3 大学生就业创业能力现状分析及突出问题
3 Analysis of the current situation and outstanding problems of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability
3.1大学生就业创业能力现状
3.1 Current situation of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability
3.1.1就业能力现状分析
3.1.1 Analysis of the current situation of employability
2024年大学毕业生预计达1179万人[14]，毕业生人数创历史新高。整体就业形势依然严峻。智联招聘在今年3月下旬至4月中旬，面向2024届毕业生的问卷调研显示，应届生慢就业、自由职业的比重分别从去年的18.9%、13.2%增长到今年的19.1%、13.7%。随着高校研究生招生持续扩招，应届生在国内继续学习的比例从去年的4.9%提高到6.5%。单位就业依然是主要去向，占比55.5%，但较去年下降2个百分点。
In 2024, the number of university graduates is expected to reach 11.79 million 14 , a record high. The overall employment situation remains grim. From late March to mid-April this year, Zhaopin's questionnaire survey for 2024 graduates showed that the proportion of slow employment and freelance work among fresh graduates increased from 18.9% and 13.2% last year to 19.1% and 13.7% this year, respectively. As the enrollment of graduate students in colleges and universities continues to expand, the proportion of fresh graduates continuing their studies in China has increased from 4.9% last year to 6.5%. Unit employment is still the main destination, accounting for 55.5%, but down 2 percentage points from last year.
（1）工作选择方面。从变化趋势看，随着国企的社会认可度的攀升，期望进入国企的大学生比例连续上升，从2020年的36%持续上升至2024年的47.7%；而期望进入民企的毕业生连续5年下降，从2020年的25.1%持续下降至2024年的12.5%。面对不确定的宏观环境，大学生找工作的“求稳”心态在持续加重，更希望以稳定的工作和收入来源，提高生活质量和抗风险能力。
(1) Job selection. From the perspective of changing trends, with the rise of social recognition of state-owned enterprises, the proportion of college students who expect to enter state-owned enterprises has continued to rise, from 36% in 2020 to 47.7% in 2024. The number of graduates who expect to enter private enterprises has declined for five consecutive years, from 25.1% in 2020 to 12.5% in 2024. In the face of the uncertain macro environment, the mentality of "seeking stability" in college students looking for jobs continues to increase, and they hope to improve their quality of life and anti-risk ability with stable jobs and income sources.
随着国内经济转型升级，以及新就业形态的快速发展，高校毕业生的选择更加多元，通过慢就业、自由职业方式实现自我价值的学生不断增多。市场环境的变化使大学生就业的能力呈现多元化上升趋势发展。IT互联网依然是大学生最向往行业，制造业受欢迎度升高
With the transformation and upgrading of the domestic economy and the rapid development of new forms of employment, the choices of college graduates are more diversified, and the number of students who realize their self-worth through slow employment and freelancing is increasing. The changes in the market environment have led to the diversification and upward trend of college students' employability. IT Internet is still the most desirable industry for college students, and the popularity of manufacturing is increasing
智联招聘调研数据显示，2024届求职毕业生期望行业中，IT/通信/电子/互联网、政府/非盈利机构、文化/传媒/娱乐/体育行业位列前三[18]，占比分别为26.4%、9.4%、8.9%。IT互联网行业为应届生贡献很多就业岗位，也是应届生最向往的行业。
According to Zhaopin's survey data, among the industries expected by 2024 job seekers, IT/communications/electronics/Internet, government/non-profit organizations, and culture/media/entertainment/sports industries are among 18 the top three, accounting for 26.4%, 9.4%, and 8.9% respectively. The IT and Internet industry contributes a lot of jobs to fresh graduates, and it is also the most desirable industry for fresh graduates.
（2)专业基础技能方面。期望在汽车/生产/加工/制造行业就业的毕业生占比8.2%，高于2023年的8.1%和2022年的6.1%。随着制造业转型升级，及国家对高端制造业的重视，越来越多大学生期望进入制造业发展，对高端制造等新质生产力领域更是关注。42%毕业生表示求职时对高端制造业更有意向，还有51%表示感兴趣，但缺乏专业基础无法胜任该领域的工作。这也提示高校，可以通过开设相关辅修课等方式对在校生进行专业知识和技能传授，满足就业岗位对毕业生的专业技能需求，提高毕业生就业能力，拓宽毕业生的就业范围。
(2) Professional basic skills. 8.2% of graduates expect to work in the automotive/production/processing/manufacturing sector, up from 8.1% in 2023 and 6.1% in 2022. With the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry and the country's emphasis on high-end manufacturing, more and more college students expect to enter the development of the manufacturing industry, and pay more attention to new productivity fields such as high-end manufacturing. Forty-two percent of graduates said they were more interested in high-end manufacturing when they were looking for jobs, and 51 percent said they were interested in it, but they lacked a professional foundation to be qualified for a job in this field. This also suggests that colleges and universities can impart professional knowledge and skills to students by opening relevant minor courses, so as to meet the professional skills needs of graduates in employment positions, improve the employability of graduates, and broaden the scope of employment of graduates.
（3）实习经历方面。32.7%的应届毕业生有过两次及以上实习经历，45.7%有过一次实习经历，共计达78.4%，当被问及实习经历是否有助于找工作时，38.7%认为实习经历对找工作“比较有用”，23.1%认为“非常有用”，两者合计为61.8%。可见，毕业生对实习更加看重，更希望通过在校期间的实习经历帮助自己更快找到工作。由此可见，在校期间学校进行实践实训对大学生就业能力的提升有显著效果，但是大部分学生还是缺少相关实训经验。
(3) Internship experience. 32.7% of the fresh graduates had two or more internships, 45.7% had one internship, a total of 78.4%, and when asked whether the internship experience was helpful in finding a job, 38.7% thought that the internship experience was "somewhat useful" and 23.1% thought it was "very useful", with a total of 61.8%. It can be seen that graduates attach more importance to internships and hope to help them find jobs faster through internship experience during their time in school. It can be seen that the practical training carried out by the school during the school period has a significant effect on the improvement of the employability of college students, but most of the students still lack relevant practical training experience.
近年出现许多大学毕业生“回炉”职校学技能趋势，希望获得本科学历和实用技能的双重优势，拓宽求职之路，此时就需要大学生彰显强大的学习能力，对于有些大学生觉得学习时间紧凑，学习强度难度较大。对于“回炉”学习技能是否有助于就业这一问题，经过技能学习的毕业生给出了肯定答案，认为市场对专业技能需求大，“回炉”后就业机会更多，而这部分双重优势人才就业能力也更加具有优势。
In recent years, there has been a trend of many college graduates "returning" to vocational school learning skills, hoping to obtain the dual advantages of undergraduate degree and practical skills, and broaden the road to job hunting. As for the question of whether the "return" learning skills will help employment, the graduates who have learned skills have given a positive answer, believing that the market has a large demand for professional skills, and there are more employment opportunities after the "return", and the employability of these dual advantage talents is also more advantageous.
3.1.2创业能力现状分析
3.1.2 Analysis of the current situation of entrepreneurial ability
从年龄和职业背景看，19-23岁的大学在校生、应届毕业生、毕业后待业人员是青年创业主体。年龄方面，19-23岁合计占比 51.1%，其中20岁为创业高峰年龄；职业背景方面，在校大学生占比51.3%，高校应届毕业生占比11.8%，毕业后待业人员占比10.7%
From the perspective of age and professional background, college students aged 19-23, fresh graduates, and unemployed people after graduation are the main body of youth entrepreneurship. In terms of age, 19-23 years old accounted for 51.1%, of which 20 years old was the peak age for entrepreneurship; In terms of professional background, 51.3% are college students, 11.8% are college graduates, and 10.7% are unemployed after graduation
(1)创业启动资金方面。近七成大学生创业者启动资金低于10万元。创业者的启动资金普遍较少，低于10万元的创业者占比69.2%，较去年降低1.5个百分点。而创业资金在10-50万元的创业者占比为22%，50-100万元的占比仅4%。启动资金金额与选择创业的行业有关，农、林、牧、渔业等行业进入壁垒不高，创业初期所需资金较少，启动资金低于10万元的创业者中有37.5%从事农、林、牧、渔业，批发零售行业。创业启动资金缺口方面，近六成创业者资金缺口在5万元以内，资金缺口高于50万元的创业者占比不足10%。创业者的启动资金缺口集中于20万元以下的区间，其中又以资金缺口低于5万元的创业者为主，占比达到56.4%。资金缺口高于20万元的不到2成，高于50万元的不足10%。整体看,创业启动资金缺口集中在20万元以下，一定程度上反映出大部分创业者资金实力薄弱，所以选择创业资金门槛较低的行业。大学生创业启动资金来源方面，近九成来自个人或家庭积蓄、亲友借贷，来自创投公司及其他渠道较少，整体资金来源较为单一。个人或家庭积蓄、亲友借贷为创业启动资金两大重要来源，75.0%的创业者利用个人或家庭积蓄作为创业启动资金，通过亲友借贷进行创业的群体占比14.4%，而借助创投公司和其他渠道资金启动创业的群体占比10.6%，较2021年上升1个百分点，但体量仍然有限，说明创业启动资金来源较为单一。
(1) Start-up capital. Nearly seventy percent of college student entrepreneurs have a start-up capital of less than 100,000 yuan. The start-up capital of entrepreneurs is generally small, and the proportion of entrepreneurs less than 100,000 yuan is 69.2%, a decrease of 1.5 percentage points from last year. The proportion of entrepreneurs with entrepreneurial capital of 10-500,000 yuan is 22%, and the proportion of 50-1 million yuan is only 4%. The amount of start-up capital is related to the industry that chooses to start a business, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and other industries have low barriers to entry, and the initial capital required is less, and 37.5% of the entrepreneurs with start-up capital less than 100,000 yuan are engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, wholesale and retail industries. In terms of start-up funding gap, nearly sixty percent of entrepreneurs have a funding gap of less than 50,000 yuan, and less than 10% of entrepreneurs have a funding gap of more than 500,000 yuan. The start-up capital gap of entrepreneurs is concentrated in the range of less than 200,000 yuan, of which entrepreneurs with a funding gap of less than 50,000 yuan are the mainstay, accounting for 56.4%. The funding gap is less than 200,000 yuan, and less than 10% is higher than 500,000 yuan. On the whole, the start-up capital gap is concentrated below 200,000 yuan, which to a certain extent reflects the weak financial strength of most entrepreneurs, so they choose industries with a low threshold for entrepreneurial capital. In terms of the source of funds for college students' start-ups, nearly ninety percent come from personal or family savings, loans from relatives and friends, and less from venture capital companies and other channels, and the overall source of funds is relatively single. 75.0% of entrepreneurs use personal or family savings as start-up funds, 14.4% of the entrepreneurs start their businesses through loans from relatives and friends, and 10.6% of the groups start their businesses with the help of venture capital companies and other channel funds, an increase of 1 percentage point from 2021, but the volume is still limited, indicating that the source of start-up funds is relatively simple.
