户体验研究员、用户分析员和你,你是技术撰稿人。 你的任务是把同事们给你的研究结果综合成一组角色,这些角色是基于数据的模拟用户,每个人都能理解并产生共鸣,这样他们就会有一种为真实的人工作的感觉,而不仅仅是为大量无差别的匿名用户工作。
Your UX colleague has spent a great deal of time surveying,interviewing,and observing users in an effort to understand what people think the app can do for them,how they think
您的用户体验同事花了大量时间对用户进行调查、访谈和观察,以了解他们认为这款应用程序能为他们做些什么,他们是如何看待这款应用程序的。

the app works, what they think about the questions it asks them, and how they feel about the results they get. The UX researcher has discovered that not all users are alike and yet they are not all different either. This makes it difficult to know how to redesign the questionnaire because a change that helps one user might hinder another. This discovery has helped you realize that the app needs multiple questionnaires, each one tailored to a specific kind of user. Now you need to identify the kinds of users you have.
用户体验研究人员发现,并非所有用户都是一样的,但也并非所有用户都是不同的。用户体验研究人员发现,并非所有用户都是相同的,但也并非所有用户都是不同的。这就很难知道如何重新设计问卷,因为对一个用户有帮助的改变可能会妨碍另一个用户。这一发现帮助您认识到,应用程序需要多份问卷,每份问卷都要针对特定类型的用户。现在,您需要确定用户的类型。
Helpfully, the User Profiler has analyzed the server logs and discovered something interesting. Two users can answer the questionnaire in the same way and yet have very different satisfaction ratings. In other words, the accuracy of the questionnaire varies by user. Further research indicates that the more a user knows about his or her intended university and its location, the more satisfied he or she is with the results. Thus you realize that some users need to know more about where their intended university is located before they fill out the questionnaire. This means you need some funnel questions that will decide which subsequent questionnaire a given user will see. You also realize you need to make the questionnaire customizable by the user, perhaps showing a user these features when a given result does not please them. So, for example, perhaps a user can increase the radius of the search if apartments in the district that interests them are not pleasing. Or perhaps they can increase the amount they are willing to spend if their goals are unrealistic. You do not want all users to see all of these options at once because too many options lead to decision paralysis. You want to reveal customization to some users.
用户分析器对服务器日志进行了分析,发现了一些有趣的现象。两个用户可以用同样的方式回答问卷,但满意度却大相径庭。换句话说,问卷的准确性因用户而异。进一步的研究表明,用户对其目标大学及其所在地的了解越多,对结果的满意度就越高。因此,你会意识到,有些用户在填写问卷之前,需要更多了解其意向大学的位置。这就意味着你需要一些漏斗式问题来决定某个用户随后会看到哪份问卷。您还意识到,您需要让用户可以自定义问卷,也许当某个结果不能让用户满意时,就会向用户显示这些功能。因此,举例来说,如果用户对其感兴趣的地区的公寓不满意,或许可以增加搜索半径。或者,如果用户的目标不切实际,他们可以提高愿意花费的金额。您不希望所有用户同时看到所有这些选项,因为过多的选项会导致决策瘫痪。您希望向部分用户展示自定义功能。
Your inferences are confirmed by the call center data and broker interviews. You need funnel questions and then multiple questionnaires, each one tailored to fit a different kind of user with customizable features revealed when a user does something indicating they will be pleased by the option to customize. In order to help everyone on your team think precisely about what questions to ask which users, you need to find a way to represent each user type and for this you need to develop a set of personas.
呼叫中心数据和经纪人访谈证实了你的推论。你需要漏斗式问题,然后是多份问卷,每份问卷都是为不同类型的用户量身定制的,当用户做了某些事情,表明他们会对定制选项感到满意时,就会显示出定制功能。为了帮助团队中的每个人准确地思考应该向哪些用户提出什么样的问题,你需要找到一种方法来代表每一种用户类型,为此你需要开发一套角色模型。

American universities/a'merəkən//.junə'varsətiz/
美国大学/a'merəkən/.junə'vətiz/

What follows is a very rough sketch of the kinds of American universities most Chinese students are likely to attend.This knowledge will facilitate the persona creation process.There are hundreds of universities in America.But there are five basic categories.The Ivy League refers to the eight most prestigious universities.These are world-class institutions that are highly competitive and very expensive.They are for the most elite students.The land grant universities(also known by the abbreviation"aggies")were set up in the 1800 s to research and teach agricultural methods.Each is located in a town at some distance from the state's capital.While these universities are diverse,they typically appeal to students who want to study agricultural methods.Polytechnics or"techs"are engineering universities.There are a few famous ones that many students from around the world want to study at.These famous techs are expensive and scholastically very demanding.They are for students who want to study applied sciences,engineering,software development,entrepreneurship,and so on. The fourth category is the state university.Each of these is located in the state's capital.They are often not as prestigious(or as expensive)as the state's other big universities,though some are justifiably famous for some areas of study.They typically appeal to students who want to study business or arts or sciences and want to experience life in an important American city.The fifth type of university is the prestigious private university.These are not Ivy League schools but they are exclusive and expensive all the same.They are for wealthy students who have done well scholastically but not distinguished themselves sufficiently to get into Harvard or Yale.美国大学
以下是对大多数中国学生可能就读的美国大学类型的粗略描述。常春藤联盟指的是八所最负盛名的大学. 这些大学是世界一流大学,竞争激烈,学费昂贵.土地赠予大学(简称 "农大")成立于 19 世纪,旨在研究和教授农业方法。理工学院或 "技术学院 "是工程大学。第四类是国立大学.第四类是州立大学,这些大学都位于州的首府。 虽然有些大学在某些专业领域很有名气,但它们往往没有州立大学那么有声望(或昂贵)。第五类大学是著名的私立大学。它们是为那些学习成绩优异,但没有足够的优势进入哈佛或耶鲁大学的富裕学生准备的。

audience,intended/'adions/,/mn't tendəd/
audience, intended/'adions/,/mn't tendəd/

