Term Project - Audio Amplifier
学期项目 - 音频放大器
Objectives
目标
To understand the principles of a Darlington push-pull power amplifier and its application.
了解 D 阿灵顿推挽式功率放大器的原理及其应用。
To construct an audio power amplifier on a PCB board and heatsink, and trouble shoot the circuit.
在 PCB 板和散热器上构建音频功率放大器 ，并对电路进行故障排除。
To test performances of the amplifier under the laboratory conditions.
在实验室条件下测试放大器的性能。
Project Description
项目描述
Fig.1 Block diagram of an audio amplifier
无花果。1 音频放大器框图
Audio power amplifiers are designed to drive loudspeakers. They have DC power supplies, input stage, and output stage, as shown in Fig.1. The input stage of a power amplifier (sometimes called the "front end") is to receive and prepare the input signals for "amplification" by the output stage. It is a stage of pre-amplification or voltage amplification. The output stage converts the signal into a much more powerful "replica" that is capable of driving high power to a speaker. It amplifies current. As Power = current voltage (for resistive loads), this is where the “power” amplification comes from.
音频功率放大器设计用于驱动扬声器。它们具有直流电源 、 输入级和输出级 ，如图 1 所示 。 功率放大器的输入级（有时称为“前端”）用于接收和准备输入信号，以便输出级进行“放大”。这是预放大或电压放大的阶段。 输出级将信号转换为更强大的“复制品”， 能够将高功率驱动到扬声器。它放大电流。 由于功率 = 电流 电压（对于电阻负载），这就是“功率”放大的来源。
Audio power amplifiers get the energy from a DC power supply to amplify an audio input signal. Power ratings and efficiency are two of important specifications for audio amplifiers (also noise and THD for commercial amplifiers). The rated power output of an amplifier is referred to its maximum output and may be stated for various load impedances. The efficiency is determined by the class of an amplifier (i.e. class A, B and AB) and its circuit configuration. Class AB is probably the most common one currently used in home stereo.
音频功率放大器从直流电源获取能量，以放大音频输入信号。额定功率和效率是音频放大器的两个重要规格（商用放大器的噪声和 THD 也是）。放大器的额定功率输出是指其最大输出，可以针对各种负载阻抗进行说明 。效率由放大器的等级（即 A、B 和 AB 类）及其电路配置决定。 AB 类可能是目前家庭立体声中最常用的一种。
For this term project, a simple audio power amplifier shown in Fig.2 will be designed and built [1]. It contains two stages, voltage amplification and current amplification. The voltage amplification is performed by a non-inverting op-amp. In the front stage, an audio signal is pre-amplified with a voltage gain of about 10 (determined by R2 and R1). The current amplification is carried out by a typical Darlington push-pull configuration. In this output stage, the current is amplified but the voltage remains the same. The audio amplifier uses dual DC supply of 15V so that coupling capacitors at outputs of two stages can be omitted. Two resistors RE1 and RE2 are the thermal buffer for the darlington configuration, to prevent the thermal run-away when the temperature of the BJTs are too high. Four diodes D1 to D4 are used to reduce the cross over distortion and to form a class AB amplifier.
对于本学期项目， 将设计并构建一个简单的音频功率放大器 ， 如图 2 所示 [1]。 它包含两个阶段，电压放大和电流放大。电压放大由同相运算放大器执行。 在前级，音频信号以大约 10 的电压增益（由 R2 和 R1 决定）进行预放大。 电流放大由典型的 Darlington 推挽配置进行。 在 th 是输出级， 电流是指定的，但电压保持不变 。音频放大器使用 15V 的双直流电源 ，因此可以省略两级输出端的耦合电容器。 两个电阻器 RE1 和 RE2 是达林顿配置的热缓冲器，以防止 BJT 温度过高时发生热失控 。 四个二极管 D1 至 D4 用于减少交叉失真并形成 AB 类放大器。
Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of an audio amplifier
图 2： 音频放大器的电路图
Design Specifications
设计规格
Power Supply voltage: Vcc= +15 Volts and Vee= -15 Volts.