(2)家庭支持方面。因找不到理想的工作而创业”和“家庭朋友的经历或支持”是大学生创业的两大动机。有30.4%的大学生认为“因找不到理想的工作而创业”非常符合自己的创业动机，有29.3%的大学生认为“家庭朋友的经历或支持”非常符合，“因不喜欢被支配而创业”、“因不满意原来的工作而创业”、“因有之前在创业领域工作的经验而创业”则分别占比28.2%、27.1%、27.0%。这表明我国目前大学生创业人群思想独立，注重实干，对于创业在生活压力层面的影响和创业的现实难度有谨慎的考虑，参考职业背景、家庭背景和工作的预期环境等多方面因素来权衡创业决定。另一方面也反映出，当下部分行业，如餐饮住宿、文化旅游等受负面影响较大，大学生更加需要在创业和就业之间理性思考。城市家庭出身的学生参与创业比例更高。城市家庭出身的大学生有创业经历的占一半以上，而县城乡镇，以及农村出身的学生，参与过创业的比例则都只有37%左右。
(2) Family support. "Starting a business because you can't find your dream job" and "the experience or support of family friends" are the two main motivations for college students to start a business. 30.4% of college students thought that "starting a business because they couldn't find their ideal job" was very much in line with their motivation for starting a business, 29.3% of college students thought that "the experience or support of family friends" was very consistent, and 28.2%, 27.1% and 27.0% of them said that "starting a business because they didn't like to be dominated", "starting a business because they were not satisfied with their original job", and "starting a business because they had previous experience in the entrepreneurial field". This shows that the current college student entrepreneurs in China are independent-minded, pay attention to practical work, and have cautious consideration of the impact of entrepreneurship on the level of life pressure and the practical difficulty of entrepreneurship, and weigh the entrepreneurial decision with reference to various factors such as professional background, family background and expected work environment. On the other hand, it also reflects that some industries, such as catering and accommodation, cultural tourism, etc., have been negatively affected, and college students need to think rationally between entrepreneurship and employment. Students from urban families are more likely to be involved in entrepreneurship. More than half of the college students from urban families have entrepreneurial experience, while only about 37% of students from counties, towns and rural areas have participated in entrepreneurship.
这种现象的原因主要可以从两方面理解：来自城市家庭的大学生比起来自乡镇县城和农村的同龄人，普遍家庭经济条件更好收入更高，需要立即赚钱赡养父母的压力更小。而且他们从小的生活状态更趋向于社会学上的“原子化家庭”，大部分属于独生子女，很少有需要在经济上支持自己的弟弟妹妹的，在投钱投时间去参与创业时，后顾之忧明显更少。
The reason for this phenomenon can be understood in two main ways: compared with their peers from towns, counties, counties, and rural areas, college students from urban families generally have better family economic conditions and higher incomes, and they need to earn money immediately to support their parents. Moreover, their living conditions since childhood tend to be more sociological "atomic families", most of them are only children, and few need to support their younger siblings financially, and they have significantly fewer worries when investing money and time to participate in entrepreneurship.
（3）创业教育方面。大学生创业项目平均存活时间在半年到一年之间受访大学生参与的创业项目存活时间不到半年的大约占四成，而存活一年以上的则也约是四成。目前的大学创业教育，还缺乏一点很重要的部分：教大学生怎样处理创业失败：在创业的过程中，有哪些显而易见的法律及商业风险，怎样能合理规避。假如创业项目运营不顺利的话，有哪些合理的退出途径；怎样能在尽量不牺牲友谊，不反目成仇的情况下结束失败的创业尝试；假如创业项目开始募集资金时涉及到了集资或众筹，应该怎样清退分配项目的剩余资产；如果项目有严重的亏损，无法全额退股，怎样和股东或参与众筹的投资人交流，能够尽量得到对方的谅解。
(3) Entrepreneurship education. The average survival time of college students' entrepreneurship projects is between six months and one year, and about 40% of the surveyed college students participate in entrepreneurial projects that survive less than half a year, and about 40% of those who survive for more than one year. At present, there is still a very important part of university entrepreneurship education: teaching college students how to deal with entrepreneurial failure: what are the obvious legal and business risks in the process of starting a business, and how to reasonably avoid them. If the operation of the entrepreneurial project is not smooth, what are the reasonable exit paths; how to end a failed entrepreneurial attempt without sacrificing friendship or turning against each other; If the start-up project starts to raise funds and involves fundraising or crowdfunding, how to return the remaining assets of the allocated project; If the project has serious losses and cannot fully withdraw its shares, how to communicate with shareholders or investors participating in crowdfunding, and try to get the understanding of the other party.
（4）师资投入方面。五成以上的学生认为学校创业指导服务质量很一般。究其原因，可能还是在学校的管理体制和人员知识技能素质跟不上外面资本市场的日新月异发展，甚至跟不上技术发展的潮流。虽然推出了各种创业课程，但课上讲的大都还是基础会计、法律之类的东西，和真正创业者的需求差之甚远。而创业指导中心提供的孵化器、融资等服务也往往只能起到锦上添花的作用。说起大学生创业，在美国大家第一时间想到是硅谷高科技公司，在中国主要变成了餐饮、快递、甚至校园互联网金融。高校的创业指导服务，只盯着那些学校里到处拉众筹讲故事的”明星学生创业者“，恐怕是很难有前途的。高校创业服务，如果只是小打小闹做表面文章，结果只能是像现在这样，社会公众、学生和研究者，大家都觉得这个东西可有可无。真正能做出成果来的还是回归技术本身，要靠服务学校里那些整天在实验室里钻研，可能都不善言辞的研究人员，帮助他们的知识产权实现价值。
(4) Teacher input. More than half of the students think that the quality of the school's entrepreneurship guidance service is very average. The reason may be that the school's management system and personnel knowledge and skills cannot keep up with the rapid development of the external capital market, and even the trend of technological development. Although various entrepreneurship courses have been introduced, most of the courses are still about basic accounting, law, and the like, which is far from the needs of real entrepreneurs. The incubators, financing and other services provided by the entrepreneurship guidance center can often only play a role in the icing on the cake. When it comes to college students' entrepreneurship, the first thing that comes to mind in the United States is a high-tech company in Silicon Valley, and in China it has mainly become catering, express delivery, and even campus Internet finance. The entrepreneurship guidance service of colleges and universities is probably difficult to have a future by focusing only on the "star student entrepreneurs" who are crowdfunding and telling stories everywhere in the school. If the entrepreneurship service of colleges and universities is just a superficial article, the result can only be like now, the public, students and researchers, everyone thinks that this thing is dispensable. The real results can be achieved by returning to the technology itself, and by serving the researchers in the school who spend all day in the laboratory and may not be good at words, to help them realize the value of their intellectual property.
但这样就要从根本上先厘清哪些知识产权应该是国家的，哪些是学校的，哪些是科研人员个人的，从根本机制上打好基础预防风险。
However, in this way, it is necessary to fundamentally clarify which intellectual property rights should belong to the state, which belong to schools, and which belong to individual scientific researchers, so as to lay a good foundation for preventing risks from the fundamental mechanism.
（5）优惠政策方面。创业税收优惠政策是大学生创业者最主要的诉求，简化政府行政审批流程的诉求占据第二，大学生创业者期待通过简化行政审批流程以助企业提高效率、降低各类成本。创业者希望节省企业的场地开支，为创业群体形成聚集效应提供场所。综合创业者的各项诉求，可见核心问题仍是资金困难问题。半数以上去/返回农村的创业者为大学生群体，缺乏好的项目、农村对创业项目的吸纳和承载能力有限是创业者面临的主要困难。56.2%的去/返乡创业者是大学生群体，40.2%创业者所学专业为农学、经管类专业、电子商务类专业。在去/返回农村创业者对于农村创业难度的评价中，除大学生创业普遍存在的资金、人力、政策问题外，“缺乏好的项目，农村对创业项目的吸纳和承载能力有限”、“农村经济发展水平较低，如办证难、公共服务不足等”问题也很重要，因此农村创业的经济基本面需改善。
(5) Preferential policies. Preferential tax policies for entrepreneurship are the most important demands of college student entrepreneurs, and the demand for simplifying the government administrative approval process occupies the second place, and college student entrepreneurs expect to help enterprises improve efficiency and reduce various costs by simplifying the administrative approval process. Entrepreneurs hope to save the space cost of the enterprise and provide a place for the entrepreneurial group to form an agglomeration effect. Considering the various demands of entrepreneurs, it can be seen that the core problem is still the problem of financial difficulties. More than half of the entrepreneurs who go/return to rural areas are college students, and the lack of good projects and the limited absorption and carrying capacity of entrepreneurial projects in rural areas are the main difficulties faced by entrepreneurs. 56.2% of the entrepreneurs who went to/returned to their hometowns were college students, and 40.2% of the entrepreneurs majored in agriculture, economics and management, and e-commerce. In the evaluation of the difficulty of rural entrepreneurship by rural entrepreneurs, in addition to the common problems of capital, manpower and policy for college students' entrepreneurship, the problems of "lack of good projects, limited absorption and carrying capacity of rural entrepreneurship projects", "low level of rural economic development, such as difficulty in obtaining certificates and insufficient public services" are also very important, so the economic fundamentals of rural entrepreneurship need to be improved.
拥有积极乐观的创业心态是自主创业成功的关键之一。创业者在面对困难和挫折时，应保持积极的心态，相信自己的能力和决心可以克服一切困难。积极思考和乐观态度能够帮助创业者应对挑战，并从中找到机遇和收获。
Having a positive and optimistic entrepreneurial mindset is one of the keys to the success of self-employment. In the face of difficulties and setbacks, entrepreneurs should maintain a positive attitude and believe that their ability and determination can overcome all difficulties. Positive thinking and optimism can help entrepreneurs cope with challenges and find opportunities and gains.