The people who use your product or service,often referred to as"users."Because the word audience might refer to anyone at all,technical writers tend to talk in terms of intended audiences and to segment each intended audience into types so that a message can be tailored for each type.Each type is called a persona.目标受众,读者
因为 "受众 "这个词可以指任何人,所以技术写作者倾向于用 "目标受众 "这个词来表述,并将每个目标受众划分为不同类型,以便为每个类型的受众量身定制信息。

audience,segment/'adiəns/,/'segmənt/
Intended audience members grouped by goal or role or some other significant characteristic that defines how they will use the application or document as opposed to how other audience segments will. If all users use the product in the same way,segmentation is not necessary.But if a product will be used by different people in different ways,then the product has to be designed to accommodate those significant differences.受众人群划分
如果所有用户都以相同的方式使用产品,那么就没有必要进行划分。但如果不同的人以不同的方式使用产品,那么产品的设计就必须考虑到这些重要的差异。

caricature/'kerokotjor/  漫画/'kerokotjor/
A grotesque representation of an individual that exaggerates a prominent trait for the amusement of the audience at the expense of the person caricatured.Caricatures are often used in propaganda campaigns,where the individual cruelly portrayed stands in for a group of people of a specific national or ethnic identity.When creating personas you want to be very sure you are not exaggerating any features.You are looking for common denominators.一种漫湢的形式
人物肖像是一种怪诞的形象,它夸大了人物的某一显著特征,以牺牲被漫画者的利益来取悦观众。在创作角色时,你要确保没有夸大任何特征。 你要寻找共同点.一种漫湢的形式。

decision paralysis/dı'sızən//pa'ræləsəs/
决定 paralysis/dı'sızən//pa'ræləs/

People find it harder to decide if they have too many options to choose from.This is why for years Apple only offered iPhone in one of two colors.Part of creating an effective customer service is giving them only the options they most care about,unless you want to distract or confuse them for some reason,which is almost always unethical and should be avoided.决策瘫痑
创建有效客户服务的一部分就是只给他们提供他们最关心的选项,除非你想出于某种原因分散他们的注意力或让他们感到困惑,这几乎总是不道德的,应该避免。
empathy /'\varepsilonmpә0i/
The sensation of knowing what someone else is feeling.In English we say that you cannot judge a person until you walk a mile in his or her shoes.In the software industry in America they say you have to eat your own dog food(a company that does not use its own software clearly has no faith in its product and no direct experience of it).Successful product development requires user-centered design. People who know a great deal about something,like those who work for the company that makes it,see it very differently from those outside the company,the people who you need to sell the product to.You need to know how users see it and what it is like for them to use it.共情(能力 )
了解他人感受的感觉.在英语中,我们说 "你不能评判一个人,除非你穿着他或她的鞋子走了一英里路".在美国的软件行业,他们说 "你必须吃你自己的狗粮(一家不使用自己软件的公司显然对自己的产品没有信心,也没有直接的体验).成功的产品开发需要以用户为中心的设计.成功的产品开发需要以用户为中心的设计(user-centered design)。对某一事物非常了解的人,比如那些为该事物工作的人,与公司外部的人,也就是你需要向其推销产品的人,对该事物的看法是截然不同的。

funnel questions/'f^nəl//'kwestfonz/
漏斗问题/f^nəl/kwestfonz/

Questions intended to stream users in different directions based on the answers given.They segment the intended audience into broad categories,each of which can be further segmented and refined by subsequent questions that only members of that segment see.In our case,the first question or two should identify how much a user knows about the city they are about to relocate to.If they know nothing,they get a very different questionnaire than if they have been there before.漏斗式提问
问题的目的是根据用户给出的答案将其引向不同的方向。它们将目标受众划分为几个大类,每个大类又可以通过后续问题进一步划分和细化,只有该大类的成员才能看到这些问题。在我们的案例中,第一个或两个问题应该确定用户对他们即将搬迁到的城市有多少了解。 如果他们一无所知,他们得到的问卷就会与他们以前去过的城市大不相同。

narrative/'nærətiv/  娓娓道来/nrətiv/

A story,typically with a beginning,middle,and end.Some kind of conflict is introduced in the beginning that gets resolved in the end.A persona narrative is designed to give technical writers and designers a concrete sense of who they are working for,what conflicts or struggles such users experience,and how best to solve those problems for people like them.叙事
一个故事,通常有开头、中间和结尾,在开头会引入某种冲突,并在结尾得到解决。 角色叙事的目的是让技术撰稿人和设计人员具体了解他们的工作对象是谁,这些用户会遇到哪些冲突或挣扎,以及如何最好地为他们这样的人解决这些问题。

persona/por'soznə/  person/by'soznə/
A simulated user,a fictional person,composed out of accurate generalizations from data left by all users with the same or very similar goals,circumstances,attitudes,and requirements.Writers develop personas to avoid unfounded assumptions that lead them to write to stereotypes or caricatures and yet
一个模拟的用户,一个虚构的人,由所有具有相同或非常相似的目标、环境、态度和要求的用户留下的数据精确概括而成。
英文技术写作 TECHNICAL WRITING
still understand their audience as composed of individuals rather than undifferentiated and universal users.They also use personas to foster empathy.See the section of TASKS for more details.(用户 )画像
他们仍然把受众理解为由个体组成的,而不是无差别的、普遍的用户。 他们还使用角色来培养同理心。 更多详情,请参阅 "任务 "部分。

predictive analytics/pri'diktıv//,ænə'littiks/
预测分析/pri'diktıv/,ænə'littiks/

Using data to predict what a person will do next.Businesses use this methodology to target advertising and to curate information for specific user profiles to better meet that users'needs and expectations.Because most people are creatures of habit and convention,remarkably(even disturbingly) accurate predictions are possible.预测性分析
利用数据来预测一个人下一步会做什么。企业利用这种方法来进行有针对性的广告宣传,并为特定用户配置信息,以更好地满足用户的需求和期望。预测性分析

prime directive/praım//da rektıv/
首要指示/praım/da rektıv/da rektıv/

The goal towards which all action aims,the unifying principle of all decision making.最高指导原则 server logs/'ssrvar//logz/
所有行动的目标,所有决策的统一原则. 最高指导原则 服务器日志/'ssrvar//logz/
The data that is gathered by the software that provides a user access to a digital product.By default, this data consists of the browser used,the location of the user,time,date,length of access,origin and exit as well as the trail through the site.Using cookies,small bits of code installed on the user's computer(or phone),and purchasing data from other companies,it is also possible to develop a highly detailed digital history of a user.If a user signs up and provides personal data as part of signing up, then that data too becomes part of the data stored in the server logs and can be used to draw even more accurate inferences about what a user is doing,and therefore perhaps how a product might be improved for them.服务器日志
为用户提供访问数字产品的软件所收集的数据,默认情况下包括用户使用的浏览器、 时间、目的地、访问的位置、起始和退出以及通过网站的路径。如果用户注册并在注册时提供个人数据,那么这些数据也将成为服务器日志中存储的数据的一部分,并可用于更准确地推断用户在做什么,从而改进产品。

stereotype/'steria,taıp/
陈规陋习/'steria,taıp/

A biased representation of person or people based on over generalizations regarding visible traits, manner of dress and speaking,national origin,language(dialect and accent)and public behavior. Stereotypes usually have some small truth to them but they are distorted and are always doubtful when applied to a single individual.Not all Chinese people play the cello and are good at math.But many can and are.Not all American boys play football and are rude,spoiled,and selfish.But many do and some are.Not all Canadians are polite hockey players.刻板印象
刻板印象(Stereotypes)是对一个人或一群人的带有偏见的描述,这种描述基于对其明显特征、着装和说话方式、民族血统、语言(方言和口音)以及公共行为的过度概括。不是所有的中国人都会拉大提琴,擅长数学,但很多人都会,而且都很好;不是所有的美国男孩都会踢足球,粗鲁,有污点,自私,但很多人都会,而且有些人很好;不是所有的加拿大人都是彬彬有礼的曲棍球运动员.