电源电压：Vcc = +15 伏特和 Vee = -15 伏特。
The output power Pout is no smaller than 3 Watts with a load of 8for UGs while the minimum Pout should be 4 Watts for MPE students. Larger output power will be awarded by extra marks subjected to the full marks allocated.
UG 的输出功率 Pout 不小于 3 瓦 ， 负载为 8，而 MPE 学生的最小 P 输出应为 4 瓦 。 更大的输出功率将由额外的分数授予，但须获得满分。
The frequency response of your amplifier must be “flat” within 3 dB from about 30Hz to 30 kHz.
放大器的频率响应必须在 3 dB 以内，从大约 30Hz 到 30kHz。
Quiescent DC power (when no ac signal is being amplified) should be as low as possible while eliminating cross-over distortion in the push-pull output stage. In other words, the efficiency of the amplifier should be maximized, as close as possible to the efficiency of a class AB amplifier. Quantitatively efficiency above 45% should be achieved by UGs while above 55% for MPE students. Note the maximum efficiency is not occurred at when the maximum output power is achieved.
静态直流功率（当没有 交流信号被放大时）应尽可能低，同时消除推挽输出级中的交叉失真。换句话说，放大器的效率应最大化，尽可能接近 AB 类放大器的效率。 本科生的量化效率应达到 45% 以上，而 MPE 学生应达到 55% 以上的量化效率。 请注意 ，当达到最大输出功率时 ， 不会出现最大效率 。
Project Kits
项目工具包
Op-amp: LF353×1
运算放大器：LF353×1
BJTs: NPN - Tip31 and 2N3904; PNP - Tip32 and 2N3906
BJTs：NPN-Tip31 和 2N3904;PNP-Tip32 和 2N3906
Diodes: IN4001×4
二极管：IN4001×4
Electrolytic capacitors: 0.1µF×2 and 56 µF×4
电解电容器：0.1μF×2 和 56μF×4
¼ W resistors as required;
根据需要提供 1/4 W 电阻器 ;
1W, 1Ω resistors×2
1W、1Ω 电阻器×2
8-pin IC socket ×1- socket for LF353 on PCB board
8 针 IC 插座 ×1- 用于 LF353 的 PCB 板上的插座
3-pin female headers×2 – sockets for plugging in two transistors Q1 and Q4 on PCB board
3 针母接头×2 – 用于插入 PCB 板上 two 晶体管 Q1 和 Q4 的插座
3-way sockets×2 and 3-way housing×2 –for plugging in transistors Q2 and Q3 on PCB board
3 路插座×2 和 3 路外壳 ×2 – 用于插入 PCB 板上的晶体管 Q2 和 Q3
2-way terminal blocks ×2 and 3-way terminal block ×1 – for the Input P3, Output P6 and DC power supplies P1
2 路接线端子 ×2 和 3 路接线端子 ×1 – 用于输入 P3、输出 P6 和直流电源 P1
2-pin header jumpers×2 and male headers – for P4 and P5 as well as P2 on PCB board
2 针接头跳线 ×2 和公接头 – 用于 PCB 板上的 P4 和 P5 以及 P2
PCB board ×1
PCB 板 ×1
Heatsink ×2
散热器 ×2
Screws, nuts, films: for mounting the transistors Q2 and Q3 on heat sinks
螺钉、螺母、薄膜： 用于将晶体管 Q2 和 Q3 安装在散热器上
Project Tasks
项目任务
Design: Choose values for the resistor RE1, RE2, RB1, and RB2 in the circuit of Fig.2, to set up proper DC bias to achieve maximum swing of output voltage V0. Calculate R2 to achieve the voltage gain of 10.
设计：在图 2 的电路中为电阻器 RE1、RE2、RB1 和 RB2 选择值，以设置适当的直流偏置以实现输出电压 V 0 的最大摆幅 。 计算 R2 以获得 10 的电压增益。
Spice simulation – to optimise your design and theoretically predict the performances of the amplifier required as follows.
Spice 模拟 – 优化您的设计并从理论上预测所需的放大器的性能，如下所示。
DC bias analysis for all nodes. Create a table to record the values, and compare them with experimental measurements later on.