（6）抗压能力方面。创业者应该有坚定的信念和明确的目标。他们需要清楚地知道自己为什么要创业，以及创业的目标是什么。这个信念和目标是创业者前进的动力，也是他们面对困难时能够坚持下去的关键。缺乏足够的心理抗压能力：创业过程中遇到的问题和挑战可能会对大学生创业者造成巨大的心理压力，如果缺乏足够的心理抗压能力，就容易在困难面前丧失信心，甚至放弃创业计划。创业中的大学生普遍会遇到以下问题：
(6) Ability to work under pressure. Entrepreneurs should have strong beliefs and clear goals. They need to have a clear idea of why they want to start a business and what their goals are. This belief and goal is the driving force for entrepreneurs to move forward, and it is also the key to their ability to persevere in the face of difficulties. Lack of sufficient psychological resilience: The problems and challenges encountered in the process of entrepreneurship may cause huge psychological pressure on college student entrepreneurs, and if they lack sufficient psychological resilience, they are easy to lose confidence in the face of difficulties and even give up their entrepreneurial plans. College students in entrepreneurship generally encounter the following problems:
①资源整合困难：大学生刚刚走出校门，通常缺乏充足的资金、人脉和渠道资源。这些资源的缺乏会成为创业者的一大挑战，尤其是在初创阶段需要面临资金紧张、渠道有限等问题。
(1) Difficulty in resource integration: college students have just walked out of school and usually lack sufficient funds, contacts and channel resources. The lack of these resources can be a major challenge for entrepreneurs, especially in the start-up stage, where they need to face problems such as tight funds and limited channels.
②缺乏管理能力：虽然大学生可能在学校里学习了一些管理知识，但实践经验仍然不足。管理团队、协调资源、制定决策等能力对于创业成功至关重要，而这些能力只有在实践中不断磨练才能得到提升。
(2) Lack of management ability: Although college students may have learned some management knowledge in school, the practical experience is still insufficient. Skills such as managing a team, coordinating resources, and making decisions are critical to entrepreneurial success, and these skills can only be improved by honing them in practice.
③得不到支持：虽然大学生创业需要勇气，但他们在创业过程中可能得不到足够的支持和鼓励。家庭的支持、经济上的帮助以及精神上的鼓励对于增强自信心至关重要。
(3) Lack of support: Although it takes courage for college students to start a business, they may not receive enough support and encouragement in the process of starting a business. Family support, financial support, and moral encouragement are essential to boost self-confidence.
3.2 突出问题
3.2 Outstanding problems
3.2.1 个人方面
3.2.1 Personal Aspects
（1）就业创业观念与定位不清：部分大学生对自身的定位不明确，不清楚自己的兴趣、优势以及未来的发展方向，导致在求职过程中迷茫，无法准确找到适合自己的岗位及创业方向。
(1) Unclear concept and positioning of employment and entrepreneurship: Some college students are not clear about their own positioning, and are not clear about their interests, advantages and future development directions, resulting in confusion in the process of job hunting and unable to accurately find a suitable position and entrepreneurial direction.
（2）缺乏实践能力：尽管大学生在学校接受了系统的专业教育，但往往缺乏实际工作经验和实践能力，这使得他们在求职过程中难以脱颖而出。
(2) Lack of practical ability: Although college students have received systematic professional education in school, they often lack practical work experience and practical ability, which makes it difficult for them to stand out in the job search process.
（3）心理素质不强：面对就业创业压力，部分大学生可能会出现焦虑、自卑等心理问题，影响到他们的求职表现和创业决策。
(3) Weak psychological quality: In the face of employment and entrepreneurship pressure, some college students may have psychological problems such as anxiety and low self-esteem, which affect their job search performance and entrepreneurial decision-making.
3.2.2家庭方面
3.2.2 Family
（1）家庭期望过高：有些家庭对孩子的就业期望过高，希望他们能够找到高薪、体面的工作，这无形中增加了大学生的就业压力，认为创业风险过高投资大，家庭无法负担产生负面影响。
(1) Excessive family expectations: Some families have too high expectations for their children's employment, hoping that they can find high-paying and decent jobs, which virtually increases the employment pressure of college students, believing that the risk of entrepreneurship is too high and the investment is large, and the family cannot afford it, which has a negative impact.
（2）缺乏职业规划指导：许多家庭并不具备职业规划方面的专业知识，无法为孩子提供有效的指导和建议，导致孩子在就业过程中缺乏明确的目标和方向。
(2) Lack of career planning guidance: Many families do not have professional knowledge in career planning and are unable to provide effective guidance and advice to their children, resulting in a lack of clear goals and directions for children in the employment process.
3.2.3学校方面：
3.2.3 For schools:
（1）教育内容与市场需求脱节：部分高校的教育内容未能及时跟上市场需求的变化，导致毕业生所学的知识和技能无法满足需求。
(1) The educational content is out of touch with the market demand: The educational content of some colleges and universities cannot keep up with the changes in market demand in a timely manner, resulting in the knowledge and skills learned by graduates cannot meet the demand.
（2）就业创业指导不足：尽管许多高校都设有就业指导中心，但部分中心的指导服务不够全面和深入，无法为毕业生提供有效的就业创业帮助。
(2) Insufficient guidance on employment and entrepreneurship: Although many colleges and universities have career guidance centers, the guidance services of some centers are not comprehensive and in-depth enough to provide effective employment and entrepreneurship assistance for graduates.
3.2.4社会方面：
3.2.4 Social aspects:
（1）就业市场供需矛盾：随着大学生数量的增加，就业市场的竞争日益激烈，而部分行业或地区的岗位需求却有限，这增加了大学生的就业难度。
(1) The contradiction between supply and demand in the job market: With the increase in the number of college students, the competition in the job market is becoming increasingly fierce, while the demand for jobs in some industries or regions is limited, which increases the difficulty of employment for college students.
（2）社会认知偏见：部分用人单位对大学生的能力和素质存在偏见，认为他们缺乏实践经验、难以适应工作环境等，这影响了大学生的就业机会和待遇。
(2) Social cognitive bias: Some employers have prejudices against the ability and quality of college students, believing that they lack practical experience and are difficult to adapt to the working environment, which affects the employment opportunities and treatment of college students.
大学生就业创业面临的问题是多方面的，需要个人、家庭、学校和社会共同努力来解决。个人应提升自身素质和能力，家庭应提供合理的期望和支持，学校应优化教育内容和就业指导服务，社会应在提供完善的就业政策营造良好的就业环境和氛围。
The problems faced by college students in employment and entrepreneurship are multifaceted, which require the joint efforts of individuals, families, schools and society to solve. Individuals should improve their own quality and ability, families should provide reasonable expectations and support, schools should optimize educational content and employment guidance services, and society should provide sound employment policies to create a good employment environment and atmosphere.
针对以上问题希望建立一个科学标准化的大学生就业创业能力评价体系，这样的评价体系不仅有助于我们更加精准地衡量和提升大学生的就业创业能力，还能为我们提供一系列可供参考的标准和指标，从而更好地指导大学生进行职业规划和就业创业准备。
In view of the above problems, we hope to establish a scientific and standardized evaluation system for college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability, which will not only help us measure and improve the employment and entrepreneurship ability of college students more accurately, but also provide us with a series of standards and indicators for reference, so as to better guide college students in career planning and employment and entrepreneurship preparation.
4大学生就业创业能力评价指标体系的构建
4. The construction of the evaluation index system of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability
4.1 评价指标体系建立的原则及方法
4.1 Principles and methods for the establishment of evaluation index system
4.1.1 评价指标体系建立的原则
4.1.1 Principles for the establishment of evaluation index system
(1)科学性原则
(1) Scientific principles
大学生就业创业能力评价体系指标选择首先应遵从科学性原则，选取的指标要充分呈现大学生在就业创业中面临的问题。具有一定的合理性与明确的分类关系，指标来源真实可靠。
The selection of indicators of the evaluation system of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability should first follow the principle of scientificity, and the selected indicators should fully present the problems faced by college students in employment and entrepreneurship. It has a certain rationality and a clear classification relationship, and the source of the index is true and reliable.
(2)客观性原则
(2) The principle of objectivity
应持严谨的态度确立评价指标。不可以凭自己的主观判断故意删减或捏造评价指标。
Evaluation indicators should be established with a rigorous attitude. It is not allowed to deliberately delete or fabricate evaluation indicators based on one's own subjective judgment.
(3)层次性原则
(3) Hierarchical principle
指标体系本身具有多重性，每个层次所含的指标又相互关联。一级指标同时分别设立多个具体的子指标。在众多指标中，把联系密切的指标归为一类，构成指标群，形成不同的指标层，有利于全面清晰的反映研究对象。
The indicator system itself is multiple, and the indicators contained at each level are interrelated. The first-level indicators have a number of specific sub-indicators at the same time. Among the many indicators, the closely related indicators are grouped into one category, forming an index group, and forming different index layers, which is conducive to comprehensively and clearly reflecting the research object.
(4)全面性原则
(4) The principle of comprehensiveness
应全方位、多角度对应该会出现的评价体系指标进行系统、全面、综合、周密的分析。对评价指标进行分析的主要内容包括个人、家庭、学校、社会可能会给整个评价指标带来的影响。
A systematic, comprehensive, comprehensive and thorough analysis of the evaluation system indicators that should appear should be carried out in an all-round and multi-angle manner. The main content of the analysis of the evaluation indicators includes the impact that individuals, families, schools, and society may have on the entire evaluation indicators.
(5)动态性原则。
(5) The principle of dynamism.
大学生就业创业政策的实施是个复杂的实践过程，受多种因素相互作用和环境多变性影响，其有效性呈现出动态特征。为此，在指标选择时，应将大学生就业创业政策的实施看作一个动态过程，考察其有效性的变化趋势。
The implementation of the employment and entrepreneurship policy for college students is a complex practical process, which is affected by the interaction of various factors and environmental variability, and its effectiveness presents dynamic characteristics. Therefore, when selecting indicators, the implementation of college students' employment and entrepreneurship policies should be regarded as a dynamic process, and the change trend of its effectiveness should be examined.