type/taip/  类型/taip/
A generalization from a dominant trait that is used to group individuals.All recent college graduates, for example,can be cast as a type in that most of them are looking for a new job,ready to move,find a life partner,and so on.To the extent that a person is of a type,what is true of that type will be for the most part true of them as well.All students who want to study in a foreign country are alike in some knowable ways.But of course they are all different in different ways as well,and some may not conform to the type very well.(群体中的)类型
例如,所有应届大学毕业生都可以被归为一个类型,因为他们中的大多数人都在寻找新的工作,准备搬家,寻找生活伴侣,等等。所有想到外国留学的学生在某些可知的方面都是相同的. 但当然他们在不同的方面也是不同的,有些人可能并不十分符合这种类型.

usability testing/juza'biliti//'testın/
可用性测试/juza'biliti//'testın/
The process of watching how a user interacts with a product to determine how they think it works and how successful they are in making it do what they want it to do.Do the labels make sense?Does the user know when to push which button?Are they ever confused about something or uncertain about what is happening?And so on.The purpose of usability testing is to ensure people can use the product efficiently and effectively.(文档或产品的)可用性测试 use case/juz//kers/
观察用户如何与产品进行交互,以确定他们认为产品是如何工作的,以及他们是如何成功地使产品完成他们想要做的事情的过程。 标签是否有意义? 用户是否知道何时按哪个按钮?可用性测试的目的是确保人们能够高效、安全地使用产品。人们能有效地使用产品.(文档或产品的)可用性测试 use case/juz//kers/
A narrative that describes and explains in detail how a specific individual encountered a problem and how it was resolved.If the resolution was already available in the application,then that use case suggests changes to the documentation or,more likely,how a solution is signaled to a user.If the solution doesn't already exist and the problem is one likely encountered by other users,then the product needs to be modified.Given enough use cases,it is possible to generalize to a set of users.用例 user-centered design/'juzar/-/'sentord//di'zain/
详细描述和解释特定个人如何遇到问题以及如何解决问题的叙述。 如果应用程序中已经存在解决方案,则该用例建议修改文档或更有可能的是如何向用户发出解决方案的信号。如果解决方案还不存在,而且其他用户也可能会遇到这个问题,那么就需要对产品进行修改。以用户为中心的设计/'juzar/-/'sentord//di'zain/ .
The practice of designing and building products from the intended users'point of view rather than from the perspective of the engineers or the materials experts or the accountants.In truth a successful product has to accommodate many points of view,but how people who want to buy it perceive and use it is critical to sales.以用户为中心的设计
事实上,一个成功的产品必须兼顾多种观点,但以用户为中心的设计对于销售至关重要。

user profile/'juzar//'prow,faıl/
A collection of data relevant to an actual user.Each person who uses an app leaves a trail of passive data and provides data directly when filling out questionnaires or responding to polls or challenges and other such invitations to reveal themselves.Often a user profile also includes data on that person culled from other sources,other apps as well as various corporate and in some cases governmental agencies. Whereas a user profile relates to an actual user,a persona is a simulated user created by amalgamating data from many user profiles.用户档案
与实际用户相关的数据集合。每个使用应用程序的人都会留下被动数据的痕迹,并在填写调查问卷、响应投票或挑战以及其他类似的自我暴露邀请时直接提供数据。用户档案与实际用户有关,而角色则是通过合并来自许多用户档案的数据创建的模拟用户。

user profiling/'juzor//'prov,farlıy/
用户剖析/'juzor/'prov/farlıy/

Applying various statistical methods to user profiles to group users into types.User profiling combined with user experience research provides the data required to create personas.User profiling also refers to the practice of predicting what a given user will do in the future based on what users like them have done in the past.用户类型构建
用户分析也指根据用户过去的行为来预测用户未来的行为。用户类型构建

Overview  概述

How a person interprets a message is directly related to his or her identity,social role,and context of reception.An accountant does not respond to a sales data report the way a marketer does.The people who control the supply chain read it differently too,as do the salespeople. Customers do not care at all about sales data,although investors do.A technical writer sees all messages from each of the possible perspectives because he or she has to communicate effectively with everyone.To understand a message from all perspectives requires knowing your audience well."Know your audience"is a technical writer's prime directive.
一个人如何解读信息与其身份、社会角色和接收环境直接相关。会计师不会像营销人员那样对销售数据报告做出反应。技术撰稿人从每一个可能的角度来看待所有信息,因为他或她必须与每个人进行有效的沟通。要从所有角度理解信息,就必须充分了解你的受众。
In the pre-literate past,an audience consisted of a group of people who coexisted in time and place.If you were not present when a speech was given,you did not hear the message directly;you were not a part of that audience although you were still a member of that community.To know such an audience meant living among its members,asking thoughtful questions,listening carefully to each answer,and figuring out how to weave various opinions and perspectives into a single coherent message that could be successfully presented to everyone simultaneously.
在前文盲时代,听众是由一群在时间和地点上共存的人组成的。 如果演讲时你不在场,你没有直接听到演讲内容,你就不是听众,尽管你仍然是这个群体的一员。要了解这样的听众,就意味着要生活在他们中间,提出深思熟虑的问题,仔细聆听每个人的回答,并想出如何将各种意见和观点编织成一个连贯的信息,以便同时成功地向每个人展示。
Once writing replaced speaking as the primary channel of transmission,the constraints of time and place were eliminated and"audience"became"audiences."A written message can be read by anyone literate in that language at any time in the future and in any place they happen to find the message.The word"audience"came to refer to a range of different kinds of readers:those who needed to act on the message(intended recipients);those who needed to catalogue the message(librarians);and those who wanted to learn from past messages (scholars).There were also readers who might just happen on a message.Thus there were intended readers,those with a specific need the writer was trying to meet,and unintended readers,those with whom the writer might also want to communicate or not,as in the case of a coded message.If a document was lengthy and needed to be read by many different
一旦书面语取代口头语成为主要的传播渠道,时间和地点的限制就被消除了,"听众 "就变成了 "受众"。受众 "一词指的是一系列不同类型的读者:需要对信息采取行动的人(预期收信人);需要对信息进行编目的人(信息编目人);需要对信息进行编辑的人(信息编目人);需要对信息进行编辑的人(信息编目人);需要对信息进行编辑的人(信息编目人);需要对信息进行编辑的人(信息编目人)。还有一些读者可能只是碰巧看到了某条信息。如果一份文件很长,需要被许多不同的人阅读,那么就会出现两种情况。