所有节点的直流偏置分析。创建一个表格来记录这些值，并在稍后将它们与实验测量值进行比较 。
Transient analysis to calculate maximum output voltage and current for a load of 8. It might be necessary to adjust the resistances of RB1 and RB2 calculated in Step 1 to maximise the swing of the output voltage. Calculate the maximum output power and power efficiency.
瞬态分析，计算 8 负载的最大 m 输出电压和电流 。 可能需要调整步骤 1 中计算的 RB1 和 RB2 的电阻 ，以最大化输出电压的摆幅。计算最大输出功率和功率效率。
AC analysis to show the frequency response of the amplifier. Find out lower and higher 3dB cut-off frequencies.
交流分析，以显示放大器的频率响应 。 找出更低和更高的 3dB 截止频率。
Build the prototype circuit - construct the power amplifier circuit on a bread board. Test the amplifier by measuring DC bias, voltage gain, output power, and efficiency using a dummy load (8 resistor, power rating needs to suit to the output power) and the function generator. Record the measurements as well as photos of your breadboard circuit. Note: you may need to fine tune the resistance of RB1 and RB2 experimentally to achieve maximum output.
构建原型电路 - c 在面包板上构建功率放大器电路 。 通过使用虚拟负载（8 电阻器，额定功率需要适合输出功率） 和函数发生器测量 直流偏置、电压增益、输出功率和效率来测试放大器 。 记录试验板电路的测量值和照片。 注意：您可能需要通过实验微调 RB1 和 RB2 的电阻 以实现最大输出。
Once the measurements of the prototype circuit on the breadboard meet the required design specifications, solder the circuit on a PCB board. Please check the reference [4] on how to do soldering before starting to solder. Bad soldering can cause broken circuit, short circuit, damage the transistors due to overheating, ect. For easy troubleshooting the circuit, it is suggested that you solder one stage of circuit and test it. Ensure it works well before starting next stage. Again use the dummy load and function generator to measure the maximum output power and power efficiency at the PCB stage.
一旦试验板上原型电路的测量值 满足所需的设计规范，即可将电路焊接到 PCB 板上 。在 开始焊接之前 ，请查看有关如何进行焊接的参考 [4]。 焊接不良会导致断路、短路、因过热而损坏晶体管等 。 为了便于对电路进行故障排除， 建议您焊接电路的一级并进行测试。在开始下一阶段之前，请确保它运行良好。 再次使用虚拟负载和函数发生器来测量 PCB 阶段的最大输出功率和功率效率 。
Measure the voltage gain for sinusoidal inputs at different frequencies for the circuit on the PCB. Plot the frequency response and indicate the 3dB break points. Compare these results with the Spice simulations correspondingly
测量 PCB 上电路在不同频率下正弦输入的电压增益。绘制频率响应并指示 3dB 断点。将这些结果与 Spice 模拟结果进行相应的比较.
Finally connect an audio signal source and a speaker with the amplifier to replace the FG and dummy load at the input and output. Listen to the output voice. How much is the voice from the audio source amplified? How much the current drawn from the DC power supply with different volume? Note: the power rating of the speaker should match the output power of the amplifier.
最后，将音频信号源和扬声器与放大器连接 ，以替换输入和输出端的 FG 和虚拟负载。Listen 到输出语音 。来自音频源的声音被放大了多少？ 从不同体积的直流电源汲取多少电流 ？ 请注意： 扬声器的额定功率应与放大器的输出功率相匹配。
Design and Construct Guidelines
设计和施工指南
The following steps help you proceed the design and construction of your audio amplifier.
以下步骤可帮助您继续设计和构建 音频放大器 。
Plan: To ensure the project to be completed on time with provided lab resource, it is important to make a plan on the project development. Make a timeline for each stage of the project, such as design/simulations, building and testing a prototype circuit on a breadboard, soldering on a PCB and troubleshooting, final testing, and so on, and check the progress against the plan. Take detailed records on your logbook to demonstrate the development of the project for each stage. Bear in mind that the lab access and soldering stations are limit and please make efficient use of them.