4.1.2 评价指标体系建立的方法
4.1.2 Methods for the establishment of evaluation index system
评价指标体系建立的方法常用的主要有：目标导向法、层次分析法、因素分析法、绩效驱动法。
The main methods used in the establishment of evaluation index system are: goal-oriented method, analytic hierarchy process, factor analysis method, and performance-driven method.
大学生就业创业能力评价指标体系的建立对于个人提升自身能，实现职业梦想具有重要的意义。通过就业或创业，大学生可以将在校所学理论知识与实践相结合，提升自身能力和素养。在职业发展过程中，大学生不仅可以实现个人价值，还可以通过不断学习和积累经验，逐步走向更高的职业舞台。此外，创业更是能够让大学生在追求自己梦想的道路上勇往直前，实现自己的人生价值。大学生就业创业对家庭也有着积极影响。通过就业，大学生可以为家庭提供稳定的收入来源，改善家庭经济状况。对于创业成功的大学生而言，他们的企业不仅能为家庭带来丰厚的回报，还能提高家庭的社会地位和声望。这种改变不仅能够提升家庭成员的生活质量，还能够增强家庭的凝聚力和幸福感。大学生就业创业对学校同样具有重要意义。一方面，优秀的毕业生和成功的创业案例能够提升学校的声誉和影响力，吸引更多的优秀学生报考。另一方面，大学生就业创业还能够促进校园文化建设，营造积极向上的氛围。学校可以通过举办创业大赛、邀请创业导师等方式，激发学生的创新精神和创业热情，培养更多具有创新能力和实践精神的人才。大学生就业创业对社会也具有深远影响。首先，通过就业创业，大学生能够为社会注入新的活力和创造力，推动社会创新和进步。其次，大学生就业创业还能够优化社会资源配置，使资源更加公平合理地分配到各个领域。最后，大学生的参与也有助于提升整个社会的文化素养和道德水平，推动社会文明进步。通过对大学生就业创业能力评价体系研究，有望构建出一套科学可行的大学生就业创业能力评价指标体系，为个人、高校提供可靠的评估依据，促进大学生就业创业能力的全面提升。目前，国内外学者关于就业能力的论述侧重点不同，评判对象也存在较大差异。由于用人单位、高校、家庭以及学生本人对于就业能力的理解存在偏差，目前尚没有一个能够涵盖各种评价主体的就业创业能力评价体系。本文
The establishment of the evaluation index system of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability is of great significance for individuals to improve their own ability and realize their career dreams. Through employment or entrepreneurship, college students can combine the theoretical knowledge they have learned in school with practice to improve their abilities and literacy. In the process of career development, college students can not only realize their personal value, but also gradually move towards a higher career stage through continuous learning and accumulation of experience. In addition, entrepreneurship can enable college students to move forward bravely on the road of pursuing their dreams and realize their life values. The employment and entrepreneurship of college students also have a positive impact on their families. Through employment, college students can provide a stable source of income for their families and improve their family's economic situation. For college students who have successfully started their own businesses, their businesses can not only bring great returns to their families, but also improve their social status and prestige. This change not only improves the quality of life of family members, but also strengthens family cohesion and well-being. The employment and entrepreneurship of college students is also of great significance to the school. On the one hand, excellent graduates and successful entrepreneurial cases can enhance the reputation and influence of the school, and attract more outstanding students to apply. On the other hand, the employment and entrepreneurship of college students can also promote the construction of campus culture and create a positive atmosphere. The school can stimulate students' innovative spirit and enthusiasm for entrepreneurship by holding entrepreneurship competitions and inviting entrepreneurial mentors, and cultivate more talents with innovative ability and practical spirit. The employment and entrepreneurship of college students also has a profound impact on society. First of all, through employment and entrepreneurship, college students can inject new vitality and creativity into society, and promote social innovation and progress. Secondly, the employment and entrepreneurship of college students can also optimize the allocation of social resources and make the resources more fair and reasonable to be distributed to various fields. Finally, the participation of college students also helps to improve the cultural literacy and moral level of the whole society, and promotes the progress of social civilization. Through the research on the evaluation system of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability, it is expected to construct a set of scientific and feasible evaluation index system for college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability, which can provide a reliable evaluation basis for individuals and colleges and universities, and promote the overall improvement of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability. At present, scholars at home and abroad have different emphases on employability, and there are great differences in the evaluation objects. Due to the bias in the understanding of employability by employers, universities, families and students themselves, there is currently no employability evaluation system that can cover various evaluation subjects. this paper为了更好地对大学生就业创业能力进行评估，按照一般性指标体系设计的原则和方法，
In order to better evaluate the employability and entrepreneurship ability of college students, according to the principles and methods of the design of the general indicator system,从大学生个人、家庭、学校、社会四个维度出发
Starting from the four dimensions of college students: individual, family, school, and society构建大学生就业创业能力评价体系
Construct an evaluation system for college students' employability and entrepreneurship。
4.2 “四位一体”评价指标选择
4.2 Selection of "four-in-one" evaluation indicators
本文中四个维度主要分为；个人、家庭、学校及社会。该体系以个人、家庭、学校、社会为一级指标。其中个人方面主要包括大学生专业素养、学习能力、抗压能力、创新思维能力。家庭方面包括父母职业、家庭收入、家庭教育观念、父母支持程度。学校方面包括专业课知识教育、就业创业教育培训、师资力量投入、实习实践。社会方面包括大学生就业创业政策和市场环境及社会认可。
The four dimensions in this paper are mainly divided into; Individuals, families, schools and society. The system is based on the individual, family, school, and society as the first-level indicators. Among them, the personal aspect mainly includes college students' professional quality, learning ability, ability to work under pressure, and innovative thinking ability. The family aspect includes parents' occupation, family income, family education concept, and parental support. The school includes professional course knowledge education, employment and entrepreneurship education and training, faculty investment, and internship practice. The social aspects include the employment and entrepreneurship policies of college students, the market environment and social recognition.
4.2.1大学生个人能力
4.2.1 Personal ability of college students
（1）学习能力
(1) Learning ability
职业发展的基石。通过学习，个人可以获得各种证书或学位，为在职业发展中提供基础和认可。学习能力是一个人在学习过程中获取知识的基础。一个人只有具备了良好的学习能力，才能够更好地吸收和理解知识。通过不断地学习和积累，一个人才能够不断地提高自己的学习能力，从而更好地适应社会的发展和变化。学习提升了个人的全球就业竞争力，增加了职业机会。具备全球视野和跨文化的认知，可以更好地适应国际化的职业发展需求，扩大就业创业选择范围。学习对于职业晋升起到推动作用。通过学习，个人可以不断提升自身技能和知识水平，具备更高级别的职业岗位的要求，从而实现职业晋升。学习能力是一个人在学习过程中实现自我价值的重要保障。只有具备了良好的学习能力，才能够更好地实现自己的人生目标和理想。通过不断地学习和积累，一个人才能够不断地提高自己的学习能力，从而更好地实现自己的人生目标和理想。
A cornerstone for career development. Through study, individuals can earn a variety of certificates or degrees that provide a foundation and recognition for career advancement. Learning ability is the foundation on which a person acquires knowledge in the learning process. Only when a person has a good learning ability can he better absorb and understand knowledge. Through continuous learning and accumulation, a talent can continuously improve his learning ability, so as to better adapt to the development and changes of society. Learning enhances an individual's global employability and increases career opportunities. With a global vision and cross-cultural awareness, they can better adapt to the needs of international career development and expand the range of employment and entrepreneurship options. Learning is a catalyst for career advancement. Through learning, individuals can continuously improve their skills and knowledge levels, and meet the requirements of higher-level professional positions, so as to achieve career advancement. Learning ability is an important guarantee for a person to realize self-worth in the learning process. Only with good learning ability can we better achieve our life goals and ideals. Through continuous learning and accumulation, a talent can continuously improve his learning ability, so as to better realize his life goals and ideals.
（2）抗压能力
(2) Ability to work under pressure
拥有良好的抗压能力，大学生在求职过程中能够更好地应对面试紧张、竞争激烈等压力，展现出自信、从容的形象，从而提高求职成功率。进入职场后，大学生需要面对更加复杂的工作环境和人际关系。抗压能力强的个体能够更好地适应职场生活，快速融入团队，发挥自己的优势，实现职业发展。创业过程中充满了未知与挑战，抗压能力强的创业者能够坚定信心，勇于面对困难，不轻易放弃，从而更容易实现创业成功。创业意味着要承担一定的风险和挑战。具备较强抗压能力的创业者能够更好地应对市场波动、竞争压力等不利因素，保持冷静、理智地做出决策，降低创业风险。
With good ability to work under pressure, college students can better cope with the pressure of interview tension and fierce competition during the job search process, and show a confident and calm image, thereby improving the success rate of job hunting. After entering the workplace, college students need to face more complex work environments and interpersonal relationships. Individuals with strong ability to work well adapt to working life, quickly integrate into the team, play to their strengths, and achieve career development. The process of entrepreneurship is full of unknowns and challenges, and entrepreneurs with strong ability to resist pressure can strengthen their confidence, have the courage to face difficulties, and do not give up easily, so that it is easier to achieve entrepreneurial success. Starting a business means taking certain risks and challenges. Entrepreneurs with strong ability to resist pressure can better cope with unfavorable factors such as market fluctuations and competitive pressures, keep calm and rational decision-making, and reduce entrepreneurial risks.
专业素养
Professionalism
专业课知识无疑是学生们在求职创业过程中最具竞争力的一环。
Professional knowledge is undoubtedly the most competitive part of students' job search and entrepreneurship process.
首先，专业课知识是求职过程中的敲门砖。在竞争激烈的就业市场中，企业往往更倾向于招聘具备扎实专业基础知识的求职者。因为具备这些知识的员工能够更快地适应岗位需求，减少企业的培训成本。同时，专业课知识也是求职者展示自己能力和潜力的重要途径。通过深入学习和理解专业知识，求职者可以在面试中更加自信地展示自己的优势和特长，从而获得更多企业的青睐。
First of all, professional knowledge is a stepping stone in the job search process. In a competitive job market, companies tend to prefer to hire candidates with solid professional fundamentals. Because employees with this knowledge can adapt to the needs of the job more quickly, the training cost of the company is reduced. At the same time, professional knowledge is also an important way for job seekers to show their abilities and potential. By learning and understanding professional knowledge in depth, candidates can more confidently present their strengths and strengths in interviews, which can lead to more companies looking for them.