people, each with a different purpose, then writers would break the document into sections and address each section to those readers: abstract, executive summary, background, research findings, recommendations, conclusion, notes and references. Each of these sections was written with specific types of people in mind, assuming that very few people would read everything and some people would form their impression of the whole based on only one part.
因此,撰稿人会将文件分成几个部分,并将每个部分都写给这些读者:摘要、执行摘要、背景、研究成果、建议、结论、注释和参考文献。每个部分都是针对特定类型的读者编写的,因为只有极少数人会阅读所有内容,而有些人只会根据其中一部分来形成对整体的印象。
With digital communications, “audience” consists of any individual who happens to be using the app. Each of these people has in common with the others a goal or set of goals that the app is supposed to fulfill, but each user acts independently, unless the app is specifically designed to connect users (like dating apps and neighborhood forums). Because apps are dynamic, they can modify their messages based on user behavior and thus those who write for apps need a way to decide what modification should result from what kinds of behaviors and how to use past behavior to predict how best to anticipate upcoming needs.
在数字通信中,"受众 "包括任何碰巧使用该应用程序的个人。这些人中的每个人都有一个或一组应用程序要实现的共同目标,但每个用户都是独立行动的,除非应用程序是专门为连接用户而设计的(如约会应用程序和社区论坛)。由于应用程序是动态的,它们可以根据用户的行为修改信息,因此应用程序的编写者需要一种方法来决定什么样的行为应该导致什么样的修改,以及如何利用过去的行为来预测如何最好地预测即将到来的需求。
Even though all users share one goal, find the best apartment to use our example, what “best” means is different for each person. What is “best” to one user is inconvenient to another, ugly to a third, and completely irrelevant to anyone who does not want to live in that part of that city. Our objective is further complicated by the fact that people can apply the same thought process and arrive at different conclusions. It is also possible for two people to arrive at the same conclusion by different thought processes. The people in our audience, our intended users, are all the same, and yet each is also unique.
尽管所有用户都有一个共同的目标,即找到最好的公寓,但对每个人来说,"最好 "的含义是不同的。对一个用户来说 "最好 "的东西,对另一个用户来说是不方便的,对第三个用户来说是难看的,而对任何不想住在该城市该地区的人来说,则是完全无关紧要的。人们可以运用相同的思维过程,得出不同的结论,这使我们的目标变得更加复杂。两个人也有可能通过不同的思维过程得出相同的结论。我们的受众、我们的目标用户都是一样的,但每个人也都是独一无二的。
If we were going to communicate directly with each person using the app, we would need an army of workers, but the purpose of an app is automation or at least partial automation. Directly addressing each user personally is inefficient. Fortunately, it is also unnecessary.
如果我们要与每个使用应用程序的人直接沟通,我们就需要一大批工人,但应用程序的目的是自动化或至少是部分自动化。直接面对每个用户是低效的。幸运的是,这也是不必要的。
We can segment our users into types based on shared characteristics (intended university, available rent money, transportation options, space requirements, temperament, tastes, etc.) and then refine our understanding of each type of user by asking questions both before and after leases get signed in order to identify level of satisfaction. A given outcome can thus be traced back to how questions were answered along the way. Eventually we should be able to ask fewer questions and get better predictions about what apartment will satisfy a given user.
我们可以根据用户的共同特征(意向大学、可用房租、交通选择、空间要求、性情、品味等)将用户划分为不同类型,然后通过在签订租约前后提问来确定用户的满意程度,从而加深我们对每类用户的了解。这样,我们就可以追溯到在租赁过程中对问题的回答情况。最终,我们应该能够提出更少的问题,并更好地预测什么样的公寓能让特定用户满意。
Each user type is represented by a persona, a data-based simulation of a user that seems like a real person but which exists only virtually. A persona is a personification of data. The purpose of a persona is to foster empathy, to make all members of the company feel as though they
每种用户类型都由一个角色来代表,这是一种基于数据的用户模拟,看起来像一个真实的人,但只是虚拟存在。角色是数据的人格化。角色的目的是促进共鸣,让公司的所有成员都觉得他们

are communicating with actual people,each with specific and different needs and ways of working,rather than a mass of undifferentiated users all doing the same thing in the same way.
与实际的人交流,每个人都有特定的、不同的需求和工作方式,而不是大量无差别的用户都以同样的方式做同样的事情。
Personas are often presented as a photograph of a person(although AI simulations are possible),with a list of"biographical facts,"activities,goals,fears,frustrations,and so on, details that bring the simulation to life.A persona also has a defining narrative.A story that explains its problem in detail and how it uses or wants to use the app to solve that problem.
角色通常以人物照片的形式呈现(虽然也可以使用人工智能模拟),并附带一系列 "生平事迹"、"小故事"、"名人轶事 "等细节,使模拟的人物栩栩如生。
Most technical writing companies and divisions within companies have a collection of personas prominently displayed,each one representing a specific audience member type,reminding their writers who they serve and what kind of struggles they need to anticipate and resolve or at least address in advance.These personas need to be revisited and updated or refined periodically to ensure their efficacy and to be certain that they accurately represent current users.
大多数技术写作公司和公司中的部门都在显著位置展示了一系列角色,每个角色都代表了一种特定的受众类型,提醒写作者他们的服务对象是谁,他们需要预见和解决或至少提前解决什么样的问题。 这些角色需要定期重新审视、更新或完善,以确保它们的有效性,并确定它们准确地代表了当前的用户。

A persona template  角色模板

A generic persona might look something like this:
一个通用的角色可能是这样的:
Picture of persona  人物照片 Biography  简历 Level of Engagement  参与程度
[Large enough to see the face in detail as well as some details about how they are dressed,adornments, make up,hair,perhaps a background that indicates the kind of space they occupy and the people/things around them while they are using your product or app.The goal is to make someone looking at the picture have a concrete sense of whom they are writing to.]
[大到足以看到脸部细节,以及衣着、头饰、妆容、发型的一些细节,也许还需要一个背景,以显示他们在使用您的产品或应用程序时所处的空间以及周围的人/物。]

姓名: 年龄: 教育程度: 婚姻状况: 父母状况: 居住地:
Name:
Age:
Education:
Marital status:
Parental status:
Places lived:
Name: Age: Education: Marital status: Parental status: Places lived:| Name: | | :--- | | Age: | | Education: | | Marital status: | | Parental status: | | Places lived: |

经常使用: 经常使用但不经常使用: 偶尔使用: 很少使用: 已安装但从未使用: 经常使用: 经常使用但不经常使用: 偶尔使用: 很少使用: 已安装但从未使用
Frequent:
Regular but infrequent:
Occasional:
Rare:
Installed but never used:
Frequent: Regular but infrequent: Occasional: Rare: Installed but never used:| Frequent: | | :--- | | Regular but infrequent: | | Occasional: | | Rare: | | Installed but never used: |
Occupation  职业 Narrative  叙述