计划 ： 为了确保使用提供的实验室资源按时完成项目，制定 项目开发计划非常重要。为项目的每个阶段制定时间表，例如设计/模拟、 在试验板上构建和测试原型电路 、 在 PCB 上焊接和故障排除 、最终测试等，并根据计划检查进度。在您的日志上进行详细记录，以展示每个阶段的项目发展情况。请记住， 实验室访问和焊接台是有限的 ， 请有效利用它们 。
Design: The following points help you to understand and design the amplifier better.
设计： 以下几点可以帮助您更好地了解和设计放大器。
RE1 and RE2 in the circuit are to keep thermal stability of the push-pull amplifier because the VBE of the transistors drop when transistors getting hot [2]. Typically, the two resistors are a few ohms or less to provide a “buffer” for the critical quiescent current biasing.
电路中的 RE1 和 RE2 是为了保持推挽放大器的热稳定性，因为当晶体管变热时，晶体管的 V BE 会下降 [2]。 通常， 两个电阻器为几欧姆或更小，以便为临界静态电流偏置提供“缓冲”。
To calculate the DC biasing conditions and resistor values in the second stage, start from the output stage and work backward to the input of the second stage. For example, according to the maximum output power, the load current can be calculated. Then the collector current of Q2 can be estimated based on the load current. Note this current includes both DC and AC components instead of only DC current. Then the base current of Q1 can be worked out by the total current gain of the Darlington transistor (Q1 and Q2). This current is the majority of the current flowing through RB1 (say about 90%) as the current flowing through the diodes is very small. The potential at the base of Q1 can be calculated by the voltage drops across RE1 and the two BE junctions of the transistor Q1 and Q2. Similarly the base voltage at the base of Q4 can be worked out as PNP Darlington works symmetrically.
要计算第二级的直流偏置条件和电阻值 ，请从输出级开始，然后向后工作到第二级的输入 。例如， 根据最大输出功率 ， 可以计算负载电流。然后 可以根据 负载电流估算 Q 2 的集电极电流 。 请注意，此电流包括 DC 和 AC 分量，而不仅仅是 DC 电流。 然后 Q 1 的基极电流可以通过达林顿晶体管（Q1 和 Q 2）的总电流增益来计算 。这个电流是 流过 RB1 的大部分电流（大约是 90%），因为流过二极管的电流非常小。 Q1 基极的电位可以通过 RE1 以及晶体管 Q1 和 Q 2 的两个 BE 结上的压降来计算 。 同样 ，Q4 基极的基极电压可以计算出来，因为 PNP Darlington 对称工作。
Use Spice to verify and optimize your design. The spice models which are not available in LTSpice library, such as LF353, BJTs and diodes used in the project, and can be download from Canvas. You need to paste the spice models to the corresponding directories/files to make them available. For example, spice models of BJTs and diodes should be pasted in the files of standard.bjt and standard.dio. The models of LF353 should be pasted in the folder of \lib\sym\ and \lib\sub\.
使用 Spice 验证和优化您的设计。 LTSpice 库中没有的 SPICE 模型 ，例如项目中使用的 LF353、BJT 和二极管， 可以从 Canvas 下载 。 您需要将 spice 模型粘贴到相应的目录 / 文件中，以使 m 可用。例如，BJT 和二极管的 SPICE 模型应该粘贴到 standard.bjt 和 standard.dio 的文件中 。LF353 的模型应粘贴到 \lib\sym\ 和 \lib\sub\ 文件夹中。
The total voltage gain of the audio amplifier is provided by the non-inverting op-amp circuit. The voltage gain is determined by R1 and R2. For the non-inverting amplifier, the voltage gain can be calculated by Av=1+R2/R1.
音频放大器的总电压增益由同相运算放大器电路提供。电压增益由 R1 和 R2 决定 。对于同相放大器，电压增益可以通过 Av=1+R2/R1 来计算。
To calculate the DC biasing of the transistors, you can find the current gains from the transistor datasheet [3] or measure by the curve tracer (available in the Lab 430).