其次，专业课知识对于创业也具有不可忽视的作用。创业是一个充满挑战和机遇的过程，需要具备丰富的知识储备和创新能力。通过学习专业课知识，创业者可以更加深入地了解行业趋势和市场需求，为自己的创业项目提供更加精准的定位和发展方向。此外，专业课知识还可以帮助创业者解决创业过程中遇到的技术难题和管理问题，提高创业成功率。
Secondly, professional knowledge also plays a non-negligible role in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a process full of challenges and opportunities, which requires a wealth of knowledge and innovation. By learning professional knowledge, entrepreneurs can have a deeper understanding of industry trends and market demand, and provide more accurate positioning and development direction for their entrepreneurial projects. In addition, professional course knowledge can also help entrepreneurs solve the technical problems and management problems encountered in the process of entrepreneurship, and improve the success rate of entrepreneurship.
再者，专业课知识有助于培养学生的综合素质。在大学期间，学生们通过学习和实践专业课知识，不仅可以提高自己的专业素养，还可以培养自己的逻辑思维、创新能力和团队协作等综合素质。这些素质对于就业和创业都具有重要的促进作用。具备这些素质的求职者更容易在面试中脱颖而出，而创业者则能够更好地应对创业过程中的各种挑战。
In addition, the knowledge of professional courses helps to cultivate students' comprehensive quality. During the university period, students can not only improve their professional quality, but also cultivate their comprehensive qualities such as logical thinking, innovation ability and teamwork by learning and practicing professional course knowledge. These qualities play an important role in promoting employment and entrepreneurship. Candidates with these qualities are more likely to stand out in interviews, while entrepreneurs are better able to cope with the challenges of starting a business.
创新思维
Innovative thinking
创新思维是指独立思考、创造性解决问题、提出新观点和新方法的能力。在当前快速发展的社会中，创新思维不仅仅是一项重要的技能，更是一种生存和发展的必要条件。
Innovative thinking refers to the ability to think independently, solve problems creatively, and come up with new ideas and approaches. In today's fast-paced society, innovative thinking is not only an important skill, but also a necessary condition for survival and development.
首先，创新思维有助于大学生更好地适应不断变化的就业市场。随着科技的快速发展和全球化的深化，传统的工作岗位正在不断消失，新兴领域和职业不断涌现。具备创新思维的大学生更容易适应这种变化，找到适合自己的职业机会[28]。
First, innovative thinking helps college students better adapt to the changing job market. With the rapid development of technology and the deepening of globalization, traditional jobs are disappearing, and new fields and occupations are emerging. College students with innovative thinking are more likely to adapt to this change and find career opportunities that suit them 28 .
其次，创新思维有助于解决复杂问题。现实生活中，大学生将面临各种各样的挑战和问题，需要有能力提出创新性的解决方案。创新思维可以帮助他们更好地理解问题的本质，提出切实可行的解决方案。最重要的是，创新思维可以帮助大学生在创业领域脱颖而出。创业需要不断创新和不断尝试，只有具备创新思维的大学生才能在激烈的创业竞争中取得成功。
Second, innovative thinking helps solve complex problems. In real life, college students will face a variety of challenges and problems that require the ability to come up with innovative solutions. Innovative thinking can help them better understand the nature of the problem and come up with practical solutions. Most importantly, innovative thinking can help college students excel in the field of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship requires continuous innovation and continuous experimentation, and only college students with innovative thinking can succeed in the fierce entrepreneurial competition.
4.2.2家庭环境
4.2.2 Family environment
（1）父母职业
(1) Parental occupation
父母职业的不同，往往意味着他们在社会资源、人际关系、行业信息等方面具有不同程度的优势。这些优势可以为子女在求职创业过程中提供有力的支持，如推荐、引荐等，从而提高子女的就业创业成功率。
The different occupations of parents often mean that they have different degrees of advantages in social resources, interpersonal relationships, industry information, etc. These advantages can provide strong support for children in the process of job hunting and entrepreneurship, such as recommendations, referrals, etc., so as to improve the success rate of children's employment and entrepreneurship.
父母的职业也会在一定程度上影响子女的职业选择和兴趣。父母从事的职业可能会让子女对某个行业或领域产生更多的了解和兴趣，进而在选择专业和职业时受到影响。由此看出，父母职业会对大学生就业创业能力产生一定的影响。
The parents' occupation will also affect their children's career choices and interests to a certain extent. Parents are engaged in careers that may lead to more knowledge and interest in a certain industry or field in their children, which in turn will be influenced when choosing a major and career. It can be seen that the parent's occupation will have a certain impact on the employment and entrepreneurship ability of college students.
家庭教育
Family
家庭教育在个体成长和发展中起着决定性的作用，高校毕业生的就业能力和竞争力很大程度上受到家庭教育的影响。家庭教育作为最早、最基础的教育形式，为个体的综合素质发展打下了坚实的基础。通过家庭教育，高校毕业生能够培养出良好的学习态度、学习习惯和学习方法，有利于他们在求职创业过程中获得更多机会和竞争优势。
Family education plays a decisive role in individual growth and development, and the employability and competitiveness of college graduates are largely affected by family education. As the earliest and most basic form of education, family education has laid a solid foundation for the comprehensive development of individuals. Through family education, college graduates can cultivate good learning attitudes, study habits and learning methods, which is conducive to them to gain more opportunities and competitive advantages in the process of job hunting and entrepreneurship.
其次，家庭教育对高校毕业生的职业规划和职业素养培养有着重要影响。家庭教育的环境和教育方式往往会对个体的职业选择和职业定位产生深远的影响。健全的家庭教育能够引导高校毕业生正确把握自身的兴趣和潜能，并为他们提供良好的职业指导和培养机会。同时，家庭教育还能够培养高校毕业生的职业道德和职业素养，使他们在职场中具备良好的职业习惯、职业道德和职业精神，从而更容易获得用人单位的青睐。
Secondly, family education has an important impact on the career planning and professional quality cultivation of college graduates. The environment and education style of home education often have a profound impact on an individual's career choice and career positioning. A sound family education can guide college graduates to correctly grasp their own interests and potentials, and provide them with good career guidance and training opportunities. At the same time, family education can also cultivate the professional ethics and professionalism of college graduates, so that they can have good professional habits, professional ethics and professionalism in the workplace, so that they are more likely to be favored by employers.
家庭收入
Household income
家庭财富既包括流量上的家庭收入也包括存量上的家庭资产。从家庭财富整体状况上看，家庭财富会为子女提供强有力的支持进而影响子女就业选择、就业期望以及就业成功的概率。基于澳大利亚调查数据研究发现[24]，与贫穷家庭的子女相比，富裕家庭的子女在大学毕业后更容易获得声望较好的职业。家庭财富会显著影响子女的教育回报率进而扩大子女工作后的收入差距，来自富裕家庭的子女更倾向于获得高收入。家庭财富与人力资本投资对于不同富裕程度的家庭在人口数量和质量上出现差异化选择，会导致不平等的代际转移及其对社会福利和经济发展的影响。
Household wealth includes both the household income in terms of flow and the household assets in stock. From the perspective of the overall situation of family wealth, family wealth will provide strong support for children, which in turn will affect children's employment choices, employment expectations and the probability of employment success. Based on Australian survey data 24 , children from wealthy families are more likely to get prestigious jobs after graduating from university than children from poor families. Family wealth can significantly affect the return on education of children, which in turn widens the income gap after work, and children from wealthy families are more likely to receive higher incomes. Household wealth and human capital investment will lead to unequal intergenerational transfer and its impact on social welfare and economic development due to the differential choice of population quantity and quality of households with different affluence levels.
父母对子女的人力资本投入也会对大学生就业创业能力产生差异影响。代际流动理论认为父辈与子辈财富相关主要是通过父辈对子辈的人力资本投资而建立，即父辈将家庭财富转变为子辈人力资本，子辈将人力资本转变为财富，这种转移可看作是家庭财富的间接转移。家庭作为青年人力资本投资的主要单位，不同的家庭状况会使父母对子女的人力资本投资存在差异。
Parents' investment in their children's human capital will also have a differential impact on college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability. The theory of intergenerational mobility argues that the relationship between the wealth of parents and children is mainly established through the investment of human capital by parents in children, that is, parents transform family wealth into human capital of children, and children turn human capital into wealth, and this transfer can be regarded as an indirect transfer of family wealth. Families are the main units of human capital investment for young people, and different family situations will lead to differences in parents' investment in children's human capital.
父母支持程度
The level of parental support
父母从网络上搜集信息的能力往往不强，对新生的行业和岗位不够了解，也不能很好地甄别信息的真假，容易被影响，进而对特定的行业、公司产生偏见。而且过去的就业环境早已不同于今日，如果父母依旧用过去的眼光看待当下的就业市场，就容易与年轻人产生分歧，甚至引发争论。
Parents often do not have a strong ability to collect information from the Internet, do not know enough about the new industry and position, and cannot well distinguish the authenticity of the information, which is easy to be influenced, and then have prejudice against specific industries and companies. Moreover, the employment environment of the past is no longer the same as today's, and if parents continue to look at the current job market from the perspective of the past, it is easy to have disagreements with young people, and even cause arguments.
父母对子女就业选择的不认可，除了影响年轻人当下对职业的选择，更会影响未来在工作岗位上的感受。在某些程度上父母更倾向于就业的选择，认为创业对未来生活没有保障，风险较大。大部分父母还是更支持就业而非创业，持有过来人的经验对大学生就业创业选择产生影响。
Parents' disapproval of their children's employment choices will not only affect young people's current career choices, but also affect their future feelings in the workplace. To some extent, parents are more inclined to choose employment, believing that entrepreneurship is not guaranteed for future life and is more risky. Most parents are more supportive of employment than entrepreneurship, and the experience of past students has an impact on college students' choice of employment and entrepreneurship.