職稱: 收入: 負債: 現職年期: 抱負: 恐懼
Job title:
Income:
Debt:
Length in current position:
Aspirations:
Fears:
Job title: Income: Debt: Length in current position: Aspirations: Fears:| Job title: | | :--- | | Income: | | Debt: | | Length in current position: | | Aspirations: | | Fears: |

他们试图解决什么问题? -他们的主要情绪或默认心理状态是什么? -他们的背景是什么? -他们期望什么? -什么让他们高兴? -什么让他们沮丧?
What problem are they trying to solve?
-What is their dominant mood or
-default state of mind?
-What is the setting?
-What do they expect?
-What pleases them?
-What frustrates them?
What problem are they trying to solve? -What is their dominant mood or -default state of mind? -What is the setting? -What do they expect? -What pleases them? -What frustrates them?| What problem are they trying to solve? | | :--- | | -What is their dominant mood or | | -default state of mind? | | -What is the setting? | | -What do they expect? | | -What pleases them? | | -What frustrates them? |
Interests  兴趣爱好 Miscellaneous  杂项

爱好: 活动: 假期: 交通方式: 最喜欢的音乐、电视节目、游戏等: 语言: 英语: 法语: 西班牙语
Hobbies:
Activities:
Vacations:
Form of transportation:
Favorite music,tv shows,games,etc.:
Languages:
Hobbies: Activities: Vacations: Form of transportation: Favorite music,tv shows,games,etc.: Languages:| Hobbies: | | :--- | | Activities: | | Vacations: | | Form of transportation: | | Favorite music,tv shows,games,etc.: | | Languages: |
Anything else that yields insights into how people like this think,act,and live.
任何其他能洞察这种人的思维、行为和生活方式的东西。
Picture of persona Biography Level of Engagement [Large enough to see the face in detail as well as some details about how they are dressed,adornments, make up,hair,perhaps a background that indicates the kind of space they occupy and the people/things around them while they are using your product or app.The goal is to make someone looking at the picture have a concrete sense of whom they are writing to.] "Name: Age: Education: Marital status: Parental status: Places lived:" "Frequent: Regular but infrequent: Occasional: Rare: Installed but never used:" Occupation Narrative "Job title: Income: Debt: Length in current position: Aspirations: Fears:" "What problem are they trying to solve? -What is their dominant mood or -default state of mind? -What is the setting? -What do they expect? -What pleases them? -What frustrates them?" Interests Miscellaneous "Hobbies: Activities: Vacations: Form of transportation: Favorite music,tv shows,games,etc.: Languages:" Anything else that yields insights into how people like this think,act,and live.| Picture of persona | Biography | Level of Engagement | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | [Large enough to see the face in detail as well as some details about how they are dressed,adornments, make up,hair,perhaps a background that indicates the kind of space they occupy and the people/things around them while they are using your product or app.The goal is to make someone looking at the picture have a concrete sense of whom they are writing to.] | Name: <br> Age: <br> Education: <br> Marital status: <br> Parental status: <br> Places lived: | Frequent: <br> Regular but infrequent: <br> Occasional: <br> Rare: <br> Installed but never used: | | | Occupation | Narrative | | | Job title: <br> Income: <br> Debt: <br> Length in current position: <br> Aspirations: <br> Fears: | What problem are they trying to solve? <br> -What is their dominant mood or <br> -default state of mind? <br> -What is the setting? <br> -What do they expect? <br> -What pleases them? <br> -What frustrates them? | | | Interests | Miscellaneous | | | Hobbies: <br> Activities: <br> Vacations: <br> Form of transportation: <br> Favorite music,tv shows,games,etc.: <br> Languages: | Anything else that yields insights into how people like this think,act,and live. |

A closer look at our case
进一步了解我们的案例

Our app has been in use for four years now, and thus we have thousands of use cases, data about specific individuals using our app and feedback about how successful their experience was. The one thing we know that applies to all users regardless of type is frustration at being asked so many questions. So we need to streamline that process. We need to reduce the number of questions we are going to ask and find some way to make sure we are asking only the right questions for each audience segment.
我们的应用程序已经使用了四年,因此我们拥有数以千计的使用案例、关于使用我们应用程序的特定个人的数据以及关于他们的成功体验的反馈。我们知道,所有用户,无论其类型如何,都会对被问到这么多问题感到沮丧。因此,我们需要简化这一流程。我们需要减少要问的问题数量,并想办法确保我们只针对每个受众群体提出正确的问题。
The questionnaire data tells us that our users are, in general, young (18-25), educated, middle or upper middle class if not elite class, and ambitious. They are open to new experiences. They are, relative to young people who do not study abroad, mature, selfpossessed, good with foreign languages, and smart. This kind of information is useful because we can use it to make predictions about what kind of housing might appeal to such people. But we need more. For one thing, we need to know what money a person plans to spend and what apartment they can get for that much of money in the city or town they want to live in. We also need to know what kinds of sacrifices they will need to make given where they need to live. One-thousand American dollars a month will get you much less in a large city than it might in a small town, for example.
调查问卷的数据告诉我们,我们的用户一般都很年轻(18-25 岁),受过教育,即使不是精英阶层,也是中产阶级或中上层阶级,而且雄心勃勃。他们乐于接受新的体验。与没有出国留学的年轻人相比,他们成熟、自信、精通外语、聪明。这类信息很有用,因为我们可以用它来预测什么样的住房可能会吸引这些人。但我们还需要更多的信息。首先,我们需要知道一个人计划花多少钱,以及在他们想居住的城市或城镇,花这么多钱能买到什么样的公寓。我们还需要知道,在他们需要居住的地方,他们需要做出什么样的牺牲。例如,每月 1000 美元在大城市的收入要比在小城镇少得多。
Our user profiles consist of Chinese students who have gone to America to study at one of the hundreds of universities in cities and towns. We know who studied at which university, in which department, where they lived, how much they spent per month, how long they stayed, and how satisfied they were with our app and the apartments it identified for them. We have hundreds of these user profiles. To make this historical data predictive, we need to find ways to generalize from it.
我们的用户档案包括前往美国数百所大学学习的中国学生。我们知道谁在哪所大学、哪个院系学习,他们住在哪里,每月花费多少,逗留多长时间,以及他们对我们的应用程序和为他们找到的公寓有多满意。我们有数百份这样的用户档案。为了使这些历史数据具有预测性,我们需要找到归纳这些数据的方法。
Our use cases provide a list of every American university attended by a Chinese student who used our app in the past 4 years. If we used this list to create personas, we would end up with hundreds of personas. We need far fewer because a small audience of strangers is no better than a large audience of strangers. We need to create the illusion of dialogue for both our users and our writers and designers. To simplify our data, we think first about taking the top 10 most popular universities, but we worry that if we do, the students who want to attend one of the many others will receive an ill-fitting questionnaire. We notice that the top twenty
我们的用例提供了一份在过去 4 年中使用过我们的应用程序的中国学生就读的每所美国大学的名单。如果我们用这个列表来创建角色,我们最终会有数以百计的角色。我们所需要的角色数量要少得多,因为由少量陌生人组成的受众并不比由大量陌生人组成的受众更好。我们需要为我们的用户和我们的撰稿人和设计师创造一种对话的假象。为了简化数据,我们首先考虑选取前十名最受欢迎的大学,但我们担心,如果这样做,想去其他大学就读的学生就会收到一份不合适的问卷。我们注意到,排名前二十的