要计算晶体管的直流偏置 ，您可以从晶体管数据表 [3] 中找到电流增益 或通过曲线追踪器（可在实验室 430 中找到） 进行测量 。
Check the maximum power for all components to choose proper power ratings. Note the majority resistors available in the lab 210 are 1/4 watts and ±5%. Ask tutors if you need a resistor with high power rating. Check the transistors’ specifications for the power and peak voltage.
检查所有组件的最大功率以选择合适的 额定功率。 请注意，lab 210 中可用的大多数电阻器是 1/4 Ws 和 ±5%。 询问导师是否需要高额定功率的电阻器。 检查晶体管的规格 ，了解功率和峰值电压。
Construction/Testing steps
施工 /测试步骤
Build the circuit on a breadboard and then proceed with the required tests and measurements.
在试验板上构建电路，然后继续进行所需的测试和测量。
Construct and test the non-inverting amplifier stage on your breadboard by connecting R2 to the op-amp’s output. Measure the voltage gain and frequency response of the voltage amplification stage.
通过将 R2 连接到运算放大器的输出，在试验板上构建和测试同相放大器级。测量电压放大级的电压增益和频率响应。
Construct and test the output stage on your breadboard. Initially, apply only the DC voltage to the output stage without AC input and load. Measure the biasing voltages at each node in the output stage circuit and compare these with the Spice simulation results. If the measured biasing voltages align with those from the Spice simulation, proceed to apply a 1 kHz sine wave AC signal from the function generator to the anode of D3 (as shown in Fig. 2), and test the output voltage without any load.
在试验板上构建和测试输出阶段。 最初，仅将直流电压施加到输出级，没有交流输入和负载。测量输出级电路中每个节点的偏置电压，并将其与 Spice 仿真结果进行比较。如果测得的偏置电压与 Spice 仿真中的偏置电压一致，请继续将来自函数发生器的 1 kHz 正弦波交流信号施加到 D3 的阳极（如图 2 所示），并在没有任何负载的情况下测试输出电压。
Next, add a dummy load (e.g., 8Ω/10W) to test the output stage. Begin with a small input signal from the function generator and gradually increase it to achieve an undistorted output. Aim to determine the maximum input and output voltage for this stage. Calculate the output power using the measured output voltage and determine the input power based on readings from the DC power supply. Note: The power transistors (TIP31 and TIP32, as shown in Fig. 2) may become hot during load testing. Ensure they are properly mounted on a heat sink with an insulation film and securely fastened before testing the circuit with a load.
接下来，添加一个虚拟负载（例如，8Ω/10W）来测试输出级。从函数发生器的小输入信号开始，逐渐增加它以实现不失真的输出。旨在确定此阶段的最大输入和输出电压。使用测得的输出电压计算输出功率，并根据直流电源的读数确定输入功率。注意：功率晶体管（TIP31 和 TIP32，如图 2 所示）在负载测试期间可能会变热。在用负载测试电路之前，请确保它们正确安装在带有绝缘膜的散热器上并牢固固定。
Cascade the two stages together. Apply 1 kHz sinusoidal signal from the function generator to the front stage, as shown in Fig.2, and test the whole circuit with the 8Ω load. Note: you may adjust the signal from the function generator as it will be amplified about ten times by the op-amp circuit when the two stages are connected. What is the maximum output voltage you can obtain without distortion (before clipping)? Change the resistances of RB1 and RB2 to optimise the maximum power and efficiency, so that the design is further fine-tuned. This maximum output voltage may be a bit lower than the one without load. Why?
将两个阶段级联在一起。 如图 2 所示，将来自函数发生器的 1 kHz 正弦信号施加到前级，并使用 8 Ω负载测试整个电路 。请注意： 您可以调整来自函数发生器的信号，因为当两个阶段连接时，它会被运算放大器电路放大大约十倍。在不失真的情况下（削波前）可以获得的最大输出电压是多少？更改 RB1 和 RB2 的电阻以优化最大功率和效率，以便进一步微调设计。这个最大输出电压可能比空载的要低一点。为什么？
Solder it on a PCB board [4] after the breadboard stage is completed and tested successfully.