4.2.3 学校维度
4.2.3 School dimension
(1)专业课知识教育
(1) Professional course knowledge education
专业课学习提供了必要的知识和技能。在大学阶段，学生会接触到一系列与所学专业相关的课程。这些课程涵盖了专业领域的基础理论和实践知识，帮助学生建立起对专业领域的基本了解。通过理论学习和实践训练，学生可以掌握各种专业技能，如分析和解决问题的能力、沟通和协作能力、创新和创造能力等。这些知识和技能将为学生日后从事相关职业提供有力的支持和指导[22]。
Specialized courses provide the necessary knowledge and skills. At the university level, students are exposed to a range of courses related to their major. These courses cover the basic theoretical and practical knowledge of the professional field, helping students to build a basic understanding of the professional field. Through theoretical study and practical training, students can master a variety of professional skills, such as analytical and problem-solving skills, communication and collaboration skills, innovation and creativity skills, etc. This knowledge and skills will provide students with strong support and guidance for future careers 22 .
就业创业教育培训
Employment and entrepreneurship education and training
就业创业教育为大学生拓宽了就业渠道。在传统就业方式逐渐变得竞争激烈的情况下，许多大学生开始寻找创业机会。通过创业教育的培训，大学生可以了解到更多的创业选择和机会，不再仅仅限定于传统的就业观念。这种拓宽的就业渠道，促使越来越多的大学生倾向于尝试自主创业。就业创业教育培养了学生的创新精神和创业意识。在当今快速变革的社会经济环境中，创新能力和创业精神是成功的关键。就业创业教育通过鼓励学生主动思考和提出新的解决方案，培养他们的创新意识和能力。
Employment and entrepreneurship education has broadened the employment channels for college students. As traditional employment methods become increasingly competitive, many college students are looking for entrepreneurial opportunities. Through the training of entrepreneurship education, college students can learn more about entrepreneurial options and opportunities, which are no longer limited to traditional employment concepts. This kind of broadening of employment channels has prompted more and more college students to try to start their own businesses. Employment and entrepreneurship education cultivates students' innovative spirit and entrepreneurial awareness. In today's rapidly changing socio-economic environment, innovation and entrepreneurship are the keys to success. Employment and entrepreneurship education cultivates students' sense of innovation and ability by encouraging them to think actively and come up with new solutions.
师资力量投入
Faculty input
大学生创新创业教育师资队伍建设的重要性不可忽视。首先，优秀的师资队伍是促进大学生创新创业教育的基石。具备丰富实践经验和专业知识的教师能够提供实用的指导和帮助，帮助学生更好地理解创新和创业的本质，并能够指导学生在实践中探索和实施自己的创新创业项目[19]。其次，优秀的师资队伍能够提供良好的学术环境。他们能够不断推动学校的教育改革，促进创新创业教育的发展，并吸引更多的学生参与其中。最后，优秀的师资队伍也能够提供职业发展的指导。他们具备丰富的创新创业资源和人脉，能够为学生提供实践机会和就业指导，帮助他们更好地规划自己的职业发展道路。
The importance of the construction of the faculty of innovation and entrepreneurship education for college students cannot be ignored. First of all, excellent teachers are the cornerstone of promoting innovation and entrepreneurship education for college students. Teachers with rich practical experience and professional knowledge can provide practical guidance and assistance to help students better understand the nature of innovation and entrepreneurship, and can guide students to explore and implement their own innovation and entrepreneurship projects 19 in practice 。 Secondly, an excellent faculty can provide a good academic environment. They can continuously promote the educational reform of the school, promote the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education, and attract more students to participate in it. Finally, a good faculty can also provide guidance on career development. They have abundant innovation and entrepreneurship resources and connections, and can provide students with practical opportunities and career guidance to help them better plan their career development paths.
实践实训
Practical training
社会实践可以帮助大学生拓宽就业渠道。大学生在校期间，往往只关注学校内的招聘信息，而忽视了社会上的其他就业机会。通过参加社会实践，大学生可以接触到更多的企业和行业，了解不同行业的发展趋势和就业需求。例如，通过参加社会实践活动，学生可以与企业的HR部门建立联系，了解企业的招聘需求，并及时了解到企业的招聘信息。这样一来，大学生就业的机会就会更多，就业渠道也会更加广阔。培训通过一系列的课程和活动，能够帮助大学生提升创业技能。这些技能包括团队合作、领导力、沟通技巧、市场分析等。这些技能对于未来的创业是非常重要的。
Social practice can help college students broaden their employment channels. During their time in school, college students often only pay attention to the recruitment information within the school, and ignore other employment opportunities in the society. By participating in social practice, college students can get in touch with more enterprises and industries, and understand the development trends and employment needs of different industries. For example, by participating in social practice activities, students can establish contact with the HR department of the company, understand the recruitment needs of the company, and learn about the company's recruitment information in a timely manner. In this way, college students will have more employment opportunities and employment channels will be broader. Through a series of courses and activities, the training can help university students improve their entrepreneurial skills. These skills include teamwork, leadership, communication skills, market analysis, and more. These skills are very important for future entrepreneurship.
4.2.4 社会维度
4.2.4 Social dimension
（1）大学生就业创业政策
(1) Employment and entrepreneurship policies for college students
大学生就业创业政策的实施大大增加了大学生的就业机会。政府鼓励企业扩大用人规模，同时提供一系列的就业创业补贴和税收减免政策，吸引了更多的企业招收大学毕业生。政策还鼓励大学生就业区域流动，促进高技能人才的交流和流通。这些政策的推出使得就业市场对大学生的需求量大幅增加，为大学生提供了更多选择和机遇。
The implementation of the employment and entrepreneurship policy for college students has greatly increased the employment opportunities of college students. The government encourages enterprises to expand the scale of employment, and at the same time provides a series of employment and entrepreneurship subsidies and tax exemption policies, attracting more enterprises to recruit college graduates. The policy also encourages the regional mobility of college students and promotes the exchange and circulation of high-skilled talents. The introduction of these policies has led to a significant increase in the demand for college students in the job market, providing more choices and opportunities for college students.
市场环境
Market environment
市场环境是指市场上供需关系、市场状况和市场力量等因素的总和，它对就业创业产生着深远的影响。
The market environment refers to the sum of factors such as supply and demand, market conditions and market forces in the market, which has a profound impact on employment and entrepreneurship.
当市场需求增加时，为了满足需求，会增加生产，从而增加就业创业机会。相反，如果市场需求下降，企业的生产规模会缩减，导致就业创业机会减少。因此，市场需求的变化直接影响到劳动力市场的供求关系。
When market demand increases, production is increased to meet demand, which increases employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. Conversely, if market demand declines, the scale of production of enterprises will be reduced, resulting in fewer jobs and entrepreneurial opportunities. Therefore, changes in market demand have a direct impact on supply and demand in the labor market.
市场竞争是创业者面临的主要挑战之一。竞争环境的激烈程度直接影响到创业者的生存空间和发展机会。在一个竞争激烈的市场中，新创业者需要面对来自现有企业的竞争，这些企业拥有更多的资源和市场份额。因此，创业者必须具备独特的竞争优势才能在市场中脱颖而出。此外，创业者还需要不断关注竞争对手的动态，及时调整自己的商业策略以应对市场竞争
Market competition is one of the main challenges faced by entrepreneurs. The intensity of the competitive environment directly affects the living space and development opportunities of entrepreneurs. In a highly competitive market, new entrepreneurs need to face competition from existing businesses that have more resources and market share. Therefore, entrepreneurs must have a unique competitive advantage to stand out in the market. In addition, entrepreneurs also need to constantly pay attention to the dynamics of competitors and adjust their business strategies in time to cope with market competition
5基于AHP方法的大学生就业创业能力评价体系构建
5. Construction of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability evaluation system based on AHP method
5.1 数据来源
5.1 Data Sources
目前，国内外学者关于就业创业能力的论述侧重点不同，评判对象也存在较大差异。由于用人单位、高校、家庭以及学生本人对于就业能力的理解存在偏差，目前尚没有一个能够涵盖各种评价主体的就业创业能力评价体系。本文在总结国内学者研究成果的基础上，通过问卷调查与专家咨询打分，试图建立一个综合、全面的大学生就业能力评价体系，并通过层次分析法（AHP），对评价体系中各个指标的权重进行测算，以找出大学生就业综合能力中的关键指标。“四位一体”评价指标体系 一级指标四个，分别是个人维度、家庭维度、学校维度、社会维度，二级指标十五个，分别是专业素养、学习能力、抗压能力、创新思维能力、父母职业、家庭收入、家庭教育观念、父母支持程度。专业课知识教育、就业创业育培训、师资力量投入、实习实践、大学生就业创业政策、市场环境和社会认可。
At present, scholars at home and abroad have different emphases on employment and entrepreneurship, and there are great differences in the evaluation objects. Due to the bias in the understanding of employability by employers, universities, families and students themselves, there is currently no employability evaluation system that can cover various evaluation subjects. On the basis of summarizing the research results of domestic scholars, this paper attempts to establish a comprehensive and comprehensive evaluation system for college students' employability through questionnaire survey and expert consultation, and calculates the weight of each index in the evaluation system through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to find out the key indicators in the comprehensive employability of college students. "Four-in-one" evaluation index system There are four first-level indicators, namely the personal dimension, the family dimension, the school dimension, and the social dimension, and the second-level indicators are fifteen, which are professional quality, learning ability, stress resistance, innovative thinking ability, parental occupation, family income, family education concept, and parental support. Professional course knowledge education, employment and entrepreneurship education training, teacher investment, internship practice, college students' employment and entrepreneurship policies, market environment and social recognition.
5.2层次分析法
5.2 Analytic hierarchy process
层次分析法计算模型为，构造判断（成对比较）矩阵A：判断矩阵的元素 表示的是第i个因素相对于第j个因素的比较结果，这个值使用1-9标度方法给出，见表1。
The analytic hierarchy process calculates the model as follows: construct the judgment (pairwise comparison) matrix A: the elements of the judgment matrix represent the comparison results of the i-th factor relative to the j-th factor, and this value is given using the 1-9 scale method, see Table 1.