universities all fall into one of five types.So we decide to make a persona for each of the five types of university.
因此,我们决定为五种类型的大学分别制作一个角色。
Thus our cast of personas will be constructed out of generalizations from past students,one group of which attended one of the Ivy League universities,another for those who went to a technical university,a third for those who went to a land grant university(these are America's agricultural universities),a fourth for those who went to a state university,and a fifth for those who went to a prestigious private university that is not one of the Ivy League universities.
因此,我们将从过去的学生中概括出一些角色,一类是常春藤盟校的学生,另一类是技术大学的学生,第三类是土地赠与大学的学生(这些是美国的农业大学),第四类是州立大学的学生,第五类是常春藤盟校以外的著名私立大学的学生。
Thus we can have five personas:The Ivy Leaguer,The Techie,The Aggie,The Statie,and The Posh. 1 1 ^(1){ }^{1}
这样,我们就有了五个角色:常春藤联盟成员、技术人员、运动员、国家工作人员和时尚人士。

Basing our personas on data rather than assumptions and biases is critically important.If we do not use real data,we risk creating stereotypes that will be scandalous and also useless.
如果我们不使用真实的数据,就有可能产生丑化他人的刻板印象,而这些刻板印象也是毫无用处的。
At this point we have five data-based personas.We also know that user satisfaction is a function of knowledge of the city or town they plan to move to so we can modify each of the five personas to include three additional distinctions.Using funnel questions we can discover which users:
我们还知道,用户的满意度与他们对计划搬迁到的城市或城镇的了解程度有关,因此我们可以对这五个角色进行修改,使之包括另外三个区别。
  1. know a lot about where they are moving
    对他们的搬迁地点了如指掌
  2. know a few important things but nothing much in detail
    只知其一,不知其二
  3. know nothing  一无所知
And so we would send all user 1s destined for an Ivy League university directly to the questionnaire designed for them, all user 2 Ivy Leaguers to a different questionnaire, and all user 3 Ivy Leaguers to some helpful information about the town their Ivy League is in before we send them their specific questionnaire. And so on.
因此,我们会将所有常春藤联盟大学的用户 1 直接发送到为其设计的调查问卷,将所有常春藤联盟大学的用户 2 发送到另一份调查问卷,将所有常春藤联盟大学的用户 3 发送到关于其常春藤联盟所在城市的一些有用信息,然后再发送给他们具体的调查问卷。以此类推。
In the end we will have three questionnaires for each of the five personas, although of course any given user will only ever see one custom fit questionnaire. We plan to make these questionnaires dynamic in the future. In other words, eventually we want to use real-time data to modify what a given user sees when he or she answers a question or provides a response that we know indicates the response that people like her are looking for at such moments.
最终,我们将为五个角色中的每一个角色准备三份问卷,当然,任何一个用户只能看到一份定制的问卷。我们计划将来把这些问卷变成动态的。换句话说,最终我们希望利用实时数据来修改特定用户在回答问题或提供回复时所看到的内容,我们知道这些内容表明了像她这样的人在这种时刻正在寻找的回复。
Once we have our personas, we need to develop ways of sharing them with the company, so that the writers and designers and perhaps even the software engineers have the illusion of helping real people solve a finite set of real but elastic problems.
一旦我们有了 "角色",我们就需要开发出与公司分享 "角色 "的方法,这样,作者和设计师,甚至软件工程师就会产生一种错觉,以为自己在帮助真实的人解决有限的、真实的但又有弹性的问题。
We could create a web page for each persona. Down the road we might want to have our app offer users a community experience since their participation would give us even more data specific to students at that university. Or we could create life-sized cutouts and place them in the hallways of the offices or seat them at the table in a conference room. Many approaches are possible. Be creative. At very least we should have a template that provides some consistency of presentation among the different personas and an efficient way of sharing and quickly reviewing each persona.
我们可以为每个角色创建一个网页。下一步,我们可能想让我们的应用程序为用户提供社区体验,因为他们的参与将为我们提供更多有关该大学学生的数据。或者,我们可以制作真人大小的剪纸,把它们放在办公室的走廊里,或者让它们坐在会议室的桌子旁。许多方法都是可行的。要有创意。至少我们应该有一个模板,使不同角色的表现形式保持一定的一致性,并能有效地分享和快速审查每个角色。
Ivy Leaguer,Type 1  常春藤联盟成员,类型 1
Well-traveled Ivy Leaguer
游历丰富的常春藤联盟成员
Biography  简历 University  大学
% % %\%

姓名:张子成 年龄:23 学历: 婚姻状况:单身. 父母状况:0 . 居住地:学生宿舍(不太满意);居住公寓
Name:Zicheng Zhang
Age: 23
Education:
Marital status:Single.
Parental status: 0 .
Places lived:Student dormitory
(not quite satisfied);leased
apartments
Name:Zicheng Zhang Age: 23 Education: Marital status:Single. Parental status: 0 . Places lived:Student dormitory (not quite satisfied);leased apartments| Name:Zicheng Zhang | | :--- | | Age: 23 | | Education: | | Marital status:Single. | | Parental status: 0 . | | Places lived:Student dormitory | | (not quite satisfied);leased | | apartments |

大学:耶鲁广场:纽黑文,康涅狄格州 气候: 公寓类型: 室内外
University:Yale
Place:New Haven,Connecticut
Climate:
Kinds of apartments:
University:Yale Place:New Haven,Connecticut Climate: Kinds of apartments:| University:Yale | | :--- | | Place:New Haven,Connecticut | | Climate: | | Kinds of apartments: |
Occupation  职业 Narrative  叙述