在试验板阶段成功完成和测试后， 将其焊接在 PCB 板 [4] 上。
Repeat the tasks on the PCB board as performed on the breadboard. Refer to Fig. 4 to test the two stages separately first and then cascaded together for testing
在 PCB 板上重复在试验板上执行的任务。参见图 4 ，先分别测试两个阶段 ，然后再级联在一起进行测试
Ask your lab tutor for a speaker and a 3.5mm audio plug to play audio through your circuit.
向您的实验室导师索取扬声器和 3.5 毫米音频插头，以便通过您的电路播放音频。
Troubleshooting Circuit
故障排除电路
It will make your work more efficient and easier if you can follow the testing procedures stated in the above Section when you construct the circuit, no matter on the breadboard or PCB board. To trouble shoot problems at different stages of the project, you can refer to the following steps as well as the circuit diagram and PCB layout shown in the last pages of the project note.
如果您在构建电路时能够遵循上述说明中所述的测试程序，无论是在面包板还是 PCB 板上，都将使您的工作更加高效和轻松 。要解决项目不同阶段的问题，您可以参考以下步骤以及项目说明最后几页中显示的电路图和 PCB 布局 。
Firstly, without energising the circuit, check the circuit connections by a DMM (continuity) to ensure it electrically connected well. Then power on the circuit of the second stage with 15V dc only and measure the DC voltages the base of Q1 and Q4. They should be around 0.9 to1.4 V positive (for Q1) and negative (for Q4) symmetrically. If not, first ensure the darlington transistors are connected correctly, such as Tip 31 with 2N3904 and Tip32 with 2N3906.
首先，在不给电路通电的情况下，通过 DMM（连续性）检查电路连接，以确保其电气连接良好。然后在第二级的电路上仅用 15V 直流电供电，并测量 Q1 和 Q4 基极的直流电压。它们应对称地约为 0.9 至 1.4 V 正电压（对于 Q1）和负电压（对于 Q4）。 如果没有，首先确保达林顿晶体管连接正确， 例如 Tip 31 与 2N3904 和 Tip32 与 2N3906。
Apply an AC signal from the function generator to the joint point of D2 and D3 without a load. You should have a same voltage as the input from the output terminal since the second stage is an emitter-follower. The circuit only draws a little current from the dc power supply without the load.
在没有负载的情况下 ，将来自函数发生器的 AC 信号施加到 D2 和 D3 的连接点。您应该具有与输出端子输入相同的电压 ， 因为第二级是发射极跟随器。该电路仅在 没有负载的情况下从直流电源吸收少量电流 。
Keep the setup as the same but connect a dummy load of 8 Ω /10W to the output terminals. You should have a similar output voltage but the current displayed on the dc power supply unit (PSU) should be much larger than the one in the previous step. In other words, the loaded circuit draws much more current which increases with the amplitude of the input signal. Normally the currents should be less than 0.5 A from each source before the output signal clips. Due to the limit of DC power supply capacity (PSU), it will be overloaded if the currents larger than 1A in total, indicating by a yellow LED located on the front panel of PSU. Overloading is a common problem and could be caused by different reasons, such as incorrect connection of transistors, power transistors not insulated from the heatsink completely, and bad soldering, particular the connections associated with the PSU (power supply unit).
保持设置相同 ， 但将 8 Ω /10W 的虚拟负载连接到输出端子 s。 您应该具有 类似的输出电压 ， 但直流电源装置 （PSU） 上显示的电流应比上一步中的电流大得多 。 换句话说，负载电路吸收的电流要大得多 ，电流随着 输入信号的幅度而增加。通常， 在输出信号 clps 之前，来自每个电源的电流应小于 0.5 A。 由于直流电源容量 （PSU） 的限制， 如果总电流大于 1A，则会过载，由 PSU 前面板上的黄色 LED 指示 。过载是一个常见问题 ， 可能由多种原因引起，例如晶体管连接不正确、功率晶体管未与散热器完全绝缘以及 焊接不良 ，尤其是与 PSU（电源单元） 相关的连接 。
Once the previous steps are ensured, connect the first stage and second stage together and test the system without the load. You should have a voltage gain of approximately 10 depending on the exact resistance of R2. If the voltage gain is not as calculated, double check the resistance of R1 and R2 by the DMM.