表1重要性标度及其定义
Table 1: Importance scales and their definitions
标度
Scale | 定义与说明
Definitions and Descriptions | | | |
1 | 两个元素对某个属性具有同样重要性
Two elements are equally important to an attribute | |
3 | 两个元素对某个属性，一个元素比另一元素稍微重要
Two elements are slightly more important to a property, one than the other | | | |
5 | 两个元素对某个属性，一个元素比另一元素明显重要
Two elements are significantly more important to an attribute, one element than the other | | | |
7 | 两个元素对某个属性，一个元素比另一元素十分重要
Two elements are important to a property, and one element is more important than the other | | | |
9 | 两个元素对某个属性，一个元素比另一元素绝对重要
Two elements are absolutely important to a certain attribute, one element is more important than the other | | | |
2，4，6，8 | 上述相邻判断的中值
The median of the above adjacent judgments | | | |
1/ | 两个元素的反比较。表示因素i与因素j比较
Inverse comparison of the two elements. Factor I is compared to factor J 的结果，因素j与因素i比较，则为其倒数 1/
As a result, factor j is compared to factor i, which is the reciprocal 1/ | | | |
判断矩阵为：A==()
The judgment matrix is: A= =( )
层次单排序并进行一致性检验。计算一致性指标
The hierarchy is single-sorted and the consistency is checked. Calculate consistency metrics
CI(Consistency Index) :
CI=
计算一致性比例 CR(Consistency Ratio);CR=CI/RI.查表得平均随机一致性指标 RI（Random Index）.
Calculate the Consistency Ratio (CR); CR=CI/RI.
若CR≤0.1，则通过一致性检验。
If the CR ≤ 0.1, the consistency test is passed.
5.2.1判断矩阵及一致性检验
5.2.1 Judgment matrix and consistency test
邀请5位专家（包括学校教授、副教授、双师导师等）进行赋权，赋值前专家均对指标的准确性进行了确认，而后要求各专家采用 1~9 标度法在判断矩阵中通过两两对比对各指标的重要性进行赋值，最后各位专家的赋权结果计算均值，得到最终的判断矩阵，判断一致性并计算权重。
5 experts (including school professors, associate professors, double tutors, etc.) were invited to be weighted, and the experts confirmed the accuracy of the indicators before the assignment, and then asked the experts to use the 1~9 scale method to assign the importance of each index through pairwise comparison in the judgment matrix, and finally the weighting results of the experts calculated the mean value to obtain the final judgment matrix, judged the consistency and calculated the weight.
表2.1一级指标判断矩阵
Table 2.1 Matrix of first-level indicator judgments
| 个人 | 家庭 | 社会 | 学校 | 权重 |
个人 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 0.520 |
家庭 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0.268 |
学校 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 0.141 |
社会 | 1/5 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.071 |
一致性检验
Consistency checks | =4.182；CR=0.067<0.1 | 满足一致性
Meet consistency |
资料来源：根据计算结果作者自制
Source: Author-made based on calculations
表2.2二级指标判断矩阵
Table 2.2 Judgment matrix of secondary indicators
个人 | 专业素养
Professionalism | 学习能力
Ability to learn | 抗压能力
Ability to work under pressure | 思维能力
Thinking skills | 权重 |
专业素养
Professionalism | 1 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 1/5 | 0.055 |
学习能力
Ability to learn | 7 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0.564 |
抗压能力
Ability to work under pressure | 3 | 1/5 | 1 | 1/3 | 0.118 |
思维能力
Thinking skills | 5 | 1/2 | 3 | 1 | 0.265 |
一致性检验
Consistency checks | =4.117；CR=0.042<0.1 | 满足一致性
Meet consistency |
续表2.2二级指标判断矩阵
Continued from Table 2.2 Secondary Indicator Judgment Matrix
家庭 | 父母职业
Parental occupation | 家庭收入
Household income | 支持程度
Degree of support | 家庭教育
Family | 权重 |
父母职业
Parental occupation | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 3 | 0.161 |
家庭收入
Household income | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0.564 |
支持程度
Degree of support | 2 | 1/5 | 1 | 3 | 0.201 |
家庭教育
Family | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.074 |
一致性检验
Consistency checks | =4.22；CR=0.082<0.1 | 满足一致性
Meet consistency |
学校 | 父母职业
Parental occupation | 家庭收入
Household income | 支持程度
Degree of support | 家庭教育
Family | 权重 |
专业课知识教育
Professional course knowledge education | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 3 | 0.161 |
就业创业
Employment and entrepreneurship 教育培训
Education and training | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0.564 |
师资力量投入
Faculty input | 2 | 1/5 | 1 | 3 | 0.201 |
实践实训
Practical training | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.074 |
一致性检验
Consistency checks | =4.22；CR=0.082<0.1 | 满足一致性
Meet consistency |
社会 | 大学生就业创业政策
Employment and entrepreneurship policies for college students | 市场环境
Market environment | 社会认可
Social recognition | 权重 |
大学生就业创业政策
Employment and entrepreneurship policies for college students | 1 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 0.105 |
市场环境
Market environment | 5 | 1 | 3 | 0.637 |
社会认可
Social recognition | 3 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.258 |
一致性检验
Consistency checks | =3.308；CR=0.033<0.1 | 满足一致性
Meet consistency |
资料来源：根据层次分析法作者自制
Source: Author-made according to analytic hierarchy process
以上的判断矩阵的CR均小于0.1，可以认为以上矩阵均具有一致性。而从指标权重上分析，评价指标体系中一级指标首要的是个人，其次是家庭，再次是学校，最后是社会。见表3
The CR of the above judgment matrices is less than 0.1, and it can be considered that the above matrices are consistent. In terms of index weight, the first-level indicators in the evaluation index system are the first individual, followed by the family, the school, and finally the society. See Table 3
表3大学生就业创业能力评价指标体系及权重
Table 3: Evaluation index system and weights of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability
一级指标(权重)
Level 1 Indicator (Weight) | 二级指标(权重)
Secondary Indicators (Weights) |
个人0.520
Individual 0.520 | 专业素养0.055
Professionalism 0.055 |
| |
| |
| 学习能力0.564
Learning capacity 0.564 |
| 抗压能力0.118
The compressive capacity is 0.118 |
| 思维能力0.265
Thinking ability 0.265 |
家庭0.268
Family 0.268 | 父母职业0.161
Parent occupation 0.161 |
| |
| 家庭收入0.564
Household income 0.564 |
| 支持程度0.201
Support level 0.201 |
| |
| 家庭教育0.074
Homeschooling 0.074 |
| |
学校0.141
School 0.141 | 专业课知识教育0.161
Professional course knowledge education 0.161 |
| 就业创业教育培训0.564
Employment and entrepreneurship education and training 0.564 |
| 实践实训0.074
Practical training 0.074 |
| 师资力量投入0.201
Faculty input 0.201 |
社会0.071
Society 0.071 | 大学生就业创业政策0.161
College Student Employment and Entrepreneurship Policy 0.161 |
| 市场环境0.564
The market environment is 0.564 |
| 社会认可0.275
Social Acceptance 0.275 |
5.3总结
5.3 Summary
上述分析可以得出，大学生的个人维度是就业创业能力的核心部分，受到社会、高校以及学生本人普遍的关注。在个人维度的组成当中，学生的学习能力占据最为重要的位置。家庭维度在大学生就业创业能力评价体系中也占据较高的权重。在家庭维度中所涉及的各个二级指标当中，家庭收入成为重要评价指标，当家庭经济收入状况更好时，大学生在就业创业方面有更多的选择，所展现的就业创业能力也更强。
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the personal dimension of college students is the core part of employment and entrepreneurship ability, which has received widespread attention from society, colleges and universities, and students themselves. In the composition of the individual dimension, the student's learning ability occupies the most important position. The family dimension also occupies a high weight in the evaluation system of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability. Among the secondary indicators involved in the family dimension, family income has become an important evaluation index, and when the family economic income situation is better, college students have more choices in employment and entrepreneurship, and the ability to find employment and entrepreneurship is also stronger.
此外，学校和社会维度所占权重也未达到预期的水平，其原因在于，目前大部分高校将更多的就业创业方面培训侧重于课堂讲解，而实践实训方面少之又少，缺少实践训练使大学生就业创业能力成为短板。大部分在校生及毕业生对所在地的大学生就业创业政策不够了解甚至一无所知，本可以利用优惠政策选择更加适合自己的就业创业方向，却无法正确利用。在校生及毕业生可以根据就业能力评价体系中各个指标的权重，结合自身能力与素质的特点，有针对性地开展学习毁炼，提升自身的就业能力。
In addition, the weight of the school and social dimensions has not reached the expected level, the reason is that most colleges and universities focus more training on employment and entrepreneurship in the classroom, while there is very little practical training, and the lack of practical training makes the employment and entrepreneurship ability of college students a shortcoming. Most students and graduates do not know enough or even know anything about the employment and entrepreneurship policies of college students in their localities, and they can use the preferential policies to choose a more suitable employment and entrepreneurship direction, but they cannot use them correctly. According to the weight of each index in the employability evaluation system, students and graduates can carry out targeted learning and refinement to improve their employability according to the characteristics of their own ability and quality.
其次，评价体系需要与教学相结合，形成闭环，才能真正发挥其作用。评价结果应该为教学提供反馈和指导，帮助学生改进和提升自己的创新创业能力，同时也需要教师在课程设置和教学方法上进行调整和改进，以更好地培养学生的创新创业能力。最后，评价体系需要持续更新和改进，随着时代的发展和创新创业形势的变化，可以通过与企业、行业的合作、调研，了解他们对大学生创新创业能力的需求，及时更新评价体系，确保其有效性和准确性。
Secondly, the evaluation system needs to be combined with teaching to form a closed loop in order to truly play its role. The evaluation results should provide feedback and guidance for teaching, help students improve and enhance their innovation and entrepreneurship ability, and at the same time, teachers need to adjust and improve the curriculum and teaching methods to better cultivate students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability. Finally, the evaluation system needs to be continuously updated and improved, with the development of the times and the changes in the situation of innovation and entrepreneurship, through cooperation and research with enterprises and industries, we can understand their needs for college students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability, and update the evaluation system in a timely manner to ensure its effectiveness and accuracy.