工作:希望进入人类学领域的研究生 收入:微薄的大学助学金和家庭收入 债务:无 理想:以自己的艺术和文化品味而闻名 害怕:安全;住在一个她羞于向朋友、同学和当地艺术界其他成员展示的地方
Job title:Graduate student looking to enter the field of anthropology Income:A modest university stipend and family money Debt:None
Aspiration:To become known for her taste in art and culture
Fears:Safety;living in a place she will be ashamed to show to friends,fellow students,and other members of the local art community
Job title:Graduate student looking to enter the field of anthropology Income:A modest university stipend and family money Debt:None Aspiration:To become known for her taste in art and culture Fears:Safety;living in a place she will be ashamed to show to friends,fellow students,and other members of the local art community| Job title:Graduate student looking to enter the field of anthropology Income:A modest university stipend and family money Debt:None | | :--- | | Aspiration:To become known for her taste in art and culture | | Fears:Safety;living in a place she will be ashamed to show to friends,fellow students,and other members of the local art community |
A well-traveled Ivy Leaguer who has been to America,to New York and Los Angeles.She has also seen Yale and knows a bit about New Haven.She is excited and confident,but she is also very particular and while she does not know precisely what her options are,she knows what she wants and what she does not want.
她去过美国,去过纽约和洛杉矶,也去过耶鲁大学,对纽黑文有一些了解。她很兴奋,也很自信,但她也很挑剔,虽然她并不清楚自己有哪些选择,但她知道自己想要什么,不想要什么。
Interests  兴趣爱好 Miscellaneous  杂项
Hobbies:Tennis,swimming Vacations:The Caribbean; somewhere exotic Form of transportation:Driving Favorite music,tv shows,games, etc.:Hamilton;Game of Thrones Languages:Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese,English,French, German,and Japanese
爱好:网球、游泳 假期:加勒比海;异国情调的地方 交通工具:开车 喜欢的音乐、电视、游戏等. 语言:普通话、粤语、英语、法语、德语和日语
Zicheng wants her apartment to be her harbor after a long day; she would also occasionally turn it into a social place for her and her friends.She loves re- decorating the place when she moves in.
子澄希望她的公寓是她忙碌一天后的港湾;她偶尔也会把公寓变成她和朋友们的社交场所。
Well-traveled Ivy Leaguer Biography University % "Name:Zicheng Zhang Age: 23 Education: Marital status:Single. Parental status: 0 . Places lived:Student dormitory (not quite satisfied);leased apartments" "University:Yale Place:New Haven,Connecticut Climate: Kinds of apartments:" Occupation Narrative "Job title:Graduate student looking to enter the field of anthropology Income:A modest university stipend and family money Debt:None Aspiration:To become known for her taste in art and culture Fears:Safety;living in a place she will be ashamed to show to friends,fellow students,and other members of the local art community" A well-traveled Ivy Leaguer who has been to America,to New York and Los Angeles.She has also seen Yale and knows a bit about New Haven.She is excited and confident,but she is also very particular and while she does not know precisely what her options are,she knows what she wants and what she does not want. Interests Miscellaneous Hobbies:Tennis,swimming Vacations:The Caribbean; somewhere exotic Form of transportation:Driving Favorite music,tv shows,games, etc.:Hamilton;Game of Thrones Languages:Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese,English,French, German,and Japanese Zicheng wants her apartment to be her harbor after a long day; she would also occasionally turn it into a social place for her and her friends.She loves re- decorating the place when she moves in.| Well-traveled Ivy Leaguer | Biography | University | | :---: | :---: | :---: | | $\%$ | Name:Zicheng Zhang <br> Age: 23 <br> Education: <br> Marital status:Single. <br> Parental status: 0 . <br> Places lived:Student dormitory <br> (not quite satisfied);leased <br> apartments | University:Yale <br> Place:New Haven,Connecticut <br> Climate: <br> Kinds of apartments: | | | Occupation | Narrative | | | Job title:Graduate student looking to enter the field of anthropology Income:A modest university stipend and family money Debt:None <br> Aspiration:To become known for her taste in art and culture <br> Fears:Safety;living in a place she will be ashamed to show to friends,fellow students,and other members of the local art community | A well-traveled Ivy Leaguer who has been to America,to New York and Los Angeles.She has also seen Yale and knows a bit about New Haven.She is excited and confident,but she is also very particular and while she does not know precisely what her options are,she knows what she wants and what she does not want. | | | Interests | Miscellaneous | | | Hobbies:Tennis,swimming Vacations:The Caribbean; somewhere exotic Form of transportation:Driving Favorite music,tv shows,games, etc.:Hamilton;Game of Thrones Languages:Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese,English,French, German,and Japanese | Zicheng wants her apartment to be her harbor after a long day; she would also occasionally turn it into a social place for her and her friends.She loves re- decorating the place when she moves in. |
Here is a list of words that you can use to describe someone’s personalities (mostly positive and neutral ones). Use them on the user persona.
这里有一系列可以用来描述某人性格的词语(大多是正面和中性的词语)。在用户角色中使用它们。
brave  勇敢 chatty  唠叨 clever  心灵手巧 easy-going  开朗 friendly  友好
grumpy  脾气坏的 hard-working  孜孜 honest  正直 kind  一种 lazy  偷懒
loud  响当当 lucky  好运 mean  吝啬 moody  闷闷不乐 nasty  讨厌
neat  整齐 nervous  神经 nice  漂亮 polite  以礼 popular  流行
quiet  安静 rude  无礼 selfish  自私自利 serious  严重 serious  严重
shy  害羞 silly  糊涂 smart  聪颖 tidy  崭齐 unlucky  晦气
wise  明智 annoying  恼人 cautious  慎重 determined  决心 decisive  勇决
artistic  美观 Open-minded  思想开放 conservative  保守的 reserved  矜持 outgoing  外发
affectionate  多情
brave chatty clever easy-going friendly grumpy hard-working honest kind lazy loud lucky mean moody nasty neat nervous nice polite popular quiet rude selfish serious serious shy silly smart tidy unlucky wise annoying cautious determined decisive artistic Open-minded conservative reserved outgoing affectionate | brave | chatty | clever | easy-going | friendly | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | grumpy | hard-working | honest | kind | lazy | | loud | lucky | mean | moody | nasty | | neat | nervous | nice | polite | popular | | quiet | rude | selfish | serious | serious | | shy | silly | smart | tidy | unlucky | | wise | annoying | cautious | determined | decisive | | artistic | Open-minded | conservative | reserved | outgoing | | affectionate | | | | |

GUIDELINES OR CHECKLISTS
指南或清单

\square Personas need to be shared with everyone in the company. Make sure they exist in an easily reproduced format.
\square Personas 需要与公司的每个人共享。确保它们以易于复制的格式存在。

\square Avoid stereotyping. Is your persona truly based on data? If a persona somehow got out into the world outside your company, would that be a problem? If you shared your persona with someone who truly fit the profile, would they be offended? Would they happily recognize themselves in the persona?
\square 避免刻板印象。您的角色是否真正基于数据?如果您的角色以某种方式流传到公司以外的世界,这会有问题吗?如果您与真正符合您的角色形象的人分享您的角色形象,他们会感到不快吗?他们会高兴地从角色中认出自己吗?