确保上述步骤后，将第一级和第二级连接在一起，并在没有负载的情况下测试系统。电压增益应约为 10，具体取决于 R2 的确切电阻。如果电压增益的计算结果不同， 请通过 DMM 仔细检查 R1 和 R2 的电阻 。
Connect the load with the setup above. The voltage gain should be similar, but the circuit should draw lots of current and the load resistor will be very warm! Note: don’t not touch the surface of the power transistors and load resistors by your finger.
将负载与上述设置连接。电压增益应该相似， 但电路应该消耗大量电流，负载电阻会非常热！ 注意： 请勿用手指触摸功率晶体管和负载电阻器的表面。
If the output waveform is not clear or has lots of high frequency noise, you may design a low pass filter to clean it, for example using 100nF capacitor.
如果输出波形不清晰或有很多高频噪声，你可以设计一个低通滤波器来清理它，例如使用 100nF 电容。
Support and Resources
支持和资源
The scheduled lecture, tutorial and laboratory sessions will offer adequate support for your basic understanding of the amplifier.
预定的讲座、辅导和实验课程将为您对放大器的基本理解提供充分的支持 。
The laboratory is available during the allocated project sessions to build and test the project.
在分配的项目会议期间，实验室可以构建和测试项目 。
A packed kit including resistors, capacitors, transistors, op-amp, diodes, connectors, and PCB board, is provided.
提供包括电阻器、电容器、晶体管、运算放大器、二极管 、连接器和 PCB 板的封装套件 。
DC power supply, oscilloscope, function generator, heatsink, soldering station, wires are available in the laboratory.
实验室提供直流电源、示波器、函数发生器、散热器、焊台、电线。
Assessment
评估
The project takes 17% mark of this UoS and is assessed by a group report and group demonstration (group of two students and same as your experimental group). The assessment of the project will take place during the week of 13. The detailed timetable for the group demonstration will be issued on Canvas a week before the demonstration.
该项目占本 UoS 的 1 7%，并通过小组报告和小组演示 （两名 学生一组 ，与您的实验组相同 ） 进行评估 。该项目的评估将在 1 3 日这一周进行 。 团体演示的详细时间表将在演示前一周在 Canvas 上发布 。
In the group demonstration, the understanding and design of the audio power amplifier should be presented. The measurement of the maximum output power and power efficiency of the amplifier need to be demonstrated. Questions related to the theoretical understanding, testing skills, and calculations could be asked randomly.
在小组演示中，应呈现对音频功率放大器的理解和设计。 需要证明放大器的最大输出功率和功率效率的测量。与理论理解、测试技能和计算相关的问题可以随机提出。
In the reports, students are required to provide details on analysis, calculations, diagrams, measurement waveforms, and comparisons as well as the comments to the discrepancy. Ensure that waveforms are represented in the same time domain, where the period, amplitude, and DC values must be clearly indicated on your sketches. The reports must be submitted on Canvas after your group demonstration with the signatures of all group members.
在报告中 ， 学生需要提供有关分析、计算、图表、 测量波形和比较的详细信息，以及对差异的注释。 确保波形在同一时域中表示，其中周期、幅度和 DC 值必须在草图上清楚地标明。 报告必须在 小组演示后在 Canvas 上提交 ，并得到所有小组成员的签名 。
Reference
参考
[1] http://www.rose-hulman.edu/class/ee/hudson/ece351/labs/ECE351Lab5.pdf
[2] P. Horowitz and W. Hill, The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press, 1985
[2] P. Horowitz 和 W. Hill，《电子艺术》，剑桥大学出版社，1985 年
[3] Datasheet for components, http://www.alldatasheet.com/
[3] 组件数据表 ，http://www.alldatasheet.com/
[4] Soldering information available on: http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/solder.htm
[4] 焊接信息请访问：http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/solder.htm