5.4提升大学生就业创业能力的对策建议
5.4 Countermeasures and suggestions to improve the employment and entrepreneurship ability of college students
上述分析可以得出，大学生的学习能力、思维能力、就业创业教育培训是最核心部分。将四位一体评价体系与核心要素综合后提出以下措施：
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that college students' learning ability, thinking ability, employment and entrepreneurship education and training are the core parts. After integrating the four-in-one evaluation system with the core elements, the following measures are proposed:
大学生应该从个人因素上提高就业创业能力
College students should improve their employability and entrepreneurship ability from personal factors
首先，专注于本专业的课程学习，掌握扎实的专业基础知识。通过实践、实验、课程设计等方式，增强实际操作能力，使自己在求职市场上更具竞争力。大学生应该制定明确的学习目标和计划，明确自己想要学习什么，达到什么水平，然后据此制定合理的学习计划。将大目标分解成小目标，每完成一个小目标都会带来成就感，有助于保持学习的动力和热情。培养自主学习的能力学会独立思考和解决问题，不依赖他人的指导和帮助。积极寻找学习资源，如图书馆、网络课程、在线论坛等，不断拓宽知识面和提升技能。学会有效的时间管理和自我约束合理安排时间，平衡学习、休息和娱乐。保持良好的作息习惯，有助于提高学习效率。同时，自我约束也是关键，要抵制诱惑，保持专注和自律。参加学术活动和社团组织，通过参与学术讲座、研讨会等活动，了解前沿知识和行业动态。同时，加入社团组织可以锻炼团队协作能力、领导能力等综合素质，为未来的就业创业打下基础。
First of all, focus on the course study of the major and master the basic knowledge of the major. Through practice, experiments, course design, etc., enhance practical operation ability and make yourself more competitive in the job market. College students should make clear study goals and plans, clarify what they want to study and what level they want to achieve, and then make a reasonable study plan accordingly. Breaking down big goals into smaller ones, and each small goal that comes with a sense of accomplishment helps to maintain motivation and enthusiasm for learning. Cultivate the ability to learn independently, learn to think and solve problems independently, and do not rely on the guidance and help of others. Actively seek out learning resources, such as libraries, online courses, online forums, etc., to broaden your knowledge and skills. Learn effective time management and self-restraint to arrange time reasonably and balance study, rest and recreation. Maintaining a good routine can help improve learning efficiency. At the same time, self-discipline is also key, resist temptation, stay focused and disciplined. Participate in academic activities and community organizations, and learn about cutting-edge knowledge and industry trends by participating in academic lectures, seminars and other activities. At the same time, joining community organizations can exercise teamwork ability, leadership ability and other comprehensive qualities, and lay a foundation for future employment and entrepreneurship.
提高学习能力是一个持续不断的过程，需要大学生保持积极的心态和持续的努力。通过不断学习和实践，不仅可以提升个人的学习能力，还能够增强就业创业能力，为未来的职业发展打下坚实的基础。
Improving learning ability is an ongoing process that requires college students to maintain a positive mindset and continuous efforts. Through continuous learning and practice, we can not only improve our learning ability, but also enhance our employment and entrepreneurship ability, and lay a solid foundation for future career development.
其次，学会质疑和分析信息，不盲目接受表面观点。通过提出问题、搜集证据、评估论证等方式，培养自己的批判性思维能力。这有助于在就业创业过程中，识别市场机遇、分析竞争态势，并做出明智的决策。鼓励自己打破常规，尝试新的想法和方法。参加创新竞赛、创业实践活动等，激发创新思维和创造力。创新性思维有助于在就业市场中脱颖而出，为创业项目带来独特的竞争优势。学习并掌握逻辑推理技巧，如归纳、演绎、类比等。通过参与辩论、写作等活动，提高自己的逻辑思维能力。这有助于更清晰地表达观点、构建合理的论证，并在解决问题时运用逻辑方法找到最佳方案。学会从整体和全局的角度看待问题，理解事物之间的内在联系。通过参与团队项目、综合分析案例等方式，培养自己的系统思维能力。这有助于在就业创业过程中，把握整体趋势，制定全面而有效的计划。
Second, learn to question and analyze information and not blindly accept superficial opinions. Develop your critical thinking skills by asking questions, collecting evidence, evaluating arguments, and more. This helps to identify market opportunities, analyze competitive dynamics, and make informed decisions in the employment and entrepreneurship process. Encourage yourself to break out of the box and try new ideas and approaches. Participate in innovation competitions, entrepreneurial practice activities, etc., to stimulate innovative thinking and creativity. Innovative thinking helps to stand out in the job market and gives a unique competitive advantage to entrepreneurial projects. Learn and master logical reasoning skills such as induction, deduction, analogy, etc. Improve your logical thinking skills by participating in debates, writing, and other activities. This helps to articulate ideas more clearly, construct sound arguments, and apply a logical approach to problem solving to find the best solution. Learn to look at problems from a holistic and holistic perspective, and understand the interconnections between things. By participating in team projects and comprehensively analyzing cases, students can develop their systems thinking skills. This helps to grasp the overall trend and formulate a comprehensive and effective plan in the process of employment and entrepreneurship.
父母扮演重要角色
Parents play an important role
父母在大学生就业创业过程中起着至关重要的作用。他们可以通过提供信息和资源、资金支持、培养独立能力和责任感以及给予情感支持和鼓励等方式，为子女创造良好的条件，帮助他们顺利走向社会，实现自我价值。同时，也要根据子女的实际情况和需求，灵活调整自己的角色和方式，为他们提供最有效的帮助。
Parents play a vital role in the process of college students' employment and entrepreneurship. They can create the right conditions for their children to enter society and realize their self-worth by providing information and resources, financial support, developing independence and responsibility, and giving emotional support and encouragement. At the same time, they should also flexibly adjust their roles and methods according to the actual situation and needs of their children, so as to provide them with the most effective help.
（三）学校提供全方位的支持和指导
(3) The school provides all-round support and guidance
优化课程体系，增加与思维能力培养相关的课程，如批判性思维课程、创新思维课程等。同时，注重跨学科课程的设置，培养学生的综合素质和综合能力。通过跨学科的学习、参与多元化的实践活动等方式，拓宽视野，增强综合素质。跨界思维有助于在就业创业中，融合不同领域的知识和技能，创造出更具创新性的解决方案。
Optimize the curriculum system and increase courses related to the cultivation of thinking ability, such as critical thinking courses, innovative thinking courses, etc. At the same time, it pays attention to the setting of interdisciplinary courses to cultivate students' comprehensive quality and comprehensive ability. Through interdisciplinary learning and participation in diversified practical activities, we can broaden our horizons and enhance our overall quality. Cross-border thinking helps to integrate knowledge and skills from different fields in employment and entrepreneurship to create more innovative solutions.
学校根据现实需求情况进行专业设置，根据就业岗位的工作特点合理安排教学内容。应根据市场的普遍需求进行教学改革，优化人才培养模式。
The school sets up majors according to the actual needs, and reasonably arranges the teaching content according to the work characteristics of the employment positions. Teaching reform should be carried out according to the general needs of the market, and the talent training mode should be optimized.
对大学生就业创业能力的培养是一项长期且艰巨的工作，需要高校行政、教学系统以及政府部门与企事业单位的互相协作才能完成，需要一批高学历、高职称、高素质且具有一定职场从业经验的专业化、多元化的师资队伍。合理分配工作任务，配合班主任辅导员共同开展学生就业创业能力培养工作。
The cultivation of college students' employment and entrepreneurship ability is a long-term and arduous work, which requires the cooperation of university administration, teaching system, government departments and enterprises and institutions, and requires a group of professional and diversified teachers with high academic qualifications, high professional titles, high quality and certain workplace experience. Reasonably distribute work tasks, and cooperate with class teachers and counselors to jointly carry out the cultivation of students' employment and entrepreneurship ability.
（四）社会各界为大学就业创业营造良好氛围
(4) All sectors of society should create a good atmosphere for university employment and entrepreneurship
政府应出台一系列优惠政策，鼓励大学生自主创业。例如，提供创业贷款、税收减免、租金补贴等，降低创业门槛和成本。同时，加强政策宣传，确保大学生了解并充分利用这些政策。媒体和社会舆论应加大对创业典型的宣传力度，树立创业榜样，激发大学生的创业热情。同时，倡导积极向上的创业价值观，鼓励年轻人勇于尝试、敢于创新。政府、高校和社会各界应共同搭建创业支持平台，提供一站式创业服务。例如，建立创业孵化器、设立创业投资基金[30]、组织创业比赛等，为大学生提供项目评估、资源对接、市场推广等支持。政府应加强对创业市场的监管，维护公平竞争的市场秩序。同时，提供便捷的政务服务，简化创业注册、审批等流程，提高办事效率
The government should introduce a series of preferential policies to encourage college students to start their own businesses. For example, provide start-up loans, tax exemptions, rent subsidies, etc., to reduce the threshold and cost of starting a business. At the same time, we should strengthen policy advocacy to ensure that university students understand and make full use of these policies. The media and public opinion should increase the publicity of typical entrepreneurship, set an example of entrepreneurship, and stimulate the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of college students. At the same time, it advocates positive entrepreneurial values and encourages young people to have the courage to try and innovate. The government, universities and all sectors of society should jointly build an entrepreneurship support platform and provide one-stop entrepreneurship services. For example, the establishment of business incubators, the establishment of venture capital funds 30 , the organization of entrepreneurship competitions, etc., to provide college students with project evaluation, resource docking, marketing and other support. The government should strengthen the supervision of the start-up market and maintain the market order of fair competition. At the same time, it provides convenient government services, simplifies the process of business registration, approval and other processes, and improves work efficiency
综上所述，构建和应用大学生创新创业能力评价体系对于培养创新创业人才具有重要意义。评价体系的构建需要考虑多个要素，综合评估大学生的创新创业能力；应用评价体系可以为大学生的职业规划、就业指导和创新创业教育提供有益支持。然而，评价体系的构建和应用也面临一些挑战和困难，需要我们共同努力解决。通过不断探索、实践和改进，我们可以构建一个适应时代需求、科学有效的大学生创新创业能力评价体系，为培养更多优秀的创新创业人才做出贡献。
In summary, it is of great significance to construct and apply the evaluation system of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability for cultivating innovation and entrepreneurship talents. The construction of the evaluation system needs to consider multiple factors to comprehensively evaluate the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students. The application evaluation system can provide useful support for college students' career planning, employment guidance and innovation and entrepreneurship education. However, the construction and application of the evaluation system also face some challenges and difficulties, which need to be solved by our joint efforts. Through continuous exploration, practice and improvement, we can build a scientific and effective evaluation system for college students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability that meets the needs of the times, and contribute to the cultivation of more outstanding innovation and entrepreneurship talents.
沉浸式翻译