\square Personas need to be updated periodically, as new data becomes available, to be sure they aren’t out of step with reality. How often should you revisit yours?
\square 随着新数据的出现,需要定期更新角色模型,以确保它们不会与现实脱节。您应该多久重新审视一次您的角色定位?

\square Because personas are supposed to be an ongoing process,in addition to the profiles themselves you need to document the process you used to create them with enough detail that you could successfully pass on the task to whoever replaces you when you move to a new position.As a technical writer,the archive of your work practices becomes a significant part of your legacy.
\square 因为 "角色 "应该是一个持续的过程,除了 "角色 "本身之外,你还需要记录创建 "角色 "的过程,并提供足够的细节,以便在你调到一个新的职位时,你可以把这个任务顺利地传给接替你的人。

1.Practice thoughtful generalization from observation of many people coexisting in one place.Perhaps spend some time in the main canteen on campus or in a parkland where students tend to congregate.See if you can identify groups and then list characteristics that make a person a member of that group.You might find inspiration on Douyin.
1.通过观察许多人在一个地方共存的情况,进行深思熟虑的概括。也许可以在校园的主要食堂或学生经常聚集的公园里待上一段时间,看看你是否能找出群体,然后列出使一个人成为该群体成员的特征。
2.Working in a group,identify an application that all of you use and compare notes about how each of you uses it.Can you distinct ways of using it?Can you create a persona for each user type?
2.小组合作,确定一个大家都在使用的应用程序,并比较每个人的使用方式。 能否区分不同的使用方式? 能否为每种用户类型创建一个角色?
3.Create four personas,one for each of the kinds of universities we identified above.You should spend some time researching one American University of each kind to see if you can develop a sense of what kinds of students go there.Since you will have little if any actual data,these personas will have to be creative.You might substitute the American universities for Chinese universities that have students you know more about.
3.创建四个角色,每种类型的大学一个角色。 你应该花一些时间研究每种类型的一所美国大学,看看你是否能对去那里的学生的类型有所了解。

模块式教材结构
实践型教学案例
实用性写作技能
综合型能力培养
立体化教学资源
国际化编写团队

[General Information]  [一般信息。]
书名=英文技术写作=TECN CAL WR TING
页数=274
SS号=15132610  SS 编号 = 15132610

  1. 1 Zero-waste is a set of principles focused on waste prevention that advocates the redesign of resource life circle so that all products can be reused.Unlike recycling,zero-waste movement puts emphasis on "precycling"-waste prevention.
    与回收不同,零废弃运动强调 "预回收"--预防废弃。
  2. b.It is of great importance to keep in mind that the term diabetes mellitus refers to a whole specific disorder.
    b.重要的是要记住,糖尿病一词指的是一种整体的特定疾病.
  3. For answers to your COVID-19 questions, call 1-833-4ASKODH (1-833-427-5634).
    有关 COVID-19 问题的答案,请致电 1-833-4ASKODH (1-833-427-5634)。

  4. 1 See Chapter 8.
    1 见第 8 章。
  5. 1 Source:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
    1 来源:《新格罗夫音乐与音乐家词典》
  6. 1 Source:https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/technicalContent/reference.html.
    1 来源://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/technicalContent/reference.html.
  7. 1 Source: https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/base/topic.html
    1 资料来源:https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/base/topic.html

    2 Source: https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/technicalContent/reference.html
    2 资料来源:https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/technicalContent/reference.html
  8. 1 Source:https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/base/topic.html
    1 资料来源:https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/base/topic.html
  9. 1 Source:https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/base/map.html
    1 资料来源:https://www.oxygenxml.com/dita/1.3/specs/langRef/base/map.html
  10. 1 All writing today is digital.It's no longer just words but images,photographs,graphs,buttons,menus and videos.Technical writers are far more than just writers and so rather than speaking and thinking in terms of documents it makes sense to think in terms of digital information products.
    1 当今所有的写作都是数字化的。它不再仅仅是文字,而是图像、照片、图形、按钮、菜单和视频。技术写作者远不止是写作者,因此,与其从文件的角度来说话和思考,不如从数字信息产品的角度来思考。

    2 So did you because you asked"what"instead of"why."
    2 你也一样,因为你问的是 "什么",而不是 "为什么".
  11. 1 You will not get everyone to respond unless you lock a user out until he rates the application,which risks infuriating your user and skewing the rating left.The number of respondents you get is referred to as your N (see the Glossary),and the size of N relative to the entire population tells you how reliable your data might be.
    1 你不可能让每个人都回复,除非你把用户锁在门外,直到他给应用程序打分,这样做有可能激怒用户,使评分偏左。

    2 Just because they say they will doesn't mean they can or that they actually will.So,of those who say they are willing you need to ask questions that will tell you if you can rely on them.You will need to know where they live and how much time and what times they might have.It might help if you knew if they had been a subject before,since sometimes past behavior predicts future behavior.Maybe knowing what they do for a living will help you.People who work in marketing are much more likely to be a subject in a research project, for example.
    2 他们说他们愿意并不意味着他们可以或他们真的愿意.所以,对于那些说他们愿意的人,你需要问一些问题来告诉你是否可以信赖他们.你需要知道他们住在哪里,他们可能有多少时间和什么时间.如果你知道他们以前是否做过研究对象,这可能会有帮助,因为有时过去的行为会预示未来的行为。 也许知道他们的职业会对你有所帮助。
  12. 1 You could have presented these text/images to your entire potential population rather than starting with the Likert test.What would be the benefit of that approach?And what would it cost?
    1 您本可以向所有潜在用户展示这些文字/图片,而不是从李克特测试开始。 这种方法有什么好处?
  13. 1 Users who rate the application 8 or better are not likely part of the population who use the application badly, but you asked all users to rate from 1 to 10 so you could look closely at the 3 s and maybe find people who struggle with the product and from them learn how to make it easier for them use. Maybe for your next research project.
    1 给应用程序打 8 分或更高分的用户可能并不属于严重使用该应用程序的人群,但您要求所有用户从 1 到 10 分打分,因此您可以仔细观察 3 分,也许能找到那些在使用该产品时遇到困难的人,并从他们身上学习如何让他们更容易使用该产品。也许这是你下一个研究项目的目标。
  14. 1 The open-ended version of this question,how often do you use our app,will give you many variations on the same thing.You want a close-ended question in cases like this,where all people who use the app X times provide exactly the same data.
    1 这个问题的开放式版本,即 "您多久使用一次我们的应用程序",会让您对同一件事产生许多不同的看法。 在这种情况下,您需要一个封闭式的问题,即所有使用应用程序 X 次的人都提供完全相同的数据。
  15. 1 Posh is a British word that means elite,aristocratic.A posh person is rich,well-educated,well-spoken,and well-dressed.
    1 Posh 是一个英式单词,意思是精英,贵族.一个有品位的人是富有的,受过良好教育的,能说会道的,衣着得体